MATHEMATICS

PRE-RMO
WORKSHEET - 1

CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBERS

INTRODUCTION (c) Non-negative integers

The set {0, 1, 2, 3, ......} is the set
Number System is a method of writing numerals
of all non-negative integers.
to represent numbers.
(d) Non-positive integers
 Ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are
The set {......., –3, –2, –1, 0} is the
used to represent any number (however
set of all non-positive integers.
large it may be) in our number system.
 Each of the symbols 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
(iv) Even Numbers: All integers which are
9 is called a digit or a figure.
divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
Even numbers are denoted by the
CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBER
expression 2n, where n is any integer.
(i) Natural numbers: Counting numbers are
So, if E is a set of even numbers, then E =
known as natural numbers. N = { 1, 2, 3, 4,
{ ..., – 4, –2, 0, 2, 4,...}.
... }.
(ii) Whole numbers: All natural numbers
(v) Odd Numbers: All integers which are not
together with 0 form the collection of all
divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
whole numbers. W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... }.
Odd numbers are denoted by the general
expression 2n –1 where n is any integer.
(iii) Integers: All natural numbers, 0 and
If O is a set of odd numbers, then O = {...,
negative of natural numbers form the
–5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5,...}.
collection of all integers. I or Z = { ..., – 3,
– 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }.
(vi) Rational Number :
(a) Positive integers
The rational numbers are all the numbers
The set I+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is the
p
set of all positive integers, Clearly, that can be expressed in the form of ,
q
positive integers and natural
where p and q are integers and co-prime
numbers are synonyms.
and q  0.
(b) Negative integers
2
The set I– = {–1, –2, –3, .....} is the e.g., , – 3, 0, 4.33 etc.
3
set of all negative integers.
0 is neither positive nor negative.
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 Rational numbers between two numbers Following are the steps to convert it in the
One way to find a rational number form p/q.
between two rational numbers is to find Step-1 : Denote pure recurring decimal as
their average, called mean. x.
To find a rational number between x and y, Step-2 : Write the number in decimal form
we will find the mean of x and y. i.e. by removing bar from top of
x y repeating digits.
is a rational number lying between x
2 Step-3 : Count the number of digits having
and y. This number will be the mid-value bar on their heads.
of that two numbers. Step-4 : Multiply the repeating decimal by
10, 100, 1000, ... depending upon
Decimal expansion of rational numbers 1 place repetition, 2 place
Every rational number can be expressed as repetition, 3 place repetition and
terminating decimal or non-terminating so on present in decimal number.
but repeating decimals. Step-5 : Subtract the number obtained in
step 2 from a number obtained in
Terminating decimal (The remainder step 4.
becomes zero) Step-6 : Find the value of x in the form
The word "terminate" means "end". A p/q.
decimal that ends is a terminating decimal. (ii) Mixed recurring decimal
A terminating decimal doesn't keep going. It is a decimal representation in which
A terminating decimal will have finite there are one or more digits present before
number of digits after the decimal point. the repeating digits after decimal point.
3 8 5 25 Following are the steps to convert it to the
= 0.75, = 0.8, = 1.25, = 1.5625
4 10 4 16
form p/q.
Step-1 : Denote mixed recurring
Method to convert non-terminating
decimal as x.
decimal to the form p/q.
Step-2 : Count the number of digits
In a non-terminating decimal. we have two
after the decimal point which
types of decimal representations
do not have bar on them. Let it
(i) Pure recurring decimal
be 'n'.
(ii) Mixed recurring decimal
Step-3 : Multiply both sides of x by 10n
(i) Pure recurring decimal
to get only repeating decimal
It is a decimal representation in
numbers on the right side of the
which all the digits after the
decimal point.
decimal point are repeated.

