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If ΔPs is the pressure change due to skin, then the pressure drop under
ideal conditions, i.e S=0, is ΔP = (Pi-Pwf) - ΔPs.
Productivity Index, Flow Efficiency, Damage
Ratio In this case, the ideal productivity index is:
The productivity index (J) relates the unit production rate to unit (1.4.14b)
pressure drawdown and provides a basis for comparison to other
wells, and/or predicting production rates at different flowing
The flow efficiency FE is the ratio of productivity index of the actual
pressures.
condition to that of the ideal condition:

The specific productivity index is J divided by the net pay thickness. (1.4.15)

The productivity index of a well producing at a constant rate Substituting for Jideal and Jactual gives:
(damaged, stimulated or undamaged) is mathematically expressed as:

(1.4.16)
(1.4.14a)
Use final value of Pwf in Eq. 1.4.16. Values of FE < 1 imply damaged
well, while FE > 1 imply stimulated well.
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Equation 1.4.16 is only valid for a pressure transient in a new

reservoir, such as a drillstem test in an exploratory or appraisal well. Wellbore storage
If the reservoir has been producing for a long period, such that the
reservoir pressure has dropped below the initial value, then the • Wellbore storage, also called after-flow, after-production, after
average reservoir pressure should be used in place of the initial injection, and wellbore unloading or loading, has long been
reservoir pressure. recognized as affecting short time transient pressure behavior.

In a reservoir with strong water drive, and where steady-state flow is • For a shut-in well, wellbore storage is the continued influx from a
experienced, Pavg = Pi. formation into the wellbore after the well is shut-in.

Some company reports list the value of the “damage ratio” instead of • In the case of a drawdown, it is the wellbore unloading before the
flow efficiency. The damage ratio (DR) is simply the inverse of flow flow from the formation. Large wellbore capacity (such as horizontal
efficiency: wells) will result into long duration of after-flow.

(1.4.17)
• Usually, only the early data of a pressure transient test are affected
by the wellbore storage.
DR>1 corresponds to positive skin.
If the skin factor is negative then DR<1.
If the well is neither stimulated nor damaged, then s = 0 and DR = 1.

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Wellbore storage where cwb is the compressibility of the fluid in the wellbore,
evaluated at the average pressure and temperature in the well, and
Vwb is the total wellbore volume in bbl.
 From a practical viewpoint, wellbore storage increases the time to
reach the infinite-acting straight line portion of the pressure (1.4.19)
drawdown curve.

 Thus if the test is not run for a long enough period, then the all The parameter C in Eq. 1.4.19 is the wellbore storage coefficient given
important infinite-acting straight line will not be observed and, in bbl/psi. It can be estimated from the pressure or completion data.
therefore the formation permeability cannot be determined. For a completely fluid-filled wellbore containing a single-phase fluid,
liquid or gas, the expected value of C is given by:

During the wellbore storage, the relationship between the

(1.4.20a)
dimensionless pressure drop and the dimensionless time is:

where cwb is the compressibility of the fluid in the wellbore, evaluated

(1.4.18) at the average pressure and temperature in the well, and Vwb is the
total wellbore volume in bbl.
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For a wellbore with a rising or falling liquid/gas interface level, the Any pressure point N on this straight
wellbore storage coefficient may be estimated from: line portion, as shown in Figure 1.4.3,
may be used to find C:
(1.4.20b)
(1.4.21)

r is the density of the fluid in the wellbore in lb/ft3

and Vu is the C calculated from Eq. 1.4.22 should be
tubing capacity in bbl/ft. similar to the C calculated from Equations
If the area (ft2) of the wellbore is used instead of the tubing capacity, 1.4.20.
this coefficient can also be determined from: If they are not, it could be an indication of
liquid level falling or rising.
(1.4.20c)
Other reasons for the difference might be
either high gas-oil ratio at the wellbore or
Equations 1.4.20 are useful during the design phase in the absence of highly stimulated well.
pressure data.
The wellbore storage coefficient may be estimated more accurately from a It is clear from Figure 1.4.2 that wellbore
plot of DP = Pi - Pwf vs. time on a log-log graph paper. storage and skin effect determine the
time required to reach the infinite
If there is an early-time unit slope straight line in the wellbore storage acting semi-log straight line portion of a
section, wellbore storage coefficient can be estimated. pressure drawdown curve (tDSIAL).

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This dimensionless time may be estimated by using the following expression: Equation 1.4.24 is applicable only when the interpretation is based on
the semi-log plot of Pwf versus time, as it tends to predict a much earlier
(1.4.22) start of the straight line of slope m.

