Instructor's Solutions Manual

Parti
to accompany

Thomas' Calculus
Tenth Editon
 Instructor's Solutions Manual
Parti

John L. Scharf
Carroll College

Maurice D. Weir
Naval Postgraduate School

to accompany
5
Thomas Calculus
Tenth Edition

Based on the original work by

George B. Thomas, Jr.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

As revised by
Ross L. Finney,
Maurice D. Weir,
and Frank R. Giordano

PEARSON
Addison
Wesley

Boston San Francisco New York

London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid
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Reproduced by Pearson Addison- Wesley from camera-ready copy supplied by the authors.

Copyright © 2001 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Addison-Wesley, 7S Arlington Street, Boston MA 021 16
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN 0-321- 19778-X

12 3 4 56 CRS 06 05 04 03

PEARSON
Addison
Wesley
 PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR

This Instructor's Solutions Manual contains the solutions to every exercise in the 10th Edition of Thomas'
CALCULUS as revised by Ross L. Finney, Maurice D. Weir and Frank R, Giordano. The corresponding
Student's Solutions Manual omits the solutions to the even-numbered exercises as well as the solutions to the CAS
exercises (because the CAS command templates would give them all away).

In addition to including the solutions to all of the new exercises in this edition of Thomas' CALCULUS, we
have carefully reviewed every solution which appeared in previous solutions manuals to ensure that each solution

• conforms exactly to the methods, procedures and steps presented in the text

• is mathematically correct

• includes all of the steps necessary so a typical calculus student can follow the logical argument and algebra

• includes a graph or figure whenever called for by the exercise or, if needed, to help with the explanation

• is formatted in an appropriate style to aid in its understanding

Every CAS exercise is solved in both the MAPLE and MATHEMATICA computer algebra systems. A
template showing an example of the CAS commands needed to execute the solution is provided for each exercise
type. Similar exercises within the text grouping require a change only in the input function or other numerical
input parameters associated with the problem (such as the interval endpoints or the number of iterations).

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the following individuals who contributed solutions we have used from previous solutions
manuals:

David Canright, Naval Postgraduate School

Thomas Cochran, Belleville Area College
William Higgens, Wittenberg University
Richard Jardine, United States Military Academy
Leonard Klosinski, Santa Clara University
Michael Schneider, Belleville Area College
Steven Szydlik, University of Wisconsin at Madison

We also thank Robert Landc for his excellent job of word processing the final manuscript.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preliminary Chapter 1

P.l Lines 1

P. 2 Functions and Graphs 9

P. 3 Exponential Functions 21

P.4 Functions and Logarithms 26

P.5 Trigonometric Functions and Their lirverses 36

P.6 Parametric Equations 44

P.7 Modeling Change 52

Practice Exercises 64

Additional Exercises 78

1 Limits and Continuity 87

1.1 Rates of Change and Limits 87

1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 97

1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 104

1.4 Continuity 113

1.5 Tangent Lines 118

Practice Exercises 127

Additional Exercises 131

2 Derivatives 137
2.1 The Derivative of a Function 137

2.2 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 146

2.3 Derivatives of Products, Quotients, and Negative Powers 152

2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 157

2.5 The Chain Rule 164

2.6 Implicit Differentiation 175

2.7 Related Rates 186

Practice Exercises 191

Additional Exercises 204

3 Applications of Derivatives 211

3.1 Extreme Values of Functions 211

3.2 The Mean Value Theorem and Differential Equations 226

3.3 The Shape of a Graph 230

 3.4 Graphical Solutions to Differential Equations 250

3.5 Modeling and Optimization 260

3.6 Linearization and Differentials 280

3.7 Newton's Method 288

Practice Exercises 294

Additional Exercises 306

4 Integration 311
4.1 Indefinite Integrals 311

4.2 Integral Rules; Integration by Substitution 317

4.3 Estimating with Finite Sums 324

4.4 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 329

4.5 The Mean Value and Fundamental Theorems 337

4.6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 345

4.7 Numerical Integration 356

Practice Exercises 369

Additional Exercises 385

5 Applications of Integrals 391

5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 391

5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 405

5.3 Lengths of Plane Curves 416

5.4 Springs, Pumping and Lifting 423

5.5 Fluid Forces 432

5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 439

Practice Exercises 452

Additional Exercises 465

6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 471

6.1 Logarithms 471

6.2 Exponential Functions 480

6.3 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions; Integrals 490

6.4 First Order Separable Differential Equations 497

6.5 Linear First Order Differential Equations 503

6.6 Euler's Method; Population Models 510

6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 521

 Practice Exercises 530

Additional Exercises 547

7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper

Integrals 553
7.1 Basic Integration Formulas 553

7.2 Integration by Parts 565

7.3 Partial Fractions 575

7.4 Trigonometric Substitutions 585

7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 591

7.6 L'Hopital's Rule 603

7.7 Improper Integrals 611

Practice Exercises 624

Additional Exercises 640

8 Infinite Series 653

8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 653

8.2 Subsequences, Bounded Sequences, and Picard's Method 659

8.3 Infinite Series 664

8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms 670

8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 680

8.6 Power Series 688

8.7 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 699

8.8 Applications of Power Series 707

8.9 Fourier Series 715

8.10 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series 723

Practice Exercises 729

Additional Exercises 748

9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions 755

9.1 Vectors in the Plane 755

9.2 Dot Products 762

9.3 Vector- Valued Functions 769

9.4 Modeling Projectile Motion 776

9.5 Polar Coordinates and Graphs 783

9.6 Calculus of Polar Curves 793

Practice Exercises 805

Additional Exercises 815

 PRELIMINARY CHAPTER

P.l LINES

1. (a) Ax = -1 - 1 = -2 (b) Ax = ~l-(-3) = 2

Ay = -1 - 2 = -3 Ay = -2 - 2 = -4

2. (a) Ax = -8 - (-3) = -5 (b) Ax = 0-0 =

Ay = 1 - 1 = Ay = -2 - 4 = -6

3. (a) 00

-i**?-!-. m=
-2~(-l)
l-(-2) "
-1
3

4. (a) (b)
5 5t"

B A

fc-*-*
5

_ 3-3 _ _ m - ~iS* =
-_l_ 2 ~-3~ X (
undefined )

5. (a) x = 2, y =3 (b)x = -l,y=4

6. (a) x = 0, y = -yfi, (b) x = -T,y =

7. (a) y = l(x-l) +l (b) y = -l[x - (-I)] + 1 = -l(x + 1) + 1
8. (a) y = 2(x-0) + 3 (b) y = -2[x - (-4)] + s -2(x + 4) +
3-0 _3
m ~2~0
9. (a) ~2
:

y = |(x-
:
0) + y = 0(x-l) + l

y =

~~h y =l
2 Preliminary Chapter

2y = 3x
3x - 2y =

10. (a) m = -r^=JL_ = ^ (undefined) (b)m= - 2 " 1 =^ = -g

Vertical line: x = —2 y = -f[x-(-2)] + l

4y = -3(x + 2) + 4

4y = -3x - 2
3x + 4y = -2

11, (a) y = 3x-2 (b) y-_i x + 2 or y = -x+2

12. (a) y = -l x -3 (b)y = ix-l

13. The line contains (0,0) and (10,25). 14 The line contains (0, 0) and (5 2)

m _25_ri0_25_5
10-0~10~2 m -2-0_2
5-0 5

y = 2x y- 5 x

15. (a) 3x + 4y = 12 (b) x+y = 2

4y = -3x + 12 y = -x + 2

y = -|x + 3 i) Slope: —1

i) Slope: -| ii) y-intercept: 2

ii) y-intercept: 3

16. (a) | + |=1 (b) y = 2x + 4

4
+ i) Slope: 2
3

y = -|x + 4 ii) y-intercept: 4

i) Slope: -|
ii) y-intercept: 4
 Section P.l Lines 3

y=-(4/3)x+4

17. (a) i) The desired line has slope — 1 and passes through (0,0): y = — l(x — 0) + or y = —x.
ii) The desired line has slope ^4-= 1 and passes through (0,0): y = l(x — 0) + or y=x.
(b) i) The given equation is equivalent to y — 2x = + 4. The desired line has slope —2 and passes through
(-2,2):y = -2(x + 2) + 2 or y =
-2x-2.
ii) The desired line has slope ^i = A and passes through (—2, 2): y = A(x + 2) + 2 or y = Ax + 3.

18. (a) i) The given line is vertical, so we seek a vertical line through (-2,4): x = —2.
ii) We seek a horizontal line through (—2,4): y = 4.
(b) i) The given line is horizontal, so we seek a horizontal line through f — 1,4): y = A.

ii) We seek a vertical line through f — 1,A 1: x s= —1.

~4-(-l)
l..»-$ET-i 20. m= 4-2
f(x)=|(x-l) + 2=Jx-| f(x) = -|(x-2) + (-l) = -|x + 2

Check: f(5) = | (5) - 1 = 16, as expected. Check: f(6) = -|(6) + 2 = -7, as expected.

•J O
Since f(x) = gx — », we have m = s and b = — *. Since f(x) = — §x -h 2, we have m = — % and b = 2.

2_ y-3 « -(- 2 )
2
21
dlm
3 4 -(-2) --x-(-8)
-|(6)=y-3 2(x + 8) = 4
-4 = y-3 x + 8 = 2

-l =y x = -6
23. yal.(x-3)+4
y=x-3+4
y=x + l
This is the same as the equation obtained in Example 5.

24. (a) When y = 0, we have jj?

— 1, so x = c. (b) When y = 0, we have § = 2, so x = 2c.
y y
When x = 0, we have 4 = 1, so y = d. When x = 0, we have -r = 2, so y = 2d.
The x-intercept is 2c and the y-intercept is 2d.
4 Preliminary Chapter

25. (a) The given equations are equivalent to y _ -|x

= 2
+ r and y = — x + 1, respectively, so the slopes are

and — 1. The lines are parallel

2_
when — r = — 1, sok =2
(b) The lines are perpendicular when — s- = —r, so k = —2.

69 5
26. (a) m * 6 0.4-0
g? ; = =££
0.4
= -3.75 degrees/inch

( b) m * 4°r~ 64 = y^ « -16.1 degrees/inch

(c ) m * fell = ff - - 7 1 Agrees/inch -

(d) Best insulator: Fiberglass insulation

Poorest insulator: Gypsum wallboard
The best insulator will have the largest temperature change per inch, because that will allow larger
temperature differences on opposite sides of thinner layers.

27. Slope: k = -^§ = ^•^_~ 1 = ~|p = 0.0994 atmospheres per meter

At 50 meters, the pressure is p = 0,0994(50) + 1 = 5.97 atmospheres.

28. (a) d(t) = 45t d{t)

(b)
150

100

(c) The slope is 45, which is the speed in miles per hour.
(d) Suppose the car has been traveling 45 mph for several hours when it is first observed at point P at time
t = 0.
(e) The car starts at time t = at a point 30 miles past P.

29. (a) Suppose x°F is the same as x°C.

x = |x + 32
9.

(»-!)» 32
-3x«32
x = -40
Yes, -40T is the same as -40°C.
 Section P.l Lines 5

(b)

Vs
J /s

1-90, 90] by [-60. 60]

It is related because all three lines pass through the point (—40,-40) where the Fahrenheit and Celsius
temperatures are the same.

30. The coordinates of the three missing vertices are (5,2), (—1,4) and (—1,-2), as shown below.

(-1,4)

(5,2)

(-U)*'.
HDL. (-1. 1)

(-1,-2)
6 Preliminary Chapter

31.

w (c,<0

\ /
^\
-*~x

Ui Ill
!
'<)
k. ^/\<« N ^
Y

Suppose that the vertices of the given quadrilateral are (a,b), (c,d), (e,f), and (g,h). Then the midpoints of

the consecutive sides are W (^,^), x(<^.,*±±),

2 2
Y^ti/-^), and Z (^,^).
V 2 2 ' /' '
When these

four points are connected, the slopes of the sides of the resulting figure are:

d+f b+d
WX: 2 2 _f~b
c + e a+c e-a
2 2

f +h d+f
XY: 2 2 _h-d
e + g c+e g~ c
2 2

f+h h +b
ZY: 2 2 _f-b
e + g g+a e-a
2 2

h+b b+d
WZ: 2 2 _h-d
g + a a+c ~g-c
2 "2
Opposite sides have the same slope and are parallel.

4-0
32. The radius through (3,4) has slope |—^ - 5,
-1
The tangent line is perpendicular to this radius, so its slope is j-pr = — 4- We seek the line of slope —4 that

passes through (3,4).

y = -|(x-3) + 4

y- 4
x+ 4

33. (a) The equation for line L can be written as

y
A..,C
= — -pX + p, „„ ;*„
so „i„„„
its slope
:„
is —A
r?. The perpendicular line has slope —-1 _B
^TS ~ T an< * P a88es through (a,b),

so its equation is y =x ( x — a) + h.

(b) Substituting -j(x

B — a) + b for y in the equation for line L gives:

Ax + B ^(x-aJ + bjzzC
 Section P. 1 Lines 7

A 2x + B 2 (x - a) + ABb = AC
(A 2 + B 2 )x = B 2 a + AC - ABb
B 2 a+AC-ABb
A2 + B2
Substituting the expression for x in the equation for line L gives:

A ,' BWC-ABb +By = c

)
2
= -A(B a + AC-ABb) ,
C(a 2 + B 2 )
By 2
A2 + b A2 + B2

By =
-AB 2 a - A 2 C + A 2 Bb + A 2 C + B 2 C
A2 + B2
By = A Bb + 2B C-AB
2 2 2
a
A + B2
., _ A2 b + BC - ABa
y ~ A2 + B2
The coordinates of Q are
B 2a + AC - ABb A 2 b + BC - ABa
A + B2
2
A2 + B2 '

(c) Distance = W(x - a) 2 + (y - b) s

2
B 2 a + AC - ABb __ \ / A 2b + BC-ABa _ -^
A z2 + T,2
B.
A z2 + Btj2
,

B 2 a + AC-ABb-a(A 2 + B 2 ) |
f A?b + BC - ABa-b(A 2 + B 2 )"\
2 2
\ A +B 2 r>2
A-' + B
.

AC - ABb - A2 a\ + (BC - ABa - B

A2 + B2
2
V 2

A z2 + Br>2 ,

A(C-Bb-Aa) Y ^B(C-Aa-Bb)
/f
+
'V A2 + B2 A z2 + Tj2
B ,

2 - Aa ~ Bb) 2
/A (C-Aa~Bb) 2 BJ*(C

(A 2 + B 2 r A2 + B 2

(A 2 + B 2 )(C~Aa-Bb) 2
\ A2 + B 2

/(C - Aa - Bb) !
A*2 + n
B2
,
8 Preliminary Chapter

IC-Aa-Bbl

_ Aa + Bb - C
|

v/a^Tb 5

34, The line of incidence passes through (0, 1) and (1,0) => The line of reflection passes through (1,0) and (2, 1)

m _l-0_
= & * = 1 = y — = l(x — 1) => y =x—1 is the line of reflection.

35 . m= ^ = -^- => Ax = 44-. Therefore, distance between first and last rows is
2
v( 14 ) +(^71) * 40 25- ft -

36. (a) (-1,4) (b) (3,-2) (c) (5,2) (d) (0,x)

(e) (-y,0) (f) (-y.x) (g) (3,-10)

37. (a) y = 0.680x + 9.013

(b) The slope is 0.68. It represents the approximate average weight gain in pounds per month.

(d) When x = 30, y s* 0.680(30) + 9.013 = 29.413.

She weighs about 29 pounds,

38. (a) y = 1060.4233x ~ 2,077,548.669

(b) The slope is 1060.4233. It represents the approximate rate of increase in earnings in dollars per year.

to

[1975, 1995] by [20,000, 35,000]

(d) When x = 2000, y « 1060.4233(2000) - 2,077,548.669 ftf 43,298.

In 2000, the construction workers' average annual compensation will be about $43,298.

39. (a) y = 5632x- 11,080,280

(b) The rate at which the median price is increasing in dollars per year
(c) y = 2732x- 5,362,360
(d) The median price is increasing at a rate of about $5632 per year in the Northeast, and about $2732
per year in the Midwest. It is increasing more rapidly in the Northeast,
 Section P.2 Functions and Graphs 9

P.2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

= x; + (f f = = ^x; = i (base) (height) = I(X

)(^J = ^x
2 2 2
1. base (height) x => height area is a(x) ;

perimeter is p(x) = x + x + x = 3x.

2. s = side length => a +s — d ^ s = -^=; and area is a = s2 => a = 4d 2

^
V2

3. Let D = diagonal of a face of the cube and t ~ the length of an edge. Then C2 + D2 = d2 and (by Exercise 2)

D2 = 2£2 = M 2 = d 2 => £ = -4c. The surface area is 6£

2
= ^d _ 2tj
2
and the volume is 6
3 = f-4=\
_ d3

4. The coordinates of P are (x, v/x) so the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m = ^- = ~= (x > 0). Thus
y/X
*/x = gj and the x-coordinate of P is x = —»; the y-coordinate of P is y = ^r.
m

5. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Is the graph of a function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

6. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test,

(b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.

7. (a) domain = (—00,00); range = [l,oo) (b) domain = [0,oo); range = (-00, 1]

8. (a) domain = (0,oo); y in range => y = -7=1 t > => y„2_I

= £t and y > => y can be any positive real number

=> range = (0,oo).

(b) domain = {0,oo); y in range =*• y

_ 1
, t > 0. If t = 0, then y = 1 and as t increases, y becomes a
l + v/t
smaller and smaller positive real number => range =s (0, 1].

9. 4 - z2= (2 - z)(2 + z) > <* z € [-2, 2] = domain. Largest value is g(0) = \/X = 2 and smallest value is

g(-2) = g(2) = v/5 = =* range = [0,2].

10. domain = (—00,00); range = (—00,00)

11. (a) Symmetric about (b) Symmetric about
the origin the y-axis

.,
10 Preliminary Chapter

12. (a) Symmetric about (b) Symmetric about

the y-axis the origin

l 2
-I L.
-2-1

i i **

13. Neither graph passes the vertical line test

(a) (b)

14. Neither graph passes the vertical line test

(b)
00

!«l*M-l

x + y= 1 | t y = 1-x
|x + y|=l<»{ or >*< or
lx + y*=-lj [y = ~l~xj

15. (a) even 16. (a) even

(b) odd (b) neither

17. (a) odd 18. (a) even

(b) even (b) odd

19. (a) neither 20. (a) even

(b) even (b) even
 Section P. 2 Functions and Graphs 11

21. (a) (b) The graph of f(x) is the graph of the absolute value
function stretched vertically by a factor of 2 and
then shifted 4 units to the leftand 3 units
- v = -|J- t +2
downward

\^\

Note that f(x) = — |x— 3 1+ 2, so its graph

is the graph of the absolute value function

reflected across the x-axis and then shifted

3 units right and 2 units upward,

(-00,00) (— oo, oc) or all real numbers

(-°o,2] H,oo)

22. (a) 00

[-4.7, 4.7} by [- 1,6]

[-4, 4] by [-2, 3]

(—00,00) or all real numbers (—00,00) or ail real numbers

[2,co) [0,00)

23. (a) 24. (a)

4 - .r lor .x < I

*+ H Ibi x > \

[-2.35, 2.35] by [-1,3]

(b) (-co, 00) or all real numbers (b) (—00,00) or all real numbers
(c) (—00,00) or all real numbers (c) [0,co)

25. Because if the vertical line test holds, then for each x-coordinate, there is at most one y-coordinate giving a
point on the curve. This y-coordinate corresponds to the value assigned to the x-coordinate. Since there is
only one y-coordinate, the assignment is unique.

26. If the curve is not y = 0, there must be a point (x,y) on the curve where y ^ 0. That would mean that (x,y)
and (x, — y) are two different points on the curve and it is not the graph of a function, since it fails the vertical
line test.
12 Preliminary Chapter

27. (a) Line through (0,0) and (1,1): y =x

Line through (1, 1) and (2,0): y = -x + 2
<x< 1
f(x) =
-x + 2, 1< x<2

2, <x< 1
0, 1 <x <2
(b)f(x) =
2, 2 <x< 3

0, 3<x <4
(c) Line through (0,2) and (2,0): y = -x + 2
Line through (2, 1) and (5,0): m = j^i = =£ = -± so y = - J(x - 2) + 1 = 3
+3

{-x + 2, 0<x<2
-Ix + |, 2<x<5

(d) Line through (-1,0) and (0, -3): m = p" 3 /'^ = -3, so y = -3x - 3
Line through (0, 3) and (2, -1): m = ~^fQ3 = ^ = -2, so y = -2x + 3

f-3x-3, -l<x<0
f(x) =
,-2x + 3, 0<x<2

28. (a) Line through (-1,1) and (0,0): y = -x

Line through (0, 1) and (1, 1): y = 1

Line through (1, 1) and (3, 0): m = |^y = =± = -I soy=-i(x-l) + l = -|x+|

-x, -1<x<0
f(x) = 1, 0<x<l
-i X
+|, 1<X<3

(b) Line through (-2,-1) and (0,0): y =^ x

Line through (0,2) and (1,0): y = -2x + 2
Line through (1,-1) and (3,-1): y — —1
(I -2 < x <
X >
2

f(x) = -2x + 2, 0<x<l

-1, Kx<3
 Section P.2 Functions and Graphs 13

(c) Line through

(
J, o) and (T, 1): m = T l (T° = ^, so y = |(x - J) + = ^x - 1
/2)
f

0, 0<x<J
f(x) =
jjx-1,
f <x<T

A, 0<x<i
-A, -f<x<T
(d) f(x) =
A, T<x<^
-A, ^r<x<2T

29. (a) Position 4 (b) Position 1 (c) Position 2 (d) Position 3

30. (a) y = -(x - l) 2 + 4 (b) y = ~(x + 2)

2
+ 3 (c) y = -(x + 4) 2 - 1 (d)y = -(x-2) 2

31. 32.

Ct + 2r+(.v*3)-=-W

33. 34.

v
"••^
2 -
v..,J" -'

1 -*
\
- \
s
-2 \
\A
-.1
2
'

-1

-2 J+l-W-V

35. 36.

>=+<*+» + J,
"v + S^d-l + D + S
V; L /^ J

-?.5 -s -iy 2.S 5 7.S

^ -4

-*
14 Preliminary Chapter

37. (a) f(g(0)) = f(-3) = 2

(b)g(f(0)) = g(5)=22
(c) f(g(x))=f(x
2
-3)=x2 -3 + 5 = x2 + 2
(A) g(f(x))
= g{x + 5) = (x + 5) - 3 = x 2 + lOx + 22
2

(e) f(f(-5))=f(0) = 5

(f) g(g(2))=g(l) = -2

(g) f(f(x)) = f(x + 5) = (x + 5) +5 = x + 10

2
g(g(x)) « g(x - 3) = (x - 3) - 3 = x - 6x + 6
2 2 2 4
(h)

38.(a)f(gQ)) = f(§)=-I

w««B)-«H)-»
WfCg(x)) = f( F}rT ) = ^ -i=^T

(d) g (f(x)) = g (x - 1) = _} ) + 1 = i
(x

(e) f(f(2)) = f(l) =

(f) g(g(2)) = g($) = | = §
3

(g) f(f(x)) = f(x~l) = (x- 1)- 1 = x-2

(h) g(g(x» = gfe±r) Vtt

x+
+ l
i
^^- lMd ^- 2^

39. (a) u(v(f(x)))=u(v(i)) = u^ = -5 = ^-5 4(i)

2

(b)u(f(v(x)))=u(f(x2 )) = u^ = 4^-5 = ^-5

2
(c) v(u(f(x))) = v(u(l)) = v(4(^)-5)=S (i-5)
2
(d) v(f(u(x))) = v(f(4x - 5)) = v (^) (^) =

(e) f(u(v(x))) = f(u(x 2 )) = f(4(x2 )- 5) = -^--^

(f) f(v(u(x))) = f(v(4x - 5)) = f((4x-5) 2 ) = -^-^

40. (a) h(g(f(x)))=h(g(^)) = h(^) = 4(^)-8 = ^-8

(b)b(f(g(x)))=h(f(})) = h( =4 = 2v5-8
v/|) vf-8
 Section P. 2 Functions and Graphs 15

(c) g{h(f(x))) = g(h( vA)) = g( 4v^-8) = ^4-^ n/*- 2

(d) g(f(h(x))) - g(f(4x - 8)) = g(V4^8) = ^jHl = V^EI

(e) f(g(h(x))) » f(g(4x - 8)) - f (^1) = f(x - 2) = V^2

(f) f(h(g(x))) = f(h(|)) = f(4(|)-8) = f(x-8) = Vx^8

41. (a) y = g(f(x)) (b) y=j(g(x))

(c) y = g(g(x)) (d)y=j(JW)
(e) y = g(h(f(x))) (0 y = KJ(f(x)))
42. (a) y = f(j(x)) (b)y = h(g(x)} = g(h(x))
(c) y = h(h(x)) (d)y = f(f(x))
(e) y=j(g(f(x))) (f) y = g(f(h(x)))

43. (a) Since (f o g)(x) = ^0^5 = ^/x 2

-5, g(x) = x2 .

(b) Since (f
v
o g)(x)
v
°' '
= 1 + -r-r =
g(x)
x. we know that —= r
g(x)
x - 1,
'
so e(x)
ev ; = —-—-.
X 1

(c) Since (fog)(x)=f(l) = x,f(x)=i

(d) Since (f o g)(x) = f ( v^) = |

x |, f(x) = x2 .

The completed table is shown, Note that the absolute value sign in part (d) is optional.

g(x) f(x) (fog)W

x2 >/x-5 Vx2 -5

x-1
1
t+4 x, x?£-l
1 1
x x, x#0

V^ x2 ix |, x>0
44. g(x) f(x) (fog)(x)

(a) x~7 y/x-7

(b) x + 2 3x 3(x + 2) == 3x + 6

(c) x2 v/x-5 \/x 2 -5

X
(d)
x-1 _ X - X
x-1 x-1
A- 1 x — (x~-1)

W x-T
1
1+1 1+4- = 1 + (x -
-1) == X
x-1
1
(0 k x !=,
16 Preliminary Chapter

45. (a) domain: [0,2]; range: [2,3] (b) domain: [0,2]; range: [-1,0]

,1

t
'r\
/ V . -Art + 2 j
1
-/to -i

' 1
\

It 1 I i 4

(c) domain: [0, 2]; range: [0, 2] (d) domain: [0,2]; range: [-1,0]

r«z/to

(e) domain: [—2,0]; range: [0,1] (f) domain: [1,3]; range: [0,1]

2 '

v=.«t+2) ,!=«<- II
1
-

I 2 3
-2 -1 It

(g) domain: [-2,0]; range: [0,1] (h) domain: [—1,1]; range: [0,1]

1 = -/<!+!)+ I

T-A-fl
 Section P. 2 Functions and Graphs 17

46. (a) domain: [0,4]; range: [-3,0] (b) domain: [-4,0]; range: [0,3]

- t

— t

(c) domain: [—4,0]; range: [0,3] (d) domain: [—4,0]; range: [1,4]

(e) domain: [2,6]; range: [-3,0] (f) domain: [-2,2]; range: [-3,0]

y-g(-t + Z)
-*- t

-3

(g) domain: [1,5]; range: [-3,0] (h) domain: [0,4]; range: [0,3]

y y

y.-90-t)
3
1 5
yyjft-*)

2 4
18 Preliminary Chapter

47. (a) Because the circumference of the original circle was 8tt and a piece of length x was removed,
8,r ~x
(b) r = -

2ir 2tt

2
48. (a) Note that 2 mi = 10,560 ft, so there are \/8Q0 + x2 feet of river cable at $180 per foot and

(10,560 -x) feet of land cable at $100 per foot. The cost is C(x) = 180V800 2 + x 2 + 100(10,560 - x)
(b) C(0) = $1,200,000
C(500) m $1,175,812
C(10p0) m $1,186,512
C(1500) = $1,212,000
C(2000) w $1,243,732
C(2500)« $1,278,479
C(3000) fa $1,314,870
Values beyond this are all larger. It would appear that the least expensive location is less than 2000 ft

from point P.

49. (a) Yes. Since (f -g)(-x) = f(-x) -g(-x) =f(x) -g(x) = (f -g)(x), the function (f -g)(x) will also be even.
(b) The product will be even, since
(f.g)(-x)=f(-x).g(-x)
= (-f(x)).(-g(x))
= f(x)-g(x)
= (f-g)(x).
(c) Yes, f(x) = is both even and odd since f(-x) = -f(x) = f(x)

50. (a) Pick 11, for example: 11+ 5 = 16 -» 2 - 16 = 32 -* 32 - 6 = 26 — 26/2 = 13 — 13 - 2 = 11, the original

number.
2fx + 5) — 6
(b) f(x) = — 55-^ 2 = x, the number you started with.

51. (a) (b)

 Section P. 2 Functions and Graphs 19

(c) » (d)

52.

f(x)- x-7

53. (a) y4 = (fog)(x);y 3 = (gof)(x)

20 Preliminary Chapter

D(g o f)= [—2,2]; The domain of g o f is the set of all values of x in the domain of f for which the values
y^ = f(x) are in the domain of g.
R(g of) = [0,2]; The range of g of is the subset of the range of g that includes all the values of g(x)
evaluated at the values from the range of f where g(x) is defined,

(c) The graphs of yj = f(x) and y 2 = g(x) are shown in part (a).

y< = {f*gh)

D(f o g) = [0,oo); The domain of fog is the set of all values of x in the domain of g for which the values
y2 = g(x) are in the domain of f.
R(f og) = (-co, 4]; The range of f o g is the subset of the range of f that includes all the values of f(x)
evaluated at the values from the range of g where f(x) is defined,

(d) (g of)(x) = \/4-x2 D(g of) =

; [-2,2]; R(gof) = [0,2]
2
(f og)(x) = 4-(v/S) = 4-xfor x > 0; D(fog) = [0,oo); R(fog) = (-co, 4]

54. (a)

[-3,3] by [-1,3]

(b) Domain of y t : [0,oo)

Domain of y 2 : (— cc, 1]
Domain of y 3 : [0, 1]

(c) The functions yj — y2 , y 2 — y^ arid yj -y all

2
have domain [0, 1], the same as the domain of y^ + y2 found
in part (b).

Domain of Tp-: [0,1)

Domain ofYi.
^-: (0, 1]

(d) The domain of a sum, difference, or product of two functions is the intersection of their domains.
The domain of a quotient of two functions is the intersection of their domains with any zeros of the
denominator removed.
 Section P. 3 Exponential Functions 21

55. (a) The power regression function on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y = 4.44647x ' 511414

GO
v (km/hi

25
' —- I'mvor rcgrcwion
»t- - - Linear ftlgroxsitin

i (motors)
I) I 2 3 4 S ft 7 8 9 III II 12 13 14 15 16 17 111 19 211

(c) 15.2 km/h

(<J) The linear regression function on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y = 0.913675x + 4.189976 and it is shown
on the graph in part (b). The linear regression function gives a speed of 14.2 km/h when y = 11m. The
power regression curve in part (a) better fits the data.

56. (a) Let v represent the speed in miles per hour and d the stopping distance in feet. The quadratic regression
function on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives d = 0.0886v 2 - 1.97v + 50.1.
<
b>
600
n
550 -

500
p
E- 450
400
J 350 -

-
g data
300 -quadratic regression
J
•o 250 -\ In ear regression

» 200
•3. 150 -I

g- 100-
IS 50

•50 2b 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
70 75 80 85 90
spaed, v {mph)

(c) From the graph in part (b), the stopping distance is about 370 feet when the vehicle speed is 72 mph and it

is about 525 feet when the speed is 85 mph.

Algebraically: d quadratic (72) = 0.0886(72) 2 - 1.97(72) + 50.1 = 367.6 ft.
<Watic(8o) = 0.0886(85) 2 - 1.97(85) + 50.1 = 522.8 ft.
(d) The linear regression function on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives d = 6.89v - 140.4 => d Uaear (72)

= 6.89(72) - 140.4 = 355.7 ft and d^,^) = 6.89(85) - 140.4 = 445.2 ft. The linear regression
line is shown on the graph in part (b). The quadratic regression curve clearly gives the better fit.

P.3 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

1 The graph of y = 2X is increasing from left to right and has the negative x-axis as an asymptote, (a)

2. The graph of y = 3 -x or, equivalently, y = (A 1 , is decreasing from left to right and has the positive

x-axis as an asymptote, (d)

22 Preliminary Chapter

3. The graph of y = — 3~ x is the reflection about the x-axis of the graph in Exercise 2. (e)

4. The graph of y = -0.5~ x or, equivalently, y = -2 X , is the reflection about the x-axis of the graph in Exercise 1.

(c)

5. The graph of y = 2 _x — 2 is decreasing from left to right and has the line y = — 2 as an asymptote, (b)

6. The graph of y = 1.5" —2 is increasing from left to right and has the line y = —2 as an asymptote, (f)

7. 8.

; v = -j'+3

[-4, 4] by 1-2, 101

Domain: (—00,00) Domain: (—00,00)

Range: (—00, 3) Range: (3, 00)
x-intercept: w 1.585 x-intercept: None
y-intercept: 2 y-intercept: 4

9. 10.

1
v = -If" - 2

[-4, 4] by {-8, 4]

Domain: (—00,00) Domain: (—00,00)

Range: (—2, 00) Range: (— 00, — 1)
x-intercept: aa 0.405 x-intercept: None
y-intercept: 1 y-intercept: —2
2x
11. 9
2x
=(3 2 ) =3 4x 12. 16
3x
= (2 4 f=2 12x

X
13 = ( 2 -f = J ~6x 14. (i) = (3~ 3 f = 3
-3x
(|f
.

15. x y Ay 16. x y Ay
1 -1 1 1

2 -3
2 1 2 -2
2 -3
3 3 3 -5
2 -3
4 5 4 -8
 Section P.3 Exponential Functions 23

17. X y Ay 18. X y ratio

1 l 1 8.155
3 2.718
2 4 2 22.167
5 2.718
3 9 3 60.257
7 2.718
4 16 4 163.79

Ay —
19. The slope of a straight line is m = y~- » Ay = m(Ax). In Exercise 15, each Ax = 1 and m=2— * each

Ay = 2, and in problem 16, each Ax = 1 and m = —3 — » each Ay = —3. If the changes in x are constant for
a linear function, say Ax = c, then the changes in y are also constant, specifically, Ay = mc.

20. From it can be seen that Ay = 2x + 1. Some examples are: Ay = 9 — 4 = 5 = 2(2) + 1

the table in Exercise 17,
- 2x + 1 Ay = 16 - 9 = 7 = 2(3) + 1 = 2x + 1. As x changes from x = 1000 to x = 1001, the change in y
and
is Ay = 2(1000) + = 2001. As x changes from n to n + 1, where n is an arbitrary positive integer, the change
1

in y is Ay = 2n -f 1.

21. Since f(l) = 4.5 we have ka = 4.5, and since f(— 1) = 0.5 we have ka = 0.5.
Dividing, we have
ka _ 4.5
ka" 1 ~ 0.5
a2=9
a= ±3
Since f(x) = k -a" is an exponential function, we require a > 0, so a = 3. Then ka = 4.5 gives 3k = 4.5,
so k = 1.5. The values are a = 3 and k = 1.5.
22. Since f(l) = 1.5 we have ka = 1.5, and since f(— 1) =6 we have ka = 6.
Dividing, we have
Jta_ __ 1.5
ka' 1 " 6

a2 = 0.25
a= ±0.5
Since f(x) = k -a* is an exponential function, we require a > 0, so a = 0.5. Then ka = 1.5 gives 0.5k = 1.5,
so k = 3. The values are a = 0.5 and k = 3.

23. 24.

J
IMtriMtlon
IW
BESBSS
[-6, 6] by [-2, 6)
[-6, 6] by [-2, 6]

x as 2.3219 x ss 1.3863
24 Preliminary Chapter

25. 26.

/
ft*»MI IhW

[-6, 6] by [-3. 5] [-6. 6] by [-3, 51

xw -0.6309 xrj -1.5850

19
27. 5422(1.018) w 7609.7 million

28. (a) When t = 0, B= 100e° = 100. There were 100 bacteria present initially.

O693(6)
(b) When t = 6, B= 100e w 6394.351. After 6 hours, there are about 6394 bacteria.
0,693t
(c) Solving 100e = 200 graphically, we find that t a* 1.000. The population will be 200 after about
1 hour. Since the population doubles (from 100 to 200) in about 1 hour, the doubling time is about 1 hour.

29. Lett be the number of years. Solving 500,000(1.0375)' = 1,000,000 graphically, we find that t ss 18.828.
The population will reach 1 million in about 19 years.

30. (a) The population is given by P(t) = 6250(1.0275)', where t is the number of years after 1890.
Population in 1915: P(25) 12,315 *
Population in 1940: P(50) ft* 24,265
(b) Solving P(t) = 50,000 graphically, we find that t « 76.651. The population reached 50,000 about 77 years
after 1890, in 1967.

t/14
31. (a) Aft) = 6.6(A)
(b) Solving A(t) = 1 graphically, we find that t as 38. There will be 1 gram remaining after about 38.1145
days.

32. Let t be the number of years. Solving 2300(1.06)' - 4150 graphically, we find that t « 10.129. It will take
about 10.129 years. (If the interest is not credited to the account until the end of each year, it will take 11
years.)

33. Let A be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve
A(1.0625}' = 2A, which is equivalent to 1.0625' = 2. Solving graphically, we find that t « 11.433. It will
take about 11.433 years. (If the interest is credited at the end of each year, it will take 12 years.)

34. Let A be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve

A(l+ ft-| ?£
)
=2A, which is equivalent to ( 1 + 2^|^) =2. Solving graphically, we find that
|
t « 11.119. It will take about 11.119 years. (If the interest is credited at the end of each month, it will take 11
years 2 months.)

35. Let A be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve

Ae o.0625t _ 2A} wnici! is equivalent to e

00625 ' = 2. Solving graphically, we find that t « 11.090.
It will take about 11.090 years.
 Section P.3 Exponential Functions 25

36. Let be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve
A
A(1.0575) t= 3A, which is equivalent to 1.0575' = 3. Solving graphically, we find that t a* 19.650. It will
.take about 19.650 years. (If the interest is credited at the end of each year, it will take 20 years.)

37. Let A be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve

A( + Q 5 = = 3.
1
3s| )
3A, which is equivalent to ( 1 + ^gfip) Solving graphically, we find that

t ps 19.108. It will take about 19.108 years.

38. Let A be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve
Ae0.0575t _ 3A) whkh is equivalent to e
00575t = 3. Solving graphically, we find that t « 19.106. It will
take about 19.106 years.

39. After t hours, the population is P(t) =2 ' "

or, equivalently, P(t) =2 . After 24 hours, the population is

48 14
P(24) = 2 sw 2.815 x 10 bacteria.

40. (a) Each year, the number of cases is 100% — 20% = 80% of the previous year's number of cases. After t
years, the number of cases will be C(t) = 10,000(0.8)\ Solving C(t) = 1000 graphically, we find that
t ss 10.319. It will take about 10.319 years.
(b) Solving C(t) = 1 graphically, we find that t as 41.275. It will take about 41.275 years.

41. (a) Let x = represent 1900, x= 1 represent 1901, and so on. The regression equation is P(x) = 6.033(1.030)*.

- P'lUOMMW

' ' \ ' ' —— —

I 1 I l -!.-> (

(b) The regression equation gives an estimate of P(0) r* 6.03 million, which is not very close to the actual
population.
(c) Since the equation is of the form P(x) = P(0) • 1.030", the annual rate of growth is about 3%.

42. (a) The regression equation is P(x) = 4.831(1.019)*.

[0. 100] by [-5, 30]

(b) P(90) * 26.3 million

= x
(c) Since the equation is of the form P(x) P(0) • 1.019 , the annual rate of growth is approximately 1.9%.
26 Preliminary Chapter

P.4 FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMS

1. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test.

2. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test.

3. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y =2 intersects the graph twice.

4. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test

5. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test

6. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test

7. Domain; <x< 1, Range: y > 8. Domain: x < 1, Range: y >

*-r\*) \' / y•x

y f(x)

9.

.=/(.) =.«»=

*.r |
w= "
r!

Domain: x > 0, Range: y >

10. Domain: -1 < x < 1, Range: -f< y <w

';/"'»,
 Section P. 4 Functions and Logarithms 27

11. Step 1: y = x 2 + l=»x 2 = y-l=$-x = y/y - 1 12. Step 1: y = x2 =3- x = -^/y

_1 _1
Step 2: y = v^x-1 = f (x) Step 2: y = - ,/x = f (x)

13. Step 1: y = x3 -l=^x3 = y+l=>x = (y + l) 1/3

Step 2: y=^/xTT = r l (x)

14. Stepl: y = x 2 -2x + =>y = (x-l) 2

_1
l ^ ^/y = x- 1 => x = ^+ 1

Step 2: y = 1 + ^/x = f (x)

15. Step 1: y = (x + l) 2 =>

1(/y = x+l=»x= x/y-l
Step 2: y = N/x-l=r 1
(x)

2 /3
16. Step 1: y = x => x = y3/2
Step 2: y = x 3/2 = r\x)

17. y = 2x +3 ~* y - 3 = 2x -» ^^ = x. Interchange x and y: 2LzJ* =y -» f~\x) = ^^-

Verify.

'x — 3\_ o^x

(f°r 1 )(x) = f(^p)=
—3
= (x-3) +3 =x
2 + (^) 3

"3
(r t o q(x) = r *(2x + 3) = (2x +23) =f=x

18. y = 5-4x->4x = 5-y-»x = -~-. Interchange x and y: y = ~^ — f~ 1 (x) = ~^

Verify.

(for 1 )(x) = f(^)=5-4(^) = 5-(5-x) = x

5 - (5 ~ 4x)
= r\5 -4x) = =
f=x
1
(f- of)(x)
4

= x3 - 1 x3 -» (y
1 '3 = x. J/3
=y
19. y -» y + 1 = + l) Interchange x and y: (x + 1)

-r 1
(x)=(x+l) 1 / 3 or ^+T
3

Verify.

3
(f o r l
)(x) = f( ^xTT) =( ^xTT) - 1 = (x + 1) -1 =x

(r 1 o f)(x) = r x (x3 - 1) = 3 /(x3 -i) + i=-3/x3 = x

j

20. y = x2 +l, x>0 -> y-1 = x 2 x>0 -> y/y - 1 = x.

,

y: \/x — 1 = y -+ f (x) = i/x- 1 — 1)

1
Interchange x and or (x '

Verify. For x > 1 (the domain of f~ ),

2
(f o r x
)(x) = f(Vx^T) = (-s/x~^T) + 1 = (x - 1) + 1 = x
For x > (the domain of f),

(r 1
of)( x ) = ry + 1) = yV + 1) - i = Vx* = ixi = x
28 Preliminary Chapter

1/2
21. y = x2 , x< — > x = — y/y. Interchange x and y: y = — y/x —> f~ 1 (x) = -y/x or —
Verify,
-1
Forx>0 (the domain of f ),(for 1 )(x) = i(-y/x) = (-y/xf - x
For x < (the domain of f), (F 1 of)(x) = r J (x2 = -y/x1 = -|x| = x )

22. y = x
2 /3
, x > - y3 '2 = (x 2 ^f\ x > -> y
3' 2
=x
Interchange x and y: x ' =y— » f~~ (x) =x '

Verify.
3
For x > (the domain of F 1
), (f o
1
)(x) = f (x3/2 ) = (x3/2 ) = x

For x > (the domain off), (F 1 of)(x) = fKx2 ' 3 ) = (x 2 / 3 ) = |x[ = x

23. y = -(x-2) 2 x<2^(x-2) 2 = -y,x<2-^x-2 = - N/=y^x = 2- N/=y.

,

Interchange x and y: y = 2 - y/^x -> f (x) = 2 - ^x or 2 - (-x) /

-1 1 2

Verify.
-1
For x < (the domain of f )

(for 1 )(x)=f(2- N/^)

= -[(2-y=x)-2f = -(-y^)2 = -|x| = x
For x < 2 (the domain of f),

(F 1 o f)(x) =r 1
(-(x - 2)
2
) = 2 - y/(x-2) 2 = 2-|x-2| = 2 + (x-2) = x

24. y = (x 2 + 2x+l), x>-l — y = (x+ 2 x > -1 -» y^ = x + l-» l) , ^/y-1 = x.

Interchange x and y: y/x — 1 = y — F (x) = y/x — 1 or x — * ' 1

Verify.

For x > (the domain of F 1

),

(for 1
)( X )=f(^-l)= (y/x~-iy + 2(y/x'-l)+l =(y/xy-2yK+l+2y/x~-2 + l=(y/x'y=X

For x > — 1 (the domain of f),

(F 1
o f)(x) = F^x2 + 2x + 1) = y/x
2
+ 2x 4- 1 - 1 = y^x + l) 2 - 1 = |x+ 1 1- 1 = (x + 1) -1 =x

25. y =^ x > -» x 2 =i x> -» x = ^= 4=-

Interchange x and y: y = —t= — » f" (x) = —y= or —-jz

Vx Vx x '

Verify.

