Single-Tone and Two-Tone AM-FM Spectral Calculations For Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectros
Single-Tone and Two-Tone AM-FM Spectral Calculations For Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectros
Single-Tone and Two-Tone AM-FM Spectral Calculations For Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectros
A generalized theory for optical heterodyne spectroscopy with phase modulated laser radiation is used which
allows the calculation of signal line shapes for frequency modulation spectroscopy of Lorentzian gas absorp-
tion lines. In particular, synthetic spectral line shapes for both single-tone and two-tone modulation of lead-
salt diode lasers are presented in whichthe contributions from both amplitude and frequency modulations are
included.
1.98
(j
Id -j
co
4 CD
-J L'i
Id
I-X
Iii
0.003F
-40 -20 0 20 40
NORMALIZEDLASER CARRIER FREQUENCY
Fig. 1. Inphase and quadrature spectral signals for the single-tone I I
n runsI
IJU.UaJ
pure AM modulation with M = 1, w = 5, and peak = 001- -40 -20 0 20 40 -40 -20 0 20 40
NORMALIZED LASER CARRIER FREQUENCY
Fig. 3. Inphase and quadrature spectral signals for the single-tone
case with simultaneous AM and FM modulations: wm = 5, peak =
IN-PHASE QUADRATURE
0.01,M = 0.120, 4I = 7r/2,and / = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0.
0.001 0 0002
6=0.1 A _ M02
-:
0.01, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, and with ' = 2 = 7r/2, cw =
I: -0.01 -0.01 W2 = 5r, peak = 0.01, and M1 = M2 = 6,9 12,5 or 24% of 13.
0.01 0.004 Due to the constraint, (1 - 2) << ronly the in-phase
I= 2.0 FM signals are obtained. Even for the smallest M/
ratio chosen, the asymmetry due to the presence of the
o 0 AM component is readily apparent. This asymmetry
between the sideband profiles becomes more pro-
-0.0I ' ' 0.004 I nounced for larger 1 and M values. Whereas in the
_ -20 0 20 40 -40 -20 0 20 40 single-tone case, a zero base line can be achieved even
NORMALIZED LASER CARRIER FREQUENCY in the presence of AM,5 a drawback of the two-tone
Fig. 2. In phase and quadrature spectral signals for the single-tone modulation technique is that a zero base line is not
pure FM n iodulation with m = sr, peak = 0.01, and 3= 0.1, 1.0, or achievable if AM is present.8 This base line level goes
2.0. as AM 2; consequently
the desirability of TDLs possess-
ing low M/ ratios is readily apparent for the two-tone
modulation technique.
To find the values that correspond to the maxi-
spectra; ire calculated for four 1 values: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, mum peak-to-peak signal amplitudes of both single-
and 2.0. The signal line shapes for both in-phase and tone and two-tone cases, the peak-to-peak signal am-
quadrati ire components are illustrated in Fig. 3. The plitudes have been calculated vs 13.Figure 5 shows
AM stru cture is manifested by the appearance of the qualitatively the peak-to-peak single-tone signal am-
central )rofiles and the nonzero base line in the in- plitudes for both in-phase and quadrature components
phase c )mponent line shapes. An asymmetry be- vs 13for an M/13ratio of 0.12. For small 1,the peak-to-
tween th .e sidebands that is caused by the AM contri- peak signal amplitude is proportional to 1. As 13in-
bution issalso observed. A zero base line exists for the creases, more and more sidebands are generated.
quadrati ire case only for = r/2(the assumed ' value With more sidebands spreading the power, the peak-
in these calculations). However, Gehrtz et al.5 have to-peak signal amplitude decreases. The maximum
on-
CD
'4<
0.0101
0.0051
>/', ~II Opt. Lett. 5, 15 (1980).
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(FM) Spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 32, 145 (1983).
4J
3. S. Kobayashi, Y. Yamamoto, M. Ito, and T. Kilmura, "Direct
0.100,
Frequency Modulation in AlGaAs Semiconductor Lasers,"
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 20 IEEE J Quantum Electron. QE-18, 582 (1982).
4. W. Lenth, "High Frequency Heterodyne Spectroscopy with
Fig. 5. Peak-to-peak single-tone AM-FM signal amplitudes vs /3. Current-Modulated Diode Lasers," IEEE J Quantum Electron.
QE-20, 1045 (1984).
5. W. Gehrtz, W. Lenth, A. T. Young, and H. S. Johnston, "High
Frequency Modulation Spectroscopy with a Lead-Salt Diode
Laser," Opt. Lett. 11, 132 (1986).
6. H. Lotem, "Extension of the Spectral Coverage Range of Fre-
quency Modulation Spectroscopy by Double Frequency Modu-
lation," J. Appl. Phys. 54, 6033 (1983).
7. G. R. Janik, C. B. Carlisle, and T. F. Gallagher, "Two-Tone
0.008, . , Frequency Modulation Spectroscopy," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3,
-J
4
(D
z 1070 (1986).
0.006 8. E. E. Cooper and R. E. Warren, "Two-Tone Optical Heterodyne
Y
< ,
0 Spectroscopy with Diode Lasers: Theory of Line Shapes and
0.004 Experimental Results," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 470 (1986).
-
o 9. D. E. Cooper and J. P. Watjen, "Two-Tone Optical Heterodyne
.
0.002 Spectroscopy with a Tunable Lead-Salt Diode Laser," Opt.
04 IA
Lett. 11, 606 (1986).
| 10. G. W. Sachse, G. F. Hill, L. 0. Wade, and M. G. Perry, "Fast
n nnnl-
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Response, High Precision Carbon Monoxide Sensor Using a
Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Technique," J. Geophys. Res.
Fig. 6. Peak-to-peak two-tone AM-FM signal amplitudes vs /. 92, 2071 (1987).