For the loglog plot of the pressure derivative the starting time of the
Substituting for tD and CD Equation 1.4.22 becomes:
infinite acting line (straight line of slope = -1) will appear to occur at a
much later time than on the semi-log plot.
(1.4.23)
In this case it is preferable to use the following equation to estimate the
starting time when using the pressure derivative (Tiab, 1994):
The time variable tSIAL in Equation 1.4.24
is the starting time of the infinite-acting (1.4.24b)
semi-log straight line portion of the
pressure drawdown curve:

Equations 1.4.24a and 1.4.24b are extremely useful in well test design.
Thus, if one log cycle of a semi-log straight line is desired, assuming an
(1.4.24a)
infinite reservoir, the test should be run for a period of time t = 10tSIAL.

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(a) Permeability
Example From the semilog plot of flowing well
An oil well has been produced at a we can identify two main regions.
constant rate of 475 STB/D. During the
flow period, bottom-hole pressures were The early time portion is dominated
recorded as tabulated in Table 1.4.5. by wellbore storage and skin effect.
The second region of the curve is the
Estimate: infinite-acting straight line of slope m
= - 18 psi/logcycle.
(a) permeability,
(b) skin factor, The permeability is then calculated from Equation 1.4.6:
(c) productivity index flow efficiency, and
(d)wellbore storage coefficient,.
(b) Skin Factor
The following rock and fluid properties
are known:
From the semilog plot, the flowing bottom hole pressure at time t = 1 hour
Pi = 2733psia rw = 3.2 in
(Pwf1hr) is 2300 psi. Using Equation 1.4.7, the skin factor is:
h = 16 ft Ø= 18 %
q = 475 STB/D µ = 1.2 cp
B = 1.229 bbl/STB ct = 26.4x10-5 psi-1

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This value of skin indicates severe wellbore damage, which may due to
a combination of factors such as plugged perforations and very high
drilling fluid invasion. The flow efficiency of this well is:

The effective wellbore radius is (Eq. 1.4.13):

The damage to the wellbore is
(d) Wellbore Storage Coefficient
indeed extremely high.
(c) Flow Efficiency
Figure 1.4.6 indicates that the early
time portion of ΔP versus time is a
From the semilog the pressure drop
straight line of slope 1.
due to skin is:
Selecting any point N on this straight
The actual productivity index is: line, e.g. t = 0.2 hr, ΔP = 61 psi and
using Equation 1.4.21, the wellbore
Without wellbore damage, the ideal storage coefficient is:
productivity index is:

By comparing Jidea with Jactual, one will see the reason why care should be
taken to minimize formation damage during drilling and completion.

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Homework 1
Plotting Exercise

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T hours P psia T hours P psia

0.41669 4089.84
0 6009
0.4823 3960.16
Homework 2 0.0167
0.01933
5867.82
5845.93
0.55824
0.64614
3835.59
3727.2
0.02237 5819.43 0.74788 3630.08
A drawdown test was run in an oil producing well. Flowing pressure 0.86564 3538.77
0.0259 5792.5
data are given in the table (next slide) Well and reservoir parameters 1.00194 3465.22
0.02997 5765.01
are given below: 0.03469 5720.9
1.1597 3411.56
1.3423 3361.6
0.04016 5688.36 1.55366 3318.8
Bo, RB/STB = 1.21 Viscosity, cp = 0.92 1.79829 3289.38
0.04648 5642.92
Ct, 10-6/psi = 8.72 Porosity, fr = 0.21 0.0538 5587.43 2.08144 3263.02
Formation Thickness, ft = 23 Wellbore Radius, ft = 0.401 0.06227 5521.66
2.40918 3231.28
2.78852 3216.27
qo STB/Day = 2500 0.07207 5459.7 3.22758 3200.34
0.08342 5389.75 3.73579 3175.4
Calculate: 0.09655 5306.48 4.32401 3162.3
0.11176 5211.11 5.00485 3139.87
5.79289 3133.46
1. Permeability k 0.12935 5117.79
6.70502 3114.87
2. Skin Factor S 0.14972 5009.74 7.76076 3092.78
3. Wellbore storage coefficient C 0.1733 4886.13 8.98274 3081.99
0.20058 4769.13 10.3971 3062.07
4. Radius of investigation (Rinv) 12.0342 3047.29
0.23217 4635.16
5. Time to infinite acting line = (TSIAL)(time to end wellbore storage (twbs) 13.9291 3037.98
0.26872 4501.08
6. Pressure drop due to skin (ΔPs) 16.1223 3018.23
0.31103 4365.85 18.6608 3002.85
19 0.36001 4219.7 21.6 2988.93 20

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