DePaul Law Review

Volume 11
Article 7
Issue 2 Spring-Summer 1962

Condominium: An Introduction to the Horizontal

Property System
DePaul College of Law

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Recommended Citation
DePaul College of Law, Condominium: An Introduction to the Horizontal Property System, 11 DePaul L. Rev. 319 (1962)
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 COMMENTS

CONDOMINIUM: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE

HORIZONTAL PROPERTY SYSTEM
Throughout the history of property law, there have been various ap-
proaches to the problems involved in dividing the ownership of real
property into horizontal layers. In the United States, these problems have
been partially resolved with such devices as the simple lease, the stock-
lease cooperative and the co-ownership cooperative. These devices, how-
ever, have proved far from satisfactory. Because of the inadequacies of
these devices, a new system of horizontal property law was needed. Such
a system is now available for the states to incorporate into their laws. Two
states have already enacted legislation establishing the system,' and the
2
remaining states will probably follow suit in the near future.
The system is known as a "Condominium." Interpreted literally, "Con-
dominium" means "in common ownership." 3 Briefly defined, a Con-
dominium is a statutory system of horizontal ownership in fee of single
units (apartments) in a multi-unit structure, with the common elements,
such as the land, halls, stairs, heating plant, etc., being owned in common
by all the single unit owners. Expenses incurred in maintaining the com-
mon elements are paid proportionately by the co-owners.4 The deed for
each unit is recorded separately. In it are contained covenants providing
for administration, repair, and maintenance of the Condominium; these
are binding upon both original and subsequent owners. The unit-owner
may separately convey and mortgage his apartment. Each unit is also
separately taxed.
While new to the United States, 5 the Condominium is an ancient form
of ownership, originating in Roman law centuries ago. Condominiums
1 ARK. STAT. ANN., S 50-1001 (Supp. 1961); HAWAII SESS. LAWS, 1961, Act 180.
2 This view is reinforced by the passage of Federal legislation providing for mortgage
insurance on the Condominium projects. This aspect will be further developed during
the course of the discussion.
3 Hearings on Various Bills to Amend the FederalHousing Laws before a Subcom-
7nittee of the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., 585,
594 (1960) [hereinafter cited as 1960 Hearings].
4 These expenses are analogous to the payment of taxes in a suburban subdivision:
(a) in the case of payment to the Condominium administration, the money is used for
upkeep of the building, land and utilities; (b) similarly, money paid in the form of
taxes to a subdivision is used for the upkeep of parks, roads, sewers, etc. See 1960
Hearings.
5 Note, however, that three separate Condominium projects sponsored by the Veter-
ans' Administration, have been in existence since 1947 in New York, Connecticut, and
Washington, D.C. See 1960 Hearings; Kerr, Condominium, LAW Tiey. NEWS, Aug.,
1961, p. 2.
 DE PAUL LAW REVIEW

have long been recognized and looked upon with favor in many European
and Latin American countries.6
The Condominium is based entirely upon statutory provisions.7 A com-
parison of the Condominium with the stock-lease cooperative and the
co-ownership cooperative reveals the distinctive features and advantages
which are found in the Condominium. In the co-ownership cooperative,
each apartment owner holds an undivided fractional interest in the land
and buildings. This interest confers upon each apartment owner the right
to exclusive possession of his own apartment. The common areas and
facilities are shared by the co-owners of the building. Covenants to main-
tain and repair the cooperative are set forth in the deeds to the apart-
ments. These purport to run with the land, but the states vary in holding
such covenants to be binding upon successors and assigns. If they do not
run with the land, then doubt is cast upon the entire project. Conditions
for forfeiture and reversion of title may be attached to these covenants.
If the covenants cannot be enforced without the necessity of forfeiture
or reversion, then the apartments will be unacceptable as security for most
institutional mortgages. This is also true if there are covenants which
limits ownership to those who are acceptable; (e.g., as a member of a club)
or if committee approval is necessary to become an owner. In many states,
the interests in each apartment are incapable of being separately owned,
conveyed and mortgaged; and the related instruments are not legally en-
titled to be recorded. None of these objections are to be found in the
Condominium system.
In the stock-lease cooperative, title to the land and building is vested
in the owning corporation. Each apartment "owner" is a stockholder in
the corporation and holds his apartment under a lease. The corporate
by-laws and the leases provide for a division of expenses among the
tenants, with payment to be made to the corporation. If any tenant fails
to pay his proportionate share, he is subject to being dispossessed and
having his stock cancelled.
The individual apartments cannot be separately mortgaged or taxed.
If the mortgage on the entire land and building is foreclosed, the individ-
ual tenant may lose his apartment even though he has fulfilled his individ-
ual financial obligation. An individual cannot "own" his own apartment
6 1960 Hearings.
7 But see Thuma, The Condominium-A New Form for the Cooperative, 41 TimLE
NEws 126 (1962).
It is the contention of Mr. Thuma, Vice-President of the Title-Legal Department of
the Chicago Title & Trust Co., that Condominiums can be established in most states,
including Illinois, without legislative action, upon the common law theory that all
superadjacent air space to the skies [subject to the laws of navigation] is capable of
being subdivided and conveyed by the surface owner.
 COMIMENTS