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 Step-4: Further use the method of Table of prime Numbers (1-100):
converting pure recurring 2 11 23 31 41 53 61 71 83 97
decimal to the form p/q and get 3 13 29 37 43 59 67 73 89

the value of x. 5 17 47 79
7 19
(vii) Irrational Numbers :
A number is called an irrational number, if Test to find whether a given number is a

it cannot be written in the form p/q, where prime

p & q are integers and q  0. All Non- Step-1 : Select a least positive integer n

terminating & Non-repeating decimal such that n2 > given number.

numbers are Irrational numbers. Step-2 : Test the divisibility of given

number by every prime number
E.g. 2 , 3 , 3 2 , 2+ 3, 2 + 2 3
less than n.
3 ,  , etc ....
Step-3 : The given number is prime

Decimal expansion of irrational only if it is not divisible by any

numbers of these primes.

Every irrational number can be expressed

(x) Co-prime Numbers : If the H.C.F. of the
as non-terminating and non-repeating
given numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1
decimal. e.g. 2 = 1.4142135 ....... . then they are known as co-prime numbers.
Remark : To find an irrational number e.g. 4, 9 are co-prime as H.C.F. of (4, 9) =

between two numbers a and b is ab . 1.

 Any two consecutive numbers will

(viii) Real numbers : Numbers which can
always be co-prime.
represent actual physical quantities in a
meaningful way are known as real (xi) Twin primes : Pairs of prime numbers
numbers. These can be represented on the which have only one composite number
number line. Number line is geometrical between them are called Twin primes. 3, 5
straight line with arbitrarily defined zero ; 5, 7 ; 11,13 ; 17, 19 ; 29, 31 ; 41, 43 ; 59,
(origin). 61 and 71, 73 etc. are twin primes.

(ix) Prime numbers : All natural numbers that (xii) Composite numbers : All natural
have one and itself only as their factors are numbers, which are not prime are
called prime numbers i.e. prime numbers composite numbers.
are exactly divisible by 1 and themselves. If C is the set of composite number then C
e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,...etc. = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12,...}.
If P is the set of prime number then P = {2,  1 is neither prime nor composite
3, 5, 7,...}. number.
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 m n mn n m
(v) a = a= a
(xiii) Imaginary Numbers : All the numbers
n p
whose square is negative are called (vi) n
a ap
imaginary numbers. e.g. 3i, -4i, i, ... ;
Ex.1 Simplify :
where i = 1 . 1
3
2. 3 4 = 3
2 4 = 3
2 3 = (23 ) 3 = 2.
(xiv) Perfect numbers
OPERATION OF SURDS
If sum of proper divisors of a number is
(a) Addition and Subtraction of Surds :
the number itself then the number is
Addition and subtraction of surds are
known as perfect number.
possible only when order and radicand are
e.g., 6, 28 ..... etc.
same i.e. only for like surds.
Ex.2 Simplify :
SURDS AND EXPONENTS
5 3 250 + 7 3 16 – 14 3 54
SURDS
Sol: 5 3 250 + 7 3 16 – 14 3 54
Let a be a rational number and n be a positive
= 5 3 125  2  7 3 8  2  14 3 37  2
n
integer, then irrational number is of the form a
= 5  5 3 2  7  2 3 2  14  3 3 2
is given a special name surd, where ‘a’ is called
3
= (25 + 14 – 42) 2=–332.
radicand and it should always be a rational
number.
n
(b) Multiplication and Division of Surds
Also the symbol is called the radical sign and
n
the index n is called order of the surd. a is read Ex.3 Simplify 8a 5b  3 4a 2 b 2
1
th n Sol: 8a 5b  3 4a 2 b 2 = 6 83 a15b3 × 6
42 a 4 b 4
as ‘n root of a’ and can also be written as a .
= 6
213 a19b 7 = 22a3b 6 2ab
LAW OF SURDS = 4a3b 6 2ab .
n
n  1n  1
n
(i)  a n
= a  = a
 
n
= a.
Ex.4 Divide : 24  3 200 
n 3
(ii) a n b  n ab 3 24 6
 24 6
216
Sol : 24  200 = 3
= = 6
.
2
n 200 6
 200  625
a a
(iii) = n
n
b b (c) Comparison of Surds
[Important for changing order of surds] It is clear that if x > y > 0 and n > 1 is a
np n
or, n
am = a mp positive integer then x n y.
m
(iv)   n
a  n a m  a m/n