For x > (the domain of F 1

), (f oT 1 )(x) = f(-j=\ = -
X
— ^-=r.
\V / (Uy/x)

For x > (the domain of f), (F 1 °f)(x)

W
= F 1i/( i^-_j_
r

X = —=U =vj

0/x
^ = xl=x
i
 Section P.4 Functions and Logarithms 29

26 v --L_»3-i_ x -3/r__L_

Interchange x and y: y = -f= — * f~ (x)

x
= -^ or -r^3
v/x ^/x x1 '
Verify,

= f /'-i-\
1
(for l
)(x)
3 = X

C
-<-lf_LU_L^
r^f)(x) = f-(i) = =x
1/f
^
27 ' y
T+T - *Y + 3y = 2x + - xy - 2x = 1 - 3y ~> (y - 2)x =
= 1 1 - 3y - x = ~^.
L=$-r-
Interchange x and y: y = \_?$ L=$X
W = \-^
-* S~\x)

Verify,

2 (Lzl +1
ffor i )M _ f fl-3xN (lT=f) _ 2(l-3x) + (x-2) __5x _
(l-3x) + 3(x-2)
x-2 + 3
:

1
_ 3 /2x±l\
(x + 3) " 3(2x + 1}

U V
+3 x
- ~ 5* ~
1 ;W_- r 1 f 2 * +± 31 /~
fr 1 o nfx)
2x±i_ 2
^ ^ -
~{2x + l)-2(x + 3)~ -5
-Xx
x+3

28. y = |±| -» xy - 2y =x+3 - xy - x = 2y + 3 - x(y - 1) = 2y + 3 - x = |^±£

T k „
Interchange
4.
x andA y: y =—
2X + 3
— r-l/ N
t (x) = — —
2x + 3 =-

Verify,

_ f f2x + 3\_ TJT + 3 _ (2x4-3) + 3(x-l) _5x_

-\x-l)- 2x + 3 ~(2x + 3)-2(x-l)~ 5 ~ X
-i
(f3f
(
- )W
)fa) 3:

x~l

/f-i nf w^_f-ifx + 3\
°i;W-i
2
(x^D + 3 _ 2(x + 3) + 3(x-2) __ 5x " X
V U-2/- x + 3 -1r ~ (x ( x + 3)-(x-2) - 5
x-2

X
29. y=(ea ) -l^ea = 3^a = ln3-»y = exln3 -l
(a) D = {-oo,co) (b)R = (-l,oo)

30. y = (ea )
X+1
-e a
= 4 - a = in 4 - y = e (
x+1 > ta 4
= e* » V 1 4
- 4e
x fe 4

(a) D = (-oo, oo) (fa) R = (0, oo)

31. y=l-(ln3)log3 x =
(a)D=(0,oo)
l-(ln3)^ = l-lnx 32. y =
(a)D =
(In 10) log (x

(-2,oo)
+ 2) = (In 10)
'"^
^= In (x + 2)

(b) R = (-00,00) (b) R = (-00,00)

30 Preliminary Chapter

to

' X
1 = i -ln.t

ost
33. (1.045)* =2 34. e°- =3
In (1.045)' = In 2 In e°- = In 3 05t

t In 1.04 = In 2 0.05t = In 3

t = in 2 15.75 t = Jl| - 20 In 3 as 21.97

In 1.045
Graphical support: Graphical support:

(-3. 33] by [-1,4]

[-2, 18] by [-1,3]

2X + 2~
x
35. e + e _x = 3
x 36. =5
x
e -3 + e- =
x 2
X
- 5 + 2" x =
e (e
x x
-3 + e- x ) = ex (0) 2 (2
x x -5 + 2~ x = 2 x (0)
)

2 2
(e
x
) -3e x + l=0 (2
X
) -5(2 X
) +1=
2 2
3 ±)/(-3) -4(l)(l) 5±^/(-5) -4(l)(l)
2* =
2(1) 2(1)

3±v/5 2
X
= 5±V21
2

x = in
3±y/E -0.96 or 0.96 x = log^ 5 */^ ) * -2.26 or 2.26
Graphical support: Graphical support:

AIZ z
2£fffi£? m
nuOi «f
1-4.4] by [-4, 8]
[-4. 4] by [-4.fi]
 Section P. 4 Functions and Logarithms 31

37. In y = 2t + 4 - e"*=e 1 2t +4 - y = e 2t+4

38. In (y - 1) - In 2 = x + In x -* In (y - 1) = x + In x + In 2 -* e^" 1
) = e
x + lnx + ln2 ->y-l = e x (x)(2)
— y = 2xex + 1

39. (a) y
100
= 1+2=*"*
_. 1
+ o-x
i _ 1 , 2- x = l
0-l^log 2 (2-x ) = log 2 (l y0-l)^ x = lo62 (10fl-l)
-' y

= -, og2 (lM_ ,) = -i og2 (A2^Z) = log2

(T ^r? >
Interchange x and y: y = ^( iocT-x )
"* r^x ^
=
^(loT^x)
Verify.

(f.r') W =f(io nfa ))- fe

( - lo «
i«
2 (lo^x)
-
~ »(^^) ~
lo 82
100
+ IQOpx
! +2 t +2 1

lOOx _ lOOx ;
= x
x+(100-x) 100

/ 100
2"
(
r^f)(x) = ri(
r ^) = iog,

V
100
1 +
-l +
100
2-
= log 5
100(1
100
+ 2 _x - 100
)

= log 2 (^) = log2 (2 x = x )

50 50
(b)y =
i + i.r y

50-y^

Interchange x and y: y = Iog^ (55^) ~* rl x) = Io Si.i

(
(glfe)
Verify.

(for.) W= f( 1 o f
,,( 5 ^))=. ^^ ^) 1+^c 52
50

l + Ll-^ifoM l + l.l
1

50x _ 50x _ v
x+(50-x) 50

/ 50

(r 3
= r TTfI=x ) = iog
1 1 + 1.1-* |_ - / 50
+ L1 "X )- 5Q
of)( x ) lo gll
(
1 ,1
50
50
...
1" U ( 1

= log 1 1 ^=x) = log 1 . 1

(l.l
x
)=x
(I
.

40. (a) Suppose that f(xj) = f(x 2 ). Then mxj + b = mx2 + b so mx1 — mx 2 . Since m ^ 0, this gives Xj = x2 .

= mx + b — — b = mx y-b_— x.
(b) y » y m
32 Preliminary Chapter

X
m =y — = ^fa
2
Interchange x and y: » f (x)

The slopes are reciprocals.

1
(c) If the original functions both have slope m, each of the inverse functions will have slope ^. The graphs of
the inverses will be parallel lines with nonzero slope.

(d) If the original functions have slopes m and ~ jjj,

respectively, then the inverse functions will have slopes jjj

and — m, respectively. Since each of ^ and — m is the negative reciprocal of the other, the graphs of the

inverses will be perpendicular lines with nonzero slopes.

t/U
41. (a) Amount = 8(1)

x
t/i2 v
t/12 vt/12

M'»r-Mir=Hir-»r-A--«-«
There will be 1 gram remaining after 36 hours.

42. 500(1.0475)' = 1000 — 1.0475* =2 ~* In (1.0475*) = In 2 — t In 1.0475 = In 2 — t = ln In 2

fi^ * 14.936
It will take about 14,936 years. (If the interest is paid at the end of each year, it will take 15 years.)

43. 375,000(1.0225)' = 1,000,000 -» 1.0225* =|— In (1.0225*) = m(|) -* t ln 1.0225 = ln(|)

In (8/3)
t = « 44.081
In 1.0225
It will take about 44.081 years.

44. Let O = original sound level = 10 log 10 (i x 10 12 db from Equation (1) in the text. Solving
)

+ 10 = 10 log 10 (kl x 10 12 ) for k => 10 log 10 (i x 10 12 + 10 = 10 log 10 (kl x 10 12 ) )

12 12 12
=* log 10 (ix 10 )+ 1 = log10 (kl x 10 ) => log 10 (ix 10 )+ 1 = log 10 k + log 10 (ix 10 )
12

=S» = log 10 k => 1 = Jfi => In k = ln 10 => k = 10

1

45. Sound level with intensity = 101 is 10 log10 (lOI x 10 12 ) = lo[log 10 10 + log10 (i X 10 12 )]
= 10 + 10 log 10 (i x 10 1Z ) = original sound level + 10 => an increase of 10 db

-o.ist^ _ln(0.9)
46. y =y e
-0.18t
represents the decay equation; solving (0.9)y o =y e => A
t = _ iq » 0.585 days
n

47. 48.

r
/
[ftbftrnctjHi
i=(

[-10, 10] by [-10, 10] [-10, 10] by [-10, 10]

(4,5) (|, -3) a* (2.67, -3)

 Section P.4 Functions and Logarithms 33

49. (a) 50. (a)

I v\

ffim &i5am t*i

[-10. 10] by [-10, [-10, 10] by [-10, 10]

10]

(1.58,3) (-1.39,4)
X
(b) No points of intersection, since 2 > (b) No points of intersection, since e -x > for all
for all values of x. values of x.

51. (a) (b) and (c)

/(>.!

•2-
<J K)[rt
=

We conclude that f and g are inverses of each other because (f o g)(x) = (g of)(x) = x, the identity function.

52. (a) (b) and (c)

3
4

Uoo / /(*)

T—S—R2-1/ 12 3 4
12 3 4

^^V1

We conclude that f is the identity function because (f o g)(x) = (g o f)(x) = ^ = g(x)

34 Preliminary Chapter

53. (a) (b) and (c)

4
y
J /
2

i i i i
/ \ i
i i^ t
-4 -J -2 -!/ 12 3 4-

/ ~
-3
2

/
/ -4

We conclude that f and g are inverses of each other because (f og)(x) = (gof)(x) = x, the identity function,

54. (a) (b) and (c)

(f°gXx)
(WX*)

We conclude that f and g are inverses of each other because (f og)(x) = (go f)(x) = x, the identity function.

55. (a) (b)

y3
y, >;
3
y3 ™fa(ax)~kix
2.5 for a = 1,2,3, 4,5
2

1.5:

0.5'

0.5 1.5
-0.5
-1

The graphs of y^ appear to be vertical The graphs of yj — y2 support the finding in

translates of y 2 part (a).

(
c ) y3 = Yx — y2 = In ax — In x = (In a + In x) ~ In x = In a, a constant.

56. (a) y 2 is a vertical shift (upward) of y^, although it's difficult to see that near the vertical asymptote at x = 0.
One might use "trace" or "table" to verify this.
 Section P,4 Functions and Logarithms 35

(b) Each graph of y3 is a horizontal line.

(c) The graphs of y 4 and y = a are the same.

(d) e 2 = a, ) = In a, y 2 — y^ = In a, = y 2 — In a = In x — In
1 2 ]
In (e y^

57. From zooming in on the graph at the right, we estimate

the third root to be x ss —0.76666

X — 0.7MM

58. The functions f(x) = x"2 1

and g(x) = 2lnx appear to

have identical graphs for x> 0. This is no accident,

because x1" 2 = e
1 "2 "^ = {<P 2 f* = 2
ta
\
59. (a) The LnReg command on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y(x) = -474.31 + 121.13 In x
=> y(82) = -474.31 + 121.13 In (82) = 59.48 million metric tons produced in 1982 and
y(100) = -474.31 + 121.13 In (100) = 83.51 million metric tons produced in 2000.

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 » 100 105
i<year 1990)

(c) From the graph in part (b), y(82) ss 59 and y(100) w 84.
60. (a) y = -2539.852 + 636.896 In x
(b) When x = 75, y ss 209.94. About 209.94 million metric tons were produced.

(c) -2539.852 + 636.896 In x = 400

636.896 In x = 2939.852

= 2939.852
In x
636.896
2939,852
101.08

According to the regression equation, Saudi Arabian oil production will reach 400 million metric tons when
x ss 101.08, in about 2001.
36 Preliminary Chapter

P.5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES

1. (a) s=:rt = (lG)(^)=8*m (b) s = rf? = (lOXlHT)^^ ^ = 55*

2. = | = if = ^ radians and &(*$) = 225'

—k 25T 7T 3tt 3* X 2L
5tt
3. e 4. '6
2 4 ;
2 3 4 6

7* 1
1 73 1 1 1
2 72 2 2 72 2

-1 1
1
1
cos 5
1 73 1 73
2 2 2 2

1
tan 9 v/3 und. -1 tan 6 und, -73 1
1
73 73
1
cot 9 und. I
und. -1 cot -73 1 -73
V3 73
-1 -2 2 2
1 und. -V* sec und. 2 72
73 73
2 72" -2
esc und. und. 1 esc 9 72
7s 7*

5. (a) cos x = — v, tan x =— -j (b) sin x = ¥— , tan x = —1\J2

6. (a) sin x = 1

j= , cos x =
fj

y= (b) cos x = — k- tan x

, = — 7=
V5 1/5

7. fa)

period = ir

8. fa) W ,V y - - cot 2ix

period =6 period = 1
 Section P.5 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 37

9. (a) (b)

vsiinlit?

period = 2?r
10. (a)

y »cos (x+-J) -

period = 2-rr

11. period = s-, symmetric about the origin 12, period = 4, symmetric about the y-axis

|i i
1
•I 1

n*2i
1

1
il \
'->
1

1
|\ \
1 i
i
*
_j_-,-.„
-3 -2 - 1 2 3

r 1
_i

If \ n

13. (a) cos (jt + x) = cos a cos — sin sin x = (— I)(cos x) — (0)(sin x) = —cos x
-
a; it

(b) sin (27r — x) = sin 2ir cos(— x) + cos (2ir) sin (— x) = (0)(cos (— x)) + (l)(sin (~x)) = -sin x

14. (a) sin(^-x) = sin(^) cos (-x) +cos(^) sin (-x) = (-l)(cos x) 4- (0)(sin (-x)) = -cos x
(b) cosHy^x) = cosf &\ cos x -sm(^) sin x = (0)(cos x) - (-l)(sin x) = sin x

15. (a) cosfx — ?] = cos x cosf— £ j- sin x sin f - £•

J
= (cos x)(0) — (sin x)(-l) = sin x

cos (A — B) = cos (A + (— B)) = cos A cos (~B) — sin A sin (— B) = cos A cos B — sin A (—sin B)
= cos A cos B + sin A sin B

16. (a) sin(x + 5- = J

sin x cos(5) + cos x sinf? j
= (sin x)(0) + (cos x)(l) = cos x
38 Preliminary Chapter

(b) sin (A — B) = sin (A -f (~B)) = sin A cos (— B) + cos A sin (— B) = sin A cos B + cos A (—sin B)
= sin A cos B — cos A sin B
17. IfB=A, A — B = 0=» cos (A — B) = cos = 1. Also cos (A — B) — cos (A — A) = cos A cos A + sin A sin A
= cos 2 A + sin 2 A. Therefore, cos
2
A + sin 2 A = 1.

18. If B= 2ir, + 2ir) = cos A cos 2*r —sin A sin 1v = (cos A)(l) — (sin
then cos (A A)(0) = cos A and
sin (A + 2ir) = sin A cos 2ir + cos A sin 2x = (sin A)(l) + (cos A)(0) = sin A. The result agrees with the
fact that the cosine and sine functions have period 2ir.

19. (a) A = 2, B = 2ir, C = -it, D = -1 (b) A =4, B = 2, C = l, D = I

y = 2sin [i'+ r}

v =ysintnr-ii) +
y

20. (a) A = -|,B=4, C = 0,D = ± (b) A=-±-, B = L, C = 0, D =

y£ *tn^. L>0

21. (a) amplitude =|A|= 37 (b) period = B = 365

j I

(c) right horizontal shift =C= 101 (d) upward vertical shift = D= 25

22. (a) It is highest when the value of the sine is 1 at f(101) = 37 sin(0) + 25 = 62' F.
The lowest mean daily temp is 37(-l) + 25 = -12° F.
(b) The average of the highest and lowest mean daily temperatures
-«g>(-"r
= -^ =26 -
.
F ,

The average of the sine function is its horizontal axis, y = 25.

23. (a)
J (b)
-f (c)
f
24. (a)
-f (b)
J w-f
25. (a)
|
(b)¥ 00 f 26. (a) Sf (b)f w¥
27. The angle a is the large angle between the wall and the right end of the blackboard minus the small angle

between the left end of the blackboard and the wall => a = cot - f A J
— cot
-
I
$ ).

28. 65° + (90° - /8) + (90° - a) = 180° => a= 65° - = 65° - tan -1 f|i) sw 65° - 22.78° » 42.22°

29. According to the figure in the text, we have the following: By the law of cosines, c z = a2 + b — 2ab cos 6
= l 2 + l 2 - 2 cos (A - B) = 2 - 2 cos (A - B). By distance formula, c2 = (cos A - cos B) 2 + (sin A - sin B)
 Section P. 5 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 39

= cos A — 2 cos AB + cos 2 B + sin 2 A — 2 sin A sin B + sin 2 B = 2 - 2(cos A cos B + sin A sin B). Thus
cos
c
2
=2—2 cos (A - B) = 2 - 2(cos A cos B + sin A sin B) => cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.

30. Consider the figure — A + B is the sum of two

where 9
angles. By = a + b — 2ab cos 6
the law of cosines, c (eo*8,i1nB)
= 2 + l 2 - 2 cos (A + B) = 2 - 2 cos (A + B).
l

Also, by the distance formula,

„2_ cos A — cos B) + (sin A + sin B)
= cos 2 A — 2 cos A cos B + cos 2 B + sin 2 A + 2 sin A sin B + sin 2 B
= 2 — 2(cos A cos B — sin A sin B). Thus,
2 - 2 cos(A + B) = 2 - 2(cos A cos B - sin A sin B)
=> cos (A + B) = cos A cos B — sin A sin B.
(cos A .-sinA)

31. Take each square as a unit square. From the diagram we have the following: the smallest angle a has a
- -
tangent of 1 =^ a = tan 1; the middle angle has a tangent of 2 => /3 = tan 2; and the largest angle 7
-
has a tangent of 3 => 7 = tan 3. The sum of these three angles is7r=^a + /? + 7 = ff

-1 -1 -1
=*• tan 1 + tan 2 + tan 3 = it.

-1
32. (a) From the symmetry of the diagram, we see that it —sec x is the vertical distance from the graph of
-1
y = sec x to the line y — it and this distance is the same as the height of y = sec -1 x above the x-axis at

-x; i.e., 7T — sec 1

x = sec 1
(—x).

0>)
_-i — x) — it —cos x, where —1 < x < 1 ^- cos -1 -
£ = — cos
5r ( where x > 1 or x < —1
]
x ),

=3- sec (— x) — — sec it x

-1
33. sin (l) + cos
-;1
(l) = | + = |;sin -1 (0) + cos- (0)=0 + | = |;andsin -1 (-l)+cos -1 (-l) = -|+5r=-|.
1

If x G (—1,0) and x = —a, then sin

-
(x) + cos
-
(x) = sin -1 (—a) + cos -1 (—a) = — sin -1 a + (ir -
—
cos * a)

-
— k — (sin - a + cos a) = tt — £ = ? from Equations (7) and (9) in the text.

34.
x
=£• tan a — x and tan /3 = ^=>£ = a + = tan " x + tan" x •

35. From the. figures in the text, we see that sin B = ^. If C is an acute angle, then sin C = A. On the other hand,

if C is obtuse (as in the figure on the right), then sin C = sin(ir — C) = £. Thus, in either case,

h =b sin C= c sin B => ah = ab sin C = ac sin B.

2
b 2 -c 2
2
By the law of cosines, cos C k—? R = a + x—
and cos B
, c
-, Moreover, since the sum of the
2ab 2ac
interior angles of a triangle is it, we have sin A = sin {it — (B + C)) = sin (B + C) = sin B cos C + cos B sin C
a2 + b 2 -c 2 -b 2 !
2a' + b' -c + c'*-b-
i <! i ah =?- ah = be sin A.
2ab 2ac V2abc be
40 Preliminary Chapter

Combining our results we have ah = ab sin C, ah = ac sin B, and ah = be sin A. Dividing by abc gives
h _ sin A_
- sin C_
- sin B
bc~ a c
^ — „—...
* ... ....
b .»
•

law of sines

. . . _ sin A cos B . cos A sin B

sm A + B _ sin A cos B + cos A B_ A B A B _ tan A + tan B
36. tan (A
' + B) = cos (
cos A cos B — sin A
) cos cos cos cos cos
— tan A tan B
B) (A + sin B cos A cos B sin A sin B 1

cos A cos B cos A cos B

37. (a) c
2
= a2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C= 2
2
+ 3 2 - 2(2) (3) cos (6(f) = 4 + 9 - 12 cos (60°) = 13 - 12 (±) = 7.

Thus, c = 1/7 « 2.65.

2 2
(b) c = a2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C= 2 + 3 2 - 2(2)(3) cos (40°) = 13 - 12 cos (40°). Thus,

c = i/l3 - 12 cos 40° m 1.951.

38. (a) By the law of sines, ^^ = S^l = V%<1. By Exercise 55 we know that c = yjl.

Thus sin B= ^J ~ 0.982.

(a) From the figure at the right and the law of cosines,

b2 = a2 + 2 2 - 2(2a) cos B = a2 + 4 - 4a(±) = a2 - 2a + 4,

Applying the law of sines to the figure, ^^ = ^SJS

=> —5— = —r— => b = y 9 a - Thus, combining results,

a2 -2a + 4 = b2 = |a 2 =f- 0=ia2 + 2a-4

=$ = a + 4a — 8. From the quadratic formula and the
/ 2
-4 + -4(l)(-8)
fact that a > 0, we have a = V4 = 4v
/3_4
^ ii£i

39. (a) The graphs of y = sin x and y = x nearly coincide when x is near the origin (when the calculator
is in radians mode).
(b) In degree mode, when x is near zero degrees the sine of x is much closer to zero than x itself. The
curves look like intersecting straight lines near the origin when the calculator is in degree mode.

40. (a) Cos x and sec x are positive in QI and QIV and
'COS.X ecx
negative in QII and QUI. Sec x is undefined when

cos x is 0. The range of sec x is (— 00, — 1] U [l,oo);

the range of cos x is [— 1, 1].
 Section P.5 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 41

(b) Sin x and esc x are positive in QII and negative

in QUI and QIV, Csc x is undefined when sin x

is 0. The range of csc x is (—00, —1] U [1, 00);

the range of sin x is [— 1, 1J.

41. (a) Domain: all real numbers except those having

1 y.t»n"(uinx)
the form ? + kir
kit where
whei k is an integer.

Range: -|<y<|

(b) Domain: —00 <x< 00; Range: -co < y < 00

-1
The graph of y = tan (tan x) is periodic, the
-1
graph of y = tan (tan x) = x for —00 < x < 00, y>Mn(tan~x)

42. (a) Domain: —00 < x < 00; Range: -5 < y <%
¥

y tin* (t\nx)

,/\ -i
-a*-f -»
I *\A

(b) Domain: — 1 <x< 1; Range: —1 < y < 1

-1
The graph of y = sin (sin x) is periodic; the

graph of y = sin (sin x) ~ x. for —1 < x < 1.

-1
43. The angle tan (2.5) « 1.190 is the solution to this equation in the interval -f < x < ?. Another solution in

_1
< x < 2k is tan (2.5) + v w 4.332. The solutions are x « 1.190 and x ss 4.332.
42 Preliminary Chapter

-
44. The angle cos (—0.7) sa 2.346 is the solution to this equation in the interval <x < %. Since the cosine
-
function is even, the value —cos (—0.7) « —2.346 is also a solution, so any value of the form
-1
± cos (—0.7) + 2kw is a solution, where k is an integer. In 2ir < x < Air the solutions are
-1
x = cos (-0.7) + 2tt as 8.629 and x = -cos" 1 (-0.7) + 4x as 10.220.

45. This equation is equivalent to cos x = — 4, so the solution in the interval 0<x<irisy = cos -1 — A) fa ( 1.911.

Since the cosine function is even, the solutions in the interval — tt < x < w are x as —1.911 and x as 1.911.

46. The solutions in the interval <x< 2ir are x = -£- and x = —r. Since y = sin x has period 27r, the solutions

are all of the form x = -ip + 2kff" orx = —^-+ 2k7r, where k is any integer.

47. (a)

y — sin j: + cos x

The graph is a sine/cosine type graph, but it is shifted and has an amplitude greater than 1.

(b) Amplitude sw 1.414 (that is, yfe)

Period = 2tt

Horizontal shift as —0.785 [that is, — j) or 5.498 f that is, -? relative to sin x.
J

Vertical shift:

sin/x + f ) = (sin x ) cos

f) + (
(c) cos x) sin
f
= (sin x) { -4= + (cos x) j j
-^=

1
[sin x + cos x)
>/2
Therefore, sin x + cos x = y/2 sin ( x+?

48. The graphs are identical for y = 2 sin (.2 tan x

-1 -1
= 4[sin(tan x)][cos(tan x)] = 4( —7=5=

4x
2
from the triangle
x + l
 Section P. 5 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 43

49. (a) The sinusoidal regression on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives p = 0.599 sin (2479t - 2.801) + 0.265

l> = II 6 sin (2470; 2.S11 L ) + 11.2*5

• l>;ua
-
— Sine logtLWiiHi

(b) The period is approximately irjfo seconds, so the frequency

2479
is approximately -= — s=s 395 Hz

50. (a)b=f| = |
(b) It's half of the difference, so a = &^M = 25.

(c) k = 80 + 30 = 55

(d) The function should have its minimum at t = 2 (when the temperature is 30°F) and its maximum at t =8
(when the temperature is 80"F). The value of h : +
2 s 8
is — — = *>- Equation: y = 25 sin tt(x -5 55

[-1,13] by (-10. 100]

51. (a) Using a graphing calculator with the sinusoidal regression feature, the equation is

y = 3.0014 sin (0.9996x + 2.0012) + 2.9999.

(b) y =3 sin (x + 2) + 3
52. (a) Using a graphing calculator with the sinusoidal regression feature, the equation is

y = 1.543 sin (2468.635x - 0.494) + 0.438.

Wft
(0, 0.01] by [-2.5, 2.5]
44 Preliminary Chapter

(b) The frequency is 2468.635 radians per second, which equivalent to

246^635 ^ 393.9 cycles
is per
2tt
second (Hz). The note is a "G."

P.6 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

1. x = cos t, y = sin t, < t < it 2, x = cos 2t, y = sin 2t, <t< it

=> cos 2 1 + sin 2 1 = 1 => x2 + y 2 = 1 =*cos2 2t + sin 2 2t=: 1 => x2 + y2 = 1

** y*-l

1.W2

-t

3. x = = cos (2xt), < t < 1

sin (2?rt), y
2 2
sin (2irt) + cos (2rt) = 1 =}» x + y =
2 2
1

4. x = cos (it — t), y = sin (tt — t), <t< tt 5. x =4 cos t, y = 2 sin t, <t< 2w
2 2 2
- 1) + sin 2 (z - 1) = _
^ x16 + J^4 _-i
16 cos
=> cos 2 (it 1
t
+4
. sin t
_1 -, .
. ,
,

16 4
=»x 2 + y 2 = l
 Section P. 6 Parametric Equations 45

6. x =4 sin t, y = 5 cos t, < t < 2?r 7. x = 3t, y = 9t 2 , -oo <t<oo=>y = x 2

2 2 2
_,. 16 sin 1 , 25 cos 1 v2 Y
16 25 ~ ^16^25

i. x = -i/t) y = t> t >0 ^•x = - v/y 9. x = t, y = \A» t>0=>y = v/x

or y =x , x <
,t>o

x— vy
: 1

-t-. t . -t —1- >? , ,

10. x = sec2 1 - 1, y = tan t, - ^ < t < ~ 11. x = -sec t, = tany t, --| <t<§
=> sec2 1 - 1 = tan 2 1 =* x = y 2 =$• sec
2
1 ~ tan 1 = 1
2
^x 2
- y2 = 1

t~ — V =

4*&-
T^
-1

-«a<uo

12. x = 2t - 5, y = 4t - 7, -co < < oo t 13. x = 1 - 1, y = 1+ 1, -oo <t< oo

= x + 5 = 2t => 2(x + 5) = 4t =»l-x = t=>y = l + (l-x)

=>y = 2(x + 5)-7=*y = 2x + 3 =j. y = -x + 2

^aO >" = -i*2

r I'D
l\<1, 1)
' y x
2\
V <<0
46 Preliminary Chapter

14. x = 3 - 3t, y = 2t, < t < 1 =|= t

<=frx = 3-3(|) => 2x = 6~3y =>y = 2-|x

16. x = y/t + \, y = V*. * > 17. x = e' + e *, y =e t

~-e~ t , -co < t < oo
2 2
=> y
2
= t => x = v/pTT, y > (e
t
+ e -t) _( e t_ e -t) = ( e 2t +2+e -2
_( e2t_ 2 + e -2t) = 4=>x 2_ y 2 = 4

18. x = cosCe'), y = 2 sinCe1 ), -co < t < oo

2
cos (e
t
+ sia (e )=
)
2 t
1 =* x
2
+ (y/2) 2 = 1

= ln(2«*), n = l, 2,
4x2 + y 2 = 4 r

19, (a) x = a cos t, y = —a sin t, < t < 2jt 20. (a) x = a sin t, y =s b cos t, | < t < 4p
(b) x = a cos t, y = a sin t, < t < 2ir (b) x = a cos t, y =b sin t, < t < 2w
(c) x = a cos t, y = —a sin t, < t < 4ir (c) x = a sin t, y = b cos t, | < t < ^
(d) x = a cos t» y = a sin t, < t < 4tt (d) x ~ a cos t, y = b sin t, < t < 4jt
21. Using (—1, —3) we create the parametric equations x = — 1 +at and y = — 3 + bt, representing a line which goes
through (— 1, —3) at t = 0. We determine a and b so that the line goes through (4, 1) when t = 1.
Since 4 = ~-l + a, a = 5.
 Section P. 6 Parametric Equations 47

Since 1 = -3 + b, b = 4.
Therefore, one possible parametrization is x = — 1 + 5t, y = — 3 + 4t, <t< 1.

22. Using (— 1, -3) we create the parametric equations x = — 1 + at and y = 3 + bt, representing a line which goes
through (— 1, 3) at = 0. We determine
t a and b so that the line goes through (3, —2) t = 1.
Since 3 = — 1 + a, a = 4.
Since -2 = 3 + b, b = -5.
Therefore, one possible parametrization is x = -1 + 4t, y = 3 — 5t, < t < 1.

23. The lower half of the parabola is given by x = y2 + 1 for y < 0. Substituting t for y, we obtain one possible

parametrization x = t + 1, y = t, t < 0.

24. The vertex of the parabola is at (—1,-1), so the left half of the parabola is given by y = x2 + 2x for x< — 1.
Substituting t for x, we obtain one possible parametrization: x = t, y = t 2 + 2t, t < — 1.
25. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions oft and that the point (x,y) starts at (2,3) for
t = and passes through (-1, -1) at t = 1. Then x = f(t), where f(0) = 2 and f(l) = -1.
Since slope = ^ = ~i~Q' = ~3, x = f(t) = -3t + 2 = 2 - 3t. Also, y = g(t), where g(t) =3 and g(l) = -1.
Since slope = -^ = ^r^ = -4, y = g (t)
= -4t + 3 = 3 - 4t.
One possible parametrization is: x = 2 — 3t, y = 3 — 4t> t > 0.
26. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the point (x,y) starts at (—1,2) for
t= and passes through (0,0) at t = 1. Then x = f(t), where f(0) = -1 and f(l) = 0.
Since slope = ^ = ~^ Q
> = 1, x = f(t) = It + (-1) = -1 + 1. Also, y = g(t), where g(0) = 2 and g(l) = 0.
Since slope = ^ = £=| = -2, y = g(t) = -2t + 2 = 2 - 2t.
One possible parametrization is: x = — 1 + 1, y = 2 — 2t, > 0. t

27. Graph (c). Window: [-4,4] by [-3,3], < t < 2*

28. Graph (a). Window: [-2,2] by [-2,2], < t < 2jt

29. Graph (d). Window: [-10, 10] by [-10, 10], < t < 2x

30. Graph (b). Window: [-15, 15] by [-15, 15], < t < 2jt

31. Graph of f: xx = t, yl = e' 32. Graph of = 3lf: xx = t, y,

-1
Graph of f : x2 = e\ y 2 =t Graph of f" x2 = 3 y2 = t 1
:
l
,

Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 = t Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 = t

. . , . ,_,-*
P-
/
[-6, 6]
/

by [-4, 4]
48 Preliminary Chapter

33. Graph off: = 2 _t

x, = t, yx 34. Graph of f: Xj = t, y1 = 3 -t
-1 -1
Graph of f x 2 = 2"', y 2 = t
: Graph of f : x2 = 3 -t , y2 = t

Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 = t Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 =t

[-4.5, 4.5] by [-3, 3]

35. Graph of f: x1 = t, y 1 = In t 36. Graph of f: Xj = t, y± = log t

-1 -
Graph of f : x 2 = In t, y 2 = t Graph of f : x2 = log t, y2 = t

Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 =t Graph of y = x; x3 = t, y3 =t

y ft yj-x
.

rl
V/
/
,*,
. > v^
| III -*•*<

f
•
•
4
~'\

1
/(t III.
>.

/
[-4.5, 4.5] by [-3, 3]
f

37. Graph of f: Xj = t, y x = sin -1 1 38. Graph of f: Xj = t, = tan -1 1

y^
-
Graph of f-1 : x 2 = sin t, y = t
2 Graph of f" : x 2 = tan
-1
y2 = t 1,

Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 =t Graph of y = x: x3 = t, y3 =t
y,»8uijr

\C-
-7t
[-6, 6] by [-4, 4]

39. The graph is in Quadrant I when <y< 2, which corresponds to 1 < t < 3. To confirm, note that x(l) =2
and x(3) =s 0.

40. The graph is in Quadrant II when 2 < y < 4, which corresponds to 3 < t < 5. To confirm, note that x(3) =
and x(5) = -2.
41. The graph is in Quadrant III when — 6 < y < —4, which corresponds to —5 < t < —3. To confirm, note that
x(-5) = -2 and x(-3) « 0.
 Section P. 6 Parametric Equations 49

42. The graph is in Quadrant IV when —4 < y < 0, which corresponds to —3 < t < 1. To confirm, note that
x(-3) = and x(l) = 2.

43. (a) (b)

w
x-4cmiy-2ilnt
x -4 cos I, y
2
-n72<t<7i£ t
2

'x«4eo»i, y- 2 sint
0«U*

44. (a) (b) (c)

i-MCty-ttnt , x-tect.y-tant 0.1 •

-O.SSISO.S x sec y • 1M I •

-1.5itS1.S t,

-0.1 fits 0.1

0.5'

— — H -t—t- X
i > t- -t - I
X
-0.S-

-0.1

45.

x-2t + 3.y-t -i
-Zit«2

\
>v* / '

46. (a) (b)

„ x.-2eost+cos(-2t)
* y.-2sint-Bin(-2l)
t£2x
x 2 cos t + co$ 2t

j«2sint-sin2t
ostsan
50 Preliminary Chapter

47. fa (b)
X~-3COSI*COS(-3t)
r 4ilnt>ifn(-3t)
ostsat
y- sin t- sin 31

OilSZre

48. (a) (b)

x-t-sint
+ x»t-slni
y -1 -cost
x-l-slnt y-1 -cost
y-1 -cost nstS3«
s I s 4*

49. Extend the vertical line through A to the x-axis and

let C be the point of intersection. Then OC = AQ = x

and tan t = ^= 1 => x =^j= 2 cot t; sin t =^ y«2 A
=> OA = vLj; and (AB)(OA) = (AQ) 2 => Ab(^) = x 2

AB
Vsm t/ tan t
AB = 2_sint_
2
Next ^x'^f (0,1)
V.|p(x.y)

tan t 5(1 )

c
y = 2 - AB sin t =* y = 2 -f S-SmJ^ s i n t =

2 _2 sin t _ 2 _ 2 cos2 t = 2 sin

2
t. Therefore let x =2 cot t and y =2 sin
2
1, <t< jt.
2
tan t

= -x = y + (y x -y = * _* = y + (y ~y )(xp^)
50. (a) x x + (xj )t and y )t => t
x Q
=> y x

=> y - yQ = ( x -x° )( x ~ x o)
1
wnicn is an equation of the line through the points (x ,y ) and (x^y^

(b) Let = y = in (a) => x = x y = y-[t (the answer is not unique)

x x
t,

(c) Let (x n ,y = (-1,0) and Xl ,y = (0,1) or let (x ,y ) = (0,1) and (x^) = (-1,0)
) ( x)
in part (a)

=>x=— 1 + t, y=torx= — y = 1 — t (the answer is not unique) t,

51. (a) -5 < x < 5 => -5 < 2 cot t <5 => -| < cot t < |
The graph of cot t shows where to look for the limits on t.
 Section P.6 Parametric Equations 51

tan-^D^t^ + tan^f-lW jr 0.381 <t < 2.761

The curve is traced from right to left and extends infinitely in both directions from the origin.

(b) For — •? < t < ?, the curve is the same as that which is given. It first traces from the vertex at (0, 2) to the

left extreme point in the window, and then from the right extreme point in the window to the vertex point.

For < t < ?, only the right half of the curve appears, and it traces from the right extreme of the window

to the vertex at (0, 2) and terminates there. For ?<t< tt, only the left half of the curve appears, and it

traces from the vertex to the left extreme of the window.

(c) For x = — 2 cot t, the curve traces from left to right rather than from right to left. For x =2 cot (ir — t),
the curve traces from right to left, as it does with the original parametrization.

52. (a) The resulting graph appears to be the right half of a hyperbola in the first and fourth quadrants. The
parameter a determines the x-intercept. The parameter b determines the shape of the hyperbola. If b is
smaller, the graph has less steep slopes and appears "sharper." If b is larger, the slopes are steeper and the
graph appears more "blunt." The graphs for a = 2 and b = 1, 2, and 3 are shown.

\nfjS

n£
[-10, 10] by [-10, 10]

(b)

[-10, 10] by (-10,. 10]

This appears to be the left half of the same hyperbola.

52 Preliminary Chapter

1-10,10] by [-10, 10]

One must be careful because both sec t and tan t are discontinuous at these points. This might cause the
grapher to include extraneous lines (the asymptotes of the hyperbola) in its graph. The extraneous lines
can be avoided by using the grapher's dot mode instead of connected mode.

(d) Note that sec t

2 — tan 2 t = 1 by a standard trigonometric identity. Substituting g for sec t and r- for tan t

2
gives (If -(I) . 1.
(e) This changes the orientation of the hyperbola. In this case, b determines the y-intercept of the hyperbola,

and a determines the shape. The parameter interval { — £>? J gives the upper half of the hyperbola, The

parameter interval ( ?> 4? ) gives the lower half. The same values of t cause discontinuities and may add

extraneous lines to the graph. Substituting r- for sec t and g 2

for tan t in the identity sec 1 — tan t = 1

2 2
g -s (I) - = 1.
(|)

P.7 MODELING CHANGE

1. (a) (b)

,f
y = 2.03x -

y*(U6d*

Data poiots
- Regression line

-W'

The graph supports the assumption that y is The graph supports the assumption that y is
proportional to x. The constant of proportionality proportional to x ' . The constant of proportion-
is estimated from the slope of the regression ality is estimated from the slope of the regression
line, which is 0.166. line, which is 2.03.
 Section P.7 Modeling Change 53

(c) Because of the wide range of values of the data, (d)

two graphs are needed to observe all of the points
in relation to the regression Sine.

• data points
—regression line
3" hxx
500 1000 1500 2000 2500

The graph supports the assumption that y is

proportional to In x. The constant of proportion-
ality is estimated from the slope of the regression
line, which is 2.99.

100

The graphs support the assumption that y is

proportional to 3 X . The constant of proportion-
ality is estimated from the slope of the
regression line, which is 5.00.

2. (a) Plot the data to see if there is a recognizable pattern,

stretch

B 10

The data clearly suggests a linear relationship. The line of best fit, or the regression line, is s = 0.8742m
where s is the stretch in the spring and m is the mass. Now we superimpose the regression line on the
graph of the data.
stretch

8
54 Preliminary Chapter

(b) The model fits the data very well.

(c) When m = 13, the model
gives a stretch of s = 0.8742(13) = 11.365. Since this data point is outside the
range of the data that the model is based upon, one should feel uncomfortable with this prediction of the
stretch without further experimental verification,

3. First, plot the braking distance versus the speed.

y(ft)
400
350-1
300
2S0i
200
150
100
50 -I

x (mph)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO 55 60 BS 70 75 80

The shape of the graph suggests either a power function or an exponential function to describe the relationship.
First, try to fit a quadratic function. Using quadratic regression on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives
y = 0.064555x 2 + 0.078422x + 4.88961.

v(li)
I

400
y = 0.064S55I* * 0.07842Zr + 4.88961 y»
350

300 -

250

200
150 '

m^ • Data poiots
100

so >-»"
^__*^^ — Pow« regression

...i.

30
— i

40
1

30 60
1

70
1 1*
80
: <raph)

The quadratic regression fits the data well as seen by the following plot of the relative errors versus the actual
stopping distance.

xl00%
Q£ ^ SomaS
0£
0.4

02

V «^(ft)
42 (> 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390
-0.4

-0.6

-0.3

-1

The largest relative error is less than 1%.

 Section P. 7 Modeling Change 55

4. The following table gives the total stopping distance (reaction distance + braking distance) for automobile
speeds ranging from 20 to 75 miles per hour.

speed 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
stopping distance 54 75 98 126 156 190 226 265 307 354 402 459

Plot the total stopping distance versus speed.

stepping dLstaroa (ft)

•
400 •
•
300 •
•
•
200 •
•
100
•
. •
i »

speed (nph)
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

The graph suggests a possible quadratic relationship. Quadratic regression on the data gives
d = 0.0646v + 1.181v + 5.040 where d is the total stopping distance in feet and v is the travel speed in
miles per hour. Now superimpose the quadratic regression on the graph of the data.

stepping distarce (ft)

(nfh)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 <S0 45 50 55 60 65 70 7S 80 85

The quadratic regression fits the data very well. To test the 2-second "rule of thumb," calculate the time
the vehicle will travel the distance d when it is traveling at speed v. (Don't forget to convert mph into
ft/sec using 60 mph = 88 ft/sec.) The following table gives separation times versus travel speed.
v (mph) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
t (sec) 1.84 2.05 2.23 2.45 2.66 2.88 3.08 3.29 3.49 3.71 3.92 4.17

Plot the data.

tine (sec)
5

(H**l!
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 95

The graph suggests a linear relationship and a linear regression gives t = 0.042v + 0.983. Now superimpose
the linear regression function on the graph of the data.
56 Preliminary Chapter

separation tins {

(mph)
S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 £0 SS 60 65 70 75 80 85

Based on the preceding analysis, a better rule of thumb would be to keep a minimum separation time of
2 seconds and add 1 sec for every 20 mph increment of speed above 20 mph. So, for example, if you are
traveling at 40 mph your separation should be 2 4- 1(1) = 3 seconds, at 60 mph your separation should be
2 + 2(1) = 4 seconds, at 80 mph it should be 2 + 3(1) = 5 seconds, and so on.

5. (a) First plot the amount of digoxin in the blood versus time.
y(mg)

0.5

0.4

0.3-1

0.2

0.1

—$—
0123456789
-i 1 1
1
. .
. x (days)

The graph suggests that the amount decays exponentially with time. The exponential regression on the
TI-92 Plus calculator gives y = O.5(0.69 ) = 0.5e~
x 37l5C -
.

• Dala points
— Exponential regression

•*<d»y«)

(b) The exponential function fits the data very well as demonstrated by the graph above and the following is

a plot of the relative error versus the actual amount in the blood.

y*3wii yprw*t*4
xl00%
1.J

o.s-l

o
* 02 0,3 0.4 0.!
>W (mg)
4».fc
4,5

-1
 Section P.7 Modeling Change 5?

-0.371(12)
(c) y(12) = 0.5e 0.00583, therefore, the model predicts that after 12 hours, the
:
amount of
digoxin in the blood will be less than 0.006 mg.

6. (a) Plot the data.

10000,

eooo

6000

4000

2000

x (sec)
10

°- 2005x
An exponential regression on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y = 10,037e . Superimpose the
regression function on the graph of the data.

y <cpn)
10000

x (sec)

(b) The exponential function fits the data very well as indicated by the graph above. The following is a graph
pre g
-2i-H. x 100%, versus
of the relative error, y y actua ].

* error

1.5

0.5

2000 Victual
4004 6000 6000 10000
-0.5

-1

-1.5
-2

The largest relative error is less than 2% in magnitude,

= 2OO5x =
(c) 500 10,037e-°- =» -0.2005x = in/"^^') =*• x 15.0 minutes.

