Paper 1

Section A

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.

Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.

1 Why is the boiling point of ammonia, NH3, higher than the boiling point of phosphine, PH3?

A Ammonia molecules are polar; phosphine molecules are not.

B Ammonia molecules have significant hydrogen bonding; phosphine molecules do not.
C N–H covalent bonds are stronger than P–H covalent bonds.
D There is one lone pair in each ammonia molecule but no lone pair in each phosphine
molecule.

1
2 Neutrons are passed through an electric field. The mass of one neutron relative to 12
the mass of
a 12C atom and any deflection in the electric field is recorded.

Which row is correct?

mass of behaviour of beam of

neutron neutrons in an electric field

A 0 deflected
B 1 deflected
C 0 not deflected
D 1 not deflected

3 The table refers to the electron distribution in the second shell of an atom with eight protons.

Which row is correct for this atom?

orbital shape orbital shape

number of number of
orbital type orbital type
electrons electrons

A p 2 s 4
B p 4 s 2
C s 2 p 4
D s 4 p 2

1
4 Which statement describes the bond between carbon and hydrogen in an ethene molecule?

A a π bond between an s orbital and an sp2 orbital

B a π bond between an s orbital and an sp3 orbital

C a σ bond between an s orbital and an sp2 orbital

D a σ bond between an s orbital and an sp3 orbital

5 Aspirin, C9H8O4, Mr = 180.0, can be made by a reaction between 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O3,
Mr = 138.0, and ethanoic anhydride, C4H6O3, Mr = 102.0. The balanced equation for the reaction
is shown.

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + C2H4O2

If a reaction mixture consists of 10.0 g of each of the two reactants, what is the maximum mass of
aspirin that can be produced?

A 5.7 g B 10.0 g C 13.0 g D 17.6 g

6 Which diagram correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas? (T is measured
in K.)

A B C D

constant p constant T constant T constant T

V p pV pV

0 0 0 0
0 T 0 V 0 p 0 V

2
7 Anhydrous copper(II) chloride, CuCl 2, combines with water to form CuCl 2.2H2O. The standard
enthalpy changes of formation for this reaction are shown in the table.

H2O –286
CuCl 2 –206
CuCl 2.2H2O –808

What is the standard enthalpy change of the reaction shown?

CuCl 2 + 2H2O → CuCl 2.2H2O

A –1586 kJ mol–1
B –316 kJ mol–1
C –110 kJ mol–1
D –30 kJ mol–1

8 Xenon hexafluoride, XeF6, reacts with water.

XeF6 + 3H2O → XeO3 + 6HF

Which statement is correct?

A Hydrogen is reduced in this reaction.

B Hydrogen is the only element oxidised in this reaction.
C The only element oxidised in this reaction is xenon.
D This is not a redox reaction.

9 Hydrogen is produced industrially from methane as shown in the equation.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H o = +205 kJ mol–1

Which conditions would most favour the formation of hydrogen?

pressure temperature

A high high
B high low
C low high
D low low

3
10 The chemical equilibrium shown is formed when ammonia is produced in the Haber process.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

The following concentrations are found to be present at equilibrium under certain conditions.

N2 H2 NH3

0.200 mol dm–3 0.300 mol dm–3 0.600 mol dm–3

What is the numerical value of Kc under these conditions?

A 0.0150 B 6.0 C 10.0 D 66.7

11 The enzyme maltase speeds up the reaction between maltose and water.

maltase
maltose + water glucose

Maltase shows specificity.

Which statement describes the specificity of maltase?

A Maltase is a biological catalyst and it is a type of protein.

B Maltase is most effective between pH 6.1 and pH 6.8.
C Maltase lowers the activation energies of the reactions it catalyses.
D Maltase only speeds up a small number of chemical reactions.

12 Which description of the bonding and acid / base nature of aluminium oxide is correct?

bonding acid / base nature

A simple covalent amphoteric

B giant covalent basic only
C ionic amphoteric
D ionic basic only

13 X and Y are elements of the third period.

X and Y are individually heated in excess chlorine. Each product is purified and then separately
added to water, producing two solutions. Both solutions have a pH of less than 5.

What could be X and Y?