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Ex.5 Arrange 2 , 3
3 and 4
5 in ascending Conjugate Surds : The binomial surds which

order.. differ only in sign between the terms separating

3 4 them are known as conjugate surds.
Sol: 2, 3 and 5
In binomial surds, the conjugate surds are RF of
L.C.M. of 2, 3, 4 is 12.
each other.
26 12
  2 = 26 = 64
For example :
3 4
3
3= 34 = 12
81 (i) RF of a  b is a b.
4 3
4
5= 53 = 12 125 (ii) Rf of a  b is a b.
As,
12
  64  12 81  12 125  1
Ex.7 : Rationalize the denominator .
3 4 75 3
2 < 3< 5.
RATIONALISATION OF SURDS 1 1 75 3
Sol: = × =
75 3 75 3 75 3
Rationalising factor : If the product of two surds 75 3 75 3 5 3 7
= = .
is a rational number, then each surd is called a 49  75 26 26
rationalising factor (RF) of the other.
Trinomial surds : A surd which consists of three
Rationalisation of surds : The process of terms, atleast two of which are monomial surds, is
converting a surd into rational number by called a trinomial surd.
multiplying it with a suitable RF, is called the Example : 7 + 3+ 5.
rationalisation of the surd. x
In order to rationalize =
a b c
Monomial surds and their RF : The general
(i) Multiply and divide by a b c
n
form of a monomial surd is a and its RF is
(ii) Multiply and divide by (a  b  c)2 ab
1
1
n
a

Ex.6 Find rationalisation factor of 3

5 . 1
Ex.8 : Rationalize :
6 3 5
3
Sol: Rationalisation factor of 5 is
1 1
1 2 Sol: =
=5
1
3
=5 = 3 3
52 = 3
25 . 6 3 5  6 3  5 
Binomial surds and their RF : The surds of the ×
 
6 3  5
=
 6 3  5  =
 6 3  5  6 3 
2
   5
2

types : a  b , a  b , a  b and a  b are

called binomial surds. 6 3 5 6 3 5
=
6  3  2 18  5 46 2

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 3/ 2 3/5

=
6 3 5
=
46 2
Ex.9 Simplify :
 25    243
4  6 2  46 2 5/4
16   8 
4/3

3/ 2 3/5

=
4 6  4 3  4 5  6 12  6 6  6 10
Sol: We have,
 25    243
5/4 4/3
16  72 16   8 
2 6  4 3  4 5  12 3  6 10  6 10 2 3/2 3/5
=
56 =
5    35  523/2  353/5
= 45/4
2 4 5/4
  23 
4/3
2  234/3
6  4 3  2 5  3 10
=
28 53  33 125  27 3375
= = = .
25  2 4 32 16 512
EXPONENTS Ex.10 If 25x – 1 = 52x – 1 – 100, find the value of x.
The repeated multiplication of the same factor can Sol: We have,
be written in a more compact form, called 25x – 1 = 52x – 1 – 100,
exponential form. Laws of exponents : If a is any  (52)x–1 = 52x – 1 – 100
non – zero rational number and m, n are whole  52x–2 – 52x – 1= – 100
numbers, then  52x–2 – 52x – 2 .51= – 100
(i) On the same base in multiplication, powers  52x–2 (1– 5) = – 100
are added. am × an = am + n
 52x–2 – (–4)= – 100
2 4 2+4 6
For example : 3 × 3 = 3 =3.
 52x–2 = 25
(ii) On the same base in division, powers are
 52x–2 = 52
m
a m n
subtracted. a .  2x – 2 = 2
an
x=4  x = 2.
35
For example : 2 = 35 – 2 = 33.
3
Ex.11 Assuming that x is a positive real number
am 1
(iii) n
= n m , n > m . and a, b, c are rational numbers, show
a a
a b c
23 1 1  x b   xc   xa 
For example : 4 = 43 = that :  c   a   b  = 1
2 2 2 x  x  x 
(iv) (am)n = amn a b c
 x b   xc   xa 
For example : (22)3 = 22×3 = 26. Sol:  c  a  b
x  x  x 
(v) an × a – n = a0 = 1
= (xb – c). (xc – a). (xa – b)
m m m
(vi) a × b = (ab)
= xab – ac xbc – ba. xac – bc.
For example :
= xab – ac + bc – ba + ac – bc = x0 = 1.
2 2 2
2 × 3 = (2×3)2 = 6 = 36.
(vii) abn = ab + b + b … n times
where a, b are positive real numbers and
m, n are rational numbers.