so long as there is a mortgage on the entire land and building. Unlike the
Condominium in which there is only a right of first refusal in the other
apartment owners, the tenant in a stock-lease cooperative cannot assign
his lease without the approval of the corporate board of directors.
In the Condominium there is no separate entity which owns the land and
building-there are only the sole owners of apartments who are also the co-
owners of undivided interests in the common elements. In the stock-lease
cooperative the owning corporation stands between the apartment owners and
the title to the land and building. Thus the apartment owners are in fact one
step removed from ownership. This supports the claim made by advocates
of the Condominium in Puerto Rico that it affords a sense of ownership not
enjoyed by the owner of a cooperative apartment.
In the Condominium the estate conveyed to the apartment owner is such
that the sales of apartments should not logically be subject to Federal or State
Securities Laws. In the stock-lease cooperative such laws must be complied
8
with or exemption ascertained.
The need for the Condominium is becoming quite evident; it grows out
of a pressing necessity to provide adequate housing in large urban areas
where the high cost of land, coupled with construction and financing ex-
penses, practicably precludes the erection of single family homes and
where rentals on available apartments are prohibitively high for the masses.
The Condominiums would create an additional means of increasing the
supply of low-cost, decent, private housing. Supporting such expectations,
James Barnes, the head of one of the nation's largest mortgage banking
concerns, 9 has stated "that the Condominium can be expected to provide
adequate housing for the increasing number of elderly families and in-
dividuals, one of the most pressing problems confronting this country."' 0
He also contends that such projects can be expected to revolutionize the
building industry in the United States.
Included among the advantages of Condominiums which Barnes cites
are: (1) the economic utilization of costly urban land and (2) a reduction
in necessary services and in the workers supplying such services; such as
street maintenance, public lighting, garbage collection, police and fire,
schools and transportation. Thus large savings would result and a benefit
would accrue to society as a whole."'
The Condominium concept is perhaps best exemplified by the statute
8 Kerr, Supra note 5, at 4.
9 Mr. Barnes is president of J. T. Barnes & Co., Detroit. The company, with branches
in the United States and Puerto Rico, has a portfolio of $350,000,000 in government in-
sured and guaranteed loans; $100,000,000 of that amount is for developments in Puerto
Rico.
10 Barnes, Accelerated Growth of Condominiums Expected from New Housing
Bill Law, LAW TITE NEws, Aug., 1961, p. 5.
11 Ibid.
1 4 DE PAUL LAW REVIEW

embodying its principles as found in Puerto Rico. 12 Originating in the

Spanish civil law, 13 legislation of this type was first enacted in Puerto
Rico in 1902.14 Progressing towards a more complete and modern form,
a similar act was passed in 1951.15 The last stage of development occurred
in 1958, giving Puerto Rico the Horizontal Property Act, 6 a comprehen-
sive statute, enhanced by its clear and unambiguous language.
The Horizontal Property system, although extremely popular in Puerto
Rico, has not grown as rapidly as expected due to the difficulty of ob-
taining financing in that country.17 Puerto Rico has embodied the Con-
dominium concept into both small units and high-rise buildings. The esti-
mated construction of Condominiums, completed or under way in Puerto
Rico, is in excess of $22.5 million.' 8
THE PUERTO RICO HORIZONTAL PROPERTY ACT

I. Basic Provisions
The Act 9 applies only to buildings whose sole owner or co-owners
expressly declare their desire to submit it to the system by means of a
recorded public deed. Once the building is submitted to the system the
apartments may be individually conveyed and encumbered and may be
the object of ownership, possession, and all types of juristic acts, inter-
vivos and causa mortis, entirely irrespective of the building of which
they form part. The title to such apartments is recordable.
The owner has an exclusive right to his apartment and to a share, with
the other co-owners, in the common elements equivalent to the percent-
age his apartment represents in the total value of the building. This per-
centage is computed at the time the building is submitted to the system;
it cannot be altered without the consent of all the co-owners. The basic
value is for the purpose of the system only and does not prevent the
owner from fixing a different value to his apartment in all other types of
acts and contracts.
The common elements of the property are:
12 P.R. Laws Ann., Tit. 31, § 1291 (Supp. 1910).
13 SPAN. CIV. CODE, T. III, Art. 396.
14 P.R. Civ. CODE § 403 (1902).