A Na and P B Mg and Al C Mg and Si D Si and P

4
14 An ore contains magnesium carbonate and barium carbonate. A sample of the ore is dissolved in
nitric acid.

How could this solution be processed into a magnesium compound and a separate barium
compound?

A Add HCl (aq), filter off the solid barium chloride.

B Add HCl (aq), filter off the solid magnesium chloride.
C Add H2SO4(aq), filter off the solid barium sulfate.
D Add H2SO4(aq), filter off the solid magnesium sulfate.

15 When calcium and calcium hydride, CaH2, react separately with water, they each produce a white
solid and a colourless gas. The white solid is the same compound in each reaction.

Which statement is correct?

A Both Ca and CaH2 produce H2.

B Both Ca and CaH2 produce O2.
C Ca produces H2 and CaH2 produces O2.
D Ca produces O2 and CaH2 produces H2.

16 When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid sodium chloride, HCl is formed but not Cl 2.

When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid sodium iodide, I2 is formed.

Which statement explains these observations?

A Sulfuric acid is an oxidising agent and chloride ions are more easily oxidised.
B Sulfuric acid is an oxidising agent and iodide ions are more easily oxidised.
C Sulfuric acid is a reducing agent and chloride ions are more easily reduced.
D Sulfuric acid is a reducing agent and iodide ions are more easily reduced.

5
17 Silver chloride and silver iodide form equilibria when added to water.

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl –(aq) Kc = K1

AgI(s) Ag+(aq) + I–(aq) Kc = K2

Each equilibrium position lies well to the left.

Silver iodide will not dissolve in aqueous ammonia. Silver chloride will dissolve in aqueous
ammonia. Another equilibrium is formed.

Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) Kc = K3

The position of this equilibrium lies to the right.

What is the order of magnitude for these three equilibrium constants?

A K1 > K2 > K3
B K2 > K1 > K3
C K3 > K1 > K2
D K3 > K2 > K1

18 Elements and their compounds are important as catalysts.

In which process is a compound used, rather than an element?

A catalytic converters
B Contact process
C Haber process
D hydrogenation of alkenes

19 The gaseous products of heating a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NH4Cl are passed through solid CaO.
This absorbs water vapour and a gas, W, is collected.

A sample of W is oxidised by Cl 2(g) to produce two gases, X and Y.

X is an element. Y is acidic.

Y reacts with W to produce Z.

What are X and Z?

X Z

A N2 CaCl 2
B N2 NH4Cl
C O2 CaCl 2
D O2 NH4Cl

6
20 Molecule G is shown.

How many chiral centres are present in each molecule of G?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

21 Sibirene, C15H24, is reacted with an excess of HBr(g). The major product is X.

excess HBr(g)
X

sibirene

What is the skeletal formula of X?

A B

Br
Br
Br Br

C D

Br
Br Br Br

7
22 Which statement is not correct?

A Combustion of PVC produces a highly acidic gas.

B PVC molecules are saturated.
C The empirical formula of PVC is the same as the empirical formula of its monomer.
D The repeat unit of PVC is (CHCl CHCl ) .

23 The presence of a halogen in an organic compound may be detected by warming the organic
compound with aqueous silver nitrate.

Which compound would be the quickest to produce a precipitate?

A B C D
Cl F F Cl

Cl Cl F Br

Cl F I F

24 Halogenoalkanes react with NaOH(aq) either by an SN1 mechanism or by an SN2 mechanism.

The mechanism followed by the reaction depends on the structure of the halogenoalkane.

This question is about the reaction of 3-bromo-3-ethylpentane, (C2H5)3CBr.

Which statement is correct?

A The mechanism is SN1, due to the stabilisation of an intermediate anion by three alkyl
groups.
B The mechanism is SN1, due to the stabilisation of an intermediate cation by three alkyl
groups.
C The mechanism is SN2, due to the stabilisation of an intermediate anion by three alkyl
groups.
D The mechanism is SN2, due to the stabilisation of an intermediate cation by three alkyl
groups.

25 Which compound is a secondary alcohol that can be dehydrated to form an alkene with Mr = 70?

A B C D

OH
OH OH OH

8
26 When 0.0075 mol of alcohol X are completely burnt in excess oxygen and the gases produced
are passed through an excess of limewater (calcium hydroxide solution), 3.0 g of calcium
carbonate are produced.

