Scribd
Upload
94 views

Computer Architecture and Organization

The document discusses computer architecture and organization. Computer architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction set and data types. Computer organization refers to internal hardware details like control signals. Architecture focuses on what tasks can be done while organization focuses on how they are implemented.

Uploaded by

Shah Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
94 views

Computer Architecture and Organization

The document discusses computer architecture and organization. Computer architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction set and data types. Computer organization refers to internal hardware details like control signals. Architecture focuses on what tasks can be done while organization focuses on how they are implemented.

Uploaded by

Shah Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Computer architecture and organization

IBM System/370 architecture.-1970


RISC
SIMO96

Computer architecture and organization:


1. Computer architecture: refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or, put
another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number of bits used to represent
various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory.
For example, it is an architectural design issue whether a computer will have a multiply
instruction.
2. Computer organization: refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as
control signals; interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used.
It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be implemented by a special multiply
unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system. The organizational
decision may be based on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative
speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical size of a special multiply unit.

• Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated


• Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure

. Evidence from a number of fields suggests that the top down approach is the clearest and most
effective [WEIN75].

Q. What are the four main functions of a computer?


Function
Both the structure and functioning of a computer are, in essence, simple. Figure 1.1
Depicts the basic functions that a computer can perform. In general terms, there are
Only four:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

1. When data are received from or delivered to a device that is directly connected to the computer,
the process is known as input–output (I/O), and the device is referred to as a peripheral.
2. When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as
data communications.

FOUR POSSIBLE TYPE OF OPERATION.


1. The computer can function as a data movement device.
2. Simply transferring data from one peripheral or communications line to another. It can also
function as a data storage device
3. with data transferred from the external environment to computer storage (read) and vice versa
(write).
4. Route between storage and the external environment

Q. List and briefly define the main structural components of a computer.


• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and
 Performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment.
 System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O. A common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus,
consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach
Q. List and briefly define the main structural components of a processor.
• Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data processing functions
• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers

You might also like