7. (a) First, plot a graph of the blood concentration versus time. Let t represent the elapsed time in days and
C the blood concentration in parts per million.
58 Preliminary Chapter

C (ppm)
90On
800-
700
600 -j

500
400
300
200-1
100
-*- t (days)
10

The graph suggests that the amount decays exponentially with time. The exponential regression function
on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives C = 770(0.71460 = 7?0e~°- 336t .

C (ppm)
900

data points
exponential regression

t (days)

(b) The exponential function appears to capture a trend for this data. The following graph shows the relative
errors in the model estimates.

C
^actual
-C '-'predicted
xl00%
15
C actual
i

10

5 -I

C^Cppm)
200 400 600 aoo 1000
"M '
-10 -|

-15 -

The 13.2% and the errors are large for small as well
relative errors in the predicted values are as large as
as large blood concentrations. The pattern of the residual errors does not suggest an obvious improvement
of the model.

(c) 10 = 770e~ o,336t => t = -Trio? ln

(ff7})
= 1293 davs> Therefore, the model predicts that the blood

concentration will fall below 10 ppm after 12 days and 22 hours.

 Section P. 7 Modeling Change 59

8. Plot the data.

luibec (bf)
300

250

200

150

100

50

girth (in)
10 20 30 40

(a) and (b) The quadratic regression function is y = 0,1579x where x represents the girth in inches and y the
amount of usable lumber in board feet. The cubic regression function is y = 0.00436x' Superimpose the .

two regression functions on the graph of the data.

IW) eiaiatlc Pajresaion cUfina

300
•/
23) +/
2CO

150

•
100

53
/-<•
_ ---''•*
girth (in) girth (in)

The graphs show that the cubic relationship provides the better model.
Explanation of the model: The unit of board feet is a measure of the volume and, if a tree is modeled as a
1 7
right circular cone, its volume would be y =wirr h. The girth is the circumference of the tree near the

base so that x = 2?rr ^- r = ;£-. If, in addition, we assume that as a tree grows the proportion = = k, a

3
constant, then we have that y = ^""(sp) (
kr )
=\*{t~) (tj ~ W"* '
whlch s *>ows thafc y = 0.00436x 3
is a rational model.

9.

w(oz)
60 T
data points
50
—regression line
40

30

20

10|
3 3
I (in )

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

The is 0.008435, so the model that estimates the weight as a function of L is

slope of the regression line
w= 0.008435L The model fits the data reasonably well as demonstrated by the following plot of the relative
.

errors in the weight estimates by the model.

60 Preliminary Chapter

"^ »v^ xlooo/o

6 wactual
4 ^

W actua,(°*)
10 20 3D 40 50 60
-2

•4 -i

-6

-a

The relative error in the estimated values is always less than 7%.

10. The following plot of the data does not include the ox and elephant. However, the data for these
mammals are used in the analysis that follows.

y <i?m)
700.

600

500

400

300

200

100

x <g>
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

There does appear to be a trend. After trying regressions with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the best fit was found with
n = 4. The following graph superimposes the regression function y = 1150x~ ' on the data points.

y <tpn>
700

600

5O0

400

300

200

100

|g)
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

To test the model, calculate the relative errors (i.e.,

pre
ffi
-

/actual
—-- -— x 100%) for all of the mammals in the

sample set. These are shown in the following graph.

 Section P.7 Modeling Change 61

40

30
•
•
20
•
10 •
• ' nmuittl #
2 4 6 • 8 10 12
-10 • •
• •
-20
•

The errors appear to be random and the largest relative errors are for the two larger animals (i.e., the ox and
the elephant) with magnitudes of 92% and 43%, respectively. The model appears to capture a trend in the
data, which could be useful in understanding the relationship between mammal size and heart rate; however,
it probably would not be useful as a predictive tool.

11. Graph (c). For some drugs, the rate of elimination is proportional to the concentration of the drug in the
blood-stream. Graph (c) matches this behavior because the graph falls faster at higher concentrations.

12. Graph (d) or graph (f). Often times, when we begin to learn a new subject, we master the basics quickly at
first,but then as the subject becomes more intricate our proficiency increases more slowly. This learning
behavior would be described by graph (d). Some subjects have high overhead in terms of learning basic skills
and so our proficiency increases slowly at first but, as we acquire the bask skills, our proficiency increases
more rapidly. Then, as we reach our intellectual capacity or as our interest wanes, our proficiency will
increase more slowly. Graph (f) would match this learning pattern.

13. Graph (c). The rate of decay of radioactive Carbon-14 is proportional to the amount of Carbon- 14 present in
the artwork. Graph (c) matches this behavior because the graph falls faster at higher amounts.

14. (a) Graph (e). At first, the water velocity is high but as the tank drains the velocity will decrease. When the
water tank is high the discharge velocity will decrease slowly, but as time progresses and the
level in the
water level drops, the discharge velocity will decrease more rapidly,
(b) Graph (c). Assuming the tank is an upright circular cylinder, the rate at which the water level in the tank
falls will be proportional to the rate at which the volume of water in the tank decreases. Also, the rate at
which the volume decreases will be proportional to the discharge velocity. Therefore, when the discharge
velocity is high at the start, the rate at which the volume decreases will be high and so will the rate of

decrease in the water depth. As the discharge velocity decreases, the rate at which the water depth drops
will also decrease. This behavior is depicted by graph (c).

15. (a) One If an item sells for $p and x is the number of items sold, then the revenue from sales will
possibility:
be y = px,
and the graph of the revenue function looks like graph (a).
(b) One possibility: If y is the number of deer in a very large game reserve with unlimited resources to support
the deer and x represents the number of years elapsed, then the population would exhibit unconstrained
growth over time. In this situation, the population can be modeled by an exponential growth function like
y =y e where y is the initial deer population, k is a constant, and the growth of the function looks like
,

graph (b).
(c) One possibility: If y represents the selling price per unit that can be realized for a certain commodity, say
grape jelly for example, and x represents the availability of the commodity, then the unit selling price for
the commodity is often times inversely proportional to its availability. This relationship can be modeled

with a function of the form y = . -£.?& where y is the unit selling price when no product is available,

a is a positive constant, and the graph of the function looks like graph (c).
62 Preliminary Chapter

(d) One Let y represent the speed of your car and x represent the amount of time after you punch
possibility:
the accelerator. At first yon will rapidly accelerate but, as the car picks up speed, the rate of acceleration
(i.e., the rate at which the car speeds up) decreases. This can be modeled by a function like

y = ^new + (y<) — ynew) e ~ *> wnere vo 's *he s Pee^ y°u were traveling when you stepped on it, y new is the
new speed you achieve when you are done accelerating, and k is a positive constant (determined in part by
the size of your engine and how good your traction is). The graph of this function looks like graph(d).
(e) One possibility: Let y represent the amount you owe on your credit card and x represent the number of
monthly payments you have made. At first the amount you owe decreases slowly because most of your
payment goes toward paying the monthly interest charge. But, as the amount you owe decreases, the
interest charge decreases and your payment makes a bigger difference toward reducing the debt. This can
be modeled with a function like the one represented by graph (c).
(f) One possibility: Let y represent the number of people in your school who have the flu and let x represent
the number of days that have elapsed after the first person gets sick. At first the flu doesn't spread very
quickly because there are only a few sick people to pass it on. But, as more people get sick the disease
spreads more rapidly. The most volatile mixture is when half the people are sick, because then there are a
lot of sick people to spread the disease and a lot of uninfected people who can still catch it. As time
continues and more people get sick, there are fewer and fewer people available to catch the flu and the
spread of the disease begins to slow down. This behavior can be modeled with a function like the one
represented by graph (f).

16. The intensity of light will probably decrease linearly as the number of layers of plastic increases. If I is the
intensity with no layers of plastic, then the relationship would be I = I — kn, where n is the number of layers
and k is a constant.

17.
Height (ft)

Elapsed time

18. (a) (b)

distance fallen
speed

time time
 Section P.7 Modeling Change 63

19. (a) (b)

Speed (mph)

Time (sec)
Time (sec) 10 11 12 131415 1B
6 7 8 8 10 11 12 t3 14 tS 16

20. (a) (b)

deer population deer population

6DO

500

400

300

200

100

time time
00
deer population
r
700 t

600

600

400

300 -I

200-

100 -

time

21. (a) The graph could represent the angle that a pendulum makes with the vertical as it swings back and forth.
The variable y represents the angle and x represents time. Because of friction, the amplitude of the oscilla-
tion decays, as depicted by the graph. When y is positive, the pendulum is on one side of the vertical and
when y is negative, the pendulum is on the other side,
(b) The graph could represent the angle the playground swing makes with the vertical as a child "pumps" on
the swing to get it going. The variable y represents the angle and x represents time. Because the child
puts mechanical energy into the system (swing + child), the amplitude of the oscillation grows with time,
as depicted by the graph. When y is positive, the swing is on one side of the vertical and when y is

negative, the swing is on the other side.

22. Answers will vary. An example follows.

(f) I would like to study the effect that the geometric configuration of a group of four light poles and fixtures

would have on the illumination intensity on the ground. More specifically, if four light poles are arranged
in a square, how is the light intensity on the ground at the center of the square (where the light intensity is
assumed to be minimum) affected by the spacing of the poles? To determine the effect of the pole spacing,
I will need to design an experiment to measure the intensity of light at the center of the square pattern as

the pole spacing is varied. After collecting the data I would then try to find a mathematical model to fit
the data. The parking lot designer could use this model to determine the maximum pole spacing, given the
64 Preliminary Chapter

minimum required light intensity on the ground. In addition to the spacing of the poles, some other
variables that affect the illumination are the type, size and brightness of the light sources, shadowing by
other objects, and the height of the poles.

PRELIMINARY CHAPTER PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. y = 3(x-l) + (-6)
y = 3x-9

2. y = -I(x + l) + 2

3. x =

m- -2-6 -~8-2
4 -
-i_(_ 3 )- 4 ~ A
y = -2(x + 3) + 6

y = -2x

5. y =2

5-3 _ 2 _
m = _2 2
6.
- 3 ~ -5 ~ 5

y = -|(x-3) + 3
v
y = _2 x+
x + 2i
5 5

7. y = -3x + 3

8. Since 2x — y = —2 is equivalent to y = 2x + 2, the slope of the given line (and hence the slope of the desired
line) is 2.
y = 2(x-3) + l
y = 2x-5

9. Since 4x + 3y = 12 is equivalent to y = — § x + 4, the slope of the given line (and hence the slope of the desired

line) is — w.

y = -f(x-4)-12

y 3 3

10. Since 3x - 5y = 1 is equivalent to y = 4x — A, the slope of the given line is | and the slope of the perpendicular

line is — ^.
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 65

y = -jj(x + 2)-3

y- X
3 3

11. Since ix + iy = lis equivalent to y = -|x + 3, the slope of the given line is - ^ and the slope of the

. 2
perpendicular line is w.

y=§(x + l)+2
2 8
y=i x+ 3
,

12. The Une passes through (0,-5) and (3,0).

_0-(-5)_5
m— 3-0
_5
y=|x-5
2
13. The area is A = jrr2 and the circumference is C— 2*rr. Thus, r
c
=^ => A / c \^
= *\r£jf) —c
4^>

14. The surface area is S = Ant1 = r = (Jp) The volume is V « | irr3 ^ t as

^g . Substitution into the

2/3
formula for surface area gives S = 4ar2 = 4* ^J f

2
15. The coordinates of a point on the parabola are (x,x ) . The angle of inclination 9 joining this point to the

origin satisfies the equation tan 9 = \ = x. Thus the point has coordinates (x,x ) = (tan 0,tan 9).

16. tan* =^ = ^=^ = 500 tan ft.

17. 18.

[-3. 3] by (-2, 2]
(-3, 3] by [-2, 2]

Symmetric about the origin. Symmetric about the y~axis.

66 Preliminary Chapter

19. 20.

[-6, 6] by [-4, 4] [-1.5, 1.5] by [-0.5, 1.5]

Neither Symmetric about the y-axis.

21. y(-x) = (-x) 2 + I = x2 + 1 = y(x) 22. y(-x) = (-x) 5 - (-x) = -x5 +x3 + x = -y(x)
Even Odd

23. y(—x) = 1 — cos (—x) = 1 — cos x = y(x)

Even

24. y(—x) = sec(—x) tan(—x)

_ sin(-x) _ -s ax j

z 2
cos (— x) cos x

= —sec x tan x = — y(x)

Odd

4
= (-x) +l x4 + l x
4
+l =
25. y(-x) J -y(x)
d 3
(-x) -2(-x) -x + 2x x -2x
Odd

26. y(-x) = 1 - sin (-x) = 1 + sin x 27. y(—x) =

—x cos (— x) + = —x + cos x
Neither even nor odd Neither even nor odd

28. y(-x) = ^(-x) 4 -! = v^T = y(x )

Even

29. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, 30. (a) Since the square root requires 1 —x> 0, the domain
so the domain is (—00,00). is (-co,l).

(b) Since | x attains

| all nonnegative values, (b) Since \/\ —x attains all nonnegative values, the
the range is [—2, 00). range is [—2, 00).

31. (a) Since the square root requires 16 —x > 0, 32. (a) The function is defined for all value os x, so the
the domain is [—4,4] domain is (—00,00).

(b) For values of x in the domain, < 16 —x < 16, (b) Since 3 attains all possible values, the range is

2
so < Vl6-x < 4. The range is [0,4]. (l,oo).

33. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is (—00,00).

(b) Since 2e~x attains all positive values, the range is (—3, 00).
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 67

34. (a) The function is equivalent to y = tan 2x, so we require 2x ^ =$- for odd integers k. The domain
is given by x 56 ^ for odd integers k.

(b) Since the tangent function attains ail values, the range is (-co, 00).

35. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, 36. (a) The function is defined for all values of x,
so the domain is (— 00,00), so the domain is (—00,00),
(b) The sine function attains values from —1
to 1, so < 2 sin (3x + jt) < 2, and
-2 (b) The function isequivalent to y = v x2 , which
hence -3 < 2 sin (3x + ir) - 1 < 1. The attains all nonnegative values. The range is

range is [—3,1]. I0,oo).

37. (a) The logarithm requires x— 3 > 0, so the 38. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so
domain is (3,co). the domain is (—00,00).
(b) The logarithm attains all real values, so (b) The cube root attains all real values, so the range
the range is (—00,00). is (—00,00).

39. (a) The function is defined for —4 < x < 4, so the domain is [—4,4].

(b) The function is equivalent to y = y/\x\, — 4 < x < 4, which attains values from to 2 for x in the domain.
The range is [0,2].

40. (a) The function is defined for —2 < x < 2, so the domain is [—2,2].
(b) The range is [-1, 1].

41. First piece: Line through (0, 1) and (1,0)

y = —x+lorl— x
Second piece: Line through (1,1) and (2,0)

y«-(x-l) + l
y = -x + 2 or 2-x
1-x, 0<x< 1
f(x) =
2-x, l<x<2
42. First piece: Line through (0,0) and (2,5)

m _5- -0_
2--0~
5
2

y =
•i'
Second piece: Line through (2,5) and (4,0)

m _0--5_ -5 -
_. 5
4--2~ 2 2

y = -|(x-2) + 5

y -_| x + 10or lO- 5

^
5x
2
'
0<x<2
f(x) =
10-%, 2<x<4
68 Preliminary Chapter

(Note: x =2 can be included on either piece.)

43. (a) (fog)(-l)=f(g(-l)) =f 1

= f(l)=i=l
^_ i + 2^
(b) (g ofO(2) = 6 (f( 2 )) = g (l) = -

7
a^ = -i=o ^ I

(c) (fof)(x) = f(f(x))=f(l) =

I
L=x J x#0
N
(d) (gog)(x) = g(g(x))=gf^J== \= j_

44. (a) (fog)(-l) = f(g(-l))

= f( $/=!+!)

= f(0) = 2-0 = 2

(b) (g o f)(2)g(f(2)) = g(2 - 2) = g(0) =^0+T = 1

(c) (f o f)(x) = f(f(x)) = f(2 - x) = 2 - (2 _ x) = x

(d) (g o g )(x) = g( g (x)) = g( ^TTT) = ^v^TI + i

45.
w (fog)(x) = f(g(x))
= f(Vx + 2)
= 2-( v/x + 2)2
= -x, x > -2
(gof)(x) = g(f(x))
= g(2-x 2 )

= ^/(2-x 2 ) + 2 = V4-x 2
(b) Domain of f o g: [—2, oo)

Domain of g of: [-2,2]

(<0 Range of f o g: (— oo, 2]

Range of g of: [0,2]

46. (a) (fog)(x) = f(g(x))

= f(0-x)

= yfy/l-x
= #l-x
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 69

(gof)(x)=g(f(x)) = g( v^) = /l- v^

A
(b) Domain of f o g: (—00, 1]

Domain of g o f: [0,1]

(c) Range of f o g; [0, 00)

Range of g of: [0,1]

47. 48,

-1

. y«

The graph of f2 (x) = fjfl x I) is the same as the The graph of f (x) = fj (| x |) is the same as the
2
graph of fj(x) to the right of the y-axis. The graph of fj(x) to the right of the y-axis. The
graph of f2 (x) to the left of the y-axis is the graph of f2 (x) to the left of the y-axis is the
reflection of y = fj(x), x > across the y-axis, reflection of y = fj(x), x > across the y-axis.

49. 50.

• H
1

J 7
"7 1

It does not change the graph. The graph f2 (x) of =

fj (I x i) is the same as the

graph of fj(x) to the right of the y-axis. The

graph of f (x) to the left of the y-axis is
2
the
reflection of y = f (x),
x
x > across the y-axis.

51. 52.

y "Sin x

The graph of f2 (x) = fjdxl) is the same as the The graph of f (x)
2
— fj (| x j) is the same as the
graph of fi(x) to the right of the y-axis. The graph of f (x)
j
to the right of the y-axis. The
graph of f2 (x) to the left of the y-axis is the graph of f
2
{x) to the left of the y-axis is the
reflection of y = fi(x), x> across the y-axis. reflection of y = i\(x), x> across the y-axis.
70 Preliminary Chapter

53. 54.

> i 3i
\ y=l« 1

1
/
Z

y \
7
\

. yx 3
Whenever gj(x) is positive, the graph of y = g2 (x) It does not change the graph.
= |gi(x) I
is the same as the graph of y = gi(x).
When gj(x) is negative, the graph of y = g 2 (x) is
the reflection of the graph of y = gi(x) across the
x-axis.

55. 56.

Whenever gj(x) is positive, the graph of y = g 2 (x) Whenever g t (x) is positive, the graph of y = g2 (x)
= jgj(x) I is the same as the graph of y = g 1 (x). = jgj(x) I is the same as the graph of y = gj(x).
When gj(x) is negative, the graph of y = g 2 (x) is When gj(x) is negative, the graph of y = g 2 (x) is
the reflection of the graph of y = gj(x) across the the reflection of the graph of y = g^(x) across the
x-axis. x-axis.

57. (a) The graph is symmetric about y = x.

>
1'

\\osxSl j-Vl-*»

1 **

(b) y = ^: y
3
= 1 - x2 =*• x2 = 1 - y2 =>• x = Vl--; = \/i-x 2 = r 1 (}
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 71

58. The graph is symmetric about y = x.

y
3

(b)y = ^x = ^=>y = i = r 1
(x)

59. (a) y = 2 - 3x -» 3x = 2 - y — x = ~Z.

x -1
Interchange x and y: y = *% — f (x) = =-^-
Verify.

{for 1 )(x) = f(r 1

(x)}=f(^)=2-3(^)-2-(2-x) = x
2 " (2 ~ 3x)
1
(r o f)(x) = rHf(x)) = r H2 ~ 3x) = =¥=*

(b)

60. (a) y = (x + 2) 2 ,x>-2-> ^/y = x+2 -» x = ^ -2.

Interchange x and y: y = y/x — 2 — >

x
f~ (x) = y6c — 2
Verify,

For x > (the domain of f" 1 )

(for 1
)(x) = f(r (x))=f(xA-2) = v^-2)+2]2 =(^)2 = x
1
[(

Por x > —2 (the domain of f),

(r 1
of)(x) = r 1
(f(x)) =r 1
((x + 2) 2 )= v/ (x + 2) 2 -2=|x + 2i-2 = (x + 2)-2 = x
72 Preliminary Chapter

(b)

[-6, 12] by [-4, 8]

61 . (a) f(g(x))
=( fif = x, g(f(x)) = J^ = x (b)

!**

3
62. (a)h(k(x)) = l((4x) 1 /3 (b)
)

1/3 4

k(h(x))=U.^- = X
2
s^[7-lM) 1/3
-4 -t
y 2 4

—-T**^" 2

/ "'

63. (a) y =x+ 1 => x =y-=x-1 1 => r J

(x) »-*+! .'>
, =*

(b) y = x + b=»x = y-b=> f^x) = x - b

(c) Their graphs will be parallel to one another and lie on
opposite sides of the line y = x equidistant from that
line.
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 73

64. (a) y = -x + 1 => x = -y + 1 => r l

(x) = 1 -x;

the lines intersect at a right angle

(b) y = -x + b => x = -y + b => T x

(x) = b-x;
the lines intersect at a right angle

(c) f is its own inverse

65. x = 2.71828182846 (using a TI-92 Plus calculator).

66. e
1 "* = x and ln(ex ) = x for all x >

ln7 2 = 7.2 -!nx 2 _J__J_ eInx-lny _

= e.ln(x/y) _X
67. (a) e
-
(b) e 2_ 2
~lnx
c)
X

68. (a)e^^ +
y2
) = x2 + y2 b ea
-Jn0.3_
- 1__
_ 1 __ 10
~~"3 (c)
In irx - In 2 _ ln(irx/2) _ nX
( lnO.3
)
e 0.3

69. (a) 2 In ^= 2 In e
1/2
= (2)(|) In e = 1
e
(b) ln(ln e ) = ln(e In e) = In e = 1

x2 - y2 = -x2 -y2
(c) l n J~ ^(~x 2 -y*)lne
-y 2 )

(eX)
70. (a) In (e
9ec e
) = (sec 0)(ln e) = sec 8 (b) In c = (ex ) (In e) = e x

(c) ln(e
2lnx
) = ln(elnx2 ) = In x2 = 2 In x

-1
71. Using a calculator, sin (0.6) w 0.6435 radians or 36.8699°.

-1
72. Using a calculator, tan (-2.3) « -1.1607 radians or -66.5014°.

73. Since cos 8 = | and <9< it, sin 9 = \/l - cos 2 9 = J 1 -

(Jf)
= y^ = X^— .
Therefore,

^4^,cote
sin9^^,co 9 9^,Un9 = cos 8
= 1
tan
a,
8"
- -t=,
^40'
sec =—
cos $
^= |,
3'
esc 6 = -A-3 = -A=
sin 6 ^40

-1 x = w - sin (-0.2) ss 3.3430 and

74. (a) Note that sin (-0.2) ss -0.2014. In [0,2w), the solutions are

x = sin -1 (-0.2) + 2?r a* 6.0818.

(b) Since the period of sin x is 2tt, the solutions are x w 3.3430 + 2ktt and x « 6.0818 + 2kir, k any integer.

75. 76.

y » cos -if

period = 4.n period =4

74 Preliminary Chapter

77. 78.

I + sfn Cx
.2 I y • 1
*r)

period = 2jt -a period =s 2ir

B = sin | = j? = | = 2 sin | = 2(
79. (a) sin => b
^- J = v/5. By the theorem of Pythagoras,

a2 + b 2 = c2 => a = \/c
2 - b2 = ^4-3 = 1.

= sin| = | = |=>c= = Tto

" = <*=*• &$-*•*-%
(b) sinB : -
^5 r f
=?l-^)">
80. (a) sin A = § => a = c sin A (b) tan A = r => a =b tan A

U. (a) tan B =|
a => a = j-^ (b) sin A =§= c = -,
v 7
tan B sin A

82. (a) sin A=§ (c) sin A = 2= *__

83. Since sin x has period 2ir, 84. Since tan x has period 7r,
j
tan (x + tt) |
= | tan x I.

sin
3
(x + 27r) = sin 3 (x). This function has This function has period 7r. A graph shows that no
period 2tt. A graph shows that no smaller smaller number works for the period.
number works for the period.

AV AV
l-2ir,2w)by [-1,5]
(-2ff,2ir]by[-1.5, 1.5]

85. cosfx + ?• = cos x

J
cosf? J
— sin x sin[ $ j
= (cos x)(0) — (sin x)(l) = —sin x

86. sinfx — ? = sin x cos( — ? + cos x

)
)
sinf — £ = (sin
j x)(0) + (cos x)(— 1) = —cos x

87 . si „i| =sin(f+f)= , nfcosf+co, fsi » f= (f)(i) +

(V!)(V!) = ^!
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 75

89. (a) (b) -f (c)

\ 90. (a) (b
)f (c)^
| ?f

91. (a)
f (
b >¥ (c)
£ 92. (a)
f (
b
)T 00 f

-1 i]
= sec(t\ = 2
i-4))=•cot(-|) =
1
93. sec ( cos 94. cot I sin"
"V3

95. tanCsec"
1
l) + sin( esc -1 (-2))= tan (cos" 1 f)
+ sin ( sin_1 (-5)) = tan(O) +sin(-|) = +(~^) = -5

96. sec(tan~ ! 1 + csc _I l) = sec(^ + sin -1 ^\ = sec(| + f ) = sec

(lf )
= _v^

97. « = tan 2x indicates the diagram *4*

^J sec (tan 2x) = sec a = \/4x2 + 1
2x

a 1

1 V 2
—
98. a = sec f indicates the diagram Vy -2S => tan (sec *
£) = tan a = v

99. a = cos--1 x indicates the diagram tanlcos x) = tan a=

vT^?

-l i
-/ ? = a —
100. a= tan indicates the diagram =*• sin/tan sin
2
v^TT ^ \/x2 +l s/2x +l

101. (a) Defined; there is an angle whose tangent is 2.

(b) Not defined; there is no angle whose cosine is 2.

102. (a) Not defined; there is no angle whose cosecant is ^.

(b) Defined; there is an angle whose cosecant is 2.

103. (a) Not defined; there is no angle whose secant is 0.

(b) Not defined; there is no angle whose sine is y 2.

76 Preliminary Chapter

104. (a) Defined; there is an angle whose cotangent is — -s.

(b) Not defined; there is no angle whose cosine is —5.

105. Let h = height of vertical pole, and let b and c denote the distances

of points B and C from the base of the pole, measured along the flat

ground, respectively. Then, tan 50° = ^> tan 35" = r-, and b — c = 10.
Thus, h = c tan 50° and h = b tan 35° = (c + 10) tan 35°

=> c tan 50°

=> c
= (c +
10 tan 35°
tan 50° — tan 35'
10)

=> h
tan 35° =>

=
c (tan 50°

c tan 50° =
-tan 35°)

10 tan 35° tan 50°

tan 50° tan 35° —
= 10 tan 35°
Ir
10
-^—
* 16.98 m.

balloon
106. Let = height of balloon above ground. From the figure at the
h

right, tan 40° = tan 70° = k and a + b = 2. Thus,

j*,

h = b tan 70° => h = (2 - a) tan 70° and h = a tan 40°

=» (2 - a) tan 70° = a tan 40° =» a(tan 40° + tan 70°) = 2 tan 70°

^ a ~ tan 40° + tan 70° ^ h _~ a tan 4 ° _~ tan 40° + tan 70°

. _ 2 tan 70° ,» 2 tan 70° tan 40°
.

1.3 km.

107. (a)

X7
(b) The period appears to be 4tt.

X "g 4 ^ = sin (x + 27r) + cos (% + 2ic\ = sin x + cos

(c) f(x + 4jt) = sin (x + 4ir) + cos )
:

since the period of sine and cosine is 2n. Thus, f(x) has period 4?r.

108. (a)

*•««»?

(b) D= (~oo,0)U(0 oo);R=[-l,l]

l

(c) f is not periodic. Suppose f has period p. Then ff^j- + kp J = f(^r) = sin 2ir = for all integers k.

^ + kp > I * (i + kp) = sin

< < ». But
^ + kp ) >
Choose k so large that => then f
{l/2 ) + ip ( (1/2
 Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 77

which is a contradiction. Thus f has no period, as claimed.

109. (a) Substituting cos t = § and sin t = £ in the 110. (a) Substituting cos t = j and sin t = yj in the :.

identity cos t + sin t = 1 gives the identity cos t + sin t = 1 gives the Cartesian

+(o) = ! +f = 16-
l
Cartesian equation frj equation f
|j + = 1, or x The
^|J
The entire ellipse is traced by the curve. left half of the circle is traced by the parametrized
curve.

00 (b)

1-9, 9] by [-6, 6)

Initial point: (5,0) Initial point: (0,4)

Terminal point: (5,0) Terminal point: None (since the endpoint ^ is

The once in a counter-

ellipse is traced exactly not included in the t-interval)
clockwise direction starting and ending at the The semicircle is traced in a counterclockwise
point (5,0). direction starting at (0,4) and extending to, but
not including, (0,-4).

111. (a) Substituting t = 2 -x into y = 11 - 2t gives 112. (a) Substituting = x — 1 into y = (t — 1)

t gives the

the Cartesian equation y = 11 — 2(2 — x), or Cartesian equation y = (x — 1 — 1) or ,

y = 2x + 7. The part of the line from (4, 15) y = (x — 2) . The part of the parabola for x< 2
to (—2,3) is traced by the parametrized curve. is traced by the parametrized curve.

(b) 00

-itStS4

<y
[-8, 8] by [-4, 6]

Initial point; (4,15) Initial point: None

Terminal point: (—2,3) Terminal point: (3,0)
The line segment is traced from right to left The curve is traced from left to right ending at
starting at (4,15) and ending at (—2,3). the point (3,0).

113. (a) For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t, and that the point (x,y) starts at (—2,5)
for t = and ends at (4, 3) for t = 1. Then x = f(t), where f(0) = -2 and f(l) = 4. Since

slope
_Ax_4-(~2)_
= = 6, x = f(t) = 6t - 2 = -2 + 6t. Also, y = g(t), where g(0) = 5 and g(l) = 3.
At 1-0
78 Preliminary Chapter

Since slope= -%? = \~n — —2, y = g(t) = ~2t + 5 = 5 — 2t. One possible parametrization is:

x = -2 + 6t, y = 5 - 2t, < t < 1.

114. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t, and that the point (x,y) passes through
(-3,-2) for t = and (4,-1) for t = 1. Then x = f(t), where f(0) = -3 and f(l) = 4. Since

slope = ^£ = ~^~ >

= 7, x = f(t) = 7t - 3 = -3 + 7t. Also, y = g(t), where g(0) = -2 and g(l) = -1.
Since slope —
= y~r = \_n = 1, y = g(t) = t — 2 = — 2 + 1. One possible parametrization is:

x = -3 + 7t, y = -2 + 1, -oo < t < co.

115. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t, and that the point (x,y) starts at (2,5)

for t = and passes through (-1,0) for t = 1. Then x = f(t), where f(0) = 2 and f(l) = -1. Since

slope sa
j^. = ~iSq - -3, x =s f(t) « -3t + 2 = 2 - St. Also, y = g(t), where g(0) =5 and g(l) = 0.
Since slope = -r- = y~n = —5, y = g(t) = — 5t + 5 = 5 — 5t. One possible parametrization is:

x = 2-3t, y = 5-5t, t > 0.

116. One possible parametrization is: x = t, y = t(t — 4), t < 2.

PRELIMINARY CHAPTER ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

1, (a) The given graph is reflected about the y-axis. (b) The given graph is reflected about the x-axis.

%
:-3.oj

(0.-2)
-3
"(1,0)

7y~-M

(c) The given graph is shifted left 1 unit, stretched (d) The given graph is shifted right 2 units, stretched
vertically by a factor of 2, reflected about the vertically by a factor of 3, and then shifted
x-axis, and then shifted upward 1 unit. downward 2 units.

j--5ft»-2)-2

(-1,-3)
 Preliminary Chapter Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 79

2. (a) (b)
J

(-3,2)
3
(3,2)
-

(-1 1)

1
'
J* 1
fc

-3 , 3 '

'(I. -1)

(-3.-2)
-3

3. (a) y = 100,000 - 10,000x, <x< 10

(b) y = 55,000
100,000 - 10,000x = 55,000
-10,000x = -45,000
x = 4.5
The value is $55,000 after 4.5 years.

4. (a) f(0) = 90 units

(b) f(2) = 90 - 52 In 3 «s 32.8722 units
(c)

10, 4] by {-20, 100]

5. 1500(1.08)' = 5000 -t 1.08* = |§gg

=^ - In (1.08)' = In ^ -» t In 1.08 = In ^ — t = ^^ « 15.6439

It will take about 15.6439 years. (If the bank only pays interest at the end of the year, it will take 16 years.)

6. The angles labeled 7 in the accompanying figure are equal

since both angles subtend arc CD. Similarly, the two angles

labeled a are equal since they both subtend arc AB, Thus,
triangles AED and BEC are similar which implies
a^c = 2acosg-b =;>(a , c)(a + c) = b(2acos g_ b)
a+c
^a2 -c2 2ab cos 6 -b2 => c2 = a2 + b 2 - 2ab cos 8.

7. As in the proof of the law of sines of Section P. 5, Exercise 35, ah = be sin A = ab sin C = ac sin B
=> the area of ABC = A(base)(height) = Aari = Abe sin A = Aab sin C = Aac sin B.
80 Preliminary Chapter

8. (a) The coordinates of P are

f
2
^'^!^) = (f '!) '
Thus the sloP e of 0P = Hx" = ^75 = *'
~
(b) The slope of AB = „ = — £. The line segments AB and OP are perpendicular when the product

of their slopes is —1 = (
g )(
_
a) = ' Thus, b =a => a =b (since both are positive). Therefore, AB
a2
is perpendicular to OP when a = b.

9. Triangle ABD is an isosceles right triangle with its right angle at B and an angle of measure ^ at A. We
-1
| = ZDAB = ZDAE + ZCAB = tan"" i + tan
1 i.
therefore have

X
10. In x( * ^ = xx In x and In (x
x
) = x In x* = x2 In x; then, xx In x = x2 In x => xx = x 2 => x In x =2 In x
X) X
(*
=5- x = 2. Therefore, x = (x x ) when x = 2.

11. (a) If f is even, = f(-x) and h(-x) = g(f(-x)) = g(f(x)) = h(x).

then f(x)

If f is odd, then f(-x) = -f(x) and h(-x) = g(f(-x)) = g(-f(x)) = g(f(x)) = h(x) because g is even.

If f is neither, then h may not be even. For example, if f(x) = x + x and g(x) = x then ,

3 2 4 3 2
h(x) = x + 2x + x and h(-x) = x - 2x + x ^ h(x). Therefore, h need not be even,
4

Then, h(x) = g(f(x)) = f(x) = x is even although

2 2
(b) No, h is not always odd. Let g(t) ~ t and f(x) = x . g
is odd.

If f is odd, then f(-x) = -f(x) and h(-x) = g(f(-x)) = g(-f(x)) = -g(f(x)) = -h(x) because g is odd.

In this case, h is odd. However, if f is even, as in the above counterexample, we see that h need not be

odd.

12. A(t) =A e
rt
; A(t) - 2A => 2A =A e
rt
=> ert =2 ^ rt = In 2 => t =^ => t »^ = ^ ^ =

13. There are (infinitely) many such function pairs. For example, f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 4x satisfy

f(g(x)) = f(4x) = 3(4x) = 12x = 4(3x) = g(3x) = g(f(x)).

14. Yes, there are many such function pairs. For example, if g(x) = (2x + 3) and f(x) =x '
, then

3 3 1/3
(fog)(x)=f(g(x))=f((2x + 3) ) = ((2x + 3) )
= 2x + 3.

15. If f is odd and defined at x, then f(-x) = -f(x). Thus g(-x) = f(-x) - 2 = -f(x) - 2 whereas
-g(x) = ~(f(x) - 2) = -f(x) + 2. Then g cannot be odd because g(-x) = -g(x) => -f(x) -2 = -f(x) +2
=> 4 = 0, which is a contradiction. Also, g(x) is not even unless f(x) = for all x. On the other hand, if f is

even, then g(x) = f(x) -2 is also even: g(-x) = f(-x) - 2 = f(x) - 2 = g{x).

16. If g is odd and g(0) is defined, then g(0) = g(-0) = -g(0). Therefore, 2g(0) = => g(0) = 0.
 Preliminary Chapter Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 81

17. For (x,y) in the 1st quadrant, |x| + |y|= 1 +x

*>x + y=l+xOy=l. For (x, y) in the 2nd

quadrant, |x|+|y |
= x+ 1 O- — x + y = x+ 1
1*1 *ly| "!*
*> y = 2x + 1. In the 3rd quadrant, |x| + |y |
=x+1
& _x-yt=x+l «• y = -2x - 1. In the 4th

quadrant, |x| + |y| = x + l«*x + (-y) = x + 1

Oy = — 1. The graph is given at the right.

18. We use reasoning similar to Exercise 17.

(1) 1st quadrant: y+|y| = x + |x|

«• 2y = 2x <^ y = x.
(2) 2nd quadrant: y + |y| = x + |x|
•« 2y = x + (-x) = &y= 0.

(3) 3rd quadrant: y + |y| = x + |x|

<=> y + (-y) = x + (-x) =
=^ all points in the 3rd quadrant

satisfy the equation.

(4) 4th quadrant: y + |y| = x + jx|

*> y + (-y) = 2x»0=x. Combining

these results we have the graph given at the

right:

19. If f is even and odd, then f(—x) = —f(x) and f(— x) = f(x) => f(x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain of f.

Thus 2f(x) = =* f(x) = 0.

20. (a) As suggested, let E(x) = **>+*-*> => E(-x) = Sz±tjH^0) = <(*)+*(-*) = £(x) ^ £ is an

+ f( = fW
f( x) X) X)
even function. Define 0(x) = f(x) - E(x) = f(x) - /
(
. Then

f(-x)-f(-(-x))_f(-x)-f(x) f(x)-f(- x
0(-x) = - = — O(x) => ;
O is an odd function
2 2 V 2
=> f(x) = E(x) + 0(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function.

(b) Part (a) shows that f(x) = E(x) + 0(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function. If also

f(x) = E x (x) + 1 (x),

where E-j is even and 1
is odd, then f(x) - f(x) = = (E,(x) + 1
(x))

— (E(x) + O(x)). Thus, E(x) — Ej(x) = O^x) — 0(x) for all x in the domain of f (which is the same as the

domain of E - E5 and - Oj). Now (E - E 1 )(-x) = E(-x) - E^-x) = E(x) - E^x) (since E and Ej are

even) = (E - E^x) => E - Ex is even. - 0)(-x) = O^-x) - O(-x) = -O^x) - (-O(x))

Likewise, (C^

(since O and C^ are odd) = -(O x (x) - 0(x)) = -(O x - 0)(x) =$• Oj - O is odd. Therefore, E - Ej and
82 Preliminary Chapter

Oj — are both even and odd so they must be zero at each x in the domain of f by Exercise 19. That is,

Ej =E and Oj = O, so the decomposition of f found in part (a) is unique.

21. If the graph of f(x) passes the horizontal line test, so will the graph of g(x) = — f(x) since it's the same graph
reflected about the x-axis.
Alternate answer: If g(x a ) = g(x 2 ) then -f(xj) = -f(x 2 ), f(xj = f(x 2 ), and Xj = x2 since f is one-to-one.

22. Suppose that g(x,) = g(x 2 ). Then —

t-, r = 7?— r> f( xi ) = Kxi)i ant^ xi — x2 since f is one-to-one.
Hxi; h x 2/

c-x c-x attains

23. (a) The expression a(b ) + d is defined for all values of x, so the domain is (—00,00). Since b all

positive values, the range is (d,oo) if and the range is (— 00, d) if a < 0.
a>
(b) The expression a log b (x — c) + d is defined when x — c > 0, so the domain is (c,oo).
Since a log b (x — c) + d attains every real value for some value of x, the range is (—00,00).

24. (a) = f(x2

Suppose f(x 1 ) ). Then:

axj + b ax + b
— 2
cx x +d cx 2 +d
+ d) = (a.x 2 + b)(cx + d)
(ax x -f b)(cx 2 x

acXjXj + adxj + bcx 2 + bd = acxjx 2 + adx2 + bcxj -+• bd

adxj + bcx 2 = adx 2 -f bcxj

(ad — bc)x 1 = (ad — bc)x 2

Since ad — be ^ 0, this means that x x = x2 .

ru\ „ _ ax + b
cxy + dy = ax + b
(cy — a)x = — dy + b
-dy + b
A — Cy _ a
Interchange x and y.
-dx-f-b
y= cx-a

(c) As x -> ±00, f(x) = ^l" j -* §> so the horizontal asymptote is y =§ (c ^ 0). Since f(x) is undefined at

x = — ^, the vertical asymptote is x = — ^ provided c 56 0.

(d) As x — ±00, f
-1
(x) = ~^x_+ab -» -£, so the horizontal asymptote is y = -^ (c # 0). Since r\x) is

undefined at x = §, the vertical asymptote is x =§ . The horizontal asymptote of f becomes the vertical

asymptote of f" 1 and vice versa due to the reflection of the graph about the line y = x.
 Preliminary Chapter Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 83

25. (a) (b)

120 • Data points

100
— Regression line

80

60

40

20
3000

The graph does not support the assumption that

y ex x2 The graph supports the assumption that y oc 4*.
The constant of proportionality is estimated from
the slope of the regression line, which is 0.6,

therefore, y =
0.6 (4* )•

26. Plot the data.

y (cell cant

3O0O0

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000
Jl .
• , » x (hr>
10 15 20

The graph suggests that an exponential relationship might be appropriate. The exponential regression function
on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y = 599e0,2x and the following graph shows the exponential regression curve
superimposed on the graph of the data points.

x <hr)
5 10 15 20

The curve appears to fit the data very well.

The cell count reaches 50,000 when 50,000 = 599e0.2x (

= 5,,In 50,000
,„, fs w ,»,,
22.123 hours
599
js 22 hours 7,4 minutes.
84 Preliminary Chapter

3 2
27. (a) Since the elongation of the spring is zero when the stress is 5(10 )(lb/in. ), the data should be adjusted
by subtracting this amount from each of the stress data values. This gives the following table, where
-3
s = s-5(10 ).

sxl(T 3 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
5
exlO 19 57 94 134 173 216 256 297 343 390

f X 10s

"ixlO-^IMn.1)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

5
. (297-57)(10 8
The slope of the graph is
)
= 4.00(10 ) and the model is e = 4(10
8
)s or
(75 - 15)(10- 3)
= 8 3
e 4(10 )(s-5(10- )).

(b) As show in the following graph, the largest relative error is about 6.4%

^actual predicted
1 flfiO/

'actual
4
3 -I

2
1
««*xlO s

-1 d 50 100 150 200 25^ 3»0 350 400

-2-
-3
-4
-5 -)
#
-6-
-7

The model fits the data well. There does appear to be a pattern in the errors (i.e., they are not random)
indicating that a refinement of the model is possible.
-3
(c) e = 4(10 8 )(200 - 5 3 2
5)(10 ) = 780(10 )(in./in.). Since s = 200(1(T ) (lb/in. ) is well outside the range of
the data used for the model, one should not feel comfortable with this prediction without further testing of
the spring.
 Preliminary Chapter Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 85

28. Plot the data.

Pressure (Pa)
100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

Cine (ndn)

(a) The data suggests relationship. The exponential regression function on the TI-92
a decaying exponential
Plus calculator gives p 100,085e~ =
where p is the pressure in pascals and t is the elapsed time in minutes.
The next graph superimposes the exponential regression curve on the data points.
(Pa)

12 3 4 5
Tima (nan)

(b) The graph shows that the exponential regression fits the data very well.

(c) The pressure reaches 200 Pa when 200 = 100,085e

-t
=> t = ~ ln «s 6.22 minutes
( 10 Q Q 85 )

RJ 6 minutes 13 seconds.

29. (a) y = 20.627x + 338.622

y = 20.627*+ 338.622

(b) When x = 30, y = 957.445. According to the regression equation, about 957 degrees will be earned.
(c) The slope is 20.627. It represents the approximate annual increase in the number of doctorates earned by
Hispanic Americans per year.

30. (a) y = 14.60175- 1.00232"

(b) Solving y = 25 graphically, we obtain x « 232. According to the regression equation, the population will

reach 25 million in the year 2132.

