Uni

xIntroducti
on

TheUni xoperati
ngsys
tem i
sas
etofprogramsthatactasal
inkbetweenthe
computerandtheuser.

Thecomputerprogramsthatal
locatethes
ystem res
ourcesandcoordinateal
l
thedetai
lsofthecomputer'si
nternal
siscall
edtheoperatingsystem orthe
kernel
.

Userscommunicatewiththekernelthroughaprogram knownasthes hel

l.The
shel
lisacommandl i
neinterpr
eter;ittrans
latescommandsenteredbytheuser
andconvertsthemintoalanguagethatisunderstoodbythekernel.

 Unixwasoriginall
ydevelopedi
n1969byagroupofAT&Templ oyeesKen
Thompson,DennisRitchi
e,Dougl
asMcI
lroy,andJoeOs
sannaatBellLabs
.

 TherearevariousUnixvari
antsavai
lablei
nthemarket.Solari
sUnix,
AIX,HPUni xandBSDareafewexampl es
.Linuxi
sal
soafl avorofUnix
whichisfreel
yavail
able.

 Severalpeopl
ecanuseaUnixcomputeratthes
ameti
me;henceUni
xis
call
edamul tius
ers
ystem.

 Ausercanal
sor unmul
tipl
eprogramsatthes
ameti
me;hence
Uni
xisamultitaski
ngenvi
ronment.
Uni
xArchi
tecture

Herei
sabas
icbl
ockdi
agramofaUni
xsys
tem–

Themainconceptthatuni
tesal
lthevers
ionsofUni
xisthefol
lowi
ngfour
bas
ics−

 Kernel:Thekernelistheheartoftheoperati
ngs ys
tem.Itinteracts
withthehardwareandmos tofthetas
ksl
ikememorymanagement,task
scheduli
ngandfilemanagement.

 Shell
:Thes hel
listheutili
tythatproces s
esyourreques ts
.Whenyoutype
in a command atyourtermi nal
,thes hellinterpretsthecommand and
call
stheprogram thatyouwant.Thes hellusesstandardsyntaxforall
commands.CShel l
,BourneShellandKornShel larethemos tfamousshel
ls
whichareavailabl
ewi thmostoftheUni xvari ants
.
  CommandsandUti li
ties:Therearevari ouscommandsanduti l
iti
eswhi
ch
youcanmakeus eofi nyourdaytodayacti viti
es.cp,mv,catandgrep,
etc.arefew examplesofcommandsand uti l
iti
es.Thereareover250
standardcommandsplusnumerous
dedthrough3rd partys
o othersprovi oftware.Al
lthecommandscome
alongwithvariousopti
ons.

 FilesandDirectori
es:AllthedataofUni xi sorganizedi ntofi
les
.All
fil
esarethenorgani z
edi ntodirectori
es.Thes
edi rectori
esarefurther
organiz
edintoatree-likestructurecall
edthefil
es ys
tem.

Sys
temBootup

Ifyouhaveacomputerwhi
chhastheUnixoperati
ngsys
temins
tal
ledi
nit,
thenyousimpl
yneedtoturnonthesys
temtomakei tli
ve.

Assoonasyouturnonthes ystem,i
tstartsbooti
ngupandfinall
yi tprompts
youtologintothes ystem,whichisanactivi
tytol ogi
ntothesystem anduse
itforyourday-to-dayactivi
ties.

Logi
nUni
x

Whenyoufirs
tconnecttoaUni
xsys
tem,youus
ual
lys
eeaprompts
uchasthe
fol
lowi
ng:

Tol
ogi
n

 Haveyouruserid(useri
denti
ficati
on)andpass
wordready.Contactyour
sys
temadministratorifyoudon'
thavetheseyet.

 Typeyourus eri
datthel oginprompt,thenpres
sENTER.Youruseri
dis
case-s
ens i
tive, so be s ure you type it exactl
y as your sys
tem
administratorhasinstructed.

 Typeyourpas
swordatthepass
wordpr
ompt,thenpres
sENTER.Your
pass
wordisal
socase-s
ens
iti
ve.

 Ifyouprovidethecorrectus eri
dandpas sword,thenyouwillbeal
lowed
toenterintothes ystem.Readtheinformationandmes s
agesthatcomes
uponthes creen,whi
chi sasfoll
ows
.
Li
nux:
l
ogi
n:mca
pas
sword:
avmca

Uni
x:

Logi
n :
mca

Pas
sword :
avmca

Uni
x/Li
nuxCommands
 Pwd:
Pres
entWorki
ngDi
rectory

[
mca@avmca~
]$pwd

/
home/
mca

 [
mca@avmca~
]$tty

/
dev/
pts
/0

 [
mca@avmca~
]$whoami

mca pts
/0 2019-02-1111:
42(
200.
200.
30.
119)

[
mca@avmca~
]$who

mca pts
/0 2019-02-1111:
42(
200.
200.
30.
119)

mca pts
/1 2019-02-1111:
45(
200.
200.
30.
120)

mca pts
/2 2019-02-1111:
54(
200.
200.
30.
114)
mca pts
/3 2019-02-1111:
59(
200.
200.
30.
115)

mca pts
/4 2019-02-1111:
59(
200.
200.
30.
111)

mca pts
/5 2019-02-1112:
17(
200.
200.
30.
107)

mca pts
/6 2019-02-1112:
02(
200.
200.
30.
108)

mca pts
/7 2019-02-1112:
04(
200.
200.
30.
110)

 [
mca@avmca~
]$whoami

mca pts
/0 2019-02-1111:
42(
200.
200.
30.
119)