When X is warmed with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) there is a colour change from orange
to green.

What could be the identity of X?

A CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
B (CH3)3COH
C CH3CH2CH2OH
D CH3CH(OH)CH3

27 Considering only structural isomers, what is the number of alcohols of each type with the formula
C5H12O?

primary secondary tertiary

A 3 3 2
B 4 2 2
C 4 3 1
D 5 2 1

28 A student carried out a two-stage synthesis in which CH3CH2CH2Br was converted into
CH3CH2CH2CO2H.

Which compound could have been formed by the first stage of this synthesis?

A CH3CH2CH2OH
B CH3CH2CH2CHO
C CH3CH2CN
D CH3CH2CH2CN

29 An ester X has the structural formula CH3CO2CH(CH3)CH2CH3. X can be prepared by heating an

alcohol Y, under reflux, with ethanoic acid and an acid catalyst.

What is the correct name for Y?

A butan-1-ol
B butan-2-ol
C butan-3-ol
D methylpropan-2-ol

9
30 Compound S can be extracted from natural compounds. Reacting S with hot, concentrated
KMnO4 produces the organic product, T. Some of the absorptions found in the infra-red spectra of
S and T are described.

S has no strong absorption between 1670 and 1740 cm–1.

T has a strong absorption at 1720 cm–1 but has no strong, broad absorption between 2500 and
3000 cm–1.

From this information, what could be the formulae of S and T?

S T

A CH3(CH2)5CH=CH2 CH3(CH2)5CO2H

B CH3COCH2CH2COCH(CH3)2

CH3CO
C CH3COCH(COCH3)CH2CH2CH(COCH3)CH3

D HO2CCH2CH2COCH2COCH3

10
 Section B

For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.

Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that you consider to be correct).

The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

A B C D

1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only

are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.

31 Complete combustion of a sample of a hydrocarbon gave 0.132 g of carbon dioxide and 0.054 g
of water.

Which formulae could correctly represent this hydrocarbon?

1 CH2=CH2
2 CH3CH=CH2
3 CH3CH=CHCH3

32 Which statements are correct?

1 Magnesium carbonate decomposes at a lower temperature than calcium carbonate.

2 Calcium hydroxide is more soluble in water than magnesium hydroxide.
3 Calcium is a stronger reducing agent than magnesium.

33 Ammonia and chlorine react as shown.

8NH3 + 3Cl 2 → N2 + 6NH4Cl

Which statements are correct?

1 Each nitrogen atom is oxidised.

2 Each chlorine atom is reduced.
3 Ammonia behaves as a base.

11
34 The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reversible reaction.

energy 90
/ kJ mol–1
30

extent of reaction

Which statements are correct?

1 The forward reaction is exothermic.

2 The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is –30 kJ mol–1.
3 The enthalpy change for the backward reaction is +90 kJ mol–1.

35 The structure of metals is considered to be positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.

The melting points of the metals in Period 3 increase with increasing atomic number.

Which statements help to explain this trend from sodium to aluminium?

1 The charge on the metal ion increases.

2 There are more delocalised electrons per metal ion.
3 The radius of the metal ion decreases.

36 Under room conditions, 600 cm3 of a gas, X, has a mass of 0.700 g.

What could X be?

1 carbon monoxide
2 ethene
3 nitrogen

37 Which compounds, on reaction with NaBH4, form a compound with a chiral carbon atom?

1 CH3CH2CH2COCH3
2 CH2CHCOCH2CH3
3 CH3CH2COCH2CH3

12
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

A B C D

1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only

are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

38 Compound Y is a straight chain molecule with formula CnH2n+1X. X is a halogen. The Mr of Y

is 137. The halogen atom is on the second carbon atom in the chain.

Which statements are correct?

1 Y contains a chiral centre.

2 Y can eliminate HX to form two structurally isomeric alkenes.
3 Y can eliminate HX to form two geometrically isomeric alkenes.