15 P.R. LAWS ANN., tit. 31, § 1275 (1955).

10 P.R. LAws ANN., tit. 31, 1291 (Supp. 1960).
17 1960 Hearings. but note: with the incentive added by the FHA insurance of
mortgages on Condominiums, construction should increase rapidly.
18 Barnes, supra note 10.

19 P.R. LAws ANN., tit. 31, § 1291 (Supp. 1960).

 COMMENTS

(a) the land,

(b) foundations, roofs, halls, lobbies, stairways, entrance, exit and communi-
cation ways,
(c) basement, flat roofs, yards and gardens,
(d) lodgings of janitors and other maintenance people,
(e) heating, electricity, gas, refrigeration and water installations,
(f) elevators and garbage incinerators,
(g) and all other elements of common use or those necessary to its upkeep and
safety.
These common elements cannot be the object of a partition action and
cannot be mortgaged without the unanimous consent of all the co-own-
ers. Each co-owner has the use of the common elements in accordance
with their purpose, provided that they do not interfere with the other
co-owners' legal rights in so doing.
Should any co-owner wish to sell his apartment he must first offer it to
the other co-owners who, by virtue of the system, have a right of first
refusal.
The use and enjoyment of each apartment is subject to various rules:
(a) it must be used solely in accordance with the use prescribed by its deed,
(b) no tenant may disturb the peace of the other co-owners or tenants,
(c) it cannot be used for immoral, unlawful or abnormal purposes,
(d) each co-owner may decorate, repair, clean or improve his apartment at
his own expense provided that in so doing he does not modify the ex-
terior portions of the building as to form or color,
(e) all tenant and co-owners must comply with the administrative rules.
Violation of any of the above rules gives rise to a cause of action for dam-
ages in the injured tenant or co-owner. Necessary maintenance of the
common elements is carried out by an agreement of a majority of the co-
owners. Whenever the common elements require urgent and necessary
work for repair, safety or maintenance, any co-owner may have it done
at his own expense and recover the cost from the other co-owners. No
co-owner may build new floors, make excavations or do any other work
which will affect the safety of the building without the unanimous con-
sent of the others. The common profits and expenses of the building are
distributed among the co-owners according to their percentage portion
in the building.

11. The Public Deed and Its Recording

The deed must contain:
(a) the description of the land, the building and the building materials,
(b) the description and number of each apartment,
(c) the description of the common elements,
(d) the purpose for which the building and the apartments are to be used,
 DE PAUL LAW REVIEW

(e) the value of the property and the percentage value of each apartment
along with the percentage value eachs apartment receives in the common
elements,
(f) the administrative rules, and
(g) certified plans of the building.
The deed of each individual apartment must also set out a description of
the land, the building, the materials, the apartment itself and must also
state the percentage accorded to the apartment in the common elements.
Each apartment is recorded as a separate piece of property upon an indi-
vidual record. The common elements are recorded under the public deed.
The percentage share of each apartment in the common elements is
deemed to have been conveyed or encumbered with the apartment, with-
out need of recording such conveyance or encumbrance of the share under
the public deed. However, new floors added, or portions of adjacent land
acquired, so as to form part of the common elements, must be recorded
under the public deed. Similarly, any conveyance by all the co-owners of
the common land must be recorded under the public deed to show the
description of the land as it stands after the conveyance. The co-owners
may, by unanimous vote, waive the Horizontal Property System; such a
waiver does not, however, bar a subsequent return of the building to the
system.

