CE 334 - Module 1.0

Prepared by:
Labusnog, Marlowe L.
By the end of this lecture, the student should be
able to:
 identify the different usage of water and
some water challenges in their community;
 define what is hydrology and differentiate it
from other water-related subjects most
especially fluid mechanics and/or hydraulics;
and
 illustrate and define the different processes
in the hydrologic cycle.
Water Supply (Domestic & Industrial)
Irrigation
Transportation
Hydropower Generation
Recreational Purposes
Increase in Population
Rapid Urbanization
Climate Change
Water Supply
(Demand > Supply); Accessibility
Water Excess
Flood Damages; Loss of Lives
Water Quality
Flora & Fauna
Source: USGS
Source: Mays (2011)
• Hydrology
 the science of water
 is a multidisciplinary subject that deals with the
occurrence, circulation, storage, and distribution of
surface and ground water on the earth (Bedient et
al, 2013; Subramanya, 2008)
• Engineering Hydrology
 deals with (i) estimation of water resources, (ii) the
study of processes such as precipitation, runoff,
evapotranspiration and their interaction and (iii) the
study of problems such as floods and droughts, and
strategies to combat them (Subramanya, 2008).
Hydrology Hydraulics
Source: Agno River Basin. Retrieved from Source:

http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/pagasaweb/i https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert#/media/File:Cul
mages/basins/agno-river-basin.jpg. June 24, vert_on_Fordingbridge_to_Alderholt_Road-
2020. geograph.org.uk-155781.jpg. Retrieved June 24, 2020
Source: Howard Perlman, USGS, and John Evans, USGS.
Source: Mays (2011)
 A discrete geographical
unit capable of providing
water, timber and non –
timber products including
food, fiber, minerals,
medicine, intangible foods
such as aesthetics and
wholesome environment
with solar radiation,
precipitation, land, labor
and capital as major
inputs.
 It is a topographically
delineated area of land
from which rainwater can
drain as surface run – off,
via specific stream or river
system to a common outlet
point which may be a dam,
irrigation system or
municipal water supply
take off point, or where the
stream/river discharges
into a larger river, lake or
the sea Source: Agno River Basin. Retrieved from
http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/pagasaweb/i
mages/basins/agno-river-basin.jpg. June 24,
2020.
 Residence time (Tr) – average duration for water
molecule to pass through a subsystem of the hydrologic
cycle.
where:
S = volume of water in storage
Q = flow rate
Source: Chow, et al. (1988)
1. Assuming that all waters in the ocean is involved in the
hydrologic cycle, calculate the average residence time
of ocean water. (Tr = 2,649 yrs.)
 Given: S = 1.338 x 109 km3
Q =505,000 km3/yr
 Req’d: Tr = residence time
 Solution: Tr = S/Q
Tr = (1.338 x 109 )/ (505,000)
Tr = 2649.505 yr
 Assuming that all surface runoff on the ocean comes from
the rivers, calculate the residence time of water from the
rivers. (Tr = 0.0474 yr.)
 Given: S = 2120 km3
Q =44,700 km3/yr
Tr = (2120)/ (44,700) yr x 365 days
Tr = 17.31 days
 Time of residence of atmospheric water. (Tr = 0.0223
yr.)
 Given: S = 12,900 km3
Q =458,000 + 119,000 = 577,000 km3/yr
Tr = (12,900)/ (577,000) x 365 days
Tr = 8.16 days
 Hydrologic Phenomena
• Complex, and may never be fully understood
• Simplified by means of systems concept
 The Hydrologic Cycle

• Maybe treated as a system whose components
are precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and other
phases of the hydrologic cycle.