39 Propanone and hydrogen cyanide react together by the mechanism shown.

H 3C H3C O– H3C OH
C O C H CN C + CN–

H3C H3 C CN H 3C CN
CN–

Which statements about this mechanism are correct?

1 CN– is an electrophile.
2 It is an addition reaction.
3 Heterolytic bond breaking is involved.

40 Acrolein is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H4O. It is used in water treatment
and as a herbicide. When acrolein reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine an orange precipitate is
obtained. Reaction of acrolein with Tollens’ reagent produces a silver mirror.

Which statements are correct?

1 Acrolein reacts with alkaline aqueous iodine to produce a yellow precipitate.

2 Acrolein can be reduced to a primary alcohol.
3 Acrolein decolourises bromine water.

13
Paper 1 - Marking Scheme

Question Answer Marks

1 B 1

2 D 1

3 B 1

4 C 1

5 C 1

6 A 1

7 D 1

8 D 1

9 C 1

10 D 1

11 D 1

12 C 1

13 D 1

14 C 1

15 A 1

16 B 1

17 C 1

18 B 1

19 B 1

20 C 1

21 D 1

22 D 1

23 C 1

24 B 1

25 B 1

26 A 1

27 C 1

28 D 1

14
Question Answer Marks

29 B 1

30 B 1

31 A 1

32 A 1

33 C 1

34 B 1

35 A 1

36 A 1

37 B 1

38 A 1

39 C 1

40 C 1

15
 Paper 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 The elements sodium to chlorine, in the third period, all form oxides.

(a) Draw a diagram to show the shape of the molecule of each of the oxides, SO3 and Cl 2O.
Name
 each shape.
In SO3 each oxygen atom forms a double bond with the sulfur atom.

SO3 Cl 2O

.......................................................... ..........................................................
[4]

(b) (i) Explain why the melting point of MgO is higher than that of Na2O.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Explain
 why the melting point of SiO2 is much higher than that of SO3.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

16
(c) SO3 is produced by the reaction between SO2 and O2 in the Contact process. A dynamic
equilibrium is established.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ∆H = –196 kJ mol–1

(i) 
Explain why increasing the total pressure, at constant temperature, increases the rate of
production of SO3 and increases the yield of SO3.

rate ......................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

yield .....................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[4]


The graph shows how the concentrations of all three species in the system change with time
for a typical reaction mixture. The gradients of all three lines decrease with time and then level
off in this dynamic equilibrium.

concentration of SO3

concentration concentration of SO2

concentration of O2

0
0 time

(ii) Explain
 why the gradients of the SO2 and O2 lines decrease with time.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Explain why all three lines become horizontal.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Suggest a reason why the initial gradient of the SO2 line is steeper than that of the O2 line.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

17
(d) 2.00 moles
 of SO2(g) and 2.00 moles of O2(g) are sealed in a container with a suitable catalyst,
at constant temperature and pressure. The resulting equilibrium mixture contains 1.98 moles
of SO3(g).
The total volume of the equilibrium mixture is 40.0 dm3.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction between SO2(g) and
O2(g) to produce SO3(g).

Kc =

[1]

(ii) Calculate
 the amount, in moles, of SO2(g) and O2(g) in the equilibrium mixture.

SO2(g) = .............................. mol

O2(g) = .............................. mol

[2]

(iii) Use your answers to (d)(i) and (d)(ii) to calculate the value of Kc for this equilibrium mixture.

Give the units of Kc.

Kc = ..............................

units = ..............................
[3]

[Total: 22]

18
2 One reason for the wide variety of organic compounds is isomerism, either structural isomerism or
stereoisomerism.

(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term structural isomerism.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Explain
 the meaning of the term stereoisomerism.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Pent-1-ene, CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3, does not show stereoisomerism.

(i) Give two reasons why pent-1-ene does not show stereoisomerism.

reason 1 ...............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

reason 2 ...............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

19
(ii) A
 structural isomer of pent-1-ene is used as the monomer to form a polymer. The repeat
unit of this polymer is shown.

H CH3

C C

H CH2CH3

Draw the displayed formula of the monomer used to make this polymer.

Give the name of the monomer.

......................................................................
[2]

(iii) A different structural isomer of pent-1-ene shows geometrical isomerism.