Ill. Administration and Insurance

The building administration is governed in accordance with by-laws
which are recorded under the public deed. The by-laws must contain:
(a) the form of administration i.e. whether controlled by an administrator or
board of administrtaion, specifying the powers, method of removal and
compensation thereof,
(b) the method of calling a co-owners meeting; the presiding officer and
recording secretary,
(c) a statement that fifty-one per cent of the co-owners constitutes a decision
adopting majority,
(d) the manner in which the common expenses are to be collected from the
co-owners,
(e) provisions for the care, upkeep and surveillance of the building, and
(f) enumeration and manner of dismissal of maintenance personnel.
The administration of the building may be modified at any time by the
sole owner or co-owners representing three-fourths of the building's
value. The modification is not operative until recorded under the public
deed. Detailed records and books of account must be kept by the admin-
istration; these must be made available for examination by the co-owners
at convenient hours on working days.
All co-owners are bound to contribute pro rata towards the expenses of
administration, maintenance and repair of the common elements. Waiver
 COM4MENTS

of the use and enjoyment of the common elements or abandonment of the

apartment will not exempt the co-owner from contributing. The claim
against the co-owner for his share of these expenses has preference over
all other claims, except: (1) taxes for the past three years, (2) insurance
premiums on the apartment for the last two years, and, (3) recorded
mortgages. One who acquires an apartment is jointly and severally liable
with the conveyer for the conveyer's obligations as regards administrative
and common element expenses incurred prior to the conveyance, but
such a person has a cause of action against the conveyer to recover any
amounts paid out for such expenses.
If the administration fails to abide by the by-laws or if, after proper
notice of a meeting a quorum necessary for decision-making cannot be
had, an interested co-owner may seek a court ruling as to the course of
action most appropriate for the efficient management of the building.
The co-owners can, by a majority vote, insure the building against
risks. Each co-owner may also insure his own apartment for his own ben-
efit. In case of a fire or other disaster, the insurance indemnity is applied
to reconstruction of the building. Reconstruction is not compulsory
where it comprises more than three-fourths of the building. In such a
case, the indemnity is given pro rata to the co-owners entitled to it. Where
the building is not insured, or where the insurance is insufficient to cover
the cost of rebuilding, the costs are paid by the co-owners directly af-
fected by the damage, in proportion to the value of their apartments. If
any affected co-owner refuses to pay, the majority may proceed with re-
construction at the expense of the co-owners benefited thereby.
THE STATE ACTS
20
Hawaii is the first state to have adopted a Horizontal Property Act.
The Act, though patterned very closely after the Puerto Rican statute, is
distinctive in several ways.
First, conspicuously absent from the Hawaiian Act is the right of first
refusal in the co-owners as is found in the Puerto Rican statute. This pro-
vision was eliminated as possibly constituting an unlawful restraint on
2
alienation. '
Secondly, the Act, provides for the regulation of the Condominium ac-
tivities by a Commission having broad powers. In order to comply with
these provisions, a developer must file a notice of his intention to build
and sell Condominiums with the Commission. The Commission, after in-
specting the plans of the project, then issues a public report of its find-
ings. Thereafter, the developer cannot enter into a binding contract or
20 HAWAII Siss. LAWS 1961 Act 180; ARK. STAT. ANN., § 50-1001 (Supp. 1961).

21 Kerr, supra note 5.

 DE PAUL LAW REVIEW

agreement for the sale of any unit in the project, until the prospective
purchaser has read the public report and acknowledged such fact in writ-
ing.2 2 The Commission has the power to bring suit to enjoin any building
activity which contravenes its rules and regulations.
. Thirdly, the land upon which the Condominium stands may be owned
23
in fee simple or may be leased.
The Arkansas Act is patterned, in substance, directly after the Puerto
Rican statute.
NATIONAL HOUSING ACT-1961 AMENDMENT