(c) 0.232%

31. (a) The TI-92 Plus calculator gives f(x) = 2.000268 sin (2.999187x - 1.000966) + 3.999881.
(b) f(x) =2 sin (3x ~ 1) 4-
86 Preliminary Chapter

32. (a) y= -590.969 + 152.817 In x, where x is the number of years after 1960.
(b) When x = 85, y « 87.94.
About 87.94 million metric tons were produced.
-590,969 + 152.817 In x = 120
152.817 In x = 710.969
710.969
In x =
152.817
710.969
X = e152.817 „ 10 4.84
According to the regression equation, oil production will reach 120 million metric tons when
x as 104.84, in about 2005.

o,7x
33. (a) The TI-93 Plus calculator gives Q= 1.00(2.0138") = 1.00e

Q (energy consumption)

*-x {year after 1900)

7*9 6
(b) For 1996, x = 9.6 => Q(9.6) =e '
)
'
=
828.82 units of energy consumed that year as estimated by the
exponential regression. The exponential regression shows that energy consumption has doubled (i.e.,
increased by 1 00%) each decade during the 20th century. The annual rate of increase during this time is
O.7(O.l)_ O.7(O)
e e = 0iQ725 = 7i25%-

NOTES:
 CHAPTER 1 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

1.1 RATE OF CHANGE AND LIMITS

Af _f(3)-f(2)_ 28 -9_= ^)-f(-l) _2-0_

1. (a) 19 fW Af_
W ~ 1
i
Ax 3-2 Ax~ l-(-l) ~ 2

2. m= R(2)-R(0) v/8+T-^_3-l = 1
Ad 2-0

h h
3. (a)
_-(»H*)-i-._ i /
u\t Ah
b At
= (f)- I (f)_0-^_-3y^
3jr_£ \
At 7T
'

IT
At 7T

4 4 2 2 6 3

Ag_ g(7r)-g(0) _ (2-l)-(2 + l) _ Ag = g(ir) - g(-ir) - 1) - (2 - 1)

W _ ~~
2
(b) = (2 ^ Q
it" 7T-0 7T-0 ff At *-(-*) 2%

5. (a) Q Slope of PQ = ^
Q 1
(10,225)
f^§> = 42.5 m/sec
6
Q 2 (14,375) —
5
= 45-83 m/seC
20 14

Q3 ( 16.5, 475)
!^f = 50.00 m/see

6
Q 4 (18,550) ==50 - 00m /sec
2oll8

(b) At t = 20, the Cobra was traveling approximately 50 m/sec or 180 km/h.

6. (a) Q Slope of PQ a= ^
Qi(5,20) *£->»*«
Q 2 (7,39) ^^ = 13.7 m/sec

Q 3 (8.5,58) ffH = 14.7 m/sec

Q„(9.5,72)
72
fo°-9 5-
16 ^ SeC

(b) Approximately 16 m/sec

7. A plot of the data shows that the slope of the secant between t = 0.8 sec and t = 1.0 sec underestimates the
instantaneous velocity (i.e., the slope of the tangent) at t = 1.0 sec, whereas the slope of the secant between
t = 1.0 sec and t = 1.2 sec overestimates it.
 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

Lower bound: a = ^{q

^^ 8 9
= 23.55 ft/sec

10
Upper bound: b =
^^"ffi = 28.85 ft/sec
„m~« a +%- b- = 23.55 +i 28.85
v(l) = „„„„»,
26.20 ft/sec

8. There are many graphs that would be correct. One possible solution looks like this:

in
*5

time

9. (a) Does not exist. As x approaches 1 from the right, g(x) approaches 0. As x approaches 1 from the left, g(x)
approaches 1. There is no single number L that all the values g(x) get arbitrarily close to as x —» 1.
(b)l
(c)

10. (a)
(b)-l
(c) Does not exist. As t approaches from the left, f(t) approaches — 1. As t approaches from the right, f(t)
approaches 1. There is no single number L that f(t) gets arbitrarily close to as t — * 0.

11. (a) True (b) True (c) False

(d) False (e) False (f) True

12. (a) False (b) False (c) True

(d) True (e) True

13. lim ,-|h does not exist because

iolxl
m=^= 1 ifx>0 and m = =5 = — 1 if x< 0. As x approaches from the left,

r^-j approaches —1. As x approaches from the right, r|-. approaches 1. There is no single number L that all

the function values get arbitrarily close to as x —* 0.

14. As x approaches 1 from the left, the values of _ , become increasingly large and negative. As x approaches 1

from the right, the values become increasingly large and positive. There is no one number L that all the

function values get arbitrarily close to as x — 1, so lim —^r does not exist.
x—»i x —
»
l

15. Nothing can be said about lim f(x) because the existence of a limit as x — > x n does not depend on how the func-
x_,x

tion is defined at x . In order for a limit to exist, f(x) must be arbitrarily close to a single real number L when
x is close enough to xq. That is, the existence of a limit depends on the values of f(x) for x near x , not on the
Q
definition of f(x) at x itself.
 Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 89

16. Nothing can be said. In order for lim f(x) to exist, f(x) must close to a single value for x near regardless of
x-,°
the value f(0) itself.

17. No, the definition does not require that f be defined at x = 1 in order for a limiting value to exist there. If f(l)
isdefined, it can be any real number, so we can conclude nothing about f(l) from lim f(x) = 5.

18. No, because the existence of a limit depends on the values of f(x) when x is near 1, not on f(l) itself. If
lim f(x) exists, its value may be some number other than f(l) = 5. We can conclude nothing about lim f(x),

whether it exists or what its value is if it does exist, from knowing the value of f(l) alone.

19. (a) f(x)=(x2 -9)/(x + 3)

X -3.1 -3.01 -3.001 -3.0001 -3.00001 -3.000001

f(x) -6.1 -6.01 -6.001 -6.0001 -6.00001 -6.000001

X -2.9 -2.99 -2.999 -2.9999 -2.99999 -2.999999

f(x) -5.9 -5.99 -5.999 -5.9999 -5.99999 -5.999999

The estimate is lim f(x) = —6.

X ' *J

(b) 1

-3
/

~h

(X +3 3)
(c) f(x) = 3~| = v
=x-3 if x # -3, and lim, (x - 3) = -3 - 3 = -6.
x +
ffj;
3 x->-3

20. (a) g(x)=(x2 ~2)/(x- v/2)

X 1.4 1.41 1.414 1.4142 1.41421 1.414213

gW 2.81421 2.82421 2.82821 2.828413 2.828423 2.828426

The estimate is lim g(x) = 2\/i.

(b)

i (i) - fr» - 2)/c* - /!)

90 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

(C ) g(x) = Jdn2 = (» +VS)(« - >ffl = x + y/2if x ±y/2 t

*MiA \imU + y/2)=y/2 + y/2 = 2y/2.

21. (a) G(x) = (x + 6)/(x2 +4x-12)

X -5.9 -5.99 -5.999 -5.9999 -5.99999 -5.999999

G(x) -0.126582 -0.1251564 -0.1250156 -0.1250016 -0.12500016 -0.12500002

X -6.1 -6.01 -6,001 -6.0001 -6.00001 -6.000001

G(x) -0.123457 -0.1248439 -0.1249844 -0.1249984 -0.12499984 -0.12499998

The estimate is lim G(x) = -0.125.

x-«-6 '

(b)

CW-(» + «/l''+ b - 1! l

(c) G(x) = :
2
x +
+ 4x-12)
6
(x
x +
~^
+ 6)(x-2)
6
= ^ifx^-6,a n d
x
lim
6
-^ = -^ = -1 = -0.125
(x

22. (a) h(x)=(x2 -2x-3)/(x 2 -4x + 3)

X 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999 2.999999

h(x) 2.052631 2.005025 2.000500 2.000050 2.000005 2.0000005

X 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001 3.000001

h(x) 1.952380 1.995024 1.999500 1.999950 1.999995 1.999999

The estimate is lim h(x)

v '
= 2.
x—3
 Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 91

(b)

>
h(i)-(*> -b-tt/(* -** +3

_x 2 -2x-3_(x-3)(x+l)_
= ~= i ov t( = x + i ^^ and lim
x+l_3+l_4_
iX± = £Xi = g = 2
(c) h(x)
(x-3)(x-l) x-1
!
if x r
# 3,'
x -*3 x-1 3-1 2
•4x + 3

23. (a) g(0) = (sin 0)/0

.1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001 .000001

m .998334 .999983 .999999 .999999 .999999 .999999

-.i -.01 -.001 -.0001 -.00001 -.000001

m .998334 .999983 .999999 .999999 .999999 .999999

lim m= 1

(b)

y = 5illi
( ra dians)
8

-Sit -4tt -lit -2 n 3ir 4-rr 5tt

NOT TO SCALE

24. (a) G(t) = (l-cost)/t 2

t .1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001 .000001

G(t) .499583 .499995 .499999 .5 .5 .5

t -.1 -.01 -.001 -.0001 -.00001 -.000001

G(t) .499583 .499995 .499999 .5 .5 .5

iim G(t) = 0.5

92 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

(b)

_1 -cost
set]

0.5

-a*
-0.3

-0.2
. 0.1

•*«ooi 4«> ,,
m , 14003

Graph is NOT TO SCALE

25. (a) f(x) = x

1 ^1 ^
X .9 .99 .999 .9999 .99999 .999999

f(x) .348678 .366032 .367695 .367861 .367878 .367879

X 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001 1.000001

f(x) .385543 .369711 .368063 .367898 .367881 .367880

lim f(x)
v
tn 0.36788
x~*l '

(b)
y
\. a.iiM

'/<«•'(
f(x) =x

1.71*2$

. . - -^ V
«.! »»9 0.m»S 1. 000 rs. l.floot
2. 'Ill* \

26. (a) f(x)=(3x -l)/x

X .1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001 .000001

f(x) 1.161231 1.104669 1.099215 1.098672 1.098618 1.098612

X -.1 -.01 -.001 -.0001 -.00001 -.000001

f(x) 1.040415 1.092599 1.098009 1.098551 1.098606 1.098611

lim ffx)
v
« 1.0986
x—O '
 Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 93

(b)

27. Step 1: |x-5|<6=>--5<x-5<5=>--i + 5<x<* + 5

Step 2: From the graph, — 8 + 5 = 4.9 => 8 = 0.1, or 6 + 5 = 5.1 => 6 — 0.1; thus 5 = 0.1 in either case.

28. Step 1: |x-(-3)|<S=S- -ff<x+3<£=>-«-3<x<<5-3

Step 2: From the graph, -6 - 3 = -3.1 => = 0.1, or 6 - 3 = -2.9 =*• = 0.1;
tf <5 thus 5 = 0.1.

29. Step 1: |x- 1 < 1 8 =* -6 < x- 1< 6 =}» ~8 + 1< x < 5 + 1

Step 2: From the graph, -< + l=X=>S=X,

16 16'
or5 + l=f!=>S = Jl; thus 5 = X.

30. Step 1: \x~2\<6^-6<x-2<6^~8 + 2<x<8 + 2

Step 2: From the graph, -6 + 2 = v/3=>6=2- i/3 «* 0.2679, or 6 +2 = y/b => 8 = ,/h~2 m 0.2361;
thus<5 = s/i-2.

31. Step 1: |(x + l)-5|<0.01 =»|x-4|<0.01 =* -0.0K x - 4 < 0.01 => 3.99 < x< 4.01

Step 2: |x - 4 < 6 => -8 < x - 4 < a => -f + 4 < x < S + 4 => * = 0.01.
1

32. Step 1: j
(2X _ 2) - (-6) < |
0.02 => 2x
1 + 4 < 0.02 =* -0.02 < 2x + 4 < 0.02 =>
1
-4.02 < 2x < -3.98

=>-2.01<x<~1.99
Step 2:
[
x _ (_2) \<6=> -8<x + 2<6=> -8-2<x<8~2^8 = 0.01.

33. Step 1: |
v/x+T - 1 < 1 0.1 => -0.1 < y/x +1- K 0.1 => 0.9 < y/x + l < 1.1 =>0.81<x + l < 1.21

= -0.19 < x < 0.21

Step 2: |x-0|< 8 => -8 < x < 6 =>• 8 = 0.19.

34. Step 1: |0.9-x-3|<l => -1< \/l9 -x-3<l=>2< i/19 - x < 4 => 4 < 19-x<16
=>• -4 > x - 19 > -16 => 15 > x > 3 or 3 <x < 15

Step 2: [x - 10 ]
< 8 => -6 < x - 10 < 6 => -5 + 10 < x< 8 + 10.

Then ~<5 + 10 = 3 => 8 = 7, or 5 + 10 = 15 => 8 = 5; thus 5 = 5.

35. Step 1: 1 _ 1 < 0.051 => -0.05 < i-1< 0.05 => 0.2 < i < 0.3 => ^>x >^ ^<x< or 5.

Step 2: \x~4\<8^ -8<x-4<6^ -8 + 4<x<8 + 4.

Then -6 +4 = ^ or 6 = |, or 6 + 4 = 5 or 6 = 1; thus 6 = |.
 94 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

36. Step 1: |x
2
-3|<0.1 = -0.1<x2 -3 < 0.1 => 2.9 < x 2
< 3.1 => y/2J) < x. < sfel

Step 2: |x-\/3|<6^-5<x-V^<<5^-5 + \/3<x<<$ + v^3.

Then -S + s/5 = y/%3 =>6 = ^~ V^9 *> 0.0291, or <5 + V^ = y/iA => 6 = V^Tl - v^ w 0.0286;
thus <5 = 0.0286.

3T. I A-9 < 1 0.01 => -0.01 < ?r(jf - 9 < 0.01 =» 8.99 < ^< 9.01 => | (8.99) < x2 < | (9.01)
=$•
2y ^ < x < 2\J^- or 3.384 < x < 3.387. To be safe, the left endpoint was rounded up and the right

endpoint was rounded down,

i~
38.

To
™
V = RI => ^ = I =>
<R<<™><12U
be safe, the left
-5 < 0.1

23.53
=*• -0.1

<R< 24.49.
< ^-
it
5 <

endpoint was rounded up and the right endpoint was rounded down.
0.1 => 4.9 <
— ^|°- <
K— 5.1 => |S>
4y — 1/U
> |fi
51

39. (a) The limit can be found by substitution.

lim f(x) = f(2) = ^3(2) -2 = y/i =2

(b) The graphs of yj = f(x), y2 = 1,8, and y 3 = 2.2 are shown.

^
(1.5, 2.5] by [1.5.2.3J

The intersections of y t with y 2 and y3 are at x ss 1.7467 and x 2.28, respectively, so = we may choose any
value of a in [1.7467,2) (approximately) and any value of b in [2,2.28].
One possible answer: a = 1.75, b = 2.28.
(c) The graphs of y-, = f(x), y2 = 1.99, and y3 = 2.01 are shown.

yL
Int«Ki««!«r> ..

[1.97, 2.03] by [1.98, 2.02]

The intersections of y t with y 2 and y 3 are at x = 1.9867 and x fa 2.0134, respectively, so we may choose
any value of a in [1.9867,2) and any value of b in [2,2.0134] (approximately),
One possible answer: a = 1.99, b = 2,01,
 Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 95

40. (a) f(f ) = ain =I

f
(b) The graphs of y x - f{x), y2 :
0.3, and y 3 = 0.7 are shown.

Ifl<«Fl«ti«l

(0, 1} by [0, 1]

The intersections of y x with y 2 and y 3 are at x « 0.3047 and x m 0.7754, respectively, so we may choose

any value of a in 0.3047,?] and any value of b in [5,0.7754 L where the interval endpoints
ts are

approximate. One possible answer: a = 0.305, b = 0.775.

(c) The graphs of y t = f(x), y 2 = 0.49, and y3 s= 0.51 are shown.

X
«aa.t*.«
(0.49, 0.551 by [0.48, 0.52]

The intersections of y^ with y 2 and y 3 are at x *s 0.5121 and x ss 0.5352, respectively, so we may choose
any value of a in 0.5121,? and any value of b in ( 5,0.5352 , where the interval endpoints are
J

approximate. One possible answer: a = 0.513, b = 5.35.

41. (a) In three seconds, the ball falls 4.9(3)

2
= 44.1 m, so its average speed is ^M" = 14.7 m/sec.

(b) The average speed over the interval from time t =3 to time 3 4- h is

2
- 2 2
Ay ~ 4.9(3 + h) 4.9(3) ""
_ _ 4.9(6h + h )
:
29.4 + 4.9h
At (3 + h) - 3 h

Since lim (29.4 + 4.9h) = 29.4, the instantaneous speed is 29.4 m/sec.
h—tO

42. (a) y = gt2 -> 20 = g(4 2 ) - g i

16
= ^4 = l-25
20
(b) Average speed = -¥ — 5 m/sec.

(c) If the rock had not been stopped, its average speed over the interval from time t = 4 to time t = 4+h is

2
Ay 1.25(4 +h) - 1.25(4)'
2
1.25(8h +h )
10 + 1.25h
At (4+h)-4
Since lim (10 + 1.25h) = 10, the instantaneous speed is 10 m/sec.
96 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

43. (a) x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001

f(x) -0.054402 -0.005064 -0.000827 -0.000031

(b)x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

f(x) -0.054402 -0.005064 -0.000827 -0.000031

The limit appears to be 0.

(a)x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001

f(x) 0.5440 -0.5064 -0.8269 0.3056

(b)x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

f(x) -0.5440 -0.5064 0.8269 -0.3056

There is no clear indication of a limit.

45. (a) x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001

f(x) 2.0567 2.2763 2.2999 2.3023

(b)x 0.1 0,01 0,001 0.0001

f(x) 2.5893 2.3293 2.3052 2.3029

The limit appears to be approximately 2.3.

46. (a) x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001

f(x) 0.074398 -0.009943 0.000585 0.000021

(b)x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

f(x) -0.074398 0,009943 -0.000585 -0.000021

The limit appears to be 0.

47-50. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

f:=x-> (xA4-81)/(x-3);
plot (f(x), x^2.9..3.1);
limit (f(x), x=-l);
Mathematica :

xO=3;f=(xA4-81)/(x-3)
Plot [f,{x,x0-0.1,x0 + 0.1}]
Limit [f,x - > xO]

51-54. (values of del may vary for a specified eps):

Map le:
f:=x-> (xA4-81)/(x-3);
x0:='xQ': eps :='eps':L:='L':del:='del':
 Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 97

yl:=x -> L — eps: y2:=x -> L +eps:

x0:=3: L=limit(f(x),x==xO);
eps:=0.1: del:= 0.16:
xmm:= xO — 2*del: xmax :=x0 + 2*del:
ymin:=L — 2*eps: ymax:=L + 2*eps;
plot({f(x),yl(x),y2(x)}, x=x0— del..xO+del,view = [xm*m..xmax,ymin..ymax]);
Mathematica l

Clear [f,x,L,eps,del]
yl := L - eps; y2 := L + eps;
xO = 3; f = (x A 4 - 81)/(x-3)
Plot [f, {x,x0 - 0.2,x0 + 0.2}]
L = Limit[f, x -> xO]
eps = 0.1; del = 0.0015;
Plot Hf.yl.y2}, {x,x0-del,x0 del}, +
PlotRange -> {{xO - del,x0 + del}, {L - eps.L + eps)}}]

1.2 RULES FOR FINDING LIMITS

1. (a) lim f(x) =3 2. (a) lim_ g(t) = 5

t—»-4

(b) lim f(x) = -2 (b) lim g(t) =2

x-»3+

(c) lim f(x) does not exist, because the left- (c) lim g(t) does not exist, because the left-

and right-hand limits are not equal. arid right-hand limits are not equal.

(d) f(3) = 1 (d)g(-4) =2

3. (a) lim f(h) = -4 4. (a) lim_p(s) = 3

It—*u x-»-2

(b) lim f(h) = -4 (b) !im p(s) =3

h-»o +

(c) lim f(h) = -4 (c) lim p(s) = 3

(d) f(0) = -4 (d)p(-2) =3

5. (a) lim F(x) =4 6. (a) lim G(x) = 1

(b) lim F(x) = -3 (b) lim G(x) =l

x—0 + x-»2 +

(c) lim F(x) = does not exist because the left- (c) lim G(x) = 1

and right-hand limits are not equal. (d)G(2) =3

(d) F(0) =4
7. (a) quotient rule (b) difference and power rules
(c) sum and constant multiple rules

8. (a) quotient rule (b) power and product rules

(c) difference and constant multiple rales
98 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

9. (a) limf(x)g(x)==[lunf(x)][ lirng(x)]=:(5)(-2)

x
= -10

(b) lim 2f(x)g(x) = 2[ lim f(x)][ lim g(x)] = 2(5)(-2) = -20

(c) lim [f(x) + 3g(x)] = lim f(x) +3 lim g{x) = 5 + 3(-2) = -1

lim f(x)
(<*) SS
f(x) _ _ 5
" 5 - (-2) ~ 7
_5
*-c f( x ) _ g(x ) lijri f(x) - lim g(x)

10 . (a) lim fg(x)

x—»4
+ 3] = lim g(x)
x—»4
+ lim 3
x—14
= -3 + 3 =
(b) lim xf(x) = lim x - lim f(x) = (4)(0) =

(c) Iim[g(x)] 2 = lim g(x)f = [-3] 2 = 9

x -3
g(x) __ »iP4 g( )
(d) lim
""4 -1 "" ~ - =3
f(x) lim f(x) - lim 1 1

11, (a) lim (2z + 5) = 2(-7) + 5 = -I4 + 5 = -9

(b) lim 8(t - 5)(t - 7) = 8(6 - 5).(6 - 7) = -8
t—*6

(c) lim
y+2 _ 2 + 2
y™ y2 + 5y + 6 (2)
2
+ 5(2) + 6 4 + 10 + 6" 20 ~ 5

(d) lim 3 _3
•o
v^TI + i v^ + i + i a/i +i 2

12. (a) lim (r

3 - 2r2 + 4r + 8) = (-2)
3 - 2(-2) 2 + 4(-2) + 8 = -8-8-8 + 8 = -16

w h) iira - + 3_5
x + 3_2 -
(
i™ x+6 2+6 8
4/3 4 '3
(c) lim (5 - yf> 3 = [5 - (-3)] = (8) = ((8) 1/3 ) = 2 4 = 16
3

5 = 6 ~ = lim -J-- = 5^ =4
(d)
v ' lim
&->s
J~
2 -25
lim
8->b
..
(0
, j ,,
+ 5)(0-5)
.
'

e->s +5 5+5 10

- 10 (t+
13. (a)
*• '
lim
t—5
t2 +
t
t
j
+5
= lim
t-»-5 f^
+
t 5
2)
= lim (t-
v
t-f-5
2)' = -5 -2 = -7

(b) lim
"2 x3 + 2x2 ^4= lim
x'-^-a
-?f
2
x (x
X + 2>
+ 2)
a
x™2
-2 _ -2 _ 1

y-i (y-i)(Vy + 3 + 2)
= hm (y-i)(Vy + 3 + 2)-;
(c) lim
y-i V7T3-2
= lim
J
1-* 1
(\/y + 3-2)( v/y + 3 + 2) y^i (y + 3) 34 =J^(v/yr : 3 + 2 ) i

= i/4 + 2 =4
 Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 99

,. , *
14, (a)
,.
lim
n/x
2
+ 8-3 =
una —
(Vx2Ti-3)(Vx2T8 +.. 3)
-= ,.
urn
(x2 +==——
,—
8)-9
x-.-l
tt
x+1 x ->-l
( x + l)(Vx 2
+ 8 +
r

3)
,
«— 1
-

(x+ljfi/x' + S + S)
T

(x+l)(x-l) x-1 _ -2 _ 1
= lim = lim
-*- 1
3£
(x+l)(\/x 2 + 8 + 3) "-4 - 1 \/x2 +8+3 3+3 3

2
* —
a
4
-l~ = —1-7.+l)(* +r^
(* l)(*-l) + l)(fl + l) _ (l + l)(l + l) _ 4
w
,u\
(b)
r
lim ^ r
lim = ,-
lim
fl

1+1+1 ~3
«?_i ^3_i o_i ($* + + i)($-i) e-i ro + + 1
"

(c) i:~
lim
t-*
i-V^-
n =
9-t ,
i:
lim
t-9
-, — f=
•v/t-a
(^t_3)( v /t + 3)
^— 7= r = lim —7^1
t-^ v/t
— _= v^9+3 _1
+3
=5 —7=1
6

15. (a) lim £ _i_0_

[1—4-1=1—^=1 and lim 1 = 1; by the sandwich theorem, lim n
xa x
sin _ ^
v
x-»0 \ / D x->0 x-*0 2 — I cos x

(b) For x ^ 0, y = (x sin x)/(2 — 2 cos x) lies between

the othertwo graphs in the figure, and the graphs
converge as x —» 0. 1
*i>)=K

16. (a) lim 1 h - #7 I = lim A — lim -j^ = = — = „£ and lim = = =: by the sandwich theorem,
x—»0 \& I'i / x—»0 £ x—>Q e* £ x—»0 £ I

1 — cos x _ 1_
lim -2*
x-»o Y2

(b) For all x ^ 0, the graph of f(x) = (1 - cos x)/x 2

lies between the line y =« and the parabola

y = A — x2 /24, and the graphs converge as x — * 0.

a
(l-H0 a -l l±2h + h!^i = h(2 + h) =
17 . lim = lim lim lim
h-»0 h h-*0 n h-»0 n h-»0

[3(2 + h)-4}-[3(2)-4] =1 m
. gh = 3
18. lim
h-*0 n h->0 a
 100 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

-1 -1
19. lira
-2 VhMi) = Km hi = lim —-2h(-2
—v + vs
sr-? ; = lim
-h _ 1
h-»0 h^o -2h h^o h) h-o h(4-2h) 4

2 „. lim
h-»0
v?TM = h
lim
h-»0
(^I-^)(V7Th + V7)
n
=
h-K)
(7 + h) _ T
, I I/f\
h(^/7+h + v^) , i ,

h(-v/rTh + v^)

= lim = lim
h
h(v/7 + h + V7)
h_, °
^7 + h + ^7 2^
21. (a) True (b)True (c) False (d)True
(e) True (f)True (g) False (h) False

(i) False (j) False (k)True (1) False

22. (a) lim f(x)

_2§ + l = 2
= - lim- f(x) = 3-2 = 1
x-*2

(b) No, lim f(x) does not exist because

x-*2
lim
+
f(x) ^ lim_ f(x)
x->2 x->2

(c) lim_ f(x) = S+ 1 = 3, lim f(x) -4^_

= %+ 1 = 3
x—»4 ^ „ .a + *

(d) Yes, lim f(x) = 3 because 3 = lim_ f(x) = lim f(x)

x-4 x _4 x ^4 +

23. (a) No, lim f(x) does not exist since sin\A 1 does not approach any single value as x approaches
x->0

(b)
'
lim f(x)=
v lim_ =
x->0~ ' x-.0

(c) lim f(x) does not exist because lim f(x) does not exist
x~*0 +
X-+0

24. (a) Yes, lim g(x) = by the sandwich theorem since — y6c < g(x) < -i/x when x >
x-*0

(b) No, lim_ g(x) does not exist since y'x does not exist, and therefore the function is not defined, for x <
x—»0
(c) No, lim g(x) does not exist since lim_ g(x) does not exist
x—»0 x—tO

25. (a) domain: <x< 2

-x' 0Sx<l
range: < y < 1 and y = 2
^1 .

y 1. I*x<l
(b) lim f(x) exists for c belonging to 2. x>2

(0,1)U(1,2)

(c) x =2
(d) x=
 Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 101

26. (a) domain: — oo < x < oo

range: —1 < y < 1

(b) lim f(x) exists for c belonging to

(-oo,-l)U(-l,l)U(l,oo)
(c) none x, -1 <x<0 or 0<x<l
1, x-0
(d) none 0, x <1 or x >-1

+ 2 -0.5 + 2 _ /3/2_ k
" V 1/2 _ V
'x
27. lim
X-+-0.5" x+ 1 -0.5 + 1

* j& mmH^hiMrk)-^^
\Zh 2 +4h + 5--s/5 2
+ 4h + 5-y^ / 2
+4h + 5 + V5 \
29. lim
h—o +
lim (
\/ h
yy h

2
(h + 4h + 5)-5 .. h(h + 4) + 4
,.
lim — 1 ;
r = Inn
h-° + 2
h(v'h + 4h + 5 + v^) ^o+h( N/h +4h + 5+ N/5) 2 V^ + >A y/b

VW5h (vW^fT llh + Y V^+

>

30. lim
2
+llh + 6
= Urn
e /
5h
2
+Hh + 6
2
1 /6 + v'5h + llh + 6,

2
6~(5h +llh + 6) -h(5h + _-(0 + ll)_ u
—
..
lim — -, — r — ,.
lim
ll)

h
h(^6 + V5h +llh + 6) 2 h^°
h( v/6 / 2
+ V 5h + llh + 6) >/* + >/* 2^

31. (a) lim (x + 3)lf±iJ= lim x + 3)fe±2 (|x+2| = x + 2forx >-2)

X-.-2+ X+ iS
x-^-2 1+
x-*-2
(
l x + *)

= lim (x + 3) = (-2) + 3 = l
X-.-2+
x + 2| -(x +
+ 3) ^L_J = Jim _
2)
(b) Jim _ (x (x + 3) (|x + 2|=-(x + 2)forx<-2)
U* + 2)

= lim_(x + 3)(-l) = -(-2 + 3) = -l

x—1-2

32. (a) lim ^zl>= lim ^^ /

-l| = x-l for x> l)

= lim V 2x = V 2 /

X-+1 +

V^x(x-1)
v **• \"-^ v _.
_ y/2x(x-l)
(b) lim_ ^ m jj (|x-l|=-(x-l)forx<l)
x-r- |x-l| -£a- -(x-1)

= lim_ -v'2x = -\/2

x—»1
 102 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

33. lim f(x) exists at those points c where lim x4 = lim x2 . Thus, c 4 = c2 => c 2 (l — c2 ) =
=^ c = 0, 1, or —1. Moreover, lim f(x) = lim x2 = and lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 1.
x—»0 x—»0 x—»— x—»1

34, Nothing can be concluded about the values of f, g, and h at x = 2. Yes, f(2) could be 0. Since the
conditions of the sandwich theorem are satisfied,
'
lim ffx)
v /
= —5^0.
r
x~+2

35. (a) 1 = Jim,

x-.-2
^ = x^2__ = x^
tf

x
v\
£
lim

lim x"
x-»-2
f(x)

5
lim ffx)
^
^ x-t-2 f(x) = 4 _

(b) 1 = lim ^= lim

x-*-2
f(x)
A
J
lim
.x-*-2
lim
x-t-2
*(*)V XU i

-2/
lim
x -*~2
¥--2-
x

36. (a) = 3-0 = lim

x->2
f(x)-
*
v v
'

x-2 ^%a"!! lim

x-»2
(x-2);
v lim
x-»2 ^>- 2) lim [f(x) - 5] = lim f(x) -5

= lim f(x)
x-»2
v '
= 5.

(b) = 4-0 lim

*W-5 lim (x-2) lim f(x) = 5 as in part (a).
*2 x-2 x-2 v
'

37. Yes. If lim f(x) =L = lim_ f(x), then lim f(x) = L. If lim ffx) ^ lim_ ffx), then lim ffx) does not exist
,+ +

38, Since lim ffx) = L if and only if lim ffx) = L and lim_ ffx) = L, then lim ffx) can be found by calculating

lim ffx).
X—»c

39. I = (5,5 + 6) => 5 < x < 5 + 5. Also, y/x-5 <{=>x-5<e 2 =>x<5 + f 2 . Choose S = e
2

=> lim y/x-5 = 0.

x-+5
+

40. I = (4 - 6, 4) => 4 - S < x < 4. Also, \/4-x <f^4-x<f2 ^x>4-f 2 , Choose 6 = «

2

^ lim_ \A-x = 0.
x—»4

41. If f is an odd function of x, then ff—x) = —ffx). Given lim ffx) = 3, then lim_ ffx) = —3.
x—0" 1 x-»0

42. If f is an even function of x, then ff—x) = ffx). Given lim_ ffx) =7 then lim ffx) = 7. However, nothing
X-.2 X-.-2
can be said about lim _ ffx) because we don't know lim ffx).
X-.-2 x—2 +

43. (a) g(x) = xsin(i)

_JL<
- X
<JL _JL<
— X<
JL-
20 - 20 80 — 180
 Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 103

0.04

0.C4
-0.04

-0.04 I

The graphs suggest that lim gfx) = 0.

x—»0

(b)k(x) = sin(l)
.JL< x
X < JL
20 -x- 20 80 - - 80

-0.04

The graphs suggest that lim k(x) does not exist.

For both g(x) and k(x), the frequency of the oscillations increases without bound as x — » 0. For g(x), the

sandwich theorem can be applied. If x > 0, —x < x sinf ^J < x ^ lim g(x) = and if x < 0,
x—»0~''
x <x sinf gg 1 < —x => lim_ g(x) = 0. Therefore, lim g(x) = since the left- and right-hand limits are both

0. For k(x), the amplitude of the oscillations remains equal to one. Therefore, k(x) cannot be kept
arbitrarily close to any number by keeping x sufficiently close to 0.

44. (a) h(x)=x 2 cos(i)

-JL < -.JL< *

-20
x < JL
- 20 80
X<-80

0,0075
0.0CO5 .

0.0C6

-0.151-0.
~«mA
^eilosj o.i o.is
-0.04 i

''-0.0005
•-'•I
I
0.04

-0.005 -0.001
' -0.0QT5
-0.0015
-0.01

The graphs suggest that lim h(x) = 0.

x—»o
104 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

a>)k(x) =«*(!)
_JL<
-X<
JL .JL< X <JL
20 - 20 80~ ~80

The graphs suggest that lim k(x) does not exist.

For both h(x) and k(x), the frequency of the oscillations increases without bound as x — » 0. For h(x), the

sandwich theorem can be applied: — x < x2 cosf ^}<x2 => lim g(x) = 0. For k(x), the amplitude of the

oscillations remains equal to one. Therefore, k(x) cannot be kept arbitrarily close to any number by
keeping x sufficiently close to 0.

1.3 LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY

Note: In these exercises we use the result lim = whenever ^ > 0. This result follows immediately

from Example 1 and the power rule in Theorem 7: lim f t-•— = lim
W
( i =( lim iY" = m^ n
x~f±oo LW"j |
x~*±oo
)
Vx-»±oo x /
= 0.

1. (a) ir (b) n

2- (a) (b)
\ \

3. (a) -§ (b)-|

4- (a) 00 J
|

5. -i<%^<4=> lim 5in2x =q by the Sandwich Theorem

2 i , / sin i\
2- 1 + sin t I_+O~j_o--1 + = -1
6. lim lim
t—i-oo t + COS t t—t— 00
1 + f cogt t 1 +
I )
 Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 105

7. (a) hm ^ \-= = x-too

hm £ =£ (b) # (same process as part (a))
* ' x-too 5x + 7 c . 7 5

X ' 2
(a)
4 /
lim
x—»oo x
—'
Q
= x—
lim
»oo
(b) (same process as part (a))
J.

x2

— 12x 1- 3 -^-12x
1 ~ 12x3 = xlim £ = -eo 12x = * =
9. ( a) lim (b)
x^-°° 4x
lim : lim
x -, ~°°
j^- oo
4x
2
+ 12 ^°° 4 + i2
v
' 2
+ 12 4 + 12

7xJ = xlim =7 (same process as part

10. (a) Urn 3
• (b) 7 (a))
00 x -3x 2 + 6x ^°° l-Sx + 42
x

3
2
~gx = 2x
-^|=oo 3xl-6x-
ox = ~™ 3x-6
11.
.
(a)
V '
lim
X-MSO 4x — 8
; lim
x-»oo . 8
(b)
v ' X—lim
t— oo 4x —
lim
x-»- °° _8
**
x 4
* x

2x3+^
+3 = lim
2x3 +4
12. (a) lim
2x + 3 = lim = — oo (b) lim
2x = oo
-x2 +x x -
» •

x-*°° cx> x ^-°° -x'+x x ^~°° -1+1

— 9 — —2 + —3
,„ / * ,. -2x3 -2x +—
— 3 ,. x x _ 2
13. (a hm 3
~ = xlim g
2
!

-"°°
3x 3x -5x + 3+|-4
x 2
x

(b) —# (same process as part (a))

—X -1
14. (a) lim
~™ 4 3 2
= xlim
^°°
= -1
x
x -7x + 7x~ +9 i-J + ^ + lj

(b) —1 (same process as part (a))

+ +1
15. lim
2v/x"
3x —
+ ,-i
= lim
(^) W_= 16. lim
2+ Vx = ,.
lim
\x 1/2
oo x-»oo
i-vs-—r-^Vi

x— oo
V5-V5
3/^ + 5/J
v v
,.

x^-oo
1- x(l/5)-(l/3)
1+ (l/5)-(l/3)
,.

x^-oo
HM
, / 1
,

U 2 / 15

—1,-4
l
_±x_^-
X -f- ~
18. lim
x.
~2_ x -3 lim _^! = OO
oo x x-+oo j_l
 106 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

2x
i/is__j_ +
- 7
S/3_ l/3 19/l 5 8/5
19. lim
11111
2x
_ ,„
x +7 _
= lim
x x = oo
K-^OO 3 1
^ .
I

x 3/5
xll/10

i *
+ x3
.

20. lim
-°°
-^
+ x 2 /3 -4
^ =
x —
lim x
2/3

2x °° 2 + ^L-l

21. Here is one possibility. 22, Here is one possibility,

y-/(x)

<-l.-2)-2

23. Here is one possibility. 24. Here is one possibility.

5
*to-p.*"' i
4 ffr\a
tx-ir
3
1
J

I
i

2
y^ 3 4 5

25. y
_ 1
26 - y
i0 V =*±I=1x L_
~x-l x+2 x+2

10
jc = -2 y

.
1

-2 H~~- A 1 2 3 4

*-(
•
-S

-10 •
 Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 107

= 2xl + x-i = *a -l-- 1

27. y 28. y r

x4 - 1

2j2 +£-1

29. y=^ + i = x 2+l 30.y

2
^
= x -4 = x + l-^

y, 2

'"T /. '

-i

31. y = x^-x+ 1 = x-
x-1 x-1
•
32- y =
^
3 - i;v-<- ,
.**-.+ ! •' f~:
!-<

-1 -

1 2
/'-!

.1=1
 108 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

33, y = ^—
x^ + 4
34. y=^4x
x'+4

y = »/(<+*)

(2.11

Ax
<-2,-l>
X +4

^^ An end
35. An end behavior model 1C
is -%- = Ov^
2x .
/.,\
(a) 1R
36. An sn>l k^lia,.;^T. model
behavior TYinrlol lo J*.
is -=-=
4
= fl K„3
0.5x (c) .

2k

37. An end behavior model is 4^- = — 2x . (d) 38. An end behavior model is -x—g =— 2
. (b)
—x

39. (a)'
*•
The function y
J = e* is a right
° end behavior model because lim
x-.oo
- —^ =
e
* lim
x-too (
\
1
xy =1-0 =
~%f)
e
1.

e
(b)
v '
The function y
' = — 2x is a left end behavior model because lim
x~»-oo —^—
2x
= x-.-oo
lim (— I— +1) = + 1 =
V 2x /
1.

40. fa) The y

function ' = x is a right
° end behavior model because lim
x—too
—±=— = x—lim I 1 + ^-s- 1=1 — = 1.
x2
v ' >oo \
x /

—x
(b)'
x
The function v = «" is a left end behavior model because lim
x—»—oo
— —
2
=
4=?
e x—— £+0 lim
oo

= lim (xV + l) = 0+l = l.

41. (a, b) The function y = x is both a right end behavior model and a left end behavior model because

x + n|x|
lim (
1

x )= Hm (l+lSl£j) = 1-0 = 1.
X— » ± OO

42. (a, b) The function y = x2 is both a right end behavior model and a left end behavior model because

Um
x-»±coV
/ V+sinx
X
2 ^ x-±oo^ 1+
/
lim / sinx\ =1>
x
2
J

43. f(x) = Vx 2 + x + l-x

 Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 109

(a)
1

o.a

0.6

0.4

0.2

10 20 30 40

The graph suggests that Urn f(x) = -*.

(b) X f(x) to 6 decimal places

1.000000
10 0.535654
100 0.503731
1000 0.500375
10000 0.500037
100000 0.500004
1000000 0.500000

The table of values also suggest that Urn f(x) =^

Proof: lim (\/x2 + x + 1 — x) = Urn W:x' + x + T-x)|

yV + x + + x
Vx 2 +x+l+x
i

(
= im
x
i
^°°*
/
/o2
1+x —
Vx x + l+x
+

= x—
lim
1 + 1/x
>oo
^l + l/x + l/x2 *!

+ x - \/x 2 -x = x— v^x' +x+ v/x

2
^ = ^m00 (^hQ-U^x).
2 2 2

^
.

44. lim \/x lim y/x + x - \/x -:

too v
x— v !
too 2 x
I 2
Vx + x + \/x -x n/x^+I+^x 2

= 2x J= = __2_
^4+^~ 1+1 =
2
] ira /
- lim 1

45. At most 2 horizontal asymptotes: one for x —» oo and possibly another for x — — oo.
»

46. At most the degree of the denominator, which is zero at a vertical asymptote. A polynomial of degree n has at
most n real roots (or zeros).
 110 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

47. y = 48. y = ~t^=2

V4^? V4-x

1-x

x--2

x-2

i9 . y = xV* + _l_ 50. y=

'-"(p+t)

y-x 2/3 4 . 1
,1(3

51.

[-4, 4] by [-1,3]

The graph of y = f ( ^J = ^e ^ 1
ia shown.

lim f(x)
x
= ^lim f(l)=oo
+

x
lir^f(x) = Hrn_f(i)=0
x
 Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 111

52.

[-4,4] by [-1.3)

The graph of y = f(|) = -^e-1 '* is shown.

lira f(x) = lim f(A)=0

lim
x-»— oo
f(x)
v
= lim f ( - ) = oo
'
x-»0~ »*'

53.

[-3. 3] by [-2. 21

The graph of y = ft ^ J = x In |j is
|
shown.

Jim f(x)= lira f(i) =

x—*0 T

lim f(x)= lim f(V) =

54.

[-5. 5] by [-1.5, J.5]

The graph of y = f (i) = ^ is shown.

x
lim f(x)= lim f(j) =l
x—»Cr

lim f(x)= lim f U) = 1

 112 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

55. i; m 22L| = i im £289 =1= 1,' (<? = !)

e _n- +
X-»-00 , 1 1 1 \ X/
1+* ,

,1/x
z
56. Iim (i) = lim z = 1, (z =
z-0 1

57. Jim^ (3 + l)(cos i) = lim (3 + 20)(cos 6) = (3)(1) = 3, {$ = ±

x

58. lrn^ r4-cosiVl+sinl)= lim 2

(30 -cos tf)(l + sin 0) = (0- 1)(1 +0) = -1, (b = i)

59. '
y = -^-pi=l-x
x+ +—^-y
x+1
- *3 ~*2 -U x-l+^2
-l x
2

The graph of the function mimics each The graph of the function mimics each term
term as it becomes dominant. as it becomes dominant.

x-1 .

— x

x— 1 |,
* 1

y-x-v' 1

61. The graph of the function mimics each term 62. The graph of the function mimics each term
as it becomes dominant. as it becomes dominant.

y-2alnx+ -
 Section 1.4 Continuity 113

63. (a) y — * oo (see the accompanying graph)

(b) y — » oo (see the accompanying graph)
(c) cusps at x = ±1 (see the accompanying graph)

64. (a) y —+ and a cusp at x = (see the accompanying

graph)

(b) y — » § (see the accompanying graph)

(c) a vertical asymptote at x = 1 and contains the

point |
— 1, g .- (see the accompanying graph)
V 2 VV J

1.4 CONTINUITY

1. No, discontinuous at x = 2, not defined at x =2

2. No, discontinuous at x = 3, 1 = lim_ g(x) ^ g(3) = 1.5
X —*i

3. Continuous on [—1,3]

4. No, discontinuous at x = 1, 1.5 = Urn. k(x) ^ lim k(x) =

X->1 X-.1
+

5. (a) Yes (b) Yes, lim f(x) =

(c) Yes (d) Yes

6. (a) Yes, f(l) = 1 (b) Yes, lim f(x) =2

(c) No (d) No

7. (a) No (b) No
 114 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

8. [-1,0) U (0,1) U (1,2) U (2,3)

9. f(2) = 0, since lim_ f(x) = -2(2) + 4 = 0= lim, f(x)

X-.2 x _2 +

10. f(l) should be changed to 2 = lim f(x)

11. The function f(x) is not continuous at x = because lim f(x) = 0, f(0) =1 and, therefore, lim f(x) ^ f(0).

The function f(x) is not continuous at x = 1 because lim f(x) does not exist since lim_ f(x) — —1 and

lim f(x) = 0. The discontinuity at x= is removable because the function would be continuous there if the
"*"
X—>1
value of f(0) were instead of 1. The discontinuity at x = 1 is not removable because lim f(x) does not exist

and the discontinuity cannot be removed by defining or redefining f(l).

12. The function f(x) is not continuous at x = 1 because lim f(x) does not exist since lim_ f(x) = —2 and

lim ffx) = 0. The function f(x) is not continuous at x 2 because lim f(x) = 1, f(2) = and, therefore,
=
X—v2
x—»1 + '

lim f(x) ^ f(2). The discontinuity at x =1 is not removable because Urn f(x) does not exist and the
x--*Z * n
discontinuity cannot be removed by defining or redefining f(l). The discontinuity at x =2 is removable
because the function would be continuous there if the value of f(2) were 1 instead of 0.