Draw the structure of one of the two geometrical isomers with the formula C5H10.

Give the full name of this isomer.

......................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

20
3 The elements in Group 17, the halogens, show trends in both their chemical and physical properties.
The elements and their compounds have a wide variety of uses.

(a) At room temperature fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid.

(i) State the trend in the volatility of the Group 17 elements down the group.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain
 this trend.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Iodine, I2, can be displaced from NaI(aq), by chlorine, Cl 2.

Write an equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Silver
 nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq), is added to separate solutions of NaI and NaCl.
Precipitates form. An excess of aqueous ammonia is then added to both precipitates.

(i) 
Complete the table to give the colour and name of the precipitate formed in each reaction
and the effect of the addition of an excess of aqueous ammonia to each of the precipitates
formed.

NaI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaCl (aq) + AgNO3(aq)

colour of precipitate

name of precipitate

effect of addition of an excess of

aqueous ammonia to the precipitate

[3]

(ii) Write
 an ionic equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction occurring when
AgNO3(aq) is added to NaI(aq).

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

21
(d) Solid NaI reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form purple fumes of I2(g) and hydrogen sulfide
gas, H2S(g).
However, when solid NaCl reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid the only gas produced is
HCl (g).


Explain the difference in the reactions of concentrated sulfuric acid with NaI and with NaCl.
Your answer should refer to the role of the sulfuric acid in each reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

(e) C
 hlorine is commonly used in water purification. When chlorine is added to water it reacts to
produce a mixture of acids, one of which is chloric(I) acid, HCl O, a powerful oxidising agent.

(i) Explain the meaning of the term oxidising agent, in terms of electron transfer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Suggest
 an equation for this reaction of chlorine with water.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Use oxidation numbers to explain why this is a redox reaction.

equation ...............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 15]

22
4 
A is CH3CHBrCH2CH3.

(a) Some reactions of A are shown.

reaction 1 H+ / Cr2O72–
CH3CHBrCH2CH3 CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 C 4 H 8O
NaOH
A B

reaction 2
NaOH

C 4H 8

(i) Name A.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name
 the class of compound to which B belongs.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) There are three structural isomers of A.

Draw the structures of these three isomers of A.

[2]

23
 (c) Reaction  1 occurs by two different mechanisms at the same time.

These mechanisms are referred to as SN1 and SN2.

(i) State what the letters ‘S’ and ‘N’ represent in the abbreviation SN1.

S ..........................................................................................................................................

N ..........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Complete
 the SN1 mechanism for reaction 1.

Include the structure of the intermediate and all necessary charges, dipoles, lone pairs
and curly arrows.

Br OH

H 3C C CH2 CH3 H 3C C CH2 CH3

H H

[3]

(d) The SN1 mechanism for reaction 1 is repeated using CH3CHCl CH2CH3 or CH3CHICH2CH3 in
place of the CH3CHBrCH2CH3.


State and explain how the rates of these two reactions will compare with the rate of the original
reaction using CH3CHBrCH2CH3.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

(e) Reaction  2 uses the same reagent as reaction 1, but under different conditions.

 tate two differences in the conditions needed to ensure that reaction 2 is more likely to take
S
place than reaction 1 when this reagent is added.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]

24
Paper 2 - Marking Scheme

Question Answer Marks

1(a) 4
O
S O
Cl
O O Cl

trigonal planar non-linear/bent/V-shaped/angular

1(b)(i) stronger attraction for O2− / stronger ionic bonding / more energy needed to overcome ionic bonding / separate ions 1

charge density of magnesium (ion) is greater (than sodium ion) ora 1

1(b)(ii) Either: 2

M1 SiO2 has a giant (covalent) structure / giant molecular

M2 Covalent bonds (much) stronger than VdW / id-id / IMFs in SO3

OR

M1 SO3 has a (simple) molecular structure / (simple) molecule.