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 WORKSHEET 10.
Column I Column II
1. Simply (make the denominator rational)
(A) {2, 3} (p) is a pair of primes
12
. (B) {11, 13} (q) is a pair of twin primes
3 5  2 2
(C) {5, 11} (r) is a pair of co-primes

2. Find the square root of 7 + 2 10 . (D) {2, 6} (s) is a pair of even number
(E) {23, 81}
1
3. If x = , find the value of x3 – x2 –
2 3 11. The multiplication of a rational number 'x'
11x + 4.
and an irrational number 'y' is :
1 (A) always rational
4. If x = 3 – 2 2 , find x2 + .
x2 (B) rational except when y = 
(C) always irrational
5. Rationalise the denominator of
1 (D) irrational except when x = 0
.
3  2 1
12. 123 × 34 × 52, find the total number of even
6. Evaluate the following : factors of N.
3
1
 121  2
(i)  3
64  2
(ii)  
 169 
13. Solve for x  R –
(i) 4x – 10.2x – 1 = 24
7. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, prove that xyz = 1 (ii) 4.22x – 6x = 18.32x
where a, b, c are distinct numbers.
(iii) 32x – 3 – 9x – l + 272x/3 = 675.

8. If n2 + 2n – 8 is a prime number where n  1

(iv) 7x+2 – .7x+l – 14.7x – l + 2.7x = 48
N, then n is 7
(A) also a prime number x 1 x 2  2x 11 9
5  9  5
(B) relatively prime to 10 (v)   .  = 
(C) relatively prime to 6 3  25  3
(D) a composite number (vi) 52x = 32x + 2.5x + 2.3x

9. Consider the equation x3 – 3x2 + 2x = 0,

 
then 14. If 2  3  5  13  48  = 4 + b
(A) Number of even integers satisfying  
the equation is 2 where a and b are natural number find
(B) Number of odd integers satisfying
(a + b) .
the equation is 1
(C) Number of odd prime natural
numbers satisfying the equation is 1 15. Which is greater ?
(D) Number of composite natural (i) 3
3 or 4
5
numbers satisfying the equation is 1
8
(ii) 12 or 4 16
3
(iii) 2 or 3

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16. Find all primes which can be represented
both as sums and as differences of two
primes.

17. Find three least positive integers n such

that there are no primes between n and n +
10, and three least positive integers m such
that there are no primes between 10m and
10(m + l).

18. Find four solutions of the equation p2 + 1

= q2 + r2 with primes p, q, and r.

19. Find all primes p, q, and r such that the

numbers p(p + l), q(q + l), r(r + 1) form an
increasing arithmetic progression.

20. Find five least positive integers n for

which n2 + 1 is a product of three different
primes, and find a positive integer n for
which n2 + 1 is a product of three different
odd primes.