13. Discontinuous only when x — 2 = 0^-x =2 14. Discontinuous only when (x + 2) 2 = => x = —2
=> continuous on (— oo, 2) U (2, oo) => continuous on (— oo, —2) U (—2, oo)

15. Discontinuous only when t

2 - 4t + 3 = => (t - 3)(t -l) = 0=>t = 3ort = l^ continuous on
(-oo,l)U(l,3)U(3,oo)

16. Continuous everywhere. (| 1 1+ 1 ^ for all t; limits exist and are equal to function values.)

17. Discontinuous only at 6 = =$• continuous on (— oo,0)U(0,oo)

18. Discontinuous when ^ is an odd integer multiple of £ i.e., ^ = (2n - 1)|, n an integer => = 2n - 1, n an

integer (i.e., is an odd integer). Continuous everywhere else => continuous on

((2n - l)ir/2, (2n+l)7r/2) for n an integer.

19. Discontinuous when 2v + 3<0orv<-j|=^ continuous on the interval — a' 00 )*

20. Discontinuous when 3x — l<0orx<i=> continuous on the interval w,oo

J.

21. lim sin (x - sin x) = sin (w - sin n) = sin (ir - 0) = sin ir = 0; continuous at x = tt

22. lim sin (? cos (tan t) \ = sin (% cos (tan (0)) \ = sin ( | cos (0)} = sin (£\ = 1 ; continuous at t =

23. lim sec(y sec2 y -tan y

2 - l) = lim sec(y sec
2
y-sec 2 y)= lim sec((y - l)sec y)
2
= sec((l - 2
l)sec l)
y-»i y-»i y-*i
= sec = 1; continuous at y = 1

24. lim tanfe cos(sin

1/3
)j = tan | cos (sin(0))j = tan(| cos(0)) = tanf|j = 1; continuous at $ = 0.
 Section 1.4 Continuity 115

25. f(x) is continuous and f(0) < 0, f(l) >

on [0, 1]
=> by the Intermediate Value Theorem f(x) takes
on every value between f(0) and f(l) => the
equation f(x) = has at least one solution between
x = and x = 1.

26. cosx = x=*(cosx)-x = 0. If x = -J, COs(-|W-|)> 0. If x = |, cos(|)-|< 0. Thus cos x -x =

for some x between —5 and 5 according to the Intermediate Value Theorem.

27. All five statements ask for the same information because of the intermediate value property of continuous
functions.

(a) A = x3 - 3x - 1 is a point c where f(c) = 0. The roots are approximately xt = —1.53,

root of f(x)
x2 = —0.347, x3 = 1.88, the points where f(x) changes sign.
(b) The points where y = x3 crosses y = 3x + 1 have the same y-coordinate, or y = x3 = 3x + 1 => y = f(x)
= x3 -3x~l=0.
(c) x3 — 3x = 1 ^ x3 — 3x — 1 = 0. The solutions to the equation are the roots of f(x) = x3 — 3x — 1.
(d) The points where y = x — 3x crosses y = 1 have common y-coordinates, or y = x3 — 3x = 1 => y = f(x)
= J- ~ = 0.
x 3x 1

(e) The solutions of x

J
— 3x — 1 = are those points where f(x) = x3 — 3x — 1 has value 0.

28. Answers may vary. Note that f is continuous for every value of x.
3
(a) f(0) = 10, f(l) = l - 8(1) + 10 = 3. Since 3 < it < 10, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists a c

so that < c < 1 and f(c) = it.

3
(b) f(0) = 10, f(-4) = (-4) - 8(-4) + 10 = -22. Since -22 < ~y/Z < 10, by the Intermediate Value
Theorem, there exists a c so that -4 <c< and f(c) = —\/3.
(c) f(0) = 10, 1(1000) = (1000) 3 - 8(1000) + 10 = 999,992,010. Since 10 < 5,000,000 < 999,992,010, by the

Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists a c so that < c < 1000 and f(c) = 5,000,000.

29. Answers may vary. For example, f(x) = — _„ is discontinuous at x =2 because it is not defined there.

However, the discontinuity can be removed because f has a limit (namely 1) as x —» 2.

30. Answers may vary. For example, g(x) = -

{_ r has a discontinuity at x = —1 because lim g(x) does not exist.

( lim g(x) = — oo and lim g(x) = +oo.)

xT— xl~ l

31. Noting that r = is triple zero, the polynomial can be rewritten as x (x

3 2
— x - 5). Therefore, the roots of the

quintic polynomial are r^ = k « —1.791, r2 = r3 = r4 = 0, and r 5 = ^— « 2,791.

116 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

32. The graph shows that the polynomial has three zeros between —2 and 2, any one a candidate for r. By
zooming in, the choices for r are estimated at —1.532, —0.347, or 1.879,

33. (a) Suppose x is rational = ((xq) = 1. Choose e = A, For any S > there is an irrational number x (actually

infinitely many) in the interval (x — 6,x + 6) =£- f(x) = 0. Then < |

x —x 1 < 8 but f(x) j
— f(x ) I

= > A = e,
1 so lim f(x) fails to exist =f is discontinuous at x Q rational. On the other hand, x n

irrational => f(x ) ~ and there is a rational number x in (x — 6,x + 6) => f(x) = 1. Again X—
lim
tXg
f(x) fails

to exist => f is discontinuous at Xq irrational. That is, f is discontinuous at every point.

(b) f is neither right-continuous nor left-continuous at any point x because in every interval (x — ^,x ) or

(x ,x + <$) there exist both rational and irrational real numbers. Thus neither limits lim_ f(x) and
X-»X
Q
lim f(x) exist by the same arguments used in part (a).
X-.X +

34. Yes. Both f(x) = x and g(x) ~ x-\ are continuous on [0, 1]. However -~r
_i ?o
is .m^^..J
undefined „
at x
j. _ A1 gj nce
=
ef A l
= => —7~t is discontinuous at x = A.
°\2J e[x)
g(x) 2

35. Yes, because of the Intermediate Value Theorem. If f(a) and f(b) did have different signs then f would have to
equal zero at some point between a and b since f is continuous on [a,b].

36. Let f(x) be the new position of point x and let d(x) = f(x) — x. The displacement function d is negative if x is

the left-hand point of the rubber band and positive if x is the right-hand point of the rubber band. By the
Intermediate Value Theorem, d(x) = for some point in between. That is, f(x) = x for some point x, which is

then in its original position.

37. If f(0) = or f(l) = 1, we are done (i.e., c =

or c = 1 in those cases). Then let f(0) = a > and f(l) b< 1 =
because < f(x) < 1. Define g(x) = f(x) — x =>• g is continuous on [0, 1]. Moreover, g(0) = f(0) — = a > and
g(l) = f(l) — 1 = b— 1 < => by the Intermediate Value Theorem there is a number c in (0, 1) such that
g(c) = => f(c) - c = or f(c) = c.

38. Let e = „ > 0. Since f is continuous at x =c there is a6> such that x i

— c |< 6 => f(x)
j
— f(c) < e |

=}>f(c)-e<f(x)<f(c) + e.

If f(c) > 0, then e = if(c) => |f(c) < f(x) < |f(c) => f(x) > on the interval (c - 5,c + 6).

If f(c) < 0, then € = - if(c) => |f(c) < f(x) < Jj f(c) => f(x) < on the interval (c - S, c + 6).
 Section 1.4 Continuity 117
y f(c)+e

f(c>'

f(c)-t

39. (a) Luisa's salary is $36,500 = $36,500(1.035)° for the firBt year (0 <t< 1), $36,500(1.035) for the second
2
year (1 < t < 2), $36,500(1.035) for the third year (2 <t< 3), and so on. This corresponds to
y = 36,500(1.035)
int *

(b)

[0,4,98] by [35,000. 45,000]

The function is continuous at all points in the domain [0,5) except at t = 1, 2, 3, 4.

40. (a) We require:

0, x =
1.10, <x< 1
2.20, 1< x < 2
3.30, 2 <x< 3
f(x) =
4.40, 3 <x<4
5.50, 4<x<5
6.60, 5 < x < 6
7.25, 6 < x < 24.
This may be written more compactly as

„
f(x)
s
= -1.10u >t(-x).
f <x<6
7
{ .25, 6 < x < 24

(b)

[0, 24] by [0, 91

This is continuous for all values of x in the domain [0,24] except for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
 118 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

41. The function can be extended: f(0) «w 2.3. 42. The function, cannot be extended to be continuous at
x = 0. If f{0) as 2.3, it will be continuous from the
right. Or if f(0) f« —2.3, it will be continuous from the
left.

10 W - 1
/(*)
_ x
-0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1
-1

-2

43. The function cannot be extended to be continuous 44. The function can be extended: f(0) «s 7.39.

at x = 0. If f(0) = 1, it will be continuous from

the right. Or if f(0) = — 1, it will be continuous

from the left.

y

/(•*) = (1 + 2x) Ux

-0.01 -0.005 0.005 0.01

45. x at 1.8794, -1.5321, -0.3473 46. x as 1.4516, -0.8546, 0.4030

47. x« 1.7549 48. xw 1.5596

49. x« 3.5156 50. x m -3.9059, 3.8392, 0.0667

51. x * 0.7391 52. x « -1.8955, 0, 1.8955

1.5 TANGENT LINES

1. Pi~. m 1
— 1, P2 : m2 = 5 2. Px : ni! = -2, P2 : m2 =
3. Pa : m 1= |, P 2 m 2 = -± : 4. Pj: m = l
3, P2 : m 2 = -3
 Section 1.5 Tangent Lines 119

h-»o h
2
= ,.
Inn —
-(l-2h +
;
r
h )+l
' = ,.
lim
h(2-h)
~~n - = 2;
h— n h-*0

at (-1,3): y = 3 + 2(x-(~l))=>y = 2x + 5,
tangent line

.
6. m= h-o
2 /l+h-2- /T
hm —xi
..
r
h
= —
s ..
lira
h-o
2\/l +h -2 2 v l+h + 2
— -—
h
/

20 + h + 2
= lim
h-+0
y^-\=
+ h+l)
2h( v/ l
lira
h-»0 y/i +h+ 1
= 1;

at (1,2): y = 2 + l(x-l)=>y = x + 1, tangent line

Z 3 4

7 . m= lim
h-.o
(~2 + hf-(-2)3 =
h
^
h->o
-8 + 12h-6h^h3 + 8
h
,. Ill* 16 l

= lim (l2-6h+h )=12; 2

h—»0
at (-2, -8): y = -8 + 12(x - (-2)) => y = 12x + 16,

tangent line

<-2.-8U -t
120 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

m = hm ..

h-o
(-2
-
+ h) 3
-,
h
—— = h-o
(-2) 3
lun
_ 8 -(-2 + h) 3
r
_8h(-2 + h) 3
t-

= ^
h-o
-.(l2h-6h 2
_8h(-2 + h) 3
+ h3 )^ lim
h-o
12-gh + h»
8(-2 + h) 3
(-2,-1/8)

__
- (_ ) -
12 _ 3.
8 8 16'
'~ia~2
-l
rt(-2,-i> y = 8 3 (x
16
1-
_ ( _ 2))

y = - 16 x — s, tangent line

9. m = h—o
Hm [(1 + h) -2(1 + h)^]-(-l) =
n
^
h—o
(l + h -2 -4h~2h 2 ) + 1 =
n
^
h—o
M-3-2h)
n

at (1, —1): y + 1 = — 3(x — 1), tangent line

10. m= lim
h->o
[(l + h) 3 + 3(l + h)]-4 =
n h—o
^ (l + 3h + 3h» + h*
h
4-3 + 3h)-4 =
h—o
h(6 + 3h
h
+ h»)
6;

at (1, 4): y - 4 = 6(t - 1), tangent line

3+h 3
(3+h) -2 + h)-3(h + l)
11. m= ..
hm
h-o
^ '-r
h
= hm ,.

h-o
(3
*
rr, V\
h(h + l)
— hm
,. -2h
h-o h(h + l)
__ n.

at (3, 3): y—3 = — 2(u — 3), tangent line

12. m =- h™
lim
V(8 + h) + l-3 _
= lim
^Th-3 V9Th + 3_.= ..
lim
(9 + h)-9
=
.

„
lim
h—o h h-o h
v/9 +h +3 h-o h( v/ 9Th + 3) h-o h(^/9Th + 3)

= —7= = ^; at (8, 3): y—3 = ^ (x — 8), tangent line

Atx = 3,y = i^m= (3

2
13. lim + h) I = Hm lzg + *) = lim
-h = 1 sl
2 h-o h h—o 2h(2 + h) h—o 2h(2 + h) 4' ^

h-1 -(~1)
At x = = —1 => m = h—o
lim
h+1
= lim
(h-l) + (h + l) = -^ —=
14, 0, y lim 2, slope
h-o h(h + l) h-o h(h + l)

[(x + h) 2 + 4(x+h) — l] — (x2 +4x — l)

15. At a horizontal tangent
5 the slope m = 0=>0 = m= hm -,

h-o h
2
..
= hm (x + 2xh + h 2 + 4x + 4h-l)-(x2 + 4x-l) = hm -(2xh+h 2 + 4h)-~ hm ,„,,,., — „ .. .. . ,
r r (2x + h + 4) 2x + 4; v ' '
h-o h h h-o h-o
2x + 4 = => x = -2. Then f(-2) =4-8- = 1 -5 => (-2, -5) is the point on the graph where there is a
horizontal tangent.
 Section 1,5 Tangent Lines 121

[(x + h) 3 -3(x + h)]~(x 3 ~3x)_ (x

3
+ 2
3x h + 3xh 2 + h
3
- 3x - 3h) - (x 3 - 3x)
16. =m= lim = lim
h— h-0

= i im
3xh + 3xh +h -3h = lim 3x
2
+ 3xh + h 2_3) = 3 x 2_3 3x 2_ 3=0=;vx = _ lorx=1 Then _
(
h— h h—
f(— 1) = 2 and f(l) = —2 =^ (—1,2) and (1,-2) are the points on the graph where a horizontal tangent exists.

1 1
x + h)-l x-l_ x -l)-(x + h-l)_ -h 1
17. -1 = m= lim = lim
+ h - 1) ~ h-6 h(x - l)(x + h - 1) ~ (x - 1) 2
~ lim
h-o h(x -
(

h—0 h l)(x

=> x - l) = 1 =$• x - 2x =
2
(
2
=> x(x - 2) = => x = or x = 2. If x = 0, then y = -1 and m = -1

=> y = -1 - (x - 0) = -(x + 1). If x = 2, then y = 1 and m = -1 =>• y = 1 - (x - 2) = -(x - 3).

18.
i

4=
4
m= ,.
lim
h-0
Jx + h.- Jx
r
h
—^- - h-o ,.
lim
y/x +h-x
Jx
r
h
— y/x + h
,
—
+ Jx
^7==
+ h+y/i h-o
,
lim .
(x
\
+ h)-x
;
r
y/x h(VxTh + v/5)

= lim, "
r = -^7=. Thus, i = -^7= =>./x"
V = 2=$'X = 4=>y = 2. The tangent line i
h h(^/xTh + ^A) V* 4 '

V*
y = 2 + i(x-4) = s+i.

f(2 + h)-f(2)_ (100- 4.9(2 + h)

2
) -(100 -4.9(2) 2 )_ -4.9(4 + 4h +h 2 + 4.9(4)
)
19.
,

lim r- = lim = lim

h-»o n h—0 h-0
= lim (— 19.6— 4.9h) = —19.6. The minus sign indicates the object is falling downward at a speed of
h—*0
19.6 m/sec.

2 2
f(10 i^ tc\(\\
+ k)~f(10) ic\n j-i,\2_qfim
_ Hm 3(10+h) -3(10) = _ m
,.
3(20h + h2 )
U1IT11
=
20 . lim lim i 60 ft/sec
'
h—0 h h h—0 h-o h

2 2 2
r [9 + 6h + h
21 .
,.
lim
h—0
f(3+h)-f(3)
r — = h—0
hm ,.
jr(3+h) -jr(3)
— x -L i - = km ,.

h—0
— r
h
-9]
- = ..
lim
h—0
,.,,.
tt(6 + h) = R6tt

22. llra
h—0
f( 2 + h )- f 2 =
n
( )
lim
h—0
4ir„ + M3_4jr m
T^^^-Tw
2f(2
,
h)
~^f(2)
n
J 3
J

=
h—0
L^
4f[l2h+6h 2 +
n
h
3
]

= lim
h—0
4
f[l2
o
+ 6h + h 2 ]=16ir

23 lim
h—0
s(l + h)-s(l)
h
= Iim
h—0
1.86(1 -fh)
2
~1.86(l)
2
= lim
h—0
1.86 + 3.72h + 1.86h 2 - 1.86 = ^
h—0
(3J2 + Lg6h)

= 3.72
._ s(2 + h) -s(2) _ 11.44(2 + h) 2 -11.44(2) 2 _ 45.76 + 45.76h + 11.44h
2 - 45.76
24. lim = ,._
lim
h—0 h—0 h-0

= lim v(45.76 + 11.44h) = 45.76

h-0

k s' n
25. Slope at origin
igin
a = lim
h—o
ffn + h1 — f(0) =
r
h
—
Hm
h-0
,

h
(h)
x '
— lim h sinf
h—0
/1\
r
\o/
= => yes, ffx) does have a tangent at

the origin with slope 0.

 122 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

h sin
26. lim
g(0+h)-g(0)
= lim
-Mi)
r = i
lim sin r> Since lim sin r does not exist, f(x)
i

v ' has no tangent

5 at
h-»o h-to h h-.o h h-*o h '

the origin.

__
27.
..
hm
f(0
-i
+ h)-f(0) =
f hm^ ,. _i_nu =
\h co,
...
and lira
f(0
v +- h)-f(0)
/ ^= ,.
i;
i_n = qq. ™ ,
m AU Therefore,
h-0" h-o- h^ + h ^Q + h
h h

lim r = oo ^ yes, the graph of f has a vertical tangent at the origin.

h—*0 n

28. lim
U(0 + h)-U(0)
= lim
0-1 = oo, and lim
U( + h )_ U( 0)_
= lim
j,^
— r— = ^ no, the graph of f
h—o~ h
h->0 + u
h—O
.rt-4- n

does not have a vertical tangent at (0,1) because the limit does not exist.

2
b )M^(3)-51)
Af_ f(0)~f(-2)
29. (a) _ l-e-
_ 0.432
Ax 3-1 = e2^e„ 8684
Ax 0-(-2) 2 (

30. (a)
Af _f(4)-f(l)_ln4-0_ln4 w 0.462

Af f(103) - f(100) n 1Q3 -l n 100 103

(b)
l
= 1
{ = 1
, l Q3 Q QQ99
Ax 103-100 3 3 100 3

_ f(3V4)-f(^/4) _ -i-i
Af - _ 4
31. (a)
At (3jt/4) - r>/4) " tt/2
" *
1,Z '*5

Af _ f(7r/2)- fQ/6) _ - y/3 _ 3^3

(b) - ~ «" « -1.654
At (tt/2) - (tt/6) jt/3

32. (a)
Af_ fQr)-f(0) _l-3_ 2 ^ nfi o 7

(b)
Af _*(»)-*(-*)_ 1-1 =
At »-(-»)

33. (a)
2.1-1.5 = 0.3
1995-1993
The rate of change was 0.3 billion dollars per year.

(b)
3.1-2.1 _ 05
1997-1995
The rate of change was 0.5 billion dollars per year,

2 - 0.1514x +
(c) y = 0.0571x 1.3943

[0, 10] by [0. 4]

 Section 1.5 Tangent Lines 123

y < 5j-;( 3
( d) 5-3 >*o.3i
y(7)-y(5)
«0.53
7-5
According to the regression equation, the rates were 0.31 billion dollars per year and 0.53 billion dollars
per year.

,, ,. y(7 + h)-y(7) = [0.0571(7 + h) 2 - 0.1514(7 + h) + 1.3943] - [0.057 1(7} 2 - 0.1514(7)

— + 1.3943]
w
(e) Iim
h—0-
-
j
h
am
lira
,.

h-0
h-»0
r
h
,. 0.0571(14h + h 2 }-0.1514h
= lira !

h-»o h

= iim [0.0571(H)- 0.1514 + 0.0571h]

«0.65
The funding was growing at a rate of about 0.65 billion dollars per year.

34. (a)

[7, 18] by [0,900]

(b) Q from year Slope

440-225 w23.9
1988
17-8
440 - 289
1989 18.9
17-9 '

440 - 270 ;24.3

1990
17-10
440-493 w -fc
1991
17-11
440 - 684 -48.8
1992
17-12
1993 ^5763^-80.8
440-651 -70.3
1994
17-14
1995
440-600 ~ snn

440-296 ™ XViM
1996
17-16 U4

(c) As Q gets closer to 1997, the slopes do not seem to be approaching a limit value. The years 1995-97
seem to be very unusual and unpredictable.
 124 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

35. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x = 0.

(o)
,,.
,
h-«0
lun
f( + h)-f(0) —
1
n
h i,
—
= h-.0
hm_
"'A-
h—Q
,
i
..
h
2/s_
E
,

a
n
" ~~= ,"'A
h—0
..
lim1_
- -^
3/5
,
'

-i / i
'
=
— -oo
-uu and
I1U <*
J ,.
1 m
-±7?
^"S
11IU .
~T7c
i

=
- oo =^ limit does not exist
h-.0 n h->0 + h '
h
=> the graph of y =x ' does not have a vertical tangent at x = 0.
36. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x = 0.

WJ
,.. ,,
11
?-
f(0 + h)-f(0)
\>
=J ,.
ir
%~
h 4/5
h
--0^ = »
,.
In£-
1
i7* = ~°° and lim "T7TT
1
= °° =* lim5t <* oes not exist
h->o+ h<

=> y =x ' does not have a vertical tangent at x = 0.

37. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x = 0.

10,0)

(b)
... ..
i™
f(0+h)-f(0)
r = ,.
lim r—
h 1 ' 8 -!)
- = ,.1
lim -~ = oo => y = x
i/s
' has a vertical tangent at x = 0.

38. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x= 0.

y

(0,01 y-x 3/5

,.
hm
f(0 + h)_ - f(0) ,.
hm h 3/5 —
~Q = « ]im _-i1
,.
= oo ^ ,
th e g rap h Df y
<wn
= x J/0 has a vertical tangent
ti—»0 n h—H) n h—»0 h"/
at x = 0.
 Section 1.5 Tangent Lines 125

39. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x = 0.

y

y.4* 2 / 5 - 2x

(b)
v
lim
h~»0~
f(0 + h)-f(0) =
h h-.o
lim- 4h!^2h =
h
lim
h-»0~
*£!!=& =
n
,im_
4
h-o j^/s
^^^ Um
h _. + h
4^
3/5
2

= oo =>• limit does not exist => the graph of y = 4x ' — 2x does not have a vertical tangent at x = 0.
40. .(a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x = 0.
y

5/3. Sx ?/3
y.x

U. 0,-4. 76)

(b) Um
f(° + h
j
f (°)
= ] im h
5/3
-5h 2/3 = Um h
2/3 — 5 =0 _ u -A- does not exist => the graph of

y =x ' — 5x ' does not have a vertical tangent.

41. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x = 1 and a cusp at x = 0.
y

,-» ws -t«-l) 1/s

-l

+ h) 2 ^ 3 - (1 + h - 1) 1 /3 - 1 = + h) 2 ' 3 - h 1 '3 - 1
(b)
v ' x = 1:
-, ,-
lim
h~>0
(1
- ^-j
a
*
..
lira
h-»0
(1
- — h
—oo

^ y=x ' — (x — 1) ' has a vertical tangent at x = 1;

 126 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

. .. f(0 + h)-f(0) h^-(h - l) 1 ^ 3 - <-l) 1/3 0»-D

1/8
= 0: — i-L = 1
+.iK
,.
x lim r lim = lim
h~tO n h—0 [h
l/3 h

does not exist => y =x ' — (x — 1) ' does not have a vertical tangent at x = 0.
42. (a) The graph appears to have vertical tangents at x = and x = 1.

-1 '0.5 1.5

-1

y-J'Mx-l) 1 '3

(b)x = 0!
& (W3) =h ^ + o.-i^-(-^
aBBs>rBil/>+(i , 1)1 , lMt

vertical tangent at x = 0;

X=L .
&.. f(l+h)-f(l)
K-^ 2= ..

i™o
(l + h) 1 ' 3 + (l + h-l)
4
i '3
-l /3
= oo=>y = x 11/3 ,,1/J,
+ (x-l) 1
,
/3lias

vertical tangent at x = 1.

43. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x = 0.

y
i .

f(o + h)-f(o) = lim

>A-o = lim —4= = co:
W)+ h
x-0+ h

,.
lim
f(0+h)-f(0)
— r —= ..
hrn
-v4M-0 = lim —
— ^—,
-Vfhi = lim
rrT
h^o- -| hi h-.0
_
,.
J -
..
i
i
— = oo
y/fh]

=> y has a vertical tangent at x = 0.

44. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x = 4.
 Chapter 1 Practice Exercises 127

(b) Urn
h-o -1
Mil- •= „ m
lim
h-fO +
^E^tl-= »„
lim
h-0 +
v^!_
=
h
„
lim.
^l*o+
h-
—=
v/h
oo:

/ 4 ~ (4 + h)
,.
Jim ——+—h)-f(4) =
f(4 ..
lim
V l

= lim
v4h~!
= — oo
h-»0" h—CT

=> y = \/4~x does not have a vertical tangent at x = 4.

45-48. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f:=x -> cos(x) +4*sin(2*x);
xO:=Pi:
dq:=h -> (f(x0 + h) - f(xO))/h;
slope:=limit(dq(h),h=0);
L:=x -> f(xO) + slope* (x - xO);
yl:=f(x0) + dq(3)*(x~x0):
y2:=f(x0)+dq(2)*(x-x0):
y3:=f(x0) + dq(l)*(x-x0):
plot ({f(x),yl,y2,y3,L(x)} x )
= xO - l..x0 + 3);
Mathematica l

Clear [f,m,x,y]
xO = Pi; f[x_] +4 Sin[2x]
:= Cos[x]
Plot{ ~ l,x0 + 3)
fix], {x,x0 ]

dqPi_]:=(f[xO + h]-f[xO])/h
m= Limitf dq[h], h -> ]

y := f [xO] + (x - m
xO)
yl :« f[xO] + dq[l] (x-xO)
y2 := ffxO] + dq[2] (x-xO)
y3:=f[x0]+dq[3] (x-xO)
Plot[ {f[x],y,yl,y2,y3} f { x ,x0 - l,xO + 3} ]

CHAPTER 1 PRACTICE EXERCISES

I. At x = -1: lim_ f(x) = lim f(x) =1 =>• lim f(x)

1. *<-l
= 1 = f(— 1) = — 1. -*, -1 <x <0
=^« f is continuous at x
/w- t. * =
-x. <* <
At x = 0: lim_ f(x) = lim f(x) = =S> lim f(x) = 0. J. *>!.
!

X-.0 n x-tO
x-.0

But f(0) = 1 5^ lim f(x) ^f is discontinuous at x = 0.

At x = 1: Hm_ f(x) = —1 and lim f(x) = 1 ^ lim f(x)

does not exist ^f is discontinuous at x = 1.

2. At x = -1: lim_ f(x) = and lim f(x) = -1 => lim f(x)

does not exist => f is discontinuous at x = —I.

128 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

r
0. xs-l
/«- V*. <
At x = 0: lim_ f(x)
x^O
= — oo and lim f(x) = oo = lim f(x)
x—0
0, «.]
[»i < J

x-«0 + I. ,>1
does not exist => f is discontinuous at x = 0.
At x = 1: lim_ f(x) = lim f(x) = 1 => lim f(x) = 1. But
X-.1 x^2 x—1
f(l) = ^ lim f(x) => f is discontinuous at x = 1.

3. (a) lim (3f(t)) =3 lim f(t) = 3(-7) = -21

t-»t t->t

2
(b) lim
t-*t
(f(t))
2
im f(t)V (-7) = 49

(c) lim (f(t) -g(t)) = lim f(t) - lim g(t) = (-7)(0) =

lim f(t)
f(t) t-tt, -7 -7
(d) lim
t g(t)-7 lim (g(t)-7) lim g(t)-Iim 7 0-7 = 1

t-»t t— t-»t

(e) lim cos (g(t))

t-»t
= cos/ lim g(t)\ = cos = 1
V'^'o l

(f) lim |f(t)|= lim f(t) |

= |-7| = 7

(S) lim (f(t) +g(t)) = lim f(t) + lim g(t) -7 + = -7

t-»t n t—tt n t—»tn

lim
00 wtjj w
(l/f(t))
l
"= ..
lim
*
f(t)
= 4=
-7

4. (a) Jim -g(x) =- lim g(x) = -yfi

x~*0 x-*0

(b) lim (g(x) • f(x)) = lim g(x) • lim f(x) = (^)(I) =

^
(°) 2™„ ( f( X )
x-*0
+ g( X )) = 1
I "),
x->0
f
% «W = 5+ ^
W + x—0
(d) lim 1 _
x-6 f(x) lim f(x) 1

lim (x + f(x)) = lim x + lim f(x) = + k1 _1

=k

f(x) • cos x _ jgjfr

f( x
) ]™ cos x
_ (g) (1) _ !
(f) nm x—
- -
v
0-1 ~
x-0 1 lim x - lim 1 2
x—0 x— o

5. Since lim x = we must have that lim (4 — g(x)) = 0. Otherwise, if lim (4 - g(x)) is a finite positive

number, we would have lim_

4-g(x)
— oo and lim
4-gW = oo so the limit could not equal 1 as
x—0 x—0 +
 Chapter 1 Practice Exercises 129

x —* 0. Similar reasoning holds if lim (4 — g(x)) is a finite negative number. We conclude that lim g(x) = 4.
x—»0 x—*0

6. 2 = lim x
s g( x ) = lim x- lim lim g(x) —4 lim Tim g(x) = -4 lim g(x)
x—— 4
ir
X-.-4 i
x-*0 x—»— x-tO x->-4

o 1
(since lim g(x) is a constant) => lim g(x) = -=-% ~—k.

7. (a) lim f(x) = lim x ' =c ' = f(c) for every real number c =* f is continuous on (—00,00)

(b) lim g(x) = lim x '

=c ' =g(c) for every nonnegative real number c => g is continuous on (0,oo)

(c) lim h(x) = lim x~ ' ~ —2/n — b(c) for every nonzero real number c => h is continuous on (— oo,0) and

(0,oo)
-1 '
(d) lim k(x) = lim x = —~r = k(c) for every positive real number c =h is continuous on (0,oo)

&••
( a) U (fn — iW, fn + nW), where I = the set of all integers.
ngl
(b) 1) (nir, (n + 1)""), where I = the set of all integers.

(c) (-00,00)

(d) (-oo,0)U(0,oo)

9. (a) lim —5
*-*o x3
n — lini — -,
—+ 7)(x-2) = x-o
r~=r? ^t lim ft 4.\ , x^2;
r the limit does not exist because
+ 5x z -14x
.

x-*o x(x x(x + 7)'

lim
x 2
= 00 and lim
2
= -00
ft . _; '

x-»(T x(x + 7) , + x(x + 7)

«,
v(b)'
,.
lim
*-a x + 5x -14x
x2 -4x + 4
-5
3 o—
2
!
= hm ,.

x^2 x(x +—^v?

7)(x-2)
-7 —
(x-2)(x-2)
£r = im x „2 ,xy2
,
x-* x(x + ,,
7)'
j,
r ,
= ^t^c
°'
•2(9) m=
n

10. (a) lim

X2 +2 X
4
*-0 x + 2x + x
3=
5
3
,.
am -,3
X(X+1)
„
x-o x (x2 + 2x+l)
.,
r= am —77
x+1— -= ..urn —s—
*-0 x2 (x + l)(x+l)
I
= —, x
x-rf) x 2 (x+l)
— _ArtJ.ii
f=and x ?= — 1.

1 X -4- X
Now lim —s- = 00 and lim —~- \
= 00 => lim — -;
=j = 00.
x-.tr x 2 (x+l) x ^o+
2
x (x + l) x-0 x 5 + 2x4 + x3

x2 + x x(x + l)
(b) lim = lim —r= lim —k- -, x^
jt
^ — 1. The limit does not
and x 56
x— 1
4
5
x + 2x + x
3 *-- * x (x 2 + 2x + l)
3 1
2
(X +
X (x x— 1)

exist because lim -

x— -, ;
2
x (x + l)
"
— =— r °° and lim
X-.-1+
-a- 1
x 2
(x + l)
CO.

1 ~ \/x 1 — y/x 1
11. lim -3 = lim 7- 7=r7- 7*\~
»•
hm 7= =1 ;?
X-l 1-X x^l {\-y/x){l + y/x) X^i 1 + y^C 2

2
= xlim (x -a2 )
12. Urn *t~3 4, '-
-
-» lim
x-a x 4_ a (
x 2
+a 2)( x 2_ a2) x-*a x2 + &2 & :
 130 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

„ ,. (x + h) 2 -x2 (x2 + 2hx + h2 )-x2 = .. ,.

13. lim i £ = lira ^ r
'-
lira (2x UN =
+ h) „
2x

hm
(x + h) 2 -x2 = ( x2 + 2hxr+ h 2 )-x2 = hm .. ,. .
14. ^
£ km i ,„
(2x + h) = h

1 1

15. im
lim
2±x_^_
= ii™
lim 2-(i+f)_ = ,
lim
-1 __1
x— x-tO 2x(2 + x) x-^o 4 + 2x 4

2 + X) 3 - J (x
3
+ 6x 2 + 12x + i

16. lim
x—0
^ lim = lim (x 2 + 6x + 12) = 12
x-*0 x—»0

2 +
|x + 3 2+^ = |±0 = 2 + x ._2 2
+ 0_2
17. iim
x->°o 5x4-7
lim
x-too g 7 5 + , 5
18.
x ~
lim
°°
2x^
5x 2
+7
3
= lim
*^"-*> c
5+ 7
~5 + - 5
?
2
x -4x + 8 = Um /l _4
19. Hm J -co 3x I
3 X2 3X5
0-0+0=0
3x

i_ \
20. lim -5—1 = lim I ^~T "1-0+0 -

1 x 2
x /

21. nm *1^* = Um (Z=?\ = -00 22. lim

x +x = xlim ^
x + 1

x-»-oo x+ 1 x-»-oo 1 x—>oo 12x3, +128 -* 0O

I 1 i
l 12 + 128

23. lim
l^jy< Hm - —= since int x — oo as x —* oo
mt x — x->oo
. ,

x-kx> mt x

24. lim
|c08
f-
1|
< lim ^=
1 I sm x ,

25. lim
x-»oo
X+3inX + 2
X + Sin X
^= lim
x-too
I
*
1+s
V* 1 + + =
1+0 1

1+0 = 1
x^<»
x
2/3
CQS
2 x^oo C0S X
2 1+0

lim e _x2 = lim -L = =A = lim eu = l.

1
27. 28. Letting u gives lim e ^*
X—>oo vx
2
e

29. (a) f(— 1) = —1 and f(2) = 5 => f has a root between —1 and 2 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is 1.32471795724
 Chapter 1 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 131

30. (a) f(-2) = -2 and f(0) = 2 =*• f has a root between -2 and by the Intermediate Value Theorem,
(b), (c) root is -1.76929235424

CHAPTER 1 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

1. (a) x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

0.7943 0.9550 0.9931 0.9991 0.9999

x
Apparently, lim x = 1

x-0,+
(b)

0.2 0.6 1

2. (a) x 10 100 1000

l/0nx)
0.3678 0.3678 0.3678
GO
Apparently, Jim^
{£)
= 0.3678 = f

00
!«! »
/(*)
G)
0.4

0.2

lim_ v •

3. lim_ L = lim_ LQ */l -^ =L \ 1

- V—>c = LoaA-^ =
V—»C V—«c V C V c

The left-hand limit was needed because the function L is undefined if v > c (the rocket cannot move faster
than the speed of light).
132 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

4. ^-1 < 0.2 =^ -0.2 < ^-- 1< 0.2 => 0.8 < \- < 1.2 => 1.6 < y/x < 2.4 => 2.56 <x< 5.76.

2
L < 0.1 =3- -0.1 < ^-- 1< 0.1 =* 0.9 < -^ < 1.1 = 1.8 <
-V<l.l=>-U y/x < 2.2 = 3.24 < x < 4.84.
10 + (t - 70) x 10~
4 - 70) x HT 4 <
5. 1
- 10 1 < 0.0005 => |
(t 1
0.0005 =*• -0.0005 < (t - 70) x 10~ 4 < 0.0005

=* -5 < t - 70 < 5 => 65° <t< 75° = Within 5° F.

6. Yes. Let R be the radius of the equator (earth) and suppose at a fixed instant of time we label noon as the
zero point, 0, on the equator =>• +wR represents the midnight point (at the same exact time). Suppose x x
is a point on the equator noon "just after" ^
Xj + irR is simultaneously "just after" midnight. It seems
reasonable that the temperature T at
a point just after noon is hotter than it would be at the diametrically
opposite point just after midnight: That is, T(x2 ) - T(x 3 + 7rR) > 0. At exactly the same moment in time
pick x z to be a point just before midnight => x2 + ttR is just before noon. Then T(x ) — T(x + tR) < 0.
2 2
Assuming the temperature function T is continuous along the equator (which is reasonable), the Intermediate
Value Theorem says there is a point c between (noon) and nR (simultaneously midnight) such that
T(c) — T(c + 7rR) = 0; i.e., there is always a pair of antipodal points on the earth's equator where the
temperatures are the same.

7. (a) At x = 0: lim i, (a) = lim ¥ = lim

-1 + V1 +
v '
a-.0
v '
+ a-.0 a a—0

l-(l + a) _ _i 1
lim — , :
— , — s
a-0 a (-l-^/r+a) -l-vT+0 2

t\ l-(l + a) -1
At x = — 1: , r
lim r.(a)
+ = v
um —. _ ,„..
j=*_ •= lim -, _ ;= = 1
a— 1+ a— 1+ a(-l-v/T+I) a-»-l a (-l - ^T + a) -1-^0
-l-y/T+Zy-l + y/T+'i
(b) At x = 0: lim r (a) = lim ¥
a = lim
a—0 a—0 a—0 -1 + \/l + a
l-(l + a) -1
= lim lim - lir = oo (because the
a-o a(-l + y/TTa.) a-o a(-l + \/l+a) a-o -1 + ^/1 +

denominator is always negative); lim r_(a) = lim

tttJI j,y.
-
.
r i
- "= = —oo (because the denominator
a— n
a—0 4" -1 + yl + a
is always positive). Therefore, lim r_(a) does not exist.
a—0

At x = — 1: lim r_(a) = lim s = lim

a— + a— + 1+ -1 + y/T+Z'

r (a)

-l
r.W- «
!
-l 2

-2

Graph not to scale

•4
 Chapter 1 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 133

(d) a-0.2

8-0.05

/(«) - «*+>»-

8. (a) Since x -> + , < x3 < x < 1 =>• (x

3 - x) -* 0~ =>• lim f(x3 -x) = lim_ f(y) =B where y = x3 - x.
x~»cr y-CT

.
(b) Since x — 0~, -1 < x < x3 < = (x3 - x) -» + => lim_ f(x
x— »o
3
-x) = lim f(y) = A where y = x3 -x.
y-*(T

(c) Since x -> + , < x4 < x 2 < i => (x2 - x4 ) -» 0+ => lim f (x
2
- x4 ) = lim f(y) =A where y = x2 - x4 .

x—CP y^O +
(d) Since x — 0~ -1< x < => < x 4 < x2 < 1 =>• (x2 -x4 ) -» 0+ = lim f(x2 -x4 ) = A as in part (c).
x-*cr

9. (a) True, because if lim (f(x) +g(x)) exists then lim (f(x) + g(x)) - lim f(x) = lim [(f(x) +g(x)) -f(x)]

= lim g(x) exists, contrary to assumption.

(b) False; for example take f(x) = j and g(x) = — ^. Then neither lim f(x) nor lim g(x) exists, but

lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim (h-l) = lim - exists.

(c) True, because g(x) = |x| is continuous => g(f(x)) = j

f(x) |
is continuous {it is the composite of continuous

functions).

f-1, x<0
(d) False; for example let f(x) =: < => f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0. However f(x) =1 is
I 1, x>0
continuous at x = 0.

10. f(x) = x+2 cos x => f(0) = + 2 cos = 2 > and f(-ir) = -it + 2 cos{-ir) = -it - 2 < 0. Since f(x) is

continuous on [ — jr, 0] by , the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) must take on every value between [—a -
— 2,2].
Thus there is some number c in [ — 7r, 0] such that f(c) = 0; i.e., c is a solution to x + 2 cos x = 0.

11. Show lim f(x) = lim (x2 - 7) = -6 = f(l).

x-»l x-»l

Step 1: |(x
2
-7) + 6|<6 =J> -e <x 2 - 1 < e =* 1 -e < x
2
< 1 + e => \Jl - f < x < -/f+7.
Step |x-l|<«=*--*<x-l<6=*--6+l<x<«+l.
2:

Then -6 + 1 = 0-e or 6 + 1 = y T+7. Choose S = minjl - \/l-«, y/l + e - lj,

/
then
 134 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

0<|x — 1 < 1 tf => |(x2 — 7) — 6|<€ and lira f(x) = —6. By the continuity test, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

12. Show lim g(x) = lim ^= 2 = g(I).

Step 1:
2x
<€ ^- £< S- 2<€ ^ 2 - €< i <2 + ^4^ >x> 4-T27-
Step 2: a: -4 < 6 =» -8 <x~\<6 => -5 + 4<x<^+i

Then - + * or $ + 4 = ^-1^=* 6 =
€ L 1_
_ t
J= = 5-4T2?=4(2+V)-'^4-4—
= 6
fi

4T^ 2e 4-2f
,

4 4(2-e)'

Choose 5 - , the smaller of the two values. Then < x — <6=> < and lim j=~ = 2.
4(2 +e )
!
2x
e.

1 2x

By the continuity test, g(x) is continuous at x = 4.

13. Show Jim h(x) = lim J2x-S

v = 1 = h(2).'
x— 2 v ' x-»2
v

^ ~ €j +3 <x < (l + £) + 3
2
Stepl: |V2x-3-l|<f^-€<v/2x~3-l<e^ - e < v^x-3 < + 1 1 € =>

Step 2: |x-2|<6=>-5<x-2<5or-<5 + 2<x<5 + 2.

Then -6 + 2
(l-e) 2 + 3
=>6 = 2
'i ^
_
'»
_
1 '*
_
^2
_ f __, or 5 +2 = — ^

^. 6 =
fi 1

~»
s\£ 1 o
2 =-
/1 I

h
\2
.\2 12y =e+ . Choose 6 := e — 4-,
2
the smaller of the two values . Then,

0<|x — 2|<5=» y2x-3 — 1 < e, so lim y^2x -3 = 1 . By the continuity test, h(x) is continuous at x = 2.
x-»2

14. V ' = lim

Show lim F(x)
x-»5 X-.5
JS-x
v = 2 = F(5). v '

Step 1: | v/9-x-2J<€ => -« < \/9-x-2<<< => 9 - (2 -e) 2 >x> 9 - (2 + £) 2 .

Step 2: 0<|x~5|<<5=»-6<x-5<6=>--tf + 5<x<<$ + 5.

Then -5 + 5 = 9 - (2 + e) 2 => 5 = (2 + e) 2 - 4 = e2 + 2£, or 6 + 5 = 9 - (2 - e) 2 => 6 = 4 - (2 - e) 2 = € 2 - 2f.
Choose 5 = e — 2e, the smaller of the two values. Then, < |x — 5 < =*- \/9 — x — 2 < f so
1 <5 ,

lim
x->5
y 9 — x = 2. By the continuity test, F(x) is continuous at x = 5.

15. (a) Let e > be given. If x is rational, then f(x) = x => |f(x) — 0| = |x — ! < e <=> I x— 1 < e; i.e., choose

6 = c. Then x - | 1 < S = |f(x) - j < e for x rational. If x is irrational, then f(x) = => |f(x) — j < c

•i=S> < c which is true no matter how close irrational x is to 0, so again we can choose 6 = e. In either case,

given c > there is a6 =e> such that 0<|x — 0\<6 ^ |f(x) — j < e. Therefore, f is continuous at

x = 0.

(b) Choose x = c > 0. Then within any interval (c — 6,c + <5) there are both rational and irrational numbers.

If c is rational, pick c = £ No matter how small we choose 8 > there is an irrational number x in

(c — 6, c + 8) => j
f(x) — f(c) = |0 — c| = c>£=e.
|
That is, f is not continuous at any rational c > 0. On
 Chapter 1 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 135

the other hand, suppose c is irrational =* f(c) = 0. Again pick e = §. No matter how small we choose 6 >
there is a rational number x in (c-6,c + S) with |x-cl<| = <f<s-|<x<y. Then |f(x) -f(c)| = |x-0|
= |x|>£ = e=>fis not continuous at any irrational c > 0.
If x = c < 0, repeat the argument picking e = -s- — -?p Therefore f fails to be continuous at any

nonzero value x = c.

16. (a) Let c = ™- be a rational number in [0, 1} reduced to lowest terms => f(c) = jr. Pick e =J 5
-. No matter how

small 8 > is taken, there is an irrational number x in the interval (c — 6,c + 6) =* Jf(x) — f(c) = |0 — jjj

jj > y~ =c . Therefore f is discontinuous at x = c, a rational number.