 “A structure or volume in space, surrounded by a
boundary, that accepts water and other inputs,
operates on them internally, and produces them as
inputs” (Chow, et al., 1988).
Input, I(t)
Operator,
Ω
Output, Q(t)
• For a given problem area, say a catchment, in an interval
of time Δt, the continuity equation for water in its various
phases is written as
Mass inflow – mass outflow = change in mass storage
• An expression for the water budget of a catchment for a
time interval Δt is written as
P – R – G – E – T = ΔS
where P = precipitation, R = surface runoff, G = net
groundwater flow out of the catchment, E = evaporation, T =
transpiration and ΔS = change in storage.
1. For a given month, a 300 – acre lake has 15cfs of
inflow, 13cfs of outflow, and a total storage increase
of 16 ac-ft. A USGS gage next to the lake recorded a
total of 1.3in. Precipitation for the lake for the month.
Assuming that infiltration loss is insignificant for the
lake, determine the evaporation loss, in inches, over
the lake for the month. Ans. E = 5.42in.
 Given:
A = 300-ac.
I = 15 cfs
Q = 13 cfs
P = 1.3 in (t = 1mo.)
ΔS = 16 ac-ft
Note: 1 ac. = 43,560 sq.ft.
 Req’d.: E = evaporation loss (in.) for 1mo.
 Solution:
Establish the WBE:
Inflow – Outflow = ΔS
P + R – E = ΔS
 Solution:
R = I – Q = 15-13 x (3600 x 24 x 30 x 12)/(300 x 43,560)
R = 4.76 in.
ΔS = 16 x (12/300)
ΔS = 0.64 in.
Substitute the given values to the WBE,
13 + 4.76 – E = 0.64
E = 1.3 + 4.76 – 0.64
E = 5.42 in.
2. A small catchment of area 150ha received a rainfall
of 10.5cm in 90 minutes due to a storm. At the outlet
of the catchment, the stream draining the catchment
was dry before the storm and experience a runoff
lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge of
1.5m3/s. The stream was again dry after the runoff
event. (a) What is the amount of water which was not
available to runoff due to combined effect of
infiltration, evaporation and transpiration? (b) What is
the ratio of runoff to precipitation? Ans. (a) Losses =
103,500m3, (b) runoff coefficient = 0.343.
 Given:
A = 150 ha.
P = 10.5 cm (Duration = 90 min.)
R = 1.5 m3/s (t = 10 hours)
 Req’d.:
a. L = Losses = I + E + T
b. Runoff Coeff., C = R/P
 Solution:
Establish the WBE:
P – L + R = 0,
***ΔS = 0 since the catchment was dry before and after the runoff event
 Solution:
P = 10.5 cm x 150ha x 10,000/100
P = 157,500 cu.m.
R = 1.5 x 3600 x 10
R = 54,000 cu.m.
Substitute the given values to the WBE,
L = 157,500 – 54,000
L = 103,500 cu.m.
E = 1.3 + 4.76 – 0.64

E = 5.42 in.
b. For the runoff coefficient, C = R/P = 54,000/157,000 = 0.344
Note: The runoff coeff. estimates how many percent of the rainfall becomes
surface runoff.
3. A swimming pool (20ft x 20ft x 5ft) has a small leak at
the bottom. You are given measurements of rainfall,
evaporation, and water level on a daily basis for 10
days. As an engineer, use the water balance to
determine the average daily leakage out of the
swimming pool in ft3/day. Assume the pool is exactly
5ft (60 inches) deep at the end of day 1. Ans.
Outflow = 38.3 ft3/day
Measured level
Day Evaporation (in.) Rainfall (in.)
(in.)
1 0.5 60
2 0 1.0
3 0.5
4 0 2.0
5 0.5
6 0.5
7 0 4.0
8 0.5
9 0.5
10 0.5 52
 Given:
Swimming Pool Dimensions: 20’ x 20’ x 5’
Time, t = 10 days
 Req’d.:
L = ave. daily leakage out of the swimming pool (ft3/day)
 Solution:
Establish the WBE:
P – E – L = ΔS
P = 1.0 + 2.0 + 4.0 = 7.0 in.
E = 7 x 0.5 = 3.5 in.
ΔS = 52 – 60 = - 8 in. (negative sign means there is a loss in storage)
Substituting,
7 – 3.5 – L = -8
L = 11.5 in.
L = 11.5 (20)2/(12 x 10)
L = 38.33 ft3/day
4. The world population in 1980 has been estimated at 4.5
billion. The annual population increase during the
preceding decade was about 2 percent. At this rate of
population growth, predict the year when there will be a
shortage of fresh water resources if everyone in the
world enjoyed the present highest living standard, for
which fresh – water is about 6.8 m3/day per capita
including public water supplies and water withdrawn for
irrigation & industry. Assume that 47,000 km3 of surface
& subsurface run – off is available for use annually.
 Given:
Year 1980: P1980 = 4.5 billion

r = pop. Increase = 2%
PCWC = 6.8m3/day-cap
Supply = 47,000 km3/year
 Req’d.:
t = year when there will be shortage in water supply.
 Solution:
Apply the demand & supply concept.
(Water) Demand > (Water) Supply
 Solution:
Projected Population:
Pn = P0 (1 + r)n ; n = t - 1980
Water Demand = Pn x PCWC
= (4.5 x 109)(1.02)n (6.8) x 365
= 11,169 km3/year x 1.02n
Substituting,
11,169(1.02)n = 47,000
Simplifying the equation, we get
n = t – 1980
t = 1980 + 72.6 = 2052.6, say 2053
Therefore, by the year 2053, there will already be

shortage of water supply.
Bedient, et al. (2013). Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis.
Pearson Education Limited. England.
Chow, et al.(1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Book
Co. Singapore.
Mays, L.W. (2011). Water Resources Engineering. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.
Subramanya, K. (2008). Engineering Hydrology. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. India.

CE 334 - Module 1.0

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Prepared by:

Source: Agno River Basin. Retrieved from Source:

 Req’d: Tr = residence time

 Req’d: Tr = residence time

 Req’d: Tr = residence time

 The Hydrologic Cycle

Source: Chow, et al. (1988)

 Req’d.: E = evaporation loss (in.) for 1mo.

E = 1.3 + 4.76 – 0.64

b. For the runoff coefficient, C = R/P = 54,000/157,000 = 0.344

Year 1980: P1980 = 4.5 billion

Therefore, by the year 2053, there will already be

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