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 ANSWER SHEET Sol.4 We have x = 3 – 2 2

1 1 1 3 2 2
12(3  5  2 2)  = = ×
Sol.1 The expression 2 2 x 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
3  5    2 2 
3 2 2 3 2 2
= 2 2
= =3+2 2
12(3  5  2 2) (3)  (2 2) 98
=
66 2

2(3  5  2 2)( 5  1) 1
= Sol.5
( 5  1)  ( 5  1) 3  2 1
2(2  2 5  2 10  2 2) 1 3  2 1
= = ×
4 3  ( 2  1) 3  2 1
=1+ 5 + 10 – 2. 3  2 1 2 32
= 2 2
=
( 3)  ( 2  1)  2

Sol.2 Let 7  2 10 = x y.  2  6 2

= –  
 4 
Squaring, x + y + 2 xy = 7 + 2 10

Hence x + y = 7 and xy = 10. These two Sol.6

relations give x = 5, y = 2. 1 1 2
1
1 1
 
Hence 7  2 10 = 5  2 .
(i)  3
64  2

 

=  64  3  =  64  3 2

1 1
Remark: symbol stands for the positive 1
=  64  6 =  26  6 = 2 – 1 =
square root only. 2

3 3 3
2
1 2 3  11 11  2  112  2  11  2
Sol.3 As x = × (ii)   =  2 =  
2 3 2 3  13  13   13   13 
3 3
2 3  11   13  2197
= =  =  =
(2) 2  ( 3) 2  13   11  133

2 3
x= =2– 3 Sol.7 We have,
43
axyz = (ax)yz
x–2=– 3 squaring both sides; we
 axyz = (b)yz [ax = b]  axyz =
(x – 2)2 = (– 3 )2 (by)z
 x2 + 4 – 4x = 3  x2 – 4x + 1 = 0  axyz = cz [ by = c]  axyz = a
3 2
Now, x – x – 11x + 4
[ cz = a]
= x3 – 4x2 + x + 3x2 – 12x + 4
2 2
 axyz = a1  xyz = 1
= x(x 4x + 1) + 3(x – 4x + 1) + 1
= x × 0 + 3(0) + 1 = 0 + 0 = 0 = 1

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Sol.8 n2 + 2n – 8 = p  (n + 1)2 = p + 9 (ii) Divide by 22x
2x x
 n  N so p + 9 is a perfect square So p  3 3
18   +   – 4 = 0
can only be 7  n=3 Ans. (A, B)  2 2
2x x x
 3 3 3
18   + 9.   – 8  – 4 = 0
Sol.9 x  x2 – 3x + 2 = 0  2 2 2
x(x – 1 )(x – 2) = 0 x
x
 3  3    3 x 
x = 0, 1, 2 Ans. (A, B) 9   +  2.    1  – 4  2.    1  = 0
 2    2    2
 


10.   3 x    3 x 
 2    1  9    4  = 0
Column I Column II
 2   2  
(A) {2, 3} (p) is a pair of primes x
3 1
(B) {11, 13} (q) is a pair of twin primes    
2 2
(C) {5, 11} (r) is a pair of co-primes
x 2
(D) {2, 6} (s) is a pair of even number 3 4 3
   = =  
2 9 2
(E) {23, 81}
 x=–2
Sol : (A) → (p, r) ; (B) → (p, q, r) ; (C) → (p, r) 32x 32x
(iii)   32x = 675
; (D) → (s) ; (E) → r 24 9
 1 3 27 
9x     = 675
Sol.11 For if x = 0 then xy = 0 which is rational.  27 27 27 