(b) Now suppose c is an irrational number =$ f(c) = 0. Let € > be given. 1

Notice that i :.
is the only rational

number reduced to lowest terms with denominator 2 and belonging to [0, 1]; w and » the only rational with

denominator 3 belonging to [0, 1]; -t and j with denominator 4 in [0, 1]; 4, •%> f an d c with denominator 5 in

[0, 1}; etc. In general, choose N so that «<e => there exist only finitely many rationals in (0, 1] having

denominator < N, say i v r

2 > ...» rp . Let 6 = min {j c —r i |:
i = 1, . . . pi. Then the interval (c — S,c + 6)
contains no rational numbers with denominator < N. Thus, 0< |x — c|< 6 => jf(x) — f(c) = |f(x) — 0|
|

= |
f(x) |
< J* < € => f is continuous at x = c irrational.

(c) The graph looks like the markings on a typical ruler

when the points (x, f(x)) on the graph of f(x) are

connected to the x-axis with vertical lines.

»
i

0.8

0.6

0.*'

0.2'

A 0.4
Ak
0.6 0.8
k
0.2

11/n Uxm mjn is » rational number in lowest termi

ifxliimitonil
136 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity

NOTES:
 CHAPTER 2 DERIVATIVES

2.1 THE DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION

1. Step 1: f(x) = 4 - x2 and f(x + h) = 4 - (x + h) 2

Step _
2:
f(x + h)-f(x)_[4-(x + h) 2 ]-(4-x2 )_(4-x2 -2xb-h 2 )-4 + x2 .,-2xb-h2 h(-2x-h)

= ~2x - h if h /
Step 3: f'(x) = lim (-2x - h) = -2x; f (-3) = 6, f (0) =

2. Step 1: g(t) = i and g(t + h) = ~-^

2
-(t + h) 2 \
_L X2 f
t

g(t+h)- g (t) (t+h) 2 t u t + h )2 - t2

; t
2
-(t 2 +2th+h 2 ) _2th-h 2
. Step 2: = = = =:
h h h (t + h) 2 -t 2 -h (t+ h) 2 t 2 h
= h(-2t-h)
2
= _ 2t h
r
(t + h) 2
t h (t + h) 2 t 2
Step 3:
'
B (t) =
& jftqk-ft'f i •'C-D = >. rt2) —
3. Step 1: s(t) = 3
t - 1 2 and s(t + h) = (t + h) 3 - (t + h)3
s(t + h) - s(t) _ [
(t + h) 3 - (t + h) 2 - (t 3 - ] t
2
)
Step 2:
h h
3
{t + 3t 2h+3th 2 +h 3 ) + (t 2 + 2th + h 2 )-(t3 -t 2 )

2
h(3t + 3th-hh2 -2t-h) = 3 t2 _ 2t + (3t _ 1)h + h2 fh#0 .

Step 3: = lim (3t

2
- 2t + (3t - l)h + h 2 ) = 3t 2 - =
*j|f
2t;
^ t=-i
5

4. Step 1: f(x) = x+| and f(x + h) = (x + h) + (x

+ h)

f(x + h)-f(x) ^"'""''(x + h)

~
Step 2:
h h
2 2 2
x(x + 2xh + h + 9) - (x + h) (x + 9)
xh(x + h)
(x3 + 2x2 h + xh 2 + 9x) - (x3 + x2 h + 9x + 9h) h(x 2 + xh - 9 }
xh(x + h) xh(x + h)
138 Chapter 2 Derivatives

x2 + xh - 9 •
if MO
x(x + h)

Step 3: W = h-D 'V*?^

f (x)
X(x+h)
9
=
Urn ^x2
= 1 -^2'
x
f(-3)
» '
=

5. Step 1: p(0) = v/3ff and p(0 + h) = ^3(0 + h)

Ste 2- P( g + h )~P( g = \/^+ 1 )

^-^ = (^ 3g + 3h ~ v/^) (^g + 3h + y/3^) _ (3g + 3h)-3g
h h h
(>/3fl + 3h + v^) h(^3^ + 3h + v/3?)

.
3h 3

h(V35 + 3h + ^) Vw + Sh + ^e
Step 3: p'(tf) = lim .
3 == ,_ 3
— = —%=\ p'(0.25) = v^

2 2

6 . r=f(9)= 2
andf(e + h) = 2 dr = Hm f(* + h)-f W= V^J^'V^
_ 2y 4-g-2V4-g-h __ Um 2^4~fl-2\/4-fl~h (2>/4-fl + 2^4 -O-ft)
/

~ h-0
h\/4-0 ^4-^-h ~ h-.o h ^4 _ y/i _ ^ _ h (2^4-0 + 2y/ 4-^-h)

4(4 - g) - 4(4 - - h) 6>

= lim = lim
h™ 2h^4-^v/ 4-^-h(v/4-6' + V'4-e-h) h™ v/ 4-5\/4-5~h(v'4-6' + v/ 4-^-h)
2 _ 1 ^ dr _1
9=0

dy_
7. y=x2 + x + 8=>£=2x+l + = 2x + l => T -|=2
dx dx2

8. S = 5t3 -3t 5 =>^ = ^(5t 3 )-A(3 t 5) =1 5 t 2_ 15t 4 => di9 = d( 15t 2)_d{ 15t 4) := 3 0t _ 60t3
dt dt dt at dt dt^

10.y = ^I = x2 + 7X" 1 = ^ = 2x - 7x" 2 => ^=

dx2
2 + 14x"
3

(n)
11. y = ±x4 -| x2 -x => y' = 2x3 - 3x- 1 => y" = 6x 2 -3 => y'" = 12x => y (4) = 12 => y = for all n > 5

12. y = T^x s
120
=> y' = ix
24
4
= y" = ±x3 => y'" = ix 2 => y<
4
> = x => y<
5)
= 1 => y<
n
> = for all n > 6

13. (a)g=3x
dx
2
-4^m=^
dx
= 3(2) 2 -4 =
x=2
Therefore, the equation of the line tangent to the curve at the point (2, 1) is y —1 = 8(x — 2) or
y = 8x - 15.
 Section 2.2 The Derivative as a Function 139

(b) Since x2 > for all real values of x, it follows that 3x

2
> and 3x2 —4 > —4. In addition,
3x — 4 —* +co as x —» ± oo. Therefore, the range of values of the curve's slope is [-4,oo).

The graph of the derivative is a parabola that opens upward and its vertex is at the point (0,-4).

(c) The equation of one such tangent = 2. Also, -p = 8 => 3x2 —4 =

line is found in part (a) when x 8
— x2 = 4 => x = 2 or x = -2. At x = -2, y = (-2) 3 - 4(-2) + 1 = 1. Therefore, the equation
.

of the line tangent to the curve at the point (—2, 1) is y — 1 = 8(x — (—2)) or y = 8x + 17.

14. (a) Set g^ - o and solve for x: ^= 1 - -^= = => -y/x = | => x = |. At x = |, the curve has value

y = j — 3y j = ^ — 3( ^ = — j. J
Therefore, an equation for the horizontal tangent to the curve at the

P°int (! -f) is y = -|
(b) The domain of the function y = x — 3-^/x is [0,co). The derivative, however, is undefined at x = 0.
Therefore, to determine the range of values for the curve's slopes, consider <x< oo. As x — oo,
dv ^ dy - ^ y»
__ = 1 _ _-2— . _» 1 and, as x 1 0, t— = 1 — — —» — oo. For all values of x between and oo, the function
dx 2^/x dx 2</x
dy ^
-j— = 1 ~-~2y~ ; s increasing toward 1 as x increases. Therefore, the curve's slopes range from — oo near
ax 2y/x
dy
x = 0, to 1 but never reaching 1, as x —* oo. That is, — oo < -p- < 1 for <x< oo.

15. Note that as x increases, the slope of the tangent line to the curve is first negative, then zero (when x = 0),
then positive => the slope is always increasing which matches (b).

16. Note that the slope of the tangent line is never negative. For x negative, f^(x) is positive but decreasing as x

increases. When x = 0, the slope of the tangent line to x is 0. For x > 0, f^(x) is positive and increasing. This

graph matches (a).

17. f$(x) is an oscillating function like the cosine. Everywhere that the graph of f3 has a horizontal tangent we

expect fg to be zero, and (d) matches this condition.

18. The graph matches with (c).

19. (a) f is not defined at x = 0, 1, 4. At these points, the left-hand and right-hand derivatives do not agree.

For example, lim

X-*0~ X ~U
j~-~^ = slope of line joining (—4,0) and (0,2) =„
/
but lim
x-tO
-*" x—s
u
—= slope of

line joining (0,2) and (1,-2) = —4. Since these values are not equal, f'(0) = lim « — does not exist.

(b)

4t- /'on (-4. 6)

3-
2- o-o

-8 -6 -4 -If 2 4 6 8

•
2
r
•3'
4°
 140 Chapter 2 Derivatives

20. (a) (b) Shift the graph in. (a) down 3 units

l —X

f(0 + h)-f(0)
21. Left-hand derivative: For h < 0, f(0 + h) = f(h) = h (using y =x curve) => lim_

= i.m
lim
h-tO"
—h—
h*-0 =,
lim
h-»0
h = 0;

f(0 + h) - f(0)
Right-hand derivative: For h > 0, f(0 + h) = f(h) = h (using y =x curve) =>• lim
h— +
= lim ^=^-= lim 1 = 1;
h-tO + h h-*0 +
f( 0+h )
f(°
+ h) f(°)
^ the derivative f'(0) does not exist.
Then lim ffl),
^ lim

ft 1+h)~ fl 1
22. Left-hand derivative: When h < 0, 1 +h < 1 => f(l + h) = y/T+h => lim_
)

h-*CT

= N /T+h-l_
-=
(yT+h-l) (j/T+h + l)_
= ,.
(l+h)-l
lim lim lim lim
h.~>0~ h-*> (-v/H-h-f- 1) h-o~ h(v^l + h + l) h-o- 0+h + l 2
'

f(l+h)-f(l)
Right-hand derivative: When h > 0, 1 +h > 1 => f(l + h) = 2(1 -I- h) -1 = 2h + 1 lim

= lim
(2h + l)-^ = lhn 2 = 2;
h _>0
+ h h-*+

1+h )~ f( 1 )
Then lim
f(
^ i; m H 1 + h )~ f 1 ( )
_>. the derivative f'(l) does not exist.

23. (a) The function is differentiable on its domain —2 < x < 3 (it is smooth)
(b) none
(c) none

24. (a) f is differentiable on -2 < x < -1, -1< x < 0, < x < 2, and 2 <x< 3
(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = — 1: lim f(x) = exists but there is a corner at x = —1 since

f(-i + h)-f -i) = _ 3and

(
i;m
fH + h)-f(-i) = 3 ^ oesnotex st
.

h-o- h h ^+ h

(c) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = and x = 2:

at x = 0, lim_ f(x) =3 but lim f(x) = =i» lim f(x) does not exist;
x^O x _, + x-tO

at x = 2, lim f(x) exists but lim f(x) £ f(2)

x-~*z x—*,£
 Section 2.1 The Derivative as a Function 141

25. (a) f is differentiable on-l<x<0and0<x<2

(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0: lim f(x) = exists but there is a cusp at x = 0, so

f( ° + h,!~- f(0)
f (0)'
v
= itai does not exist
h—o n
(c) none

26. (a) f is differentiable on -3 <x< -2, -2 < x < 2, and 2 < x < 3
(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = — 2 and x = 2: there are corners at those points
(c) none

mu f(* + h)-f(x) -(x + h) 2 -(-x2 ) -x 2 -2xh-h 2 + x2 =

o 7 t(a)
27. f(x)= v
hm \ -i ,(—*-= ..

ftm E
= 1™ ,.

E
lim (-2x-h) = -2x
h—
(b)

(c) y'= — 2x is positive for x < 0, y' is zero when x = 0, y' is negative when x >
(d) y = —x2 is increasing for -co < x < and decreasing for < x < oo; the function is increasing on intervals
where y' > and decreasing on intervals where y' <

28. (a)
y '
f(x)=w lim
h-»o
f(*
+ h )- f(*> =
h
lim
h-»0
^"^ h
= lim
h-*o
~*+
x(x +
X
+h =
h)h
>
H T^^
h->o x(x + h) x2

(b)

y---

-1

-l

(c) y' is positive for all x ^ 0, y' is never 0, y' is never negative

(d) y = — i is increasing for -oo <x< and <x< oo

3 3
x c

29. (a) Using the alternate formula for calculating derivatives: f'(c) = lim —x=rz— = $2& —x^
X—

hm £
= x-»c x3_ c-r=
3

3( x -c)
lim
x—c
il
:-c)(x
(X-
^7
2

3(x-c)
+ xc
-y-
+ c2 ) = ^ x2 +xc + c 2 = ca =>f, (x)=x 2
142 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(b)

y=
T
-1

-1

(c) y' is positive for all x # 0, and y' = when x = 0; y' is never negative
3
(d) y = ^r is increasing for all x (the graph is horizontal at x = 0) because y is increasing where y' > 0; y is
o
never decreasing

X4 c
4
f(x) — f(c)
30. (a) Using the alternate form for calculating derivatives: f'(c) = lim —x _ — = c lim
. \
—x —
4 4

= lim *L< = lim

~
(*~c)(x 3 W+cW) lim
X—»c
^±^±A±£
4
= J s>f w=1 t
>
v
»
x-»c 4(x-c) x 4(x-c)
(b)

(c) y' is positive for x > 0, y' is zero for x = 0, y' is negative for x<
4
(d) y = x is increasing on < x < oo and decreasing on — oo < x <

2 2
«-,
'= vx—
,
*"(x)-f(c)
- x— ..
hmtc X -C 3 = rhm (X-C)(X _+XC + C ) = Inn
3 / 2 21 = 3c*.
+ xc + c^J o 2
31. y
J lim
»c
'
xy _
—c \_r
x—c x—»c x c x—»c <-
(.x^

The slope of the curve y = x3 at x = c is y' = 3c 2 . Notice that 3c

2
> for all c =* y = x3 never has a negative
slope.

2 v/ x + h-2 v6c
32. Horizontal tangents occur where y = 0, Thus, y = Hm r
h-»0

2(VxTh-^) (y/xTh +
^)_= 2((x + h)- *))
= lim lim = lim
^'
h-* h ^°
h-»0 (y^h +v^) h(^rnr+v^) v^+^+v^
Then y' = when ~K= = which is never true => the curve has no horizontal tangents.
 Section 2.1 The Derivative as a Function 143

33 '
= nm
h-o
(2(x + h) 2 -13(x + h) + 5)-(2x2 -13x + 5) =
h
^
h-o
2x
2
+4xh + 2h 2 - 13x - 13b + 5 - 2x2 + 13x- 5
h

_ j im
4xh + 2h - 13h _ lim
,
4x + 2h _ 13 x' _ 4x _ 13 g i ope at x The sl is _j_ when 4x _ 13 __ _x
v
h—0 h h-0
=^4x=12^x = 3=>y = 2-3 2 -13-3 + 5 = -16. Thus the tangent line is y + 16 = (-l)(x - 3) and the
point of tangency is (3,-16).

+ h-y/x) (T/x + h + y/x)

=
:

— + h)-x (x
34. For the curve y = »/x, we have y lim s -, r= lim
h—0 h^°
(Vx + h+y^) (V
xTh + ^)li
/

= lim — = -= = —^j= . Suppose (a, v/a-) is the point of tangency of such a line and (—1,0) is the point
h—0 y/x + h + n/x 2,/x

on the

207
1

exist:
;
line

using

its
where

— — it

""" derivative formula at x

"* " & the

point of tangency
crosses the x-axis.

—™
is (1, 1), its
Then the slope

= a =>

slope
r of the

is
a+l-
v^
= r—7=
2
.

—^j= = 4;
^
1
=>•
line is

2a =a+1

and an equation of the

a-(-l)
—— = —
-.
—r which must also equal
a+1
-

=> a = 1.

line is
M

Thus such a

y— 1
line

= i(x — 1).
does

35, No. Derivatives of functions have the intermediate value property. The function f(x) = int x satisfies f(0) =
and f(l) =1 but does not take on the value A anywhere in [0, 1] => f does not have the intermediate value

property. Thus f cannot be the derivative of any function on [0, 1] => f cannot be the derivative of any function

on (—00,00).

36. The graphs are the same. So we know that

*'
for f(x) = |x I
, we have f'(x) = ^fJ.
1 9-

-1

<i-l

37. Yes; the derivative of — f is — f so that f'(x ) exists => —f(x ) exists as well.

38. Yes; the derivative of 3g is 3g' so that g'(7) exists => 3g'(7) exists as well.

39. Yes, lim grr can exist but it need not equal zero. For example, let g(t) = mt and h(t) = t. Then g(0) = h(0)
t—*o nt tj

= 0, but lim —ttx

t— h(t)
= lim
t—
~ = t—
t
lim m = m, which need not be zero,

f( 0+h^~ f(°)
40. (a) Suppose |
f(x) |
< x2 for -1 < x < 1. Then |
f(0) |
< 2
= f(0) = 0. Then f'(0) = lim

= l
h~,o
im ^2= h
l
h-o
im W h - i _h
For h |<i
[
2
- w
<f(h)<h
_ 2^_ h< W
-h-<h=>f (0)= h-o
Hm /
v '
f00
h
=fl

by the Sandwich Theorem for limits.

 144 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(b) Note that for x ^ 0, |f(x) |

= j
x2 sin i| = | x2 1| sin x < x2
| | 1
- 1 - x2 (since -1 < sin x< 1). By part (a),

f is differentiable at x = and f'(0) = 0.

41. The graphs are shown below foT h = 1, 0.5, 0.1. The function y = —^7= is the derivative of the function

r-
= «/x that -
1

—5= =
1 .•
lim
V x + rh — s/y. The 6 = -Jx + h - »/x
— Bgets closer to y = —= 1
y v so 2Wx h-0 h
. graphs reveal that y ;
h 2 V^
as h gets smaller and smaller.

h «o.s h -0.1

\,yv&jx) \^.y - tiajsi

7
1 jim~jx
A

42. The graphs are shown below for h = 2, 1, 0.2. The function y = 3x 2 is the derivative of the function y = x3 so
x •+ h) 3 — x3 x 4- rO 3 — x3
that 3x = lim
(
r • The graphs reveal that y = f
1 gets closer to y = 3x2 as h
gets smaller and smaller.

>>-•u
+»•-*' \ v / \
f-w ,m

-i -i 1
i

43. Weierstrass's nowhere differentiable

continuous function.

fW-
>w)
+ , * 1
+ (j) w»(9'*x)
 Section 2.1 The Derivative as a Function 145

44.

The function graph of f(x) is smooth at the point (0, 1). Tracing
f(x) is differentiable at (0, 1) because the
along the graph of from left to right, the value of the function continually increases through the point
f(x),

(0,1) with no sudden change in the rate of increase. The function g(x) is not differentiable at (0, 1) because the
graph of g(x) has a sharp corner there. Tracing along the graph of g(x), from left to right, there is an abrupt
change at the point (0, 1). To the left of the point the values of g(x) decrease at a constant rate and to the
right the values increase at a constant rate. There is no derivative at x = because

(io+hi+i)-(ioi+i;_ -h ____ (10 + h|+l)-(|0|+l) h

.

im_ -H= = —1
, .
and
,.
= = Consequently,
+r
lim
0" urn r lim l-
h— h--0 h
h-»0
g(0 + h)-g(0)
g'(0)=lim does not exist since the right- and left-hand limits are not equal.

45-50. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

f:=x -> x A 2*cos(x);

q:=h->(f(x + h)-f(x))/h;
slope:=limit(q(h),h=0);
fp:=unapply(%,x);
xO:=Pi/4;
L:=x -> f(x0) +fp(x0)*(x-x0);
plot({f(x),L(x)},x=xO - 2..x0 + 1);
Mathematica :

Clear [f,m,x,y]
xO = Pi/4; f[x_] = xA2 Cos[x]
{x,x0-3,x0 + 3}]
PIot[f[x],
q[x_,h_] =
(f[x + h]-f[X])/h
m[x_] = Limit[ q[x,h], h -> ]

y = f[x0]+m[x0] (x-xO)
Plot[ {f[x],y>, {x,xO - 3,x0 + 3} ]

m[x0 - 1]//N
m[x0 + 1]//N
Plot[ {f(x],m[x]}, {x,x0 - 3,x0 + 3}
146 Chapter 2 Derivatives

In Exercise 63, you could define

xO = 1; f[x_] = x A (1/3) +x A (2/3)

However, Mathematica 4.0 uses a complex branch for odd roots of negative numbers (as does Maple 6), so the
above will only work for positive x. To get the real roots for all x, you could force it as below, but this form is
not good for taking derivatives:

xO = 1; f[x_] = Sign(x] Abs[x] A (1/3) + Abs[x] A (2/3)

2.2 THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE

1. s = t 2 -3t + 2, 0< t <2
(a) displacement = As = s(2) - s(0) = -2m, v av = ^| = =^_m = _i m /sec
(b) v = ^| = 2t-3,|v(0)| = !-3| = 3m/sec,|v(2)| = |l|=lrn/Seqa = ^ = ^f = 2 1

a(0) = a(2) = 2 m/sec 2

(c) v = 0=>2t — 3 = 0^-t = g sec. For < t < §, v is negative and s is decreasing, whereas for

o q
s< t < 2, v is positive and s is increasing. Therefore, the body changes direction at t = w.

2. s = 6t - 1 2 , <t< 6

(a) displacement = As = s(6) - s(0) = - = 0, v av = ^| = $-g^ = m/sec

(b) v = *j!=6-2t,
at
|v(0)| = |6|=6m/sec,|v(6)| = |-6| = 6m/sec;a = ^y-
at
= 4-|=- 2 .

dt
= a(6) = -2 m/sec 2
a(0)

(c) v = ^ 6 — 2t = =^ t = 3 sec. For < t < 3, v is positive and s is increasing, whereas for

3 <t< 6, v is negative and s is decreasing. Therefore, the body changes direction at t — 3.

3. s = -t3 + 3t
2
- 3t, <t<3
(a) displacement = As = s(3) - s(0) = -9 m, v av = ^-| = ^ = -3 m/sec
(b) v = *jf = ~3t
2
+ 6t - 3 => v(0) I
|
= |-3| = 3 m/sec and v(3) I I = I
-12 1 = 12 m/sec; a = |J-f = -6t + 6
at a.t

2
=>• a(0) =6 2
m/sec and a(3) = -12 m/sec
(c) v = => -3t 2
+ 6t - 3 = => t - 2t + 1 =
2
=*• (t - l) 2 = => t = 1. For all other values of t in the

interval the velocity v is negative (the graph of v = — 3t + 6t — 3 is a parabola with vertex at t = 1 which

opens downward => the body never changes direction.

4. s = ^-t3 + t 2 , <t< 2

(a) As = s(2) - s(0) = 0m,v (lv =| = O m/sec

(b) v = t3 - 3t 2 + 2t => v(0)
| |
= m/sec and v(2) | [
= m/sec; a = 3t 2 - 6t + 2 =*• a(0) =2 m/sec 2 and

a(2) = 2 m/sec2
 Section 2.2 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 147

(c) v = => t
3 - 3t2 + 2t = => t(t ~ 2)(t - 1) = ^ t = 0, 1, 2 ^v= t(t - 2)(t - 1) is positive in the
interval for < t < 1 and v is negative for 1 <t< 2 =» the body changes direction at t = 1.
5. s = t 3 — 6t 2 + 9t and let the positive direction be to the right on the s-axis,
(a) v = 3t - 12t + 9 so that v =
2 =}• t -4t + 3 = (t - 3)(t - 1) =
2
=> t = 1 or 3; a = 6t - 12 => a(l)
= —6 m/sec and a(3) = 6 m/sec Thus the body is motionless but being accelerated left when t =
2 2
. 1, and
motionless but being accelerated right when t = 3.
(b) a = =* 6t - 12 = =* t = 2 with speed v(2) = 12 - 24 + 9 = 3 m/sec | [ 1
1

(c) The body moves to the right or forward on <t< 1, and to the left or backward on 1 < t < 2. The

positions are s(0) = 0, s(l) = 4 and s(2) = 2 => total distance = |s(l) - s(0) + |
1
s(2) - s(l) = |4 + -2
| 1 1 1

= 6 m.

6. v = t
2
- 4t + 3 => a = 2t -4
(a) v = 0^t2 -4t + 3 = Q^>t = lor3^ and a(3) = 2 m/sec 2 a(l) = ~2 m/sec2
(b) v > ^ (t - 3)(t - 1) > =>• < t < 1 or t > 3 and the body is moving forward; v < =*• (t - 3)(t - 1) <
=> 1 < t < 3 and the body is moving backward
(c) velocity increasing =*a>0=>2t~4>0=>t>2; velocity decreasing ^>a<0=5»2t-4<0^>-t<2

7. s m= 1.86t
2 =$- vm = 3.72t and solving 3.72t = 27.8 => t as 7.5 sec on Mara; Sj = 11.44t
2
=s> v^ = 22.88t and
solving 22.88t = 27.8 =» t « 1.2 sec on Jupiter.

8. (a) v(t) = s'(t) = 24 - 1.6t m/sec, and a(t) = v'(t) = s"(t) = -1.6 m/sec2

(b) Solve v(t) = => 24 - 1.6t = => t = 15 sec

(c) s(15) = 24(15) - .8(15) 2 = 180 m
(d) Solve s(t) = 90 => 24t - .8t = 90
2
=> t = — 2
V « 4.39 sec going up and 25.6 sec going down

(e) Twice the time it took to reach its highest point or 30 sec

9. s = 15t-ig st 2 = v = 15 »g a
t so that v = =>• 15 - a
t = => t = i5-. Therefore ^ = 20 => g 8 =|
2
= 0.75 m/sec

m = 832t - 2.6t = => t(832 - 2.6t) = =

2
10. Solving s => t or 320 =5- 320 sec on the moon; solving

s = 832t - 16t =
e
2
=> t(832 - 16t) = =t= or 52 => 52 sec on the earth. Also, vm = 832 - 5.2t =
= t = 160 and s m (160) « 66,560 ft, the height it reaches above the moon's surface; ve = 832 - 32t =

=* t — 26 and s (26) sw
e
10,816 ft, the height it reaches above the earth's surface.

11. (a) s = 179 - 16t2 => v = -32t =S> speed = |v = 32t ft/sec and a = -32 ft/sec2
|

(b) s = => 179 - 16t

2
= y^
=> t = ss 3.3 sec

(c) When t = W^f,

V 16 '
v = -M JW = ~8v/l79 « -107.0
" V 16
ft/sec

12. (a) lim v = lim 9.8(sin $)t = 9.8t so we expect v = 9.8t m/sec in free fall

(b) a = j£ = 9.8 m/sec 2

 148 Chapter 2 Derivatives

13. (a) at 2 and 7 seconds (b) between 3 and 6 seconds: 3 <t< 6

(d) ,
speed
3
3

_ .
- o
6 B
^r-
10
fc

4 6 8 10

-3
2

3 - — dv

14. (a) P is moving to the left when 2 < t < 3 or 5 < t < 6; P is moving to the right when < t < 1; P is standing
still when l<t<2or3<t<5
(b)
v (cm/sec)

speed (cm/sec)
4
velocity
4

-O—0—» t (sec)
12 3 5 6
o o —»' » O — t (sec)
-2 12 3 5 6

-4

15. (a) 190 ft/sec (b) 2 sec

(c) at 8 sec, ft/sec (d) 10.8 sec, 90 ft/sec
(e) From t = 8 until t = 10.8 sec, a total of 2.8 sec
(f) Greatest acceleration happens 2 sec after launch

(g) From t =2 to t = 10.8 sec; during this period, a = in o _o —^ — 32 ft/sec

16. Answers will vary.

(a)
.

100

so

-SB

-W0
-ISO

-400,
 Section 2.2 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 149

17. s = 490t 2 => v = 980t =3- a = 980

S
(a) Solving 160 = 490t
2
=> t = | sec. The average velocity was ^
!Z = 280 cm/sec.

(b) At the 160 cm mark the balls are falling at v(4/7) = 560 cm/sec. The acceleration at the 160 cm mark
was 980 cm /sec .

1 n
(c) The light was flashing at a rate of -rj= = 29.75 flashes per second.

18. C = position, A = velocity, and B = acceleration. Neither A nor C can be the derivative of B because B's
derivative is constant. C cannot be the derivative of A either, because A has some negative slopes while
Graph
C has only positive values. So, C, being the derivative of neither A nor B must be the graph of position.
Curve C has both positive and negative slopes, so its derivative, the velocity, must be A and not B. That
leaves B for acceleration.

19. C = position, B = velocity, and A = acceleration. Curve C cannot be the derivative of either A or B because
C has only negative values while both A and B have some positive slopes. So, C represents position. Curve C
has no positive slopes, so its derivative, the velocity, must be B. That leaves A for acceleration. Indeed, A \s

negative where B has negative slopes and positive where B has positive slopes.

20. (a) c(100) = 11,000 => cav = ^^ = $110; c(x) = 2000 + lOOx - .lx 2 =* c'(x) = 100 - .2x
(b) Marginal cost = c'(x) => the marginal cost of producing 100 machines is c'(100) = $80

(c) The cost of producing the 101

Bt
machine is c(101) - c(100) = 100 - ^= $79.90

21. (a) r(x) = 20,000 (l -|) => r'(x) = ^^ => r'(100) = $2/machine

(b) A r ss r'(lOO) = $2
(c)
v lim
x— r'fx)
v
= x—
lim — —=
'-a 0, The increase in revenue as the number of items increases without bound
' »oo ' »oo
x2
will approach zero.

6 4 - (2)(l0 3t) = 10 3 (10 - 2t)

22. b(t) = 10+ 104 t - 10 3 t 2 =*• b'(t) = 10

(a) b'(0) = 10 bacteria/hr

4
(b) b'(5) = bacteria/hr

b'(10) = -10 bacteria/hr

4
(c)

23. Q(t) = 200(30 - t)

2
= 200(900 - 60t + 2
) =» Q'(t) = 200(-60 + 2t) => Q'(10) = -8,000 gallons/min is the rate

the water is running at the end of 10 min. Then ——- 4-77— — = —10,000
- gallons/min is the average rate the

water flows during the first 10 min. The negative signs indicate water is leaving the tank.

2
24. (a) y = 6(l-^) = 6(l-i + 1 ^)^ = ^-l
(b) The largest value of -tj is m/h when t = 12 and the fluid level is falling the slowest at that time. The

smallest value of -£ is —1 m/h, when t = 0, and the fluid level is falling the fastest at that time.
150 Chapter 2 Derivatives

dy
(c) In this situation, -tj- < =*• the graph of y is

dy .
always decreasing. As -yr increases in value,

the slope of the graph of y increases from —1

to over the interval <t< 12.

25. (a) V = firr3 => ^ = to

dr
2
^^
dr
= 4,r(2) 2 = 3
16tt ft /ft
r=2
(b) When r = 2, %^- = 167T so that when r changes by 1 unit, we expect V to change by approximately 16-7T,

Therefore when r changes by 0.2 units V changes by approximately (16V)(0,2) = 3.2tt sw 10.05 ft . Note

that V(2.2) - V(2) « 11.09 ft

3
.

26. 200 km/hr = 55| = ^ m/scc, and D = ^t 2 =» V = ^t. Thus V=^^|U = ^=»t = 25 sec. When

t = 25, D = ^(25) 2 =«m

2 2
= - 2
= v - 32t; v = = ^|; = v t - 16t 2 = || = || -
27. s v t 16t =* v => t 1900 so that t => 1900
^
=> v o =^(64)(1900) = 80^ ft/sec and, finally, ^J* f^g •
fi^jgn _i^u_.
„ 23g mph .

28.

S»200t-16t £

(a) v = when t = 6.25 sec

(b) v > when < t < 6.25 =t- body moves up; v < when 6.25 < t < 12.5 => body moves down
(c) body changes direction at t = 6.25 sec
(d) body speeds up on (6.25,12.5) and slows down on [0,6.25)
(e) The body is moving fastest at the endpoints t = and t = 12.5 when it is traveling 200 ft/sec. It's

moving slowest at t = 6.25 when the speed is 0.

(f) When t = 6.25 the body is s = 625 m from the origin and farthest away.
 Section 2.2 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 151

29.

(a) v = when t = £ sec

(b) v < when <t< 1.5 => body moves left; v > when 1.5 <t<5 => body moves right

(c) body changes direction at t = £ sec

(d) body speeds up on (k, 5 and slows down on 0,s

(e) body is moving fastest at t = 5 when the speed = |

v(5) |
=7 units/sec; it is moving slowest at

t = k when the speed is

(f) When t = 5 the body is s = 10 units from the origin and farthest away.

30.

10 .9
St- 12
c
5 V •3t -12t*7
3t

-S
« /-
/ s -r -tit + 7t
10

(a) v = u when t = s sec

(b) v < when — ..^.

15
< t <
6+
^
15
=> body moves left; v > when <t<
6
~^ 15 or t±vH < t <4
=> body moves right
(3 _l_ / "t ^
(c) body changes direction at t = * sec

(d) body speeds up on

6->/l5
-,2
A/6
U + >/l5 -,4 and slows down on o,^U 2,
_±v^
6

(e) The body is moving fastest at t = and t =4 when it is moving 7 units/sec and slowest at t = * sec

(f) When t = „ the body is at position s ps —6.303 units and farthest from the origin.
 152 Chapter 2 Derivatives

31.

6±v/15
(a) v = when t =
6-\/T5 6 + -v/l5
(b) v < when <t< <t<4 => body is moving left; v > when

6--\/l5 6 + >/l5
<t<
, . , .

s => body is moving right

3

(c) body changes direction at t = 6±v/l5

(d) body speeds up on I * ,2 ju( and slows down on 0,^W2,«±^

(e) The body is moving fastest at 7 units/sec when t = and t = 4; it is moving slowest and stationary at

t =
O _1_ /I C
(?) When t = = the position is s as 10.303 units and the body is farthest from the origin.

32. (a) It takes 135 seconds.

(b) Average speed = ^= it~ Q

=^» 0.068 furlongs/sec.

(c) Using a symmetric difference quotient, the horse's speed is approximately

(d) The horse is running the fastest during the last furlong (between 9th and 10th furlong markers).
This furlong takes only 11 seconds to run, which is the least amount of time for a furlong.

(e) The horse accelerates the fastest during the first furlong (between markers and 1).

2.3 DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCTS, QUOTIENTS, AND NEGATIVE POWERS

1. y = 6x 2 -10x-5x- 2 =*-^=12x-10 + 10x- 3 =»^4 = 12-0-30x-*- *°"- 4

12-30x"
1 "
dx dx^
 Section 2.3 Derivatives of Products, Quotients, and Negative Powers 153

~5 - 2z~ 3 = 36z~ 5 - X
2. w = 3z~ 3 - z~ x => 4* = -9z"4 4- z" 2 = -9z" 4 + \2 => ^f 2
= 36 Z
az z dz 3
z

3. r = is-2 -|s- 1 ^^ = -| S
-3
+ | 8 - 2 =^|3 + -5 2? ^^| = 2 8 -'
2
,
-5 8 ~ 3 = 4-A
3 2 ds 3 2 3S 2s ds 4 3
s s

4. r = 120
-1
- 40~ 3 + 0~ 4 => || = -120~ + 2
120~ 4 ~ 40~ 5 = ^ + il~4j=>A = 24(T 3 - 480~ 5 + 2O0~
6

-24-18 + 20
3 5 6

5. (a) y =(3-x 2 )(x 3 -x+l)^y'=(3-x 2 ).^(x3 -x+l) + (x3 -x + l)-A( 3 -x 2 )

= (3 -x2 )(3x2 - l)+(x3 - x + l)(-2x) = -5x4 + 12x 2 - 2x - 3

y = -x + 4x - x - 3x + 3 =>• y' = ~5x + 12x - 2x - 3
5 3 2 4 2
(b)

6. y = (x+i)(x-l+i)

(a) y'-(x + x- i )-(l+x- 2 ) + (x-x- 1 + l)(l-x- 2 )=2x+l-i + ^

X X

(b) y = x 2 + x + i-i^y' = 2x+l--^ + 4J

yr x' x

7- y = lX + 1 use the quotient rule: u = 2x + 5 and v = 3x-2 = u' =2 and v' =3 => y' = ^sLz^vL
3x-2 ;

(3x - 2)(2) - (2x + 5)(3) 6x - 4 - 6x - -19

= = 15 =
(3x-2) 2 (3x-2) 2 (3x-2) 2

8. g(x) = |~-^; use the quotient rule: u = x2 - 4 and v = x + 0.5 => u' = 2x and v' = 1 =>• g'(x) = y^' - ^' - -

2
= 2 x +x-x + 4 = x + x + 42
(x + 0.5)(2x)-(x -4)(l) 2 2 2
= 2 2
(x + 0.5) (x + 0.5) (x + 0.5)

m -eT^2^ mm "Jt
2
q
9 ffrt- t
2 "1 =a f
/ -
+ t-2)(2t)-(t 2 -l)(2t + l) -
_ (t-l)(t + 2)(2t)-(t-l)(t + l)(2t + l)
~
"

{t + t _ 2 f
2 (t-l) 2 (t + 2) 2

= (t + 2)(2t)-(t + l)(2t + l) 2 2
^ 2t + 4t-2t -3t-l ^ t-1 = 1

-l)(t + 2) 2
2 2 2
(t~l)(t+2) (
t _i)(t + 2) (
t (t + 2)

NOTE: 4-(y/a) = ~^= from Example 1 in Section 2.1

154 Chapter 2 Derivatives

\^(0)-lf-i
1 - 1
r+r
1
„3/2 .l/2

13. y= 2
use the quotient rule: u = 1 and v = (x — 1 j(x + x + l)^-u' = and
(x -l)(x 2 +x+l)'

v' = (x 2 - l)(2x + 1) +(x 2 + x + l)(2x) = 2x3 + x 2 ~ 2x - 1 + 2x3 + 2x 2 + 2x = 4x3 + 3x 2 -

^dy_ vB >-uv' _ 0-l(4x3 + 3x2 -l) _ -4x3 -3x2 +l

dx 2 2 2 2 2
v
(x
2
-l) ( x + x+l) 2
U 2
-l) (x 2
+ x + l)
2
14 _ (x+l)(x+2) _ x 2 + 3x + 2 . , (x -3x + 2)(2x + 3)-(x 2 + 3x + 2)(2x-3) _ -6x 2 + 12
^• y -(x-l)(x-2)- 2- y 2 2
x 3x+2 (x-l) (x-2) ~(x-l) 2 (x-2) 2

-6(x 2 -2)
(x-l)^(x-2)<

2 2
15. s = t + 5t-l = 1 + 5t 1
2
=1 + 5t -l_ t -3 => d| =
dt
^ 5t -2 + 2t -3 = _ 5t -2 + 2t -3 => d S = 10t
-3_ 6t -4
t dt'

16. r
^(,^^1)^^
= i
=1 _ r3 ^ dd
= + r4 = r4
fl
A = _ ir5
d^

17- w = (i^2)(3-z) = (iz- 1 + l)(3-z) = z- 1 -i + 3-z = z- 1 +|-z -z" 2 + 0-l -z" 2 -l

dz

^ dz
2
= 2z"
3 -0 = 2z- 3

4
_/Y + 3Vq
= -M_q t>
-q / + 3q«-3_ 1 ,2 L-2,1 1 „-4 => dp ^ _
= 1 _,_ 1 _3 _
" 5
18. p = 12^ -T2^ + 4~4 q q+ 6q +q
12q 12q* di 6

2
d P_l 1„- -6
dq
i=*-4^-m

19. u(0) = 5, u'(0) = 3, v(0) = -1, v'(0) =2

(a)
d
^-( Uv )
/...a
= /
uv'
_ d
+ vu'^^(uv)
/
=u(0)v'(0)+v(0)u'(0)=5-2 + (-l)(3) =7
x=0

- u(0)v'(0) -
d /u\_vu' — uv' = v(QK (0) _
(-1)(3)
0) *(*)
dx^"
-
v2
_.
^dx
d (u
m x=0
2
=
(v(0)) (-1)
(5)(2)
2
= -13

d /v\_ uv -vu _, d (V) u(0)v'(0) - v(0K(0) _ (5)(2) - (-1)(3) _ 13

( c\
2 2 25
x=0 (u(0)) (5)

- 2u) = - ^ (7v - 2u) = 7v'(0) - 2u'(0) = - 2(3) =

(d)
^ (Tv 7v' 2u' =>
x=0
7 • 2 8
 Section 2.3 Derivatives of Products, Quotients, and Negative Powers 155

20. u(l) = 2, u'(l) = 0, v(l) = 5, v'(l) = -1

(a) 4L (uv) = u (l)v'(l) + v(lK(l)=2-(-l) + 5.0 = -2
ax x=l

v(l)u'(l) - u(l)v'(l) _ 5 . -2 - (-1) _ 2

2 2 25
*=1 (v(l)) (5)

_ u(l)v'(l) - v(l)u'(l) _ 2 . (- 1) -5 •
_
w £(t)
-I (u(l))
2
(2)
2
t
^

d
(d) ^(7v-2u) =7v'(l)-2u'(l) = 7-(-l)-2-0 = -7
x=l

iLy^^J^^-^^^^.^
= 4, so the tangent to the curve at (0,0) is the line y = 4x. When X =
+ j) Whenx^ Q, y = Q and
.

1, y =2 =^ y' = 0,
y
'

so the tangent to the

= ^
curve at (1,2) is the line y = 2.

22. y = -JL-
2
^ / = (** + 4 2 W -2«*0 = ^16^
)
2
Whenx = 2,y = landy' = ,
^^=l 2 2
so the tangent
* + 4 (x 2
+ 4) (x +4) (2
2
+ 4)
line to the curve at (2, 1) has the equation y — 1 = — »(x — 2), or y = — £ + 2.

23. y = ax 2 -f bx + c passes through (0, 0) => = a(0) + b(0) + c => c = 0; y = ax2 + bx passes through (1, 2)

=> 2 = a 4- b; = 2ax + b and since the curve is

y' tangent to y = x at the origin, its slope is 1 at x =
=* y' = when x = => 1 = 2a(0) + b ^ b = 1.
1 Then a + b = 2=*a = l. In summary a = b = 1 and c = so

the curve is y = x + x.

24. y — ex — x passes through (1,0) =3* = c(l) — 1 =* c = 1 => the curve is y = x — x For this curve, .

y' = 1 — 2x and x =I => y' = — 1. Since y = x — x and y = x + ax + b have common tangents at x = 0,

y = x + ax + b must also have slope — 1 at x = 1. Thus y' = 2x + a^— l=2*l+a^-a = —

^ y = x — 3x + b. Since this last curve passes through (1,0), we have = 1— 3+b=>b = 2. In summary,
a = —3, b — 2 and c = 1 so the curves are y = x — 3x + 2 and y = x — x .

25. Let c be a constant => ^

dx
= => 4-(u
v
dx
-c)=u-^
' +
dx
c-^=u-0
dx
+ c^ = c^.
dx dx
Thus when one of the

functions is a constant, the Product Rule is just the Constant Multiple Rule =>• the Constant Multiple Rule is

a special case of the Product Rule.

v-0— 1-d.Y.
i Av
26. (a) We use the Quotient rule to derive the Reciprocal Rule (with u = 1): j-[y) = f~~
~ T^
-_!2
~
dv
v "dx'
 156 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(b) Now, using the Reciprocal Rule and the Product Rule, we'll derive the Quotient Rule; -r-(^) = :r-( u "v)

'B
= U -eW + V"S ( Pr°duCt Ru!e ) = U -(^)dS + v S (Reciprocal Rule) =>
£$) = S+V 5
v2

v
du_ u
dv
= dx dx the Quotient Rule.
,
9
v

27. (a) i(uvw)=i((uv).w) SS (uv)^ + w.d (uv)=

E
W g + w(ug + ^) = nvg + wug + wvg
= uvw' + uv'w + u'vw
(b)
S( U 1 U 2 U3U 4) = ^{( U 1
U 2 U3) U4) = u l u 2 u
( 3)-^f + 4
u
^( U 1 U2 U3) => ^( U 1 U 2 U 3U 4)
du 4 / du du ^i\
=U 1
U2 U 3
"dT
+ U 4 U 1 U 2 dT3 + U3U 1 dT2 + U 3 U 2
^ dF/
, .

^ UBUlg W
/ \ ,
ai>OVe)
•,

,j du 4 duo du 2 du,
=*
dt(
U l U 2 U3u4) = U 1 U 2 U3 "dY + U 1 U 2 U4 "^f + U 1 U3 U "»
dx"
+ U 2U3U4
"3x

= U 1 U 2 U3U 4 + U 1 U 2 U3 U4 + U I U2 U 3 U4 + U 1 U 2 U3U 4
(c) Generalizing (a) and (b) above, ^(u r • un ) = utu2 - • un_ 1 < + u^- • •« _2«i_iU ll +
Il
. . . + uju 2 - -un

28. In this problem we don't know the Power Rule works with fractional powers so we can't use it. Remember
?r~(\/x) = —^7= (from Example 1 in Section 2.1)

(d) We have A(x3 '2

) = fx 1 ' 2 , ±U" 2
) = §x 3 ' 2 A(x 7 ' 2 ) = Ix 5 / 2
, so it appears that ^(x"' 2 ) = §x<"' 2 >->

whenever n is an odd positive integer > 3.