Congress, recognizing the tremendous potential of the Condominium,

and desiring to provide incentive for investments in their construction,
enacted legislation in 1961 authorizing the insurance of mortgages on in-
24
dividually owned units in multi-unit structures.
Stating that its purpose is to "provide an additional means of increasing
the supply of privately owned dwelling units, where under the laws of
the state in which the property is located, real property title and owner-
ship are established with respect to a one-family unit which is part of a
multi-family structure," 25 the Act then goes on to enumerate the mort-
gagor's rights and duties. Included among the mortgagor's rights are the
exclusive right to the use of the apartment covered by the mortgage and
the right to use the common areas and facilities serving the structure along
with the other co-owners in the building. In addition, the mortgagor has
the obligation of paying his proportional share of the expenses incurred
by reason of maintaining the common areas and facilities. The individual
mortgagor's rights and obligations are subject to such controls as the Fed-
eral Housing Authority Commissioner deems necessary for the protection
of the Condominium and its occupants.
As defined by the Act, a mortgage "may include a first mortgage given
22 These stringent provisions were inserted to protect the Hawaiian public which
had recently lost several millions of dollars through fraudulent schemes involving
projects of this type. Kerr, supranote 5.
23 Much of the land in Hawaii being subject to ground leases, the co-owners instead
of having a fee simple estate would have a sub-leasehold estate. Both types are treated
alike for taxation purposes. Note: "It would seem desirable from the apartment owner's
point of view, to provide in the ground lease that it shall not be terminated as to any
apartment with respect to which the proportionate part of the rent has been paid to
the Condominium administration. Failing some arrangement of this sort, the apart-
ment owner in a leasehold Condominium apartment is in much the same position to
ground rent as the owner of an apartment in a stock-lease cooperative [is] with respect
to both taxes and mortgage charges." Kerr, supra note 5, at 6.
24 12 U.S.C.A. S 1715y (Supp. 1961). "Multi-unit structure" is defined as a structure
having five or more family units. 26 Fed. Reg. 7497 (1961).
25 12 U.S.C.A. §l175y(a) (Supp. 1961).
 COMMENTS 327
to secure the unpaid purchase price of a fee interest in, or a long term
leasehold interest in, 26 a one-family unit in a multi-family structure and an
undivided interest in the common areas and facilities which serve the
structure where the mortgage is determined by the Commissioner to be
'27
eligible for insurance.
The FHA Commissioner is authorized to insure any mortgage if: (1) it
meets the FHA requirements under § 1709(b), 28 (2) the structure is or
has been covered by an FHA insured mortgage, 29 and (3) the mortgagor
is acquiring a family unit covered by a mortgage issued under the act, for
his own use and occupancy, and will not own more than four one-family
units covered by mortgages insured under the act.
A mortgage, to be eligible for insurance, must not exceed the per room
and per family unit limits of the section 207 rental housing program, or
the loan to value ratios of the section 203 home mortgage program.30 The
maximum maturity of the mortgages is thirty years or three-fourths of
the Commission's estimate of the remaining economic life of the structure
whichever is the lesser.
The FHA Commissioner has issued regulations dealing with Condomin-
ium ownership. 31 As in all FHA mortgage insurance regulations, it is pro-
vided that no racial restrictions are to be placed upon the building during
the period in which the mortgage is insured. Although the regulations
prescribe the method of establishing a Condominium in order for it to
qualify for FHA mortgage insurance, the provisions so closely resemble
those found in the Puerto Rican Act, that no appreciable difficulties are
2
foreseen for the American conveyancer3
26 Supra, note 23.
27 12 U.S.C.A. S 1715(b) (Supp. 1961).
28 12 U.S.C.A. § 1709(b) (Supp 1961).
29 This provision insures that the structures would have been built or rehabilitated
with the benefit of FHA minimum property requirements, inspections and appraisals.
See S. Rep. No. 281, 87th Cong., 1st Sess. (1961).
80 The dollar limits under section 207 are: $2,500 per room ($3,000 for elevator-
type structures), and $9,000 per family unit in less than 4-room units ($9,400 for ele-
vator-type structures). The Commissioner may increase these amounts up to $1,250 per
room in high cost areas. 26 Fed. Reg. 7430 (1961).
The loan to value ratios under section 203 are: (1) 97% of $13,500 of the appraised
value including the common elements, (2) 90% of such value in excess of $13,500 but
not in excess of $18,000, (3) 70% of the value in excess of $18,000. See S. Rep. No.
281, 87th Cong., 1st Sess. (1961); 26 Fed. Reg. 7410 (1961).
3' FHA Revised Regulations, part 234, Condominium Ownership, 26 Fed. Reg. 7377-

7537 (1961).
82 However, as to any specific provision, reference should be made to the Regula-
tions, there necessarily being technical requirements which must be complied with.
328 DE PAUL LAW REVIEW

CONCLUSION

The sense of ownership which the Condominium affords to the apart-

ment owner, coupled with its economic and legal advantages, leaves little
room to doubt that the system of horizontal property ownership will be-
come part of the law in every state in the Union. The Condominium has
proven successful in countries all over the world; there is no reason why,
with the added inducement furnished by FHA insured mortgages, such a
33
proven system should not flourish in the United States.
Although theoretically, a Condominium system could be established in
the majority of states without the necessity of legislative enactment, pas-
sage of statutes in the several states, modeled after the Puerto Rican Act,
would facilitate the operation of the system and minimize the lengthy
and expensive litigation, which would surely result if the system was left
to evolve by court decision alone.
33 Thuma, The Condominium-A New Form for the Cooperative, 41 TITLE NEWS
126 (1962).