Ans. (D) 675  27

9x = = 93
25

Sol.12 The factorized form of N is (22 × 31)3 × 34 x=3

× 52  26 × 37 × 52. Hence, the total (iv) 49.7x = – 7x – 2.7x + 2.7x = 48

number of factors of N is (6 + 1) (7 + 1) (2 48.7x = 48

+ 1) = 7 x 8 x 3 = 168. Some of these are 7x = 1  x = 0

2x 2  4x 22  x 1 9
odd multiples and some are even. 3 3
(v)   = 
The odd multiples are formed only with 5 5
the combination of 3s and 5s. So, the total 2x2 + 3x – 23 = – 9
number of odd factors is (7 + 1) (2 + 1) = 2x2 + 3x – 14 = 0
24. Therefore, the number of even factors 2x2 + 3x – 4x = 0
is 168 – 24 = 144. 2x2 + 7x – 4x – 14 = 0
(2x + 7)(x – 2) = 0
So.13
7
(i) 22x – 5.2x – 24 = 0 x= ,2
2
(2x – 8)(2x + 3) = 0 (vi) 52x – 32x = 2(5x + 3x)
2x = 8 (2x  –3 ax > 0) (5x + 3x)(5x – 3x) = 2(5x + 3x)
x=3
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 (5x + 3x)(5x – 3x – 2) = 0 Being both a sum and a difference of two
 5x + 3x  0 primes, one of them must be even, hence
only solution 5x – 3x – 2 = 0 equal 2.

5x = 3x + 2  x = 1. Thus we must have r = p + 2 = q – 2,

where p and q are primes. In this case,
  however, p, r = p + 2, and q = r + 2 would
Sol.14 2  3  5  13  48 
  be three consecutive odd primes, and there

  is only one such a triplet: 3, 5, and 7 (since

= 2  3  5  12  1 
  out of every three consecutive odd

  numbers one must be divisible by 3).

= 2  3  4  12 
  We have therefore r = 5 = 3 + 2 = 7 – 2.

 2 
= 2 3 
  3 1  
 Sol.17 n = 113, 139, 181; m = 20, 51, 62.
 
  Sol.18 132 + 1 = 72 + 112, 172 + 1 = 112 + 132, 232
= 2 3  3 1 
  + 1 = 132 + 192, 312 + 1 = 112 + 292.

= 2  2 3 =  8 4 3 Remark : The identity (5x + 13)2 + 1 =

(3x + 7)2 + (4x + l)2 shows that if p = 5x +
2
=  2 6  = 2 6 = a 6 13, q = 3x + 7, and, = 4x + l are primes,
then p2 + 1 = q2 + r2.
On comparing a + b = 2 + 6 = 8

Sol.19 Such numbers are, for instance, p = 127, q

Sol.15
= 3697, r = 5527.
3 4
(i) 3 or 5
It is easy to check (for instance, in the
12 12
 33
or  4
12   3 pr 5
4 3
tables of prime numbers) that these

4 numbers are primes, and that the numbers

 53 is greater  5 is greater
p(p + l), q(q + l), and r(r + l) form an
(ii) 12 or 62
arithmetic progression.
62 is greater  4
6 is greater 23 or 32
We shall present a method of finding such
2 3
3 is greater  3 is greater numbers. From the identity
n(n + l) + (41n + 20)(41n + 21) =
Sol.16 There is only one such prime, namely 5. In 2(29n + 14)(29n + 15)
fact, suppose that the prime r can be it follows that for a positive integer n, the
represented both as a sum and as a numbers
difference of two primes. n(n + 1), (29n + 14)(29n + 15), and
We must have obviously r > 2, hence r is (41n + 20)(41n + 21)
an odd prime.

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 form an arithmetic progression. If for some
positive integer n the numbers n, 29n + 14,
and 41n + 20 were all primes, we would
have found a solution. Thus, we ought to
take consecutive odd primes for n and
check whether the numbers 29n + 14 and
41n + 20 are primes.
The least such number is n = 127 which
leads to the above solution. We cannot
claim, however, that in this manner we
obtain all triplets of primes with the
required properties.

Sol.20 The five least positive integer n for which

n2 + 1 is a product of three different
primes are n = 13, 17, 21, 23 and 27. We
have 132 + 1 = 2.5.17, 172 + 1 = 2.5.29,
212 + 1 = 2.13.17, 232 + 1 = 2.5.53. For n
= 112, we have 1122 + 1 = 5.13.193.

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