29. P= -J
1
Vi ~^T" ^ e are folding T constant, and a, b, n, R are also constant so their derivatives are zero

P_ V 2 (0) ~(an 2 )(2V) _ _ nRT

- (V-nb)-0-(nRT)(l)
2
d 2 an
=*
dV V - nb) 2 2 ~ (V - nb) 2 V 3
( ( V2)

30. A(q) = &n + cm + *S = (km)q- 1 + cm + (|)q

^= -( km)q
-2
+| = -^ + |
d2 A_on™\„-3_2km
=2(km)q-d =^ 3
dq 2
 Section 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 157

2.4 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. y ~ -lOx + 3 cos x =» £- « -10 + 3 ^(cos x) = -10 - 3 sin x

2. y =| + 5 sin x =^ ~ = ^| + 5 j-(sin x) = =| + 5 cos x

3. y = esc x — 4\/x + 7 => -3=-

ax
= —esc x cot x — —%=+ = —esc x cot x
2y6t
— 4=
^/x

4. y = x2 cot x —\ => ^ = x 2
^-(cot x) + cot x •
g^U2 ) + \ = -x2 esc 2 x + (cot x)(2x) + \
= -x2 esc2 x + 2x cot x + \3
x

5. y = (sec x + tan x)(sec x — tan x) =» -p = (sec x + tan x) $- (sec x - tan x) + (sec x — tan x) $- (sec x + tan x)

= (sec x + tan x) (see x tan x — sec x) + (sec x — tan x) (sec x tan x + sec x

= (sec x tan x + sec x tan x — sec X — sec X tan x) + (sec x tan x — sec x tan x + sec x — tan x sec x) = 0.

I Note also that y = sec2 x - tan2 x = (tan2 x + l)- tan 2 x = 1 => -J- = 0.
J

6. y = (sin x + cos x) sec x => -j~ = (sin x + cos x) 3— (sec x) + sec x -3— (sin x + cos x)
ss (sin x
w
+ cos x)(sec x tan x}
^
+ (sec
/ w
x)(cos x - sin x)
s
= (sin x + cos x)sin x mfiv-oinv
5 1-
cos"
'

x
COS X

_ sin
_ x + cos x si n x 4- cos x — cos x sin x _ 1 _ 2 v
q —— A ~~ *»*-c X
cos x cos' X

( dy
I Note also that y = sm •
x sec x + cos x sec x ~ tan x + 1 => -— = sec2 x. \ )

+ cot -(cot jL(l +

cotx =4 dy _
(1 *) ^( cot x) x) cot x)
_ (t +cot x ) (-esc 2 x)- (cot x)(-csc 2 x)
y_ l+cotx _ ~
'dx (1+cotx) 2 (1 + cotx) 2
—esc 2 x — esc 2 x cot X + esc 2 x cot X _ -esc X
2

(1 + cotx)"
4
(1+cotxf

dy _ (1 +sin x) ^(cos x) - (cos x) j^(l +sin x)

_ (i +8m x )(-mn x)- (cos x)(cos x)
coax
1 + sin x ~^ dx (i + 8 in x)
2
(1 + sin x)
2

_ —sin x — s'm x
2 — cos x _ —sin x *• 1 _. (1 + sm x) _ i
—1
(1+sinx) 2
(1 + sinx) 2
(1+sinx) 2 1+sinx

9. y = gQg-^ + t—=— = 4 sec x + cot x => -j— = 4 sec x tan x — esc x

_c o x x _. dy _ x(-sin x) - (cos x)(l) (cos x)(l) - x(-sin x) _ _x sm '

x _ CpS x cos x + x sin x

s„ ,

- X +COTX=> d X- ,

+ + ,

x
2
C0 8 X
2
X2 COS2 X
 158 Chapter 2 Derivatives

dy
11. y = x 2 sin x + 2x cos x - 2 sin x =J- -^- = (x 2 cos x + (sin x)(2x)) + ((2x)(-sin x) + (cos x)(2)) - 2 cos x

=x cos x + 2x sin x — 2x sin x + 2 cos x — 2 cos x = x2 cos x

12. y = x2 cos x - 2x sin x -2 cos x => -r^ = 2

(x (-sin x) 4- (cos x)(2x)) - (2x cos x + (sin x)(2)) - 2(-sin x)

= —x sin x + 2x cos x — 2x cos x — 2 sin x +2 sin x = —x2 sin x

13. s = tan t - 1 =>

|j|
= 4-(tan t) - 1 = sec z t - 1

14. s = t 2 - sec t + 1 => 4| = 2t --jr (sec t) = 2t - sec t tan t

_ csc t)(-csc
, r-
10. S — 1
-=
+ csc t ^
^ds
-rr —
(1 — '
t
' —"— - (1—r+ csc
cot t)
'
t)(csc t cot t)
1-csct dt (l~csct) z

2 — csc
_ —csc t cot t 4- csc 1 cot t — csc t cot t t cot t _ —2 csc t cot t

(1-csct) 2 ~ (1-csct) 2

16 s = sin t ^ ds _ (1 - cos t)(cos t) - (sin t)(sin t) _ Cqs t - cos 2 1 - sin 2 1 _ cos t -1 _ _ 1

1-cost dt (1-cost) 2
(1-cost) 2 (1-cost) 2 1-cost

cos t —1

17. r =4- 2
sin 8 =*
|| = -($ 2 ^(sin 8) + (sin 8)(28)) = -(82 cos 9 + 28 sin $) = -6(8 cos 8 + 2 sin 9)

18. r = 8 sin 6 + cos 6 => 4| = (6 cos 8 + (sin 8)(1)) - sin 6 = 8 cos 8

19. r = sec 8 csc 6 = ^§ = (sec 0)(-csc 8 cot 8) + (csc 9) (sec 8 tan 8)

= sec V — csc
Vcos tfAsin tfAsin 0A \sin 5 A cos (?Acos 8} R j n
sin*
2
ti cos i

20. r = (1 + sec 8) sin 9 => 4| = (1 + sec 6) cos + (sin 0)(sec 8 tan 8) - (cos 5 + 1) + tan 2 8 = cos + sec 2 5

21. p =5 -t r — = 5 + tan q =>• -«=- = sec q

22. p = (1 + csc q) cos q =>• t— = (1 + csc q)(— sin q) + (cos q)(— csc q cot q) = (—sin q — 1) — cot2 q = —sin q — csc q

_ sin q + cos q => dp _ (cos q)(cos q -sin q) — (sin q + cos q)(— sin q)
9"?
A*. P- cosq "
dq CQS q
2

_ cos q — cos q sin q + sin q + cos q sin q _ _ SeC 2

— s — 1
2 — 1
cos q cos q

2 2
04 • -
p- q ^ &P _~ (1
tan +tan q)(sec q)- (tan q)(sec q) 2
~ sec q + tan
_ 2
q sec q - tan q sec q
2
_ sec q
2

l+tanq dq (1+tanq) 2 (1 + tanq) 2

~(l + tanq) 2
 Section 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 159

25. (a) y = esc x ^ y' = -esc x cot x =* y" = — ( (esc x) (— csc

2 3
x) + (cot x)(— esc x cot x) ) = csc x + esc x cot
2

= (esc x)(csc
2
x + cot x)
2
= (esc x)(csc
2
x + csc 2 x — l) = 2 esc3 x- esc x

(b) y = sec x => y' = sec x tan x ^ y" = (sec x) (sec x J + (tan x)(sec x tan x) = sec x + sec x tan x
= (sec x) (sec x + tan x) = (sec x) (sec x + sec x — 1 ) = 2 sec x — sec x

26. (a) y = -2 sin x => y' — —2 cos x ^ y" = —2(-sin x) = 2 sin x ^ y'" = 2 cos x ^ y^ = ~2 sin x
(b) y = 9 cos x ^ y' = —9 sin x => y" = —9 cos x ^ y"' = — 9(~sin x) = 9 sin x => y* = 9 cos x '

27. y = sin x => y' = cos x =>• slope of tangent at

x == — jt is y'(— w) = cos (— ir) = — 1; slope of

tangent at x = is y'(0) = cos(O) = 1; and

slope of tangent at x = ^f is
y'(4f)
= cos T
= 0. The tangent at (-ir,0) is y - = -l(x + jt),
or = —x — the tangent at (0,0) is
y jt;

y — = l(x — 0), or y = x; and the tangent at

(f,-l)isy = -l.

28. y = tan x =» y' = sec x => slope of tangent at x = —5

is sec [
2 —? =
J
4; slope of tangent at x = is
2
sec (0) = 1;
2
and slope of tangent at x = ? is sec f £
J
= 4. The tangent <f.X

at(-f,tan(-f)) =(~|;-^) is y + y^ = 4(x + });

the tangent at (0,0) is y =x; and the tangent at (?,tan(~)j

= (|>/3)isy--v/3 = 4(x-f).

29. y = sec x^y' = sec x tan x =>• slope of tangent at x = — £

is sec ( —? ) tan( -? = — 2y/3;
]
slope of tangent at x =?

is sec( j\ tan( j ] = sf%. The tangent at the point

(-f,see(~f)) = (-f,2)iS y-2 = -2^(x + 5 the

|)
y-V^|x-«/4) + Vi
tangent at the point = -
(f )) (f V%) y \/2
sec is .
(f >
y.~2-J5(t*Trfi) + 2

-v*(«-j).

30. y = 1 + cos x ^ y' = —sin x => slope of tangent at x = — ?

is -sin (-5^ = ^4-; slope of tangent at x = 4f is -sin (4^
J

= 1. The tangent at the point ( - £, 1 + cos ( - %\\ = ( - 5, | J

is - — —Ix + ?
y-2=^-\ J;
the tangent at the point >-fHH
 160 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(frl + -GF))-(frl)l.7-l«-*

31. Yes, y = x + sin x => y' = 1 + cos x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 +cos x = => cos x =—
=> x = JT

32. No, y = +
2x sin x =>• y' =
2 +cos x; horizontal tangent occurs where 2 +cos x = => cos x = —2. But there
are no x- values for which cos x — 2. =
33. No, y = x — cot x =* y' = 1 + csc2 x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 + csc 2 x = => csc 2 x = —1. But there
csc x = —1.
2
are no x-values for which

34. Yes, y = x + 2 cos x => y' = 1 - 2 sin x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 — 2 sin x = => 1 = 2 sin x
=>i = sinx=>x = forx = ^r
/ o 6

35, We want all points on the curve where the tangent

y»t*nx
line has slope 2. — tan x => y' = sec2 x so
Thus, y

that y' =2 => sec x = 2 =>• sec x = ± yfi

2

=>x = ± %. Then the tangent line at [ ?, 1 ] has

equation y — l = 2(x — jj; the tangent line at

(-^,-l)has equation y+1 = 2/x + ^Y

36. We want all points on the curve y = cot x where

the tangent line has slope —1. Thus y = cot x
=> y'= -csc 2 x so that y' = -1 ^ -csc2 x = -1

^ csc2 x = 1 => esc x = ± 1 =! x = £. The

tangent line at ( -5,

J
is y = -x 4- S-

37. y = 4 +cot x-2 esc x => y' = -csc 2 x + 2 esc x cot x = ~(-J—)( 1 ~ 2 cos A
\sin x/V sm x J

(a) When x = ?, then y' = —1; the tangent line is y = —x + 5 + 2.

(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set y' = ^ 1—2 cos x = => x = ?o radians. When x = ?,
o
then y = 4 — y3 is the horizontal tangent.

38. y = 1 + s/2 esc x + cot x => y' = -y/2 esc x cot x-csc 2 x = -f-^M V 2 cos x + * )
\sin x/\ sin x /

(a) If x = ?, then y' = —4; the tangent line is y = — 4x + w + 4.

 Section 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 161

(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set y' = => y2 cos x+ l=0^x = ^p radians. When
x = ^-, then y =2 is the horizontal tangent.

39. s =2- 2 sin t => v = = -2 cos t => a =&= 2 sin t => j =&= 2 cos t. Therefore, velocity = v
£J| (|)

= — y2 m/sec; speed = v|
? = y2 ) m/sec; acceleration = a( ? = v2 ) m/sec 2
; jerk = jf ? = y2 j
m/sec 3 .

40. s = sin t + cos t => v = ^| = cos t — sin t => a = t~ = —sin t — cos t =»j = ^ = —cos t + sin t. Therefore

velocity = v( % = j
m/sec; speed = v (? )
= m/sec; acceleration = a f ? — — y2 m/sec 2
) ;

3
j
e rk=j(f) = 0m/s
/sec .

41. lim f(x) = lim

sin 3x = lim %{ M"Jx Yini^ - 9 so that f is continuous at x = => lim f(x) w= f(0)
x _,o
v '
x-.o x2
y
,
x-40 V 3x A 3x 1 x-*o
y !

=>c = 9.

42. lim_ g(x) = lim_ (x -f b) = b and lim g(x) = lim cos x =1 so that g is continuous at x = => lim_ g(x)
x—»0 x—<0 x_ u + x-»Q"'" x—»0

= )im g(x) => b = 1. Now g is not differentiable at x = 0: At x = 0, the left-hand derivative is

x-»0 +

-r-(x-fb) = 1, but the right-hand derivative is $- (cos x) = —sin = 0. The left- and right-hand
x=0 x=0
derivatives can never agree at x — 0, so g is not differentiable at x = for any value of b (including b = 1).

43,
dx
j 999

qqq
999 V™
(cos x)
~> =
~ sin
™" x ™—
" because
j4
-^-7 (cos x)
dx4
= cos x => the derivative of cos x any number of times that is a

999
d
multiple of 4 is cos x. Thus, dividing
/idine 999 bv 4 gives
99ft by eives 999 = 249 -44 +
4- 3• => -£999 (cos x )
dx
J249-4 3
-ii3 d
(cos X) = d
= (cos x)
-p-g x\ = sin x.
dx249 4
"
"dx dx

C08X X°)-( 1 K- sinx ) -Mn»_(' 1 Vsinx^

44. Ml y
44 {&) v-secx- 1
- sec x - coTx ^ d y-
= -( ~ 2 - I cos x A cos x) - sec x tan
t J
dx
^Q3 ^2 cos x
=> -r-(sec x) = sec x tan x
(b)w y= esc x = -J-
sin x
=> p- =
dx
(8in
'^ ~ g
n x
f si
(sin x))2
( (C0S X)
= =?p
2
= Vsin
sj n x
(^YJ\sm
gi] = -esc
x)
x
x cot

=> -p- (esc x) = —esc x cot X

dx
— ~ S m "~x-cos
(sin x)(-sin x) -(cos 2 2
,,
— —cos x dy _ — 7n x)(cos x) _ x_ -1 _
^,„2
w
(CI yr — ...
COG X
..
i

sin x
.,
^r* -3—*
dx
—
(sin x)
2
o
2
sin
— .0
2
—-
x sin x
(
i *-3y
*

=> -j*- (Cot X) = —CSC X

 162 Chapter 2 Derivatives

45.

-1

As h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y = sm ( x + **) sm x
get

and = d / . ,
= ,. sin (x + h) — sin x
closer closer to the black curve v cos x because -$- fsin x) lim = cos x. The same

is true as h takes on the values of — 1, -0.5, —0.3 and —0.1.

-* y S

As h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y = cos ( x + j|)
cosx
get

closer and closer to the black curve y = —sin x because -r- (cos
dx x x) = lim
K-.0
-
J-
h
— s x
= —sin x. The

same is true as h takes on the values of —1, —0.5, —0.3, and —0.1.

47. This is a grapher exercise. Compare your graphs with Exercises 45 and 46.

^'
h^o 2h
=
''"o
—2h— ~ h'
m ^ = =* the limits of the centered difference quotient exists even

though the derivative of f(x) = I x does not exist at x

I
= 0.

49. y = tan x => y' = sec 2 x, so the smallest value

y' = sec x takes on is y' = 1 when x = 0;

2
y' has no maximum value since sec x has no

largest value on f — 5,5 j; y' is never negative

2
since sec x > 1.

50. y = cot x => y' = —esc x so y' has no smallest

value since —esc x has no minimum value on

(0,x); the largest value of y' is —1, when x = 5;

the slope is never positive since the largest
value y' = —esc x takes on is the negative
value —1.
 Section 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 163

51. y = —x~ appears to cross the y-axis at y = 1, since

lim aax = 1;
i; y=
:
aill ^x
y = s£n2x appears to cross the y-axis
x-,0 x J x '

y «(s1n4x)/x
at y = 2, since lim fi%2S = 2; y = §i^ appears to

cross the y-axis at y = 4, since lim -"y '

= 4.
x—»0 y»(sin2x)/x
However, none of these graphs actually cross the y-axis
,y*(sinx)/x
since x = not in the domain of the functions. Also,
is

in ~ 3x)
l im §ML§* = 5, lim ' ( - = -3, and lim i^Us
x-»0 x~*0 x-.o
sin(— 3x)
=k => the graphs of y = sinx5x , y = , and

= 3inx x —3, and

y approach 5, k, respectively, as

x —* 0. However, the graphs do not actually cross the y-axis.

52. (a) h

1
sin h
h
.017453283
mm
.999999492

0.01 .017453292 1

0.001 .017453292 1

0.0001 .017453292 1

sm h sin h
r
lim
h-»0
skin'
°"! "
h
= hm ,.

x->0
(*-=
h
*18o)
= km ,.

h-*o
Jo
180
=•(
i^W-h
~
-ifo)..
lim
lim m±l- 180 (
^- h
'lfo )
loU
(converting to radians)

(b)h cos h — 1

1 -0.0001523

0.01 -0.0000015

0.001 -0.0000001

0.0001

lim
cos
,
= 0, whether h is measured in degrees or radians.

,. a .. . ,. sin (x + h) — sin x .. (sin x cos h +cos x sin h) — sin x

w
(c)
T ,
In degrees, -;— (sin
v x)
dx '
= am
h-o
i
s
h
= lim
h-o
1
h
-

= lim
h-.o
[
\
sin x• {=l)
+ft j
(c„.x.ii
t
A) = (,in x,.
& (^^(o^lta, («Li)

= (sin x)(0) + (cos x) (j^j = ^ cos x

164 Chapter 2 Derivatives

/ j\ T j d / \ !• cos ( x + h) — cos x (cos x cos h— sin x sin h) — cos x

(d) In degrees, -r-(cos x)
Qx
= lim
h—(0
^ ^ = hm =
'-

n h-»0 h
.. (cos x)(cos h- 1) -sin x sin h / cosh-l\ t. /• sin 1A

= (cosx)
& (-J^)_ (sinx)
& (^)=(cosx)(0)-(si„x)(
&)=- A sin X

(e)
£ (sin x
> = £(A « *)
= -(ifo)
2
- * £<* »)
= &(-(ifc/ « *) -(ifo)
= 3
cos x;

aS (« *> = £(-* H = - (ifo)

2
- * &(« *) = A(-(iio)
2
« ») = (ifo)
3
sin
8i x

2.5 THE CHAIN RULE

1. = 6u - 9 => f (u) =
f(u) 6 => f'(g(x)) = 6; g(x) = |x 4 =* g'(x) = 2x3 ; therefore g=f (g(x))g'(x)

= 6-2xJ3 —
= 12x J
o,,3 1

3
2. f(u) = 2n => f ( U ) = 6u 2 => f'(g(x)) = 6(8x - l)
2
;
g(x) = 8x - 1 => g'(x) = 8; therefore g=f (g(x))g'(x)

= 6(8x-l) -8=48(8x-l) 2
2

3. f(u) = sin = cos u => f (g(x)) = cos (3x + 1);

u => f'(u) g(x) = 3x + 1 => g'(x) = 3; therefore ^=f (g(x))g'(x)

= (cos (3x + 1))(3) = 3 cos (3x + 1)

4. f(u) = cos u =*• f'(u) = -sin u ^- f (g(x)) = -sin (sin x); g(x) = sin x = g'(x) = cos x; therefore
g^ = f (gW)g'(x) = -(sin (sin x)) cos x

5. f(u) = tan u => f'(u) = sec 2 u => f (g(x)) = sec 2 (lOx - 5); g(x) = lOx - 5 => g'(x) = 10; therefore

g£ = f (g(x))g'(x) = (sec 2 (lOx - 5))(10) = 10 sec (lOx

2 - 5)

6. f(u) = -sec u => f'(u) =-sec u tan u => f (g(x)) = -sec(x2 + 7x)tan(x 2 + 7x); g(x) = x2 + 7x
dy
=> g'(x) = 2x + 7; therefore
dx ^
= f (g(x))g'(x) = -(2x + 7) sec(x2 + 7x) tan (x 2 + 7x)

7. With u = (4 - 3x), y = u9 :
g = ^ jg = 9u 8
- (-3) = -27(4 - 3x) 8

8
8. With „ = (!-.),, = „-: | = |fe=-^.(-l) = (l-f)-

10. With u = tan x, y = sec u: -£ = -i £p — (S

ec u tan u)(sec2 x) = (sec (tan x) tan (tan x))sec 2 x
 Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 165

12. With u = sin x, y = u3 : $- = |& j& = 3u 2 cos x _ 3 ( s n 2 x )(cos x)

i
dx du dx

13. q = ^T? = (2r - r2 f 2

=> % * 1 - )^ *(&
aF-r— "s— - '-5—
= i<2r -
(fc r
2
'
2
r
2
) r
2 )"
'
1
'^ - 2r) =
^^"T^f?
"..-^(V)+«(¥)^i-«m-4(¥)---(V)-4(¥)-¥«(¥)-¥--(¥)
= $»(„ Sff*-*i&^
"" 2 2 /

= csc cot I + csc ^ * (cot * + csc fl)

+ cotfl) 2^
15. r = (esc + cot 9)~* =>
' Jt = -(esc
v
+ cot 9)~ 2 -& (esc + cot (J 0) * =
«W <W' '
(cscfl (csc # + cot^ 2
_ csc
csc p +
cot

1
16.
e
r = ,•

-(sec $
/i
+ itan 6)
^
n\-i =} dr
^ = /
(sec
n
+ *tan
, *\-2 d
0)
/
-ra (sec
n
+ *tan
, a\
0) = sec —— +— sec„2 = sec
tan
2
(tan + sec=-*•
0)
de d* ' (sec0 + tan0) (sec + tan 0)
2

_ sec 6
sec + tan

-2
17. y = x2 sin 4 x + x 2
cos~ x => ^ = ^Un x
2 4
x) + sin
4
x. ^(x 2 ) + x ^(co S x) + cos- 2 x -^(x)
3 -3
= x2 f 4 sin x -r-(sin x)
J
+ 2x sin
4
x + x(-2 cos x • -"- (cos x) ]
+ cos~ 2 x

=x (4 sin x cos x) + 2xsin x + x( (—2 cos x) (—sin x)J + cos x

-
= 4x sin x cos x + 2x sin4 x + 2x sin x cos x + cos x

18. y=! Sin- 5 x-fcos3 x^y':4A(8^^

6
= |(-5 sin" x cos x) + (sin~ 5 x){ -\ )-§((3 cos 2 x)(~sin x))-(cos3 x)fi)
= — £x sin -6 x cos x —x Tf
2
sin
-
x+x cos x sin x — 4 cos
3
x

19. y =
^ (3 x-2f + (4-i)" ^| = X (3x _ 2)6 .^ ( 3X -2) + (-l)(4-^)"^^(4^)
3
:=
^ (3x _^.3 + (-l)(4-^)~ (i)=(3x-2)6
3
x 4-

20. y = (4x + 3) 4 (x + ir 3 ^g = (4x + 3) 4 (-3)(x + l)-

4
.i(x + l) + (x+l)- 3 (4)(4x + 3) 3 .^(4x + 3)

= (4x + 3) 4 (-3)(x + 1)- 4 (1) + (x + ir3 (4)(4x + 3)3 (4) = -3(4x + 3) 4 (x + l)"
4
+ 16(4x + 3) 3 (x + l)"3
 166 Chapter 2 Derivatives

21. h(x)=xtan(2 v^c) + 7^fa'(x)=x^(tan(2x1 / 2 )) + tan(2x1 / 2 ).^(x) +

= 2 : 2 2
x Sec (2x / )-^(2x^ )+ tan(2x^ 2 ) = x sec 2 (2v^)-^+ tan(2v^) = ^ Sec
2
(2^) + 1811(2^)

22. k(x) = x 2 sec(i) => k'(x) = x2 A(sec i) + sec(i). £(x2 ) = 2

x sec(l) tan(i)-^(i) + 2x sec(l)

= x
2
sec(l) tan(i)-(-i) + 2x sec(i)= 2x sec (l)-sec(i) tan(±)

9* -( sin g \
2
. _ of sing \ d ( sin 9 \ _ 2 sin 9 (1 +cos 9){cos 9) ~ (sin 0)(~sin 0)
f((H
K }
~\.l+cosO) ^ Hfff.>~ {
U+cos^/"d^U+cos^^~l+cosi9* (l + cos0) 2

(2 sin 6) (cos + cos2 + sin 2 0) (2 sin 0) (cos + 1) 2 sin

J
(i + cos ey (l + cos0) (1 + cos

g§ = sin(0 )(--sin
2 2 2 2
24. r = sin((J ) cos(20) => 20) ^(20) +cos(20)(cos(0 ))-^(0 )
2
= sin{02 )(-sin 20)(2) + (cos 20) (cos (0 )) (20) = -2 sin(02 ) sin (20) + 20 cos(20) cos(0 2 )

25. r = (sec y/o)tMn(jj\ =*

|| = (sec y/ff)( sec
2
y)(-i) + tan (J)( sec V^ tan ^C-X*.

tan v^ tan (^ sec2

-i sec v^ sec
2
( i] +— ^ tan (i) sec y^ tan \/^ = (sec x/#)
2\/0
(|)

/ x A/t+T(i)-t-^(yt+i;
26. q = sin =,|=cOS r-a^ \4r^= N
=co S t

'ivh)
t

v/t
v +1 ,1==
= cos
t ^ 2>A+1_„„/
COSf
t \/2(t + l)-t t+2 \ cos// t
+1 A
1
:

3/2
v/tTi t
V >/t+T 2(t + 1) J " Ut + i) 3/ V V VtTT
27. y = sin 2 (xt - 2) => -j| = 2 sin (wt - 2) ^ sin (irt - 2) = 2 sin (xt - 2) -cos (irt - 2) -^- (wt - 2)
= 2n sin (irt — 2) cos (irt — 2)

28. y = (1 + cos 2t) -4 =*• %

Jf
™
= -4(1 +cos
- --.,, , 2t)
..,
-5
^
-4(1 + ™,
cos
, 2t)
-., = -4(1
_ -.,. + cos 2t)
-.,
_5
. „ ™
(-sin v
2t),
dt v «,
-4(2t) =
_
(i
8 sin 2t
+ cos 2t)5

29.y=(l^|))-
2
^ = - 2 (l + cot(i)^

- (l)
2

3
(l + cot(|))
 Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 167

30. y = sin (cos (2t - 5) ) => $=

dt
cos (cos (2t - 5)) -
-J-
cos (2t - 5) = cos (cos (2t - 5)) • (-sin (2t - 5)) - (2t
-J-
dt"
- 5)

= -2 cos (cos (2t - 5)) (sin (2t - 5))

31. y = 1 +- (A)f - £= »[* +- (A)f# +t-

4 4 4
(A)]= * +- (A)f h -'&)* -(A)]
4

2 2
12 +tan<(
A tan 3(
A) sec3(
A 1+tan4 Un 3 (A)sec2(A)]
l
)] [
). ft
]^ ( A )] [

32. y

1/2 tsin(t2)
-^(l + cos(^))" (S m(t 2 ))-2t =-
yi+cos(t 2 )

33. t = f^x = 2cosf=v^,y = 2sinf=V^;^=-2sint,^ = 2coS t^^-^

dx dx/dt
= 4^-
—2 sin
= --cott
t

dx
= -cot |= -1; tangent line is y - 1/2 = -l(x- v^) or y = -x + 1\fi.\ -^ = esc 2 1
l
=f
d 2 y_dy7dt csclt _ 1 d 2y
3
= -^2
dx 2 dx/dt -2 sin t 2sin t dx2
*-f

34. t =
= T^ x = cos
T = 4,y =v^co ^=-^^ = -s S in t^=-^sin t .g = z4^1 = ^
g = ^ = V3;tan
t
ge ntlineisy-(-#)=V3( X -(4)]o ry = V3 X;^ = 0^g = 3lrt = °

2
d
! = 0:
dx 2 t = 2tt

^ t-Uv-I
40. v-I-^-1
t_ 4 =^x- 4 ,y- 2 dt
_i,
dy
dt
- , ^-
I =±
=*
dy
dx
- dy/dt
dx/dt
- ^- 1
=>
=t
dy
dx
= 1; tangent line is
2 2 t-J 2,fl

n 0I v x + 1 ^ -- -3/2
2

^-
d y dyVdt _ 3/2 d y
2
Y
y
2
1
i.f,
-l-^x 4Jory_x 4
,
dt
1
^ 1 =» __
t
_
4
i
t =>
^ -i = -2
36

3 v^TT _ dy _ -V3+T = _ 2 = _2[x _ { _ 2)] = _ 2x _ 1;

tM]gent j.^ y_3 Qr y
J _
is
dx 't = 3
•v/3t v/3(3)

1 /3
dy 1 v^tf-jtt + ir^l+s^/f+Tdtst)- d y
2 ^2t>/5t Vf+1 3
=*
dt 3t 2tv /
3t Vt+I dx' -1 t>/3t
2^1+1
 168 Chapter 2 Derivatives

dx 2 t = 3

= (— 1) = 1; tangent line is
t = -i

-I
2
t = -i

3~3

_
1
sin t
— cos t
_, dy
dx 4
t
W
=T -i

1
—^ = TTr = ^
— COS
_cos
(3 (i)
;tan sentlineis y-^2 = ^(\ x -?+^)
3 y 2

~ cos
= y3x - yv ^ 2- dy/
=^ t)(cos
^ ~ ^ sin t ^sin *) - -1 - d2y - dy/ /dt ~ (r^^oTt)
y
- cos t ^
1
-

3 ' dt (1 - cos t)
2 1 dx 2 dx/dt 1 -cos t

-1 _. d 2y
2
-4
(1 - cos t) dx
2
t =
f

39. t = |^x=co S f = 1 y = l + sinf = 2 dJ = - sint,^ = cost^g =

;
dx —sin t
= ^L -cott

dy
dx t =|
= - cot f^ = 0; tangent line is y = 2; ^C = csc 2 t
at
=> ^ = -^fe =
dx"
1
-sin t
-csc.3.t
J , £y
dx
2
'=§

= -?=*>x = sec 2 g=
-f )- 1 = = tan(-})= -1; ^=
40. t 2 2
1, y 2 sec t tan t, sec t

~-^^
dx 2 sec
2
1 tan t 2 tanin^^^Hxl^.^-K-fj-^^entlineis

y_ (
_ 1) = _l (x _ 1)ory = +-I;^-|^4 = dx 2
2 sec
"3 csc2t
2
1 tan t 4
1
= -icot 3
t

fy2 .

"4
1
dx t = -t

, , ,

4..,-(i + i]r= > ^-.(i + i) (-i)=-^i + i) »/.=(-^).i{, + iy-(, + i) 4 (j) .

=(-?)(< 1+ «(-?)) + (?)( I+i ) =?( I+ ^ + ?( I+ « =?( 1+

2 2

^ +I+ «

=A(i + i)(i + l)

42. y=(l- v5)- 1 */=-(l- VS)- 2 (-Ix- l / :!

)
= ^(l- v^)-V" 2
2
3 ,"=|[(i-vir (-ix- 3 / 2 + x-'/ ! (-2)(i-vj)- 3 (-ix-'/ 2
) )
 Section 2.S The Chain Rule 169

"
=i( 1 -^r'(-5^ + l +1 ) =i(1 V5r ('" 5 i 5 )

43. y =i cot(3x- 1) => y' = -± csc 2 (3x- 1)(3) = -± csc2 (3x~ 1) => y" = (-|)(csc(3x- 1) -^ cac(3x- 1))
= -| csc(3x - l)(-csc (3x - 1) cot (3x- 1) -g^(3x - 1)) = 2 esc 2 (3x- 1) cot (3x - 1)

2
44. y =9 tan(|) => y' = 9( 8ec2 (|))(I) = 3 sec
2
(|)
=> y" = 3 -2 sec(|)(sec(|) U»(|))(J) = 2 sec
(|)
tan(f)

45. g(x) = yx" => g'W = ^ => g( ! ) = 1 and s'(l) = £; f(u) = u5 + 1 => f (u) = 5n 4 => f (g(l)) = f (1) = 5;

therefore, (f o g)'(l) = f(g(l)) g'(l) =5 ±=

§

46. g(x) = (1 - x)- 1 => g'(x) =* -(1 - 2

x)- (-l) =
^p =* g(-l) = i and g'(-l) =J ; f(u) = 1 -I

=* f (u) = i => f(g(-l)) - f(i) = 4; therefore, (f o g)'(-l) = f (g(-l))g'(-l) =4-1=1

47. g(x) = 5^ => g'(x) = J^ => g(l) = 5 and g'(l) = § ; f(u) = cot
(g ) => f (u) = -c Sc 2
(fg)(^)

=
=J csc
2
(f^)
=> f'(g(l)) = f (5) = -§ « ({) = -J Jjj; therefore, (f og)'(l) = f (g(l))g'(l) JL 5
10*2

~ 4

48. g(x) = jtx =^ g'(x) = it =>• g(|) = and g'(|) = ir; f(u) = u + sec2 u => f (u) = 1 +2 sec u - sec u tan u
I
= 1+2 2 = f'(f ) =1 + 2 sec 2 = 5; therefore, (fog)' = f(g(I))g'(I) = 5t
sec u tan u => f(g(J)) J tan J (J)

2
(U + l)(2)-(2u)(2u)
49. g(x) = 10x 2
+x+ 1 => g'(x) = 20x + 1 => g(0) =1 and g'(0) = 1; f(u) = -/a_
2u => f („) =
u 2 +ir
= _2u2 + 2 ^ f (g(Q)) = f#(1) = , .
therefore> (f O g)'(o) = f(g(0))g'(0) = 0-1 =
2
(u + l)

50. g (x) =i- 1 => g'(x) = =, g (-l) = and g'(-l) = 2; f{u) = (j-j/ =, f'( U ) = 2(^|) ^( J^j)
-J

(f og)'(-l) = f (g(-l))g'(-l) = (~4)(2) = -8

 170 Chapter 2 Derivatives

dy
51. (a)y = 2f(x)=>g = 2f(x)=*g = 2f (2) = 2 (I) =
x=2 §

(b) y = f(x) + g(x) => g=f (x) + g'(x) =g I = f (3) 4- g'(3) = 2* +5

X—

(c) y = f(x) • g(x) => g= f(x)g'(x) + g(x)f (x) =>

g X=:3
= f(3)g'(3) + g(3)f'(3) = 3 -5 + (-4)(2jt) = 15 -8jt

g(x)f(x)-f(x)g'(x) g(2)f (2) - f(2)g'(2) _ 2 ~ (8)(-3)

(d)y =
f(x) dy dy ( ) (g) _ 3?
SM
S( x )
dx (g(x)]
fe(x)]
2 dx x=2 [g(2)l
[g(2)]
2
2
2 ~ 6

d
(e) y=f(g(x))^g = f'(g(x))g'(x)^ l|
_ =f(g(2))g'(2) = f(2)(-3)=i(-3) = -l

(o y = i 2
(f(x)) / =>
d
i=:i(f(x)r i / 2 -nx) =
dx~2" ^S=.^^
2v^W dx x=2
= J<v, =
2^f(2)
$1 = -± = -l^ =
2^8 6^8 12^2
£
24

(6) y = (g(x))- 2 => % = -2(g(x))" 3

• g'(x) =>
g x=3 = -2(g(3))-V(3) = -2(-4)-
3
.5 =i
32

1/2 l/2
(h) y = ((f(x)) 2 + (g(x)) 2 ) => g= I((f(x)) 2 + (g(x))
2
) (2f(x) -f (x) + 2g(x) - g'(x))

dy -1/2,
dx x=2
= ^((f(2)) 2 + (g(2)) 2 )
' (2f(2)f(2) + 2g(2)g'(2)) = I(8 2 + 22 ) ( 2 -8 + 2 -2 -(-3))
-J

5_

d
52. (a) y = 5f(x)-g(x)^g=5f'(x)-g'(x)^ =5f(l)-g'(l) = 5(-i)-(^)=l
||^ i

(b) y = f(x)(g(x)) 3 => g= 2

f(x){3(g(x)) g'(x)) + (g(x)) f(x) =>
3
g| = 3f(0)(g(0)) g'(0)
2
+ (g(0)) 3f(0)

= 3(l)(l)
2 (i) + (l) 3 (5) =6

+ - f(x) g'(x) l)f^(l) - f(l)g

/
M v _
- »Wf(x) .

^ ^v _
-dy (g(x) l)f (x) dy
_ (g(l) + /-./1\
_ (l)
*' '
g(x) x
+1 1 dx /_/..\ i\22 dx x=l- 1\2
(gW +
'

(g(i)+ir
,
.
i)

(
_4 + l)(-l)-(3)(-|)
_

2
(-4 + 1)

dy
(d) y = f(g(x)) =* g= f'(g(x))g'(x) =% = f(g (0))g'(0) = f'(i)(J) = (- J)(J) = -i
x=q

dy
e) y = g(f(x)) => g= g'(f(x))f(x) ^g
x=q
= g'(f(0))f (0) = g'(l)(5) = (-|)(5) =
-f
2 d 3
(f) y^(x"+f(x))- => l=-2(x^+f(x))- (llx" + f(x))=>g = -2(i+f(i)r 3 (n+f(i))
dx' x=l

= -2(i + 3 )- 3 (n-I)^-j)(f) = -I
 Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 171

(g) y = f(x + g(x))=>g = f(x + g( X))(l+g'(x))=>g =f(0 + g(0))(l + g'(0)) = f(l)(l+i)

=

ds _
sa ds o2
= as 6.6
= ^^o|
ds
= _ sin0=^ ^=- isothat =5
53.
dt 66 dt
; s cos
69 d<? «(¥)=
8i
dT=l-i= i
-
5

"•§
dt
= &•*
dx dt* y = x2 + 7x-5^^2x
dx'
+
dy
7^ dy
dx
x=l dt dx dt 3

dy.
55. With y = x, we should get -£ — 1 for both (a) and (b):

(a) y
^ = i; u =5x-35 => ^=
=jj + 7 => dx %
dx ^
= du ^
dx
=I 5; therefore, •
5
- 5 = 1, as expected

Wl r-i + i.Sj-j .-(.-ir'*jj-(,-irM)- =L I Ii fl»*.g-g.ji

5
= ^V ——— = — •7——— = (x — = again
rs » 7? 1) -s 1. as expected
(x-1) 2
V
u 2 (x-1) 2 ((x-1)- 1 )
2
(x-1) 2

56. With y = x3 ' 2 , we should get ^ = fx

dx~2"
1 /2
for both (a) and (b):

(a) y = u
3
=> ^
du
rfn
= 3u 2
; u = Ji
v =>
£i =
dx 2y/x
-U ; therefore,
dy^
& = ^-^ =
dx du dx
3u
2
--V=
2,/x.
3(^)
vv y
2
—L
2^/x
= |^,
V 2
'

as expected.

(b)y
v ''
= vv^=>^.=
du 2^/u
1 ^^x^^^Sx
dx
2
; therefore, ^
dx
=^ .du =
du dx 2</u
1 3x
2
= 1
3
. 3x2 = |x 1 / 2
2 ,

2VX
again as expected.

57. y = 2 tan(f) * g = ( 2 sec 2 f )(}) = § Sec2 f

(a) t— = ^ sec ? = | J
7T => slope of tangent is 2; thus, y(l) =2 tanj ?\ = 2 and y'(l) = ir => tangent line is
i

given by y — 2 = w(x — 1) => y = ?rx + 2 — w

(b) y' = 5 sec f^p \ and the smallest value the secant function can have in —2 < x < 2 is 1 => the minimum

value of y' is ^ and that occurs when

f
= § sec 2 /"^"] => 1 = sec 2 (*£\ => ± 1 = secf 22E") => x = 0.

58. (a) y = sin 2x => y' = 2 cos 2x =>• y'(0) = 2 cos (0) = 2 => tangent to y = sin 2x at the origin is y = 2x;

y = —sin/ijj J
=> y' = —A cosf s j
=> y'(0) = — 4 cos = — k => tangent to y = — sinf £] at the origin is

y __ x f jjg tangents are perpendicular to each other at the origin since the product of their slopes is

-1.

(b) y = sin(mx) => y' = m cos (mx) => y'(0) = m cos = m; y = -sin(^) => y' = -i cos(^)
=>. y'(0) = — ^ cos(0) = — gj. Since m-{ — jjj 1 = —1, the tangent lines are perpendicular at the origin.
172 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(c) y = sin (mx) => = m cos(mx). The largest value cos(mx) can attain is 1 at x =
y' =>• the largest value

y' can attain is | m because y' = m cos (mx) = m cos mx |<|m|-l=|m|. Also,
|
] j | | | II y = -sin ( ^j)

=> y' = -jji cos (m) =* y' I I

= |ir C0S (nT)| ^ |m-!| cos (in\)| ^ fnY] =* the la rgest value y' can attain is j^j.

(d) y = sin (mx)

=>• y' = m
cos (mx) => y'(0) = m =» slope of curve at the origin is m. Also, sin (mx) completes
rn periods on [0, 2-?r], Therefore the slope of the curve y = sin (mx) at the origin is the same as the number
of periods it completes on [0,2ir]. In particular, for large m, we can think of "compressing" the graph of
y = sin x horizontally which gives more periods completed on [0, 2-7r], but also increases the slope of the
graph at the origin,

59. s =A cos (2*-bt) => v = ^ = -A sin (2?rbt)(2?rb) = -27rbA sin (2jrbt). If we replace b with 2b to double the

frequency, the velocity formula gives v = — 47rbA sin (47rbt) => doubling the frequency causes the velocity to

double. = — 27rbA sin (27rbt) =* a = ^ = — 4?r 2b2 A cos(27rbt). If we replace b with 2b in the
Also v

acceleration formula, we get a = — 16tt b A cos (4?rbt) =>• doubling the frequency causes the acceleration to

quadruple. Finally, a = -4ir b A cos (2?rbt) =?• = ^ = 87r b A sin (27rbt). If we replace b with 2b in the jerk
z 2 3 3
j

= 3 3
formula, we get j 647r b A sin (2irbt) => doubling the frequency multiplies the jerk by a factor of 8.

60. (a) y = 37sin[^(x-101)] + 25=>y' = 37cos[^(x-101)](^) = 74|cos[^(x-101)].

The temperature is increasing the fastest when y' is as large as possible. The largest value of

cos ~(x - 101)

.365'
is 1 and occurs when ^ 365
(x - 101) = => x = 101 => on day 101 of the year

April 11), the temperature is increasing the fastest.

747T 2tt 74?r „„„ ,-a\ _ 74?r
(b)
y'(101)=^|f
.

cos g§(101- 101) =i||cos(0)

.

= |||« 0.64 T/day

J/2
= (1 +4t) 1 / 2 = = 2(1 +4t)- 1/2
61. s =? v
J = i(l+4t)- (4) => v(6) = 2(1 +4-6)- 1 / 2 =| m/sec;
v = 2(H-4t)-^ 2 ^ a = ^ = -±-2(1 +4t)- 3 /2
(4) = -4(1 +4t)-
3 /2
=>a(6) = -4(1 + 4-6)~ 3 ^ = -^ m/sec 2

62. We need to show a = ^ is constant: a = % = 4^4r and 4^ = #(k /5)' =

x Av
^ ^ a = ^-^f^ i^-
dt dt ds dt ds ds 2ys ds dt ds
i i 2
= - - Y\fk
'

v
— %r- which is a constant.
2^/s ^

63. v proportional to -^= => v = -^= for some constant k =>• &= j^ Thus, a = 4r = 41 -^ = 4i -v
^ ^ ds 3 2
2s ^
•
dt ds dt ds

= |t- •-£= = — 4-f 4? 1 => acceleration is a constant times -^ so a is proportional to -4.

2s
3 '2
\A l
Vs J s ^

64. Let
f= t
f(x). Then, a = £ = g. J = £.«*) = £($)-*<*) = £(f(x)) -f(x) = f'(x)f(x), as required.

65. /|^ ddLT = 2ff

T = 2 Vg ff
.