 [
mca@avmca~
]$who-uH

NAME LI
NE TI
ME I
DLE PI
DCOMMENT

mca pts/
0 2019-02-1111:
42 . 2460
(
200.200.30.119)

mca pts
/1 2019-02-1111:
4500:
14 2515 (
200.
200.
30.
120)

mca pts
/2 2019-02-1111:
54 . 2594(
200.
200.
30.
114)

mca pts
/3 2019-02-1111:
59 . 2650(
200.
200.
30.
115)

mca pts
/4 2019-02-1111:
59 . 2661(
200.
200.
30.
111)

mca pts
/5 2019-02-1112:
17 . 3066(
200.
200.
30.
107)

mca pts
/6 2019-02-1112:
02 . 2760(
200.
200.
30.
108)

mca pts
/7 2019-02-1112:
04 . 2847(
200.
200.
30.
110)

 [
mca@avmca~
]$who-u

mca pts
/0 2019-02-1111:
42 . 2460(
200.
200.
30.
119)

mca pts
/1 2019-02-1111:
4500:
14 2515(
200.
200.
30.
120)

mca pts
/2 2019-02-1111:
54 . 2594(
200.
200.
30.
114)

mca pts
/3 2019-02-1111:
59 . 2650(
200.
200.
30.
115)

mca pts
/4 2019-02-1111:
59 . 2661(
200.
200.
30.
111)

mca pts
/5 2019-02-1112:
17 . 3066(
200.
200.
30.
107)
mca pts
/6 2019-02-1112:
02 . 2760(
200.
200.
30.
108)

mca pts
/7 2019-02-1112:
04 . 2847(
200.
200.
30.
110)

DATECommand

 [
mca@avmca~
]$date

MonFeb1112:
34:
34I
ST2019

[
mca@avmca~
]$date-u

MonFeb1107:
04:
38UTC2019

 Date Formatopti
onfordi
spl
ayi
ngpas
tdates

[
mca@avmca~
]$date-
-date="12/
12/
2007"

WedDec1200:
00:
00I
ST2007

[
mca@avmca~
]$date-
-date="2yearago"

SatFeb1112:
36:
16I
ST2017

[
mca@avmca~
]$date-
-date="2monthago"

TueDec1112:
36:
34I
ST2018

[
mca@avmca~
]$date-
-date="10daysago"

FriFeb 112:
36:
48I
ST2019

[
mca@avmca~
]$date-
-date="10mi
nutesago"

MonFeb1112:
27:
12I
ST2019

 FutureDateFormats

[
mca@avmca~
]$date--date="
nextmon"

MonFeb1800:
00:
00I
ST2019

[
mca@avmca~
]$date--date="
next2days
"

date:i
nval
iddate`
next2days
'

[
mca@avmca~
]$date--date="
next2day"
 date:i
nval
iddate`
next2day'

[
mca@avmca~
]$date--date="2day"

WedFeb1312:
43:
22I
ST2019

[
mca@avmca~
]$date--date="2year"

ThuFeb1112:
43:
48I
ST2021

 Date commandsFormats

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%d'

11

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%d'

11

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%a'

Mon

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%A'

Monday

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%D'

02/
11/
19

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%h'

Feb

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%v'

%v

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%b'

Feb

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%B'

February
[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%m'

02

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%y'

19

[
mca@avmca~
]$date '
+%Y'

2019

[
mca@avmca~
]$man

Whatmanualpagedoyouwant?

[
mca@avmca~
]$manpri
ntf

GNUcoreuti
lshomepage:<
http:
//
www.
gnu.
org/
software/
coreuti
ls/
>

Generalhel
pus
ingGNUs
oftware:<http:
//
www.
gnu.
org/
gethel
p/>

Report pri
ntf trans
lati
on bugsto <http:
//
trans
lati
onpro-

j
ect.
org/
team/
>

COPYRI
GHT

Copyri
ght© 2010FreeSoftwareFoundati
on,I
nc.Li
cens
e GPLv3+:

GNUGPLvers
ion3orl
ater<http:
//
gnu.
org/
licens
es/
gpl
.html
>.

Thi
sisfree s
oftware:youarefreetochangeandredi
stri
bute

i
t.Therei
sNOWARRANTY,totheextentpermi
ttedbyl
aw.

SEEALSO

pri
ntf(
3)

Theful
ldocumentati
onforpri
ntfi
smai
ntai
nedasaTexi
nfoman-

ual
.If thei
nfoandpri
ntfprogramsareproperl
yins
tal
ledat

yours
ite,thecommand

i
nfocoreuti
ls'
pri
ntfi
nvocati
on'
 s
houl
dgi
veyouacces
stothecompl
etemanual
.

GNUcoreuti
ls8.
4 March2011 PRI
NTF(
1)

(
END)

[
mca@avmcamca19]
$ls

area.
sh bi
g.s
h di
sp.
sh number.
sh pras
hanth19 s
ingl
efi
le

bg.
sh cc.
sh even.
sh odd.
sh rohi
t19 s
ingl
e.s
h

bhargav18 ci
rcl
e.s
h mul
.sh pos
iti
ve.
shs
ampl
e.s
cr

[
mca@avmcamca19]
$ls-1

area.
sh

bg.
sh

bhargav18

bi
g.s
h

cc.
sh

ci
rcl
e.s
h

di
sp.
sh

even.
sh

mul
.sh

number.
sh

odd.
sh

pos
iti
ve.
sh

pras
hanth19

rohi
t19

s
ampl
e.s
cr

s
ingl
efi
le

s
ingl
e.s
h
[
mca@avmcamca19]
$cal32019

March2019

SuMoTuWeThFrSa

12

3456789

10111213141516

17181920212223

2425262728293031

[
mca@avmcamca19]
$cal32005

March2005

SuMoTuWeThFrSa

12345

6 7 8 9101112

13141516171819

20212223242526

2728293031