M2 VdW / id-id / IMFs M2 IMF’s are (much) weaker than covalent bonds (broken in SiO2)

OR

M1 Covalent bonds are broken in SiO2 AND VdW / id-id / IMFs in SO3

M2 Covalent bonds are stronger (than VdW / id-id / IMFs)

1(c)(i) molecules / particles / reacting species are closer together 1

so frequency of collisions increases 1

few(er) moles on right 1

so (equilibrium) reaction shifts right / towards products / (as pressure increases to oppose the change) 1

25
Question Answer Marks

1(c)(ii) Decreasing reactant concentrations (at different time intervals / as reaction progresses) 1

So rate decreases OR change in concentration ÷ time taken decreases 1

1(c)(iii) (line becomes horizontal when) forward and reverse rates equal / equilibrium established 1

1(c)(iv) 2:1 ratio in equation / SO2 used up more quickly (than O2) / 2 × SO2 react for every 1 × O2 1

1(d)(i)
Kc =
[ SO3 ]
2 1

[SO2 ]2 × [O2 ]
1(d)(ii) SO2 = 0.02 (mol) 1

1
O2 = 1.01 (mol)

1(d)(iii) (1.98 / 40 )
2 3
Kc = M1
( 0.02 / 40 ) (1.01/ 40 )
2

= 3.88 / 3.882 × 105 M2

Units = dm3 mol–1 / mol–1 dm3 M3

26
Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) (molecules / isomers with) the same molecular formula / same number of atoms of each element 1

different structural formulae / different structures 1

2(a)(ii) (Molecules / isomers) with the same (molecular and) structural formula 1

different arrangement of atoms in space / different spatial arrangement of atoms. 1

2(b)(i) two Hs on one of the C=C carbons / terminal C / C–1 1

no chiral C / no C with 4 different groups / atoms / chains attached has a super(im)posable mirror image 1

2(b)(ii) H 1
H C H
H H C H
H C C
H C H
H

2-methylbut-1-ene 1

2(b)(iii) structure 1

H3C H H3C CH2 CH3

C C OR C C
H CH2 CH3 H H

trans–pent–2–ene or cis–pent–2–ene 1
or E– or Z–

27
Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) (volatility) decreases 1

3(a)(ii) increasing numbers / more of electrons (in molecules) 1

increased strength of id-id / VdW / IMFs 1

3(b) Cl2 + 2NaI → 2NaCl + I2 1

3(c)(i) 3
NaI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)

colour of ppt yellow white

name of ppt silver iodide silver chloride

effect of addition of No (visible) change dissolves / soluble

aqueous ammonia to
the precipitate

3(c)(ii) Ag+(aq) + I–(aq) → AgI(s) 1

28
Question Answer Marks

3(d) M1 sulfuric acid acts as an acid with NaCl (and NaBr) 1

OR
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
OR
2NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl

sulfuric acid acts as an oxidising agent with NaI / I 1

OR
NaI is a reducing agent

I– more powerful reducing agent than Cl – 1

OR
sulfuric acid can oxidise I– but not Cl –
OR
sulfuric acid is a stronger oxidising agent than iodide ions
OR
sulfuric acid is not as strong an oxidising agent than chloride ions

3(e)(i) (Species that) gains electrons / electron acceptor 1

3(e)(ii) Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HClO 1

3(e)(iii) 3Cl2 + 6NaOH → 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O 1

0 to –1 (+)5 AND chlorine has been oxidised and reduced. 1

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Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) 2-bromobutane 1

4(a)(ii) ketone 1

4(b) 2

(CH3)3CBr (CH3)2CHCH2Br CH2BrCH2CH2CH3

3 correct = 2 marks
2 correct = 1 mark

4(c)(i) S = substitution 1
N = nucleophilic

4(c)(ii) H H 3
δ+ δ− H3C C+
H3C C Br
-
H3C CH2 H3CCH2 HO

M1 = dipole and curly arrow

M2 = intermediate carbocation IGNORE CH2CH3 shown as C2H5
M3 = OH– with lone pair and curly arrow from lone pair to the ‘C’

4(d) • C4H9Cl slower (than C4H9Br) 3

• C4H9I faster (than C4H9Br)

• C–Cl bond stronger than C–Br OR C–Cl 340 C–Br 280

• C–I bond weaker then C–Br OR C–Br 280 C–I 240

1 mark for each point, max 3

30
Question Answer Marks

4(e) ethanolic (instead of aqueous) 1

hotter/higher temperature (heat under) reflux 1

31