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Advanced Mathematics Chapter 1: Linear Equations: Nguyen Thi Minh Tam

Here are the steps to make x the subject of the formulas: a) y = r/5 x 5y = r x x = 5y/r b) y = 2x + 1 y - 1 = 2x (y - 1)/2 = x So the formulas with x as the subject are: a) x = 5y/r b) x = (y - 1)/2

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Phương Anh Nguyễn
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268 views

Advanced Mathematics Chapter 1: Linear Equations: Nguyen Thi Minh Tam

Here are the steps to make x the subject of the formulas: a) y = r/5 x 5y = r x x = 5y/r b) y = 2x + 1 y - 1 = 2x (y - 1)/2 = x So the formulas with x as the subject are: a) x = 5y/r b) x = (y - 1)/2

Uploaded by

Phương Anh Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Mathematics

Chapter 1: Linear equations

Nguyen Thi Minh Tam

[email protected]

October 20, 2020


1 1.3 Graphs of linear equations

2 1.4 Algebraic solution of simultaneous linear equations

3 1.5 Supply and demand analysis

4 1.6 Transposition of formulas


1.3 Graphs of linear equations

An equation of the form

dx + ey = f (1)

is called a linear equation in two variables x, y .


d: the coefficient of x
e: the coefficient of y .

The graph of a linear equation is a straight line.


Example 1. Which of the following points lie on the line
3x − 5y = 25?
(5, −2), (10, 1), (5, 10)

Example 2. Sketch the line: 4x + 3y = 24.

Example 3. Find the point of intersection of the two lines

4x + 3y = 11
2x + y = 5
We say that x = 2, y = 1 is the solution of the simultaneous linear
equations

4x + 3y = 11
2x + y = 5

A system of two linear equations in two variables (a pair of


simultaneous linear equations in two variables) is of the form

ax + by = c
dx + ey = f
Graphical method for solving a system of two linear equations in
two variables
Draw the graph of the two equations on the same axes, we get two
straight lines.
If the straight lines intersect at one point, the coordinates of
this point give the solution to the system.
If the straight lines are parallel, the system has no solution.
If the straight lines are coincident, the system has infinitely
many solutions.
When e 6= 0, the equation dx + ey = f can be transformed into
the special form y = ax + b.
a: the slope of the line,
b: the intercept on the y axis.

The slope of a straight line is the change in the value of y when x


increases by 1 unit.
Example 4. Two new models of a smartphone are launched on 1
January 2018. Predictions of sales are given by:
Model 1:
S1 = 4 + 0.5n
Model 2:
S2 = 8 + 0.1n
where Si (in tens of thousands) denotes the monthly sales of
model i after n months.
a) State the values of the slope and intercept of each line and
give an interpretation.
b) Illustrate the sales of both models during the first year by
drawing graphs on the same axes.
c) Use the graph to find the month when sales of Model 1
overtake those of Model 2.
1.4 Algebraic solution of simultaneous linear equations

Drawbacks of graphical method:


It is sometimes difficult to graph accurately either or both
lines.
It is often difficult to read accurately the coordinates of the
point of intersection.
This method can not be applied to solve three equations in
three variables or four equations in four variables.
Example 5. Solve the system of equations

3x + 5y = 19
5x + 2y = −11

Elimination method for solving a system of two linear equations in


two variables
1. Add/subtract a multiple of one equation to/from a multiple of
the other to eliminate x.
2. Solve the resulting equation for y .
3. Substitute the value of y into one of the original equations to
deduce x.
Note: We could eliminate y in step 1 and then solve the resulting
equation in step 2 for y .

Example 6. Solve the system of equations

3x − 2y = 4
x − 2y = 2

by eliminating one of the variables.

Example 7. Solve the following systems of equations:

a) 3x − 6y = −2 b) − 5x + y = 4
−4x + 8y = −1 10x − 2y = −8
Example 8. Solve the following system of equations:

2x + 2y − 5z = −5
x −y +z =3
−3x + y + 2z = −2

Elimination method for solving a system of three linear equations


in three variables
1. Add/subtract multiples of the first equation to/from multiples
of the second and third equations to eliminate x.
2. Add/subtract a multiple of the second equation to/from a
multiple of the third to eliminate y .
3. Solve the last equation for z. Substitute the value of z into
the second equation to deduce y . Finally, substitute the
values of both y and z into the first equation to deduce x.
1.5 Supply and demand analysis

The concept of a function


A function, f , is a rule which assigns to each incoming
number, x, a uniquely defined outgoing number, y .
x: the independent variable,
y : the dependent variable, y = f (x).

In microeconomics the quantity demanded, Q, of a good


depends on the market price, P. We might express this as

Q = f (P)

Such a function is called a demand function.


The demand function can be written in the form P = g (Q).
If g (Q) is a linear function, the demand function has the form
P = aQ + b, where a < 0, b > 0.
Example 9. Sketch a graph of the demand function

P = −3Q + 75

Hence, or otherwise, determine the value of


a) P when Q = 23
b) Q when P = 18
The supply function is the relation between the quantity, Q,
of a good that producers plan to bring to the market and the
price, P, of the good.
When the supply function is linear, it has the form
P = aQ + b, where a > 0, b > 0.
In microeconomics we are concerned with the interaction of
supply and demand.
Sketch supply and demand curves on the same diagram.
At the point of intersection the market is in equilibrium.
The corresponding price, P0 , and quantity, Q0 , are called the
equilibrium price and quantity.

Example 10. The demand and supply functions of a good are


given by

P = −2QD + 50
1
P = QS + 25
2
where P, QD and QS denote the price, quantity demanded and
quantity supplied, respectively.
a) Determine the equilibrium price and quantity.
b) Determine the effect on the market equilibrium if the
government decides to impose a fixed tax of $5 on each good.
Suppose that there are two goods in related markets, which
we call good 1 and good 2.
The demand for each good is given by

QD1 = a1 + b1 P1 + c1 P2
QD2 = a2 + b2 P1 + c2 P2

where Pi and QDi denote the price and demand for the ith
good and ai , bi and ci are parameters

a1 > 0, b1 < 0, a2 > 0, c2 < 0

The calculation of the equilibrium price and quantity in a


two-commodity market model is demonstrated in Example 11.
Example 11. The demand and supply functions for two
interdependent commodities are given by

QD1 = 10 − 2P1 + P2
QD2 = 5 + 2P1 − 2P2
QS1 = −3 + 2P1
QS2 = −2 + 3P2

where QDi , QSi and Pi denote the quantity demanded, quantity


supplied and price of good i, respectively. Determine the
equilibrium price and quantity for this two-commodity model.
1.6 Transposition of formulas

Mathematical modelling involves the use of formulae to


represent the relationship between economic variables.
For example, the connection between price, P, and quantity,
Q, might be modelled by

P = −4Q + 100

Given any value of Q it is trivial to deduce the corresponding


value of P.
Given P, it is necessary to solve an equation to deduce Q.
If we are given many values of P, we should transpose the
formula for P. In other words, we rearrange the formula

P = an expression involving Q

into
Q = an expression involving P
The last formula enables us to find Q by replacing P by a
number.
Consider the task of making Q the subject of
1
P = Q +5
3

Figure: flow chart

Figure: reverse flow chart


Example 12. Make x the subject of
r
x
a) y =
5
4
b) y =
2x + 1
Example 12. Make x the subject of
r
x
a) y =
5
4
b) y =
2x + 1
Example 12. Make x the subject of
r
x
a) y =
5
4
b) y =
2x + 1

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