2
1

/L g
V 5
.1 = _S_ =
/L
V o
^gL
* . Therefore,
'
dT = dT.dL =
du dL du
*
^/gL
kL ^
= 7rk>/L = i1
^/g 2
. 2irk /j
Vg
= ~- f
as required.
 Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 173

66. No. The chain rule says that when g is differentiable at and f is differentiable at g(0), then fog is
differentiable at 0. But the chain rule says nothing about what happens when g is not differentiable at so
there is no contradiction.

67. The graph of y = (f o g)(x) has a horizontal tangent at x =1 provided that (f og)'(l) = = f'(g(l))g'(l) =
=> either f'(g(l)) = or g'(l) = (or both) => either the graph of f has a horizontal tangent at u = g(l), or the
graph of g has a horizontal tangent at x = 1 (or both).

68. (f og)'(— 5) < => f(g(— 5)) «g'(-5) < =>• f(g(— 5)) and g'(— 5) are both nonzero and have opposite signs.

That is, either [f (g(-5)) > and g'(~5) < 0] or [f (g(-5)) < and g'(-5) > 0].

,.„ . , „ , , -
= sin 2(x + h) — sin 2x
69. As h -» 0, the graph of y jt

approaches the graph of y =2 cos 2x because

sin 2(x + h) - sin 2x dt- t\ o

= _d_ cos o
hrn r^ £; (sin 2x) = 2
dx
2x.
h—0

70. As h -» 0, the graph of y

, .
= —^ cos[(x + h)
2

^l~cos(x
2
)

approaches the graph of y = -2x sin(x 2 ) because

h-o
lim —
cos[(x + h) 2 ]-cos(x2 = d
t-
h
vi )/ \
-jH«»U 2')\ = -2xsmU 2'). dx
r / .

^^^^
—
2
71.^ = Co 8 tand| = 2cos2t^^ = = 2(2c^t-l) ,
then ^ = ^ 2(2co S t-l) =
dx

^2cos2 t-l=0^cost=±^==*-
dx/dt
*****<«
•4'T'T'T
cos t

—
cos t

"
cos t

:^^V2

y = sin 2(3^ = 1 => ( ^5— 1 1 is the point where the tangent line is horizontal. At the origin: x = and y =
J

=* sin t = => t = or t = ir and sin 2t = => t = 0, |, jt,

^; thus t = and t =w give the tangent lines at

dv
the origin. Tangents at origin: 2 =» y = 2x and -/• = -2 => y = -2x
dx t = t =w
174 Chapter 2 Derivatives

72.^
dt
= 2 coS 2tand^ = 3coS
at
3t^^
ax
=
dx/dt
^
= I cos =
it ; :
— |^
3(c0s2t 08t Sln2 tSint)

212 cos t l)
,

3 [(2 cos 1
2 - l) (cos t) - 2 sin t cos t sin t (3 cos t){2 cos2 1 - 1 -2 2
sin 1)
2
(3 cos t) (4 cos 1 - 3)
; then
2 2 2
2(2cos t-l) 2(2cos t-l) 2(2cos t-l)

dy_ (3 cos t)(4cos2 t-3) _

3*"
.

^ 2(2cos2 t-l)
= =* 3 cos t = 2
or 4 cos t -3 = 0: 3 cos t = => t = |, ^ and
4cos2 t-3=:0=*cost= ±^^t=|,^,^,il2L. In the 1st quadrant: t =| => x = sin
2(|) = ^
and y = sin 3f?) = 1 => ( ^4-, 1 j is the point where the graph has a horizontal tangent. At the origin: x =

and y = => sin 2t = and sin 3t = => t = 0, |, ir,

^ and t = 0, |, 3p ir,
^, ^ => t = and t = ?r give

dy 3cos0 3 dy
the tangent lines at the origin. Tangents at the origin: -7— = | =, ' nd
t = 2 cos 2 2 dx t = TV

_ 3cos(3x) _
_ 3__„_ 3„
~2cos(27r) 2^ y_ 2*

73. (a) dg/dt

ic>

-ir -n/Z if/2

-1

df
(b) al =
.

1.27324 sin 2t + 0.42444 sin 6t + 0.2546 sin lOt + 0.18186 sin 14t

(c) The curve of y = 4j- approximates y = -jt- df /dt

the best when t is not — ir, — •s-, 0, g-, nor ir.

/W\A 1

dg/dt
74. (a)

-o-
-*/2 n/2 *
-1

(b) §=
dt
2.5464 cos (2t) + 2.5464 cos(6t) + 2.5465 cos(10t) + 2.54604 cos (14t) +2.54646 cos (18t)
 Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 175

dh/dt
(c)

. 1M1 _ t

75-80. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

x:=t-> exp(t)-t*2;
y:= t -> t + exp(-t);
plot([x(t), y(t), t = -1..2]);
diff(x(t),t);

dx:= unapply(%,t);
diff(y(t),t);
dy:= imapply(%,t);
dy(t)/dx(t);
dydx:= unapply(%,t);
diff(dydx(t),t);
simplify(%): dyl:= unapply(%,t);
dyl(t)/dx(t);
d2ydx2:= unapply(%,t);
t0:=l: evalf(d2ydx2(t0));
tanline:= t -> y(t0) + (dy(t0)/dx(t0))*(t - x(t(0));
plot({[x(t), y(t), t = -1..2], (t, tanline(t), t=t0~l..t0+2]});

Mathematica :

Clear[x,y,t]
{a,b} = {-Pi,Pi}; tO = Pi/4;
x[t_] = t-Cos[t]
y[t_] = 1 + Sin[t]
pi = ParametricP!ot[ {x[t],y[tj}, {t,a,b} ]

yp[t_] = y'[t]/x'[t]
ypptt-] = yp'M/x'M
yp[tO] // N
ypp[t0] // N
tanline[x_] = y[t0] + yp[t0]*(x-x[t0j)
p2 = Plot[ tanline[x], {x,0,0.2} ]

Show[ {pl, P 2} ]

2.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

1. y = x9 / 4 =^ =
dx~4|x J
s/4

2. y=V^ = (2x) 1 /3
^g = I(2x)- 2 /3
-2 =^
±11.
2 3
3x '
176 Chapter 2 Derivatives

3. y = 7^T6 = 7(x + 6) 1 / 2 ^| = |(x + 6)- 1 / 2 = ^==

x /3
4. y = (1 - 6x) 2 / 3 => g=f (1 - 6x)- (-6) = -4(1 - ex)" 1 ' 3

5. y = x(x 2 + l)
l/2
^y' = (l)( X
2
+ l)
1/2
+ (|)(x 2 + ir
1/2
(2x) = ^iL
,-1/2 -3/2 s-3/2
lp * y' = (l)(x2 + l)" " + (x)(-±)(x2 + lp (2x) = (x
/2 1
6. y = x(x2 + 2
+ lPKx r 2
+ l)-x

3/2
(x2 + l)

7. s= ^= t
2/7
^f =^ t
7 j
*"
T
T
_ ,4/^3
- V^ _ ~*fl-3/4
dr
^d5"~4 e
_ 3fl-?/4

9. y = sin((2t + 5)- 2 / 3 )^ = co s ((2t + 5)- 2 ' 3 ){^

1/2
io. f(x) = ,/rr^=(i _ x ^) =» f^ ^ i(i- xw2)-^v_i x -i/2> -i -i

v-l/3 -4/3 .-4/3

11. g(x) = 212X- 1 / 2 + lH = g'(x) = -|(2x" 1 / 2 4- 1) ' • (-l)x-
3 /2
= |( 2x-i/2 + ip' 3'2

12. h(0) = ^1+ cos (20) = (1 +cos 20) 1/3 => h'(C) = i(l +cos 20)- 2/3 • (-sin 29) 2 = -^(ain 20)(1 + cos 20)~2 /3

13. x 2y + xy2 =6:

Stepl: [x2 g + y-2xj + ^i,«.il-

x-2 y gi
i
+ y -l]=0
(i

2
Step 2: x2 ^ + 2xy^ = -2xy-y
Step 3: ^(x 2 + 2xy) = -2xy-y 2
2
Step 4:
dy
= 4^~y
dx 2
x + 2xy
'

14. 2xy + y2 = x + y:
dy dy_ + dv
Stepl: ^x ^ +
2yJ
+ 2y ^=1 1 ,

Ste P 2: 2x£ + 2y£-£ = l-2y

Step 3: ^(2x + 2y-l) = l-2y

dy __ 1 - 2y
Step 4: -£ =
dx 2x + 2y - 1
 Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 177

15.x 3 - xy + y3 = ^^- y -x| + 3y ^ = 0^( 3/- X )| = y -3x^| = |-^

16.
2
x (x-y)^
2 _ 2
= vx*- „2,
y
*
:

Step Is xJ 2(W>tl-£ + (x~y) 2 (2x) = 2x-2y^

Step 2: -2x 2 (x - y) g + 2 g = 2x - 2x y
2
(x - y) - 2x(x - y) 2

Step 3: ^[-2x 2 (x- y ) + 2y]=2x[l-x(x-y)-(x-y) 2 ]

2 2 2
dy^ 2x(l-x(x- y )-(x-y) 2 ^ x[l~x(x-y)-(x-y) ] = x(l-x + xy-x + 2 Xy-y
2
]
ep 2
-?.v 2 x - v\ 4- y-x2 (x-y) 3
'

dx ~2x^(x~y) + 2v
2y { x y-x + y

x-2x3 + 3x2y-xy 2
x 2 y - x3 + y

2 x-l.o_.dy (x + l)-(x-l) _ 2 dy_ j

17 v
(x + l)« (* + !)' y(* + iV

1 3 2xy
= x-y =»3x 2 + 2xy + xy = l-y ^0c + l)y =l-3x -2xy^/ =
2
18 - x2 = xTy ^x 3
+x
2
y
2 / ,

x"
f+ l

19. x = tan y => 1 = (sec

2
y) -/ => -/ = —4- = cos y
2
dx dx 2
sec y

dv dy dy —1
20. x + sin y = xy =t- 1 +(cos y)
dx
>

£ = y + x dv
-£ =>
dx
,
(cos y-x) -£ = y - 1
, -
=> -r-
dx
= y
_
y-x
cos y

».,-.(J)-i-^*y[-(J)-(-i)4|-g] + -.a)-£=-g-T*a-J-(J) + -.(J)+" = -y

dx
^ = ZZ
-icos^ij + sin^j + x y sin(£j-co8^J + xy

22.y 2 coS y
(
>2x + W[~s^
^dy_,
dx sm( y ) + 2 y co 8 (i)-2

e^+^ 2
= 1
=> ifl- /3 + i r -iy*.dr = o = -1 ^dr,, V^ = V?
23. i =>
g 2-^1 2^/0 d* 2^/6 y^

24. I . ~2s/0=h 2 ' 3 + UV<*% -0- 1 ?2 = 9~ 1 ! 3 + (>- 1/4 =>% = r 1 !2

+ 9-^ + 9-^
d9 i
178 Chapter 2 Derivatives

= \ => = -r cos (t9) dr _ -r cos(rfl)

_ _L
25. sin (rfl) [cos (r0)] (r + ^|) = =*
^ [0 cos (rfl)]
d9 0cos(r0) ~ 6'

#0

dr _. dr 1-0 - dr _ ~( r + sin 8)
26. cos r + cos B — id =$• (-rsin. r)T3~sin^=:r + ^j3=>^
d0* ^ sin
d0 d<?
rl = r + sin 6 => ^j
d$
=
+ sin r

27 , x ^ +y 2/3 = 1 ^2 x -i/3 + 2 -i/3dy

dx
= ^dy
dx.3
2 v -l/3 -
-
_2 Xx -i/3
3
_. _ dy _
^ yv "dx"
/ x" 1 ^ 3 _ _(y_,
-l/3- '-
1/3
.

3
,1/3 .(_i -/3
y )y
, +yI/ 3 (|x - 2/S) _," -(-|y-^)(-^) + y-^(ix-^)
Differentiating again, y" =
,2/3 ,2/3

1/3
d2y _ I Xv -2/3v -l/3 + 1 „l/3 -4/3 _J
dx2
=3 ' * '
,

^' X
3x
:
4 '3
+
Zy
1 ' 3 2 '3
*

28. y
2
=x 2 + 2x^2yy' = 2x + 2^y',_2x
= + 2_x+l,^„„»_y-(x
= theny" = ^—
+
^^ 2y
!
l)/_y-(^ + ^)( JLf1 )

2 -y =
dx, 3

29.
V ^ x -y^ y ~ /y = l- y ':* y '(y-
1 1 /2
+ l)=l^;| = y
'=-
y-l/2
^
+1
^A
V^ +1
•
;
'
we can

-1 / 2 _1 ' 2
y'(-^y~ 3 'V) + (y

^
differentiate the equation y'^y + 1) = 1 again to find y": + l)y" =

\( 1 -3/2

=> yr^i) y'4[yfy-^fc/' =

y- 1/2 + l) 3 /z 2 + ^)
2y (y- 1 / 2 + l)

-y *iy
30. xy + y2 = 1 =* xy' + y + 2yy' = =>• xy' + 2yy' = -y =* y'(x + 2y) = -y => y''_
= .
=y
(x + 2y)' dx 2
-y
-(x + 2y) + y 1+2
^~2yl[y(x + 2y) + y(x + 2y) - 2y
2
-(x + 2y)y' + y(l + 2y') (x + 2y) > + 2y)
(x + 2y) 2 (x + 2yY (x+2y) 2

+ 2y) - 2y 2 2
_ 2y(x
3
= 2y + 2xy3 _ 2y(x + y)3
(x + 2y) (x + 2y) (x + 2y)

31. x3 + y3 = 16 => 3x
2
4- 3y
2
y' = 2
=> 3y y' = -3x 2 =} y' = -**; we 2
differentiate y y' = -x 2 to find y":
y

-2x-2y(- x? -2x- 2x"

yV + y' [2y y'] = -2x => y 2 y" = -2x - 2y [/]' => y" =

-2xy3 - 2x 4 d y
2
_ -32-32 = -2
v 5 ^ dx 2
(2,2)
32
 Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 179

>.,
= ,„ -y ^ vy"„_
= (*
+ 2y)(-y')-(-y)(i + 2y')
32. xy + y 2 = 1 => xy' + y + 2yy' = =*> y'(x + 2y) = -y => y' /„.,
2y)^
x
=> y
.

(x + 2
(x + 2y)

(~2)ft)~(l)(0)
ince y = ~2
1
we obtam y
„, = 4 =~
i
I
(o, -i) !{o, -i)

33. x
2
-2tx + 2t 2 = 4=>2x^-2x-2t^
dt
+ 4t = 0=J.(2x-2t)^ = 2x-4t^^ = ||5|f = x-t
dt dt 2x-2t |^
dy _ dy/dt _w_ t(x-t)
2y
J
3 - 3t 2 = 4 dy
=> 6y 2 ^f - 6t = =%
dy _ 6t _
= ^\2 = ±;
2'
t
thus ^ = ^-^ = = ~ N" ' l
2
y ~'
; t =2
dt dt 6 y y dx dx/dt x-2t y (x-2t) / \

^ x 2 - 2(2)x + 2(2) 2 = 4 => x 2 - 4x + 4 = => (x - 2) 2 = => x = 2; t = 2 => 2y3 - 3(2) 2 = 4

3 dy 2(2 - 2)
=> 2y3 = 16 =>• =8 => y = 2; therefore -+ =
y dx 2
t =3 (2) (2-2(2))

34. x ^7t *%=&- ^r 1/2

(4 t_1/2 )
-1
y(t -l)=l„^l( t - 1)+y =(l)l

^yyt^B-.y/t
=> f t i lWy_~ dy_ -y _ -y 2 .

thus -5— — -r ItF^Tj

dy_ -

V l
y^ dt
y
dt~/ t _ ,

1
_n~ty-y-i» dx / ty-y-1
UVt^/5-v^.
2
4(1) y/lyjl-s/l
t = 1 => y(l - 1) = In y => = In y =* y = 1; therefore ^ =

t =i (1)(1)-1-1

. x + 2x3 / 2 = t 2 + t^^ + 3x ^ = 1 /2 2t + l^(l + 3x 1 /2 )^=2t + l^^ = ^^t^;y v/t + l + 2t A/y =

\
/TTT
/ Vt +1+ 1
t\dy_ -y
V^J dt "2Vt + l
V^dt- W
„ /- ^ dy _
/
v/FTT+ t \ 2Vy(t"+r)
4y0 + l
+ 2tVt+T
; thus

-yy^- 4y\A+^
dv
dy dv/dt
dy/dt
\2Vy(t+i)+2t\/t
v + i/
\
x
/
t = 0=>x + 2x 3 / 2 = 0=>x(l + 2x 1 /2 )=0=>x = 0;t =
/ 2t +
;
dx dx/dt 1

l + 3x 1/2
-4^-4(4)^/0 + 1
/

12^(0 + 1) + 2(0) V/0TT

y yO
,

+ l + 2(0) N/y = 4 =>y = 4; therefore^

dyl
= ^-^ = -6
2(0) + 1

1 + 3(0)^
180 Chapter 2 Derivatives

36. x sin t + 2x = t =* 4^
dt
sin t +x cos t +2 *jf-
dt
= 1 => (sin t + 2) ^=
dt
1 -x cos t => ^
dt
_ l
r xcost
sin t +2
.

t sin t - 2t = y => sin t + t cos t - 2 = Q; thus J- = sin t +t cost 2 _ .

g _
dt dx / 1 —xcos t \
\ sin t +
2 >/

sin ?r + ir cos t—2 — 4?r —

=> x =? ; therefore -*—
2 +
i
= -4
t = IT
(f)co B5r
7T

sin ir +2

37. y
2
+ x2 = y-i -2x at(-2,l)and(-2 -l)=.2y^ + 2x = 4y3g-2^2y$-4y
4
*
3
)
dx— - as-*** air g
s=-2 - 2x
dy
dx (
2y _ 4y 3
J ) = -2-2x^^ = -i + l_=>^ = -land^ = 1
' dx 2y 3 -y dx (-2,1) dx (-2,-1)

2 2
38. (x + y 2 ) = (x-y) 2 at(l > 0)and(l,-l)^2(x
2
+ y 2 )(2x + 2 y ^)=2(x-y)(l-|)

2y(x
2
+ y2 x-y)l=-2x(x2 + y2 )+(x-y) dy _ -2x(x 2 + y 2 + (x - y) _ ) dy
)
dx dx 2y(x 2 + y 2 ) + (x-y) dx (1,0)

dy
and ,
-j— =1
dx (1,-1)

39. x2 +xy-y 2 = l=>2x + y + xy'-2yy' = 0=J > (x-2y)y' = -2x-y=>y' = 2

4y — J;
x

(a) the slope of the tangent line m = y' | . . = j => the tangent line is y— 3=4 (x — 2) =^ y = 4x — A
(b) the norma) line is y-3 = - = (x-2) => y = -|x + T~

40.
,.2.,2
x"V = 9 => 2xy^ + 2x / yy' = => x'yy'A„^_.,^
= -xy / = _y.
(a) the slope of the tangent line m = y'L = —i =3 =» the tangent line is y—3 = 3(x + 1)
=>y~3x + 6
(b) the normal line is y — 3 = - i(x + 1) => y = - ix + S

41. y
2
- 2x - 4y - 1 = => 2yy' - 2 - 4y' = => 2(y - 2)y' = 2 => y' = ^-L i

(a) the slope of the tangent line m = y' . . = —1 =>• the tangent line is y — 1 = — l(x + 2) => y = —x — 1
(b) the normal line is y— 1 = l(x + 2)=>-y = x + 3

2
42. 6x + 3xy + 2y 2 + 17y - 6 = =^12x + 3y + 3xy' + 4yy' + 17y' = =>• y'(3x + 4y + 17) = -12x - 3y
-12x-3y
=>y _ ,

-3x + 4y + 17 ;

(a) the slope of the tangent line m = y 'L . — ^4-4—j_ 17 =7 ^ *^e tan g eTlt ^ ne is y— := s(x + 1)

^y = fx + |
7
(b) the normal line is y — = — ^(x + 1) => y ~ — 7«x — Y«
 Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 181

43. 2xy +* sin y = 2ir => 2xy' + 2y + *r(cos y)y' = => y'(2x +w cos y) = ~2y => y' = 2x
+ ir ^ By i

(a) the slope of the tangent line m = y'/, k\ = « — r = — % => the tangent line is

(b) the normal line is y - 1 = |(x - 1) => y = fx - § +

44. x sin 2y = y cos 2x => x(cos 2y)2y' + sin 2y = — 2y sin 2x + y' cos 2x =*• y'(2x cos 2y - cos 2x)

= o — 2y r, o _^ /
= sin 2y + 2y sin 2x
-sin 2y
J J sin 2x =$» J y h - s2x h— ;
cos 2x cos 2y

,, ... sin 2y + 2y sin 2x

, ,
(a) the slope of the tangent line
, ., ,
m= y
,i
|^ = C08 2x _ 2x cos 2y
:h)
= -^f-

2
=2 =>• the tangent line is

y -f = 2 (x-f)=>y = 2x

(b) the normal line is y -| = -^(x-|W y = -ix + ^

45. y =2 sin (ttx - y) =*• y' = 2 [cos (irx - y)] -(x - y') => y'[l + 2 cos (wx - y)] = 2?r cos (irx - y)
2jt cos(7rx — y)
=>y' = - y) '
1 + 2 cos (7rx

2jt cosfirx — y)
m=y ,
= =
I

the slope of the tangent line -_ => the tangent line

(a) /,
— y)r 2ir is
-.
n \ :
v ' l
ll > u) 1 +2 cos(-ttx
1,0)

y - = 2tt(x - 1) => y = 2ttx - 2tt

(b) the normal line isy — = — g^

2ir'
(x — 1) =*» y = — 2tt + 9^:
2tt
^ '

46. x2 cos 2 y - sin y = ^ x2 (2 cos y)(-sin y)y' + 2x cos 2 y - y' cos y = =3- y'[-2x2 cos y sin y - cos y ]

2x cos y
= — 2x cos y
2
=!> y' =
2x cos y sin y + cos y
-5
2x cos y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m = y'L . =— = => the tangent line is y = it
2x cos y sin y + cos y (0,n)

(b) the normal line is x =

47. Solving x2 +xy + y2 = 7 and y = => x2 =7 =x= ±yff => (-\/7,0) and (%/?>0) are the points where the

curve crosses the x-axis. Now x2 + xy + y 2 = 7 => 2x + y + xy' + 2yy' = => (x + 2y)y' = -2x - y
+ => the slope at (- v/7,0)is m = - "
-> v '
3 = _ 2x + v
x + 2y
.
^ m - - 2x
x+J 2y
K v v ' > = -2 and the slope at ( a/7, ) is

„^fj
2 /?
m= X=- = —2. Since the slope is —2 in each case, the corresponding tangents must be parallel.
y/l

^x 2
+ xy + y 2 = 7.2x + y + x| + 2y| = 0.(x + 2y)|=- 2x-y.| = ^and| = ^y_;
,:- dy
(a) Solving -r- = =>— 2x — y = => y = — 2x and substitution into the original equation gives
182 Chapter 2 Derivatives

x2 + x(-2x) + (-2x) 2 =7=>3x 2 = 7^x= ± J± and y = =f 2«/| when the tangents are parallel to the

x-axis.

(b) Solving S^ = 0=>x + 2y = 0=t>y = -| and substitution gives x2 + x(-£\ + (-^\ = 7 => 2~- = 7

=> x = ± 2i/s and y = Tyo when the tangents are parallel to the y-axis.

49. y
4
= y
2
- x2 =* 4y3y' = 2yy' - 2x => 2(2y
3
-y)y' = -2x => y' = —*-^; the slope of the tangent line at
y-2yJ

y^.y^l. x __4_._
_ — T"_.. _ _ —i _ — i.*k-.i
= «— fv^
y-2yJ
(44) 4-«-f H
^^
3
*«...
1; the slope of the
.*
tangent* line at (~r-,-k
v 4 2;
1

>/§
x 4 _ 2y/3 =
_
is
y-2y 3 1 2 4-2 V^
\A i I 2 8
4 '2

2
2
= x3 - x) + y 2 (-l) = 3x2 =* y' = %, £+ 3x* 2
50. y (2 -x) => 2yy'(2 ; the slope of the tangent line is
2y(2-x)s

m= y
2

2y(2-:
^ 2
_4_
= i= 2 =>- the tangent line is y — 1 = 2(x— 1) => y = 2x— 1; the normal line is

1„
y-l = -^(x-l)^y = -|x + |3 ,

51. y
4 - 4y 2 = 4 2 3
x - 9x => 4y y' - 8yy' = 4x 3 - 3
18x => y'(4y - By) = 4x
3 - 18x = y' = 4x "3~ 18x = 2^-9x
3
4y -8y 2y -4y
2
_ x(2x -9) _ , ,
(-3)(18-9) _ 27.
J
3 2V m _27./ 32V m --g"'^'-
-^-^-2V 2 m--2I
m" 8
~y(2y 2 -4)~ 2(8-4) ~ 8' (
( '
2)>
~ 8 (<M) ' ' J-

52. x3 + y3 - 9xy = => 3x

2
+ 3y 2 y' - 9xy' - 9y = => y'(3y
2
- 9x) = 9y - 3x => y'
2
= ^" 3x = 3 %~ x-
3y - 9x y* — 3x
^ y 'l(4,2) =
t
an<i
y'l(2,4)
=
f'

(b) y' = =»
3 ~X _ =j.3y-x 2 = =i-y =^=^x 3 + ^j -9x( x^j = => x
6
-54x3 =
% f

= x3 (x3 — 54) = 0=J-x = 0orx =- 3/54 = 3-\/2 =» there is a horizontal tangent at x = 3^2. To find the

corresponding y-value, we will use part (c).

(c) ^=0=^ y -3 = 0^y 2

-3x = Q^y= ± v^x; y = \/3x =* x
3
+ {y/Ef -9xy/toi =
^
oy ~- x

=^x 3 -6V3x 3 / 2 = =>x3/2 (x 3/2 -6y/ 3) = 0=> x

3/2
= or x
3/2
= 6^ => x = or x =^108 = 3 V*-
Since the equation x + y — 9xy = is symmetric in x and y, the graph is symmetric about the line y = x.
That is, if (a, b) is a point on the folium, then so is (b,a). Moreover, if y' ]
- . . = m, then y' L . = j^.
Thus, if the folium has a horizontal tangent at (a, b), it has a vertical tangent at (b,a) so one might expect
 Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 183

that with a horizontal tangent at x = y 54 and a vertical tangent at x = 3 \/4 s

the points of tangency are
3/54,3-3 3
( /4j and (3 /4,\/54), respectively. One can check that these points do satisfy the equation

x3 + y -9xy 3
= 0.

53. (a) if f(x) = |x2 / 3 - 3, then f (x) = x~ 1/3 and f"(x) = -|x~ 4/3 so the claim f" (x) = x _1/3 is false

(b) if f(x) = ^x5/3 - 7, then f (x) = |x 2/3 and f"(x) = x"^3 is true
(c) f"(x) = x~ 1/3 => f'"(x) = -±x~ 4/3 is true

(d) if f (x) = |x2/3 + 6, then f'(x) = x -1 /3 is true

54. 2x
2
+ 3y 2 = 5=.4 X + 6 yy '=0^y' = -|^y'| =-| =-|andy'i =-| -2.
J
(i.i (1,-1)

also, y
2
= x3 => 2yy' = 3x 2 =* y' = ^ =» y'|
{11)
=
^ .^H^-rl
-3x
(1,-1)
= -£. Therefore

the tangents to the curves are perpendicular at (1,1) and (1,-1) (i.e., the curves are orthogonal at these two
points of intersection).

55. x
2
+ 2xy - 3y 2 = => 2x + 2xy' + 2y - 6yy' = =>• y'(2x - 6y) = -2x - 2y =* y' = ^~~ => the slope of the
tangent line m = y' . =k —I ~1 => the equation of the normal line at (1, 1) is y— 1 = — l(x — 1)
*y -x i(i,i)
|.
(i.i)

^ y = —x + 2. To find where the normal line intersects the curve we substitute into its equation:

x 2 + 2x(2 -x) - 3(2 -x) 2 = => x2 + 4x - 2x - 3(4 -4x + x ) = => -4x2 + 16x - 12 =
2 2
=* x
2
- 4x + 3 =
=> (x — 3)(x — 1) = => x =3 and y = —x + 2 = —1. Therefore, the normal to the curve at (1, 1) intersects the

curve at the point (3,-1). Note that it also intersects the curve at (1, 1).

56. xy + 2x-y = 0=»x-^ + y+2-~£ = G=»-f^ = Yz_ .

tj,e s]ope f t he ii ne 2x +y = is -2. In order to be

parallel, the normal lines must also have slope of —2. Since a normal is perpendicular to a tangent, the slope of

the tangent is ~. Therefore, ^— - = i=^2y + 4 = l-x=>-x = -3-2y. Substituting in the original equation,

y(-3 - 2y) + 2(-3 - 2y) - y = => y

2
+ 4y + 3 = => y = -3 or y = -1. If y = -3, then x = 3 and
y + 3 = -2(x- 3) => y = -2x + 3. If y = -1, then x = -1 and y + 1 = -2(x + 1) => y = ~2x - 3.

57. y
2 =x ^ -^ = J-. If a normal is drawn from (a,0) to (xpVj) on the curve its slope satisfies x
l
— & = — 2y x

=>• yj = — 2yj(xj — a) or a = Xj + i. Since Xj > on the curve, we must have that a >* . By symmetry, the

two points on the parabola are (x 3 ^/^i) and (x v ~^/x^\. For the normal to be perpendicular,
,

2
(x^)(r5j = - 1 => (^T77
= l =*" Xl = (a_Xl)2 * Xl =
(
Xl + ?~ x i) =* x i =1 and y i =± 2"
Therefore, (k ±^\ and a = |.
184 Chapter 2 Derivatives

58. Ex. 5a.) y =x ' has no derivative at x = because the slope of the graph becomes vertical at x = 0.
Ex. 5b.) y =x ' has no derivative at x = because the slope of the graph becomes vertical at x = 0.
Ex. 6a.) y ={l — x ) has a derivative only on (—1,1) because the function is defined only on [—1,1] and
the slope of the tangent becomes vertical at both x = — 1 and x 1. =

J
y + 2xy
+ yr2x^=0^^{y 3 + 2xy)=-3x y 2
3
+ x 2 y = 6^x(3y 2 ) + y 3 2
x2
Sxy'2 + i
„2';also,xy
x ^+ x

_^ dx
j^ = _ 3xy
_ +x thus -j*- appears to equal -r- The two different treatments view the graphs as functions
t
3 i .
dy y + 2xy dy dy
dx
symmetric across the line y = x, so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points
(a, b) and (b,a).

60. x
3
+ y 2 = sin 2 y =» 3x 2 + 2y &
dx
= (2 sin y)(cos y) % =>
dx "" dx
(2y -
!JZ (
2 sin y cos y) = ~3x 2 => g = ^ _ ^jj£ — -
= 3x
als0j x
3
+ ' 2 = sin 2 ' 3x
2 dx + 2 2 sin J CQS
dx = 2sinyco2Sy -2y dx
2 sin y cos y — 2y dy J
dy jx
'
dy

appears to equal -*— . The two different treatments view the graphs as functions symmetric across the line

dx
y = x so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points (a, b) and (b,a).

61. x4 + 4y2 = 1:
-1 2
y
2 _ l^x* ^y_ ± ^l-x 4 => ^= ±i(l -x 4 ) (-4x 3 ) = ^^75; differentiating implicitly, we
(l-x4 )
3
dy. dy _ -4x -4x J _ ±x a
find, 4xJ + 8y^-0^^
dx dx
=
- ^-
8y 8
(
± J^Z?) (l _ x4)

(b)
 Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 185

62. (x-2) i +y 2 = 4:
1/2 ±(x ~ 2)
(a) y = ± J4-(x-2) 2
=> $L = ± 1(4 - (x - 2) )"
2
(-2(x - 2)) = ; differentiating implicitly,
V ax
[4-(x-2) 2
/

2(x
^
- 2)
^
+ 2y ^0^Z^
dx dx 2y
= z(^ =
/
-( -
± [ 4 _ (x _ 2)
2)
x,
2]i/»
=
±(X - 2)
[4_ (x _ 2 )2]
1/2
1 /2
-

00

2
(x-2) + y 2 .4

63-70. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(plots):
eql := x + tan(y/x) = 2;
xO := 1: y0 := Pi/4:
subs({x=xG, y=y0}, eql);
implicitplot(eql, x=x0 - 3..x0 + 3, y=y0 - 3..y0 + 3);
subs(y=y(x),eql):
diff(%,x);
solve(%,diff(y(x),x));
m:=subs({x=xO,y (x)=yO) ,%);
tanline := y = yO + m*(x-x0);
implicitplot({eql,tanline}, x=xO - 2..x0 + 2,y=y0 - 3..y0 + 2);
Mathematica l

Graphics 'ImplicitPlot'
Clear[x,y]
{xO,y0} = {l,Pi/4}; eqn = x + Tan[y/x] == 2
ImplicitPlot[ eqn, {x,x0 - 3,x0 + 3}, {y,yO - 3,y0 + 3} ]
eqn /. {x -> xO, y -> yO}
eqn /. {y -> y[x]}
D[%,x]
Solve[%, y'[x) ]

slope = y'[x] /. First[%]

m = slope /. {x -> xO, y[x] -> yO}
tanline = y == yO + m(x - xO)
ImplicitPlot[{eqn, tanline}, {x,x0 - 3,x0 + 3), {y.yO - 3,y0 4- 3}
186 Chapter 2 Derivatives

2.7 RELATED RATES

1. A= *i
2
=> ^A = 2 7rr 4?
dt dt

= 4 - =>f = 8 -3f
Z
2' s

3. (b)V = ,A*f = 2„hi

4.
«»-*•*=»£-!**

= 1 volt /sec (b)4{=-±am P/a

dt dt

A dV- E fdI\ r(dR\ ^dR_l/dV_ R dl^ dR_l/dV V dl\

-"Ut^Uw^
,

dt ~iUt -^dtJ^ dt -Tvar-Tdu

;
dt

d) ^= ^[ !
-
y (- 1)] = (f) (3) = | ohms/sec, R is increasing

^*f=' f+^|
2
>)- =

Ri 2 = _dP -2 dR ~R
.+«' di _, dR_ _2Ri di __ 2(^} di 2P
P=
t- j2 dt~ j2 dt _
-i , -
=» V i di
b) -j,
dt
J
dt dl (1 }3 at

a s = J?T? = (t> + y*t"*%

dt
= dx
^T^Zdt
b)s = N
^rpp = ( x2 + y2 )
1 /2
^d| = x_ dx
V^T: dt
V^K ? dt

^ dx__y
dy
c) s = yV + y* ^ s 2
= x
2
+ y
2
=> 2s
jjg
= 2x ^ + 2y
dt
SJX => 2s -0 = 2x ^
dt
+ 2y ^Z-s
dt dt ~ « dt

i) s = x/^TPT? => s 2 = x 2 + y 2
+ Z2 = 2s ^ = 2x dx + 2y *L + 2z d|
ds _ x dx + y dy g fa
=>
5t-^ + +
v
2
+ 2 ,df yx 2
+y 2
+z 2dt ^x2 + y 2
+ z 2dt
dy
b) From part (a) with ^= =» ^ =
dt "
^ +y +z2
'

2 dt
T
+
^x *
+ y 2 + z2
dz
dt

c) From part (a) with $ = * =fc$ + * £+2^* $ + {£ + ** =

a) A = lab sin 9 => ^ = ±ab cos 5 4| (b) A = |ab sin => ^A = iab cos 6 ^r
dt
+ \b
'
2
1 sin 9 ^
dt
 Section 2.7 Related Rates 187

(c) A=iabsin 6 =>

4f
"dT
-
= Jab
2
cos 4f
dt
+ ib
T 2' sin $
4f
dt
+ Aa
T 2' sin ^
dt

10. Given A = Trr 2 Sj| = 0.01 cm/sec, and r = 50 cm. Since ^= 2irr
^ , then
^ = 2w(50) f j-L)

= k cm /mm.

11. Given &J = -2 cm/sec, ~j~- =2 cm/sec, I = 12 cm and w = 5 cm.

(a) A= ^w^^ = «^ + w^=»^= 12(2) + 5(-2) = 14 cm 2

/sec, increasing

(b)P=2fi + 2w=»^E = 2^! + 2^ = 2(-2) + 2(2) = cm/sec, constant

- d
(c) D= ^^T^ = ( W2 + £2 r^^ = i(w 2 + £T V (2w^ + 2£d£)^^=
,-V2, df^i
d

= (5)(2) + ("X-g) = _ 14
+ 144 n
13
cm/sec decreasing
,

v/25

12. (a) V = xvz=»^

dt
= yZ £ + xz£ + xy^f
dt dt dt""" dt 4 , J, 2,
I(4,3,2)
(3)(2)(1) + (4)(2)(-2) + (4)(3)(1) = 2 m 3 /sec

(b) S = 2xy+2xz + 2yz^ d|:=(2y+2z) d^+(2x + 2z)^ + (2x + 2y) d£

dS = (10)(1) + (12)(-2) + (14)(1) = m 2 /sec

dT (4,3,2)

- dz
(c) e_v/x + y + z -vx +y + z ; =» , , „ »
2
, + ,

a g
„ , +•

^dt (4 ,3, 2 )=(^) (1)+ (*) (

" 2)+
(*)
(1 ^ 0m/SeC
13. Given: 4~ =5 ft/sec, the ladder is 13 ft long, and x = 12, y = 5 at the instant of time

(a) Since x2 +y 2 = 169 => ¥ = -f 4| = - A2)(5) = -12 ft/sec, the ladder is sliding down the wall

(b) The area of the triangle formed by the ladder and walls is A= i xy =>
^= (
|
\( x -^ + y & j . The area

is changing at i[12(-12) +5(5)] = -^ = -59.5 2

ft /sec.

W-J^Hfajj^^
~ — -
13
_^
dt 13 'dt
,
dt
- 1
13 sine dt
dx -(I)(5) = -1 rad/sec

.2
14. s
/ _
= „2 ! ds _
y' + x z =»2sa|
dt
„ dx.+ o„
= 2x^dt
2y
& -<^dtds __s
dt
1/ „ dx
si X dt
At
,
i
„ dy \
y dt
At I ^ ds
. _
At ~
dt
1
[5(-442) + 12(-481)j
V '169

= —614 knots

15. Let s represent the distance between the girl and the kite and x represents the horizontal distance between the

girl and kite => s

J=
2_ r«wrt2z
(300)
jJ
+ x ^.ds_xdx_
=>S| = fS£ = 400(25) = 20
i
ft /sec.
"sqq"
188 Chapter 2 Derivatives

16. When the diameter is 3.8 in., the radius is 1.9 in. and ^r - mkr; in/min. Also V= 6?rr
2
=> $X = 12?rr 4^
dt .5000 ' dt dt
dV = = 0.0076tt. The volume changing at about 0.0239 in3 /min.
12ir(1.9)(^^KJ is
dt

17 v-Iirr 2 h h - ? (2ri - 3r => r - 4h => V- 1

ff fifh - 167rh3
=*
dV - 16,rh2 dh

dh
dt
1=4
= (l6^) (10) = 2lfc * °' 1119 m ^ C
= 1L19 Cm /SeC

< b> r = f * dT = ! t = tGJfe) = 3% - °' 1492 W«c = 14.92 cm/sec

ifl^V = Ix(i|h) h=I5|hi^fV = 2^dh.^dh|

2
4(-50)
18. (a) V = l
7rr
2
handr = _
2
h=5 225*(5) 225*
« —0.0113 m/min = —1.13 cm/min

W
CM — 15h _. dr _ 15 dh dr
= - 8 49 cm /8ec
_,
,.
-°- 0849 m/sec
--2~^dt~Tdt^dt ¥)(asfc) = tb£ "
r -

h=5

i-i
d
19. (a) V=fy 2 (3R-y)^ ^ = f[2y(3R-y) + y
2
(-l)]^=>^ = [|(6Ry-3y ^^atR^lSand

y =8 we have ^ = j^-6) = ^ ^/min

(b) The hemisphere is on the circle r
2
+ (13 - y) z = 169 => r = \/26y~y 2 m
(c )r = (26y-y 2 )
1/
%^4(26y-y 2 r
1

%-2y)|.^.J^^4l
y-y ^26: f =8
_ 13-8
V26-8-64V247r;
r -i \

= 28fc
m /min

20. If V = |irr 3 , S = 4jrr

2
, and ^= kS = 4k*r 2 , then ^ = 4m 2
J => 4k7rr
2
= 4?rr
2 & => ^ = k, a constant.
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a constant rate.

21. If V = 4 irr3 , r = 5, and ^f

dt
= 100tt ft
3
/min, then ^=
dt
47rr
2
J => $ =
dt^dt 1 ft/min. Then S = 47rr 2 =^
dS
dt
dr
= 8?rr -T7 = 8fl"(5)(l) = 40?r ft /min, the rate at which the area is increasing.

22. Let s represent the length of the rope and x the horizontal distance of the boat from the dock,

(a) Wehaves 2 =x2 + 36=> ddt^ = | ddtf =

— s
2
— ds
j7-
dt
Therefore, the boat is approaching the dock at
V - 36
10
dt
.(2) = 2.5 ft/sec,
s =io >/l0 2 - 36

(b) cos =| =*• - sin 9 ^ ^=

^ = --|2dt^dt r
=(-
r
a ?_ a
2 sin(?dr ^. Thus, r = 10, x = 8, and sin 8 = 10

dt
(-2) = -^/;
10'2f8_
10
 Section 2.7 Related Rates 189

23. Let s represent the distance between the bicycle and balloon, h the height of the balloon and x the horizontal

distance between the balloon and the bicycle. The relationship between the variables is s
2
= h 2 + x2

24. (a) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. Since the radius of the pot is 3, the volume of the coffee is

V = 9*h => £f
dt
= 9w ^
dt
=> the rate the coffee is rising is # = J- § = ^ in/min.
dt 9?r dt yir '

(b) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. From the figure, the radius of the filter r = s ^ V = 4irr 2 h

= ?}~
12
, the volume of the filter. The rate the coffee is falling is 4| = -\ ^=^ (~ 10 ) = ~ ^r
5tt
in/min.

25.y = QD- 1 ^ _=
JjS-QD dD
^^ = D-l^- -2
,-2 1
^p(O)
233
-f^(-2)
= 466
j§§i
L/min => increasing about 0.2772 L/min

26. (a) j£ = {3x 2 - 12x + 15)

gf
= (3(2) 2 - 12(2) + 15)(0.1) = 0.3, ^ = 9 ^ = 9(0.1) = 0.9, ~j| = 0.9 - 0.3 = 0.6

(b) 4S
dt
= (3x2 - 12x - 45x"2 ) £J5
dt
= (3(1.5) 2 - 12(1.5) - 45(1.5)" 2 )(0.05) = -1.5625, %L
dt
= 70 ^=
dt
70(0.05) = 3.5,
= 3.5 - (-1.5625) = 5.0625
dt

27. Let P(x,y) represent a point on the curve y = x and 8 the angle of inclination of a line containing P and the
a dd _ dx ^ d.8
origin. Consequently, tan 8 =^ tan^= xr =tx=^sec„22 ^fi| = g=>|| = cos„2u
2
^.
dx dx.
Since^=10 m/sec

and cos 9 '*=3- -^^-^3i_

q2
„2
= l_
)Wehave d| 1 rad/sec.
y2+x 2 9
2
+ 32 10
x=3

1 /9 (I)(-x)- 1 / 2 (-l)x-(-x) 1 / 2 (l)

28. y = (-x)
1/2
and tan 8 = | => tan = £^E — => sec 2 *}£
dt
dx
dt

/ -x
41 V=^ 2
|(cos f?)(gf )• Now, tan = ^ = -A =* cos 8 = —^ => cos2 8 = |. Then
dt
\ v/5

d£ l(|)(-8)=§ rad/sec.
dt k 16 ,

29. The distance from the origin is s = y/x 1 + y2 and we wish to find -S
dt ;s,i2)

1/2 (5)(-l) + (12)(-5)_

= i(x2 + y 2 r (2x^ + 2y|)| = ~5 m/sec
(5,12) V25 + 144

30. When s represents the length of the shadow and x the distance of the man from the streetlight, then s = ^x.

(a) If I represents the distance of the tip of the shadow from the streetlight, then I=s + x=*--rr = -n: + -iX -

dx
(which is velocity not speed) =*
3
+ dx ~
. I

dt
= 2 —5 =
1 1 8 ft/sec, the speed the tip of the
5 dt dt
shadow is moving along the ground,

(b) % = 3§ dx
ds _3
tj = = (— 5) = —3
__
ft /sec, so the length of the shadow is decreasing at a rate of 3 ft/sec.
190 Chapter 2 Derivatives

31. Let s = 16t represent the distance the ball has fallen,
h the distance between the ball and the ground, and I
Ball at Urns I - o
the distance between the shadow and the point directly
beneath the ball. Accordingly, s + h = 50 and since
sec later
the triangle LOQ and triangle PRQ are similar we have

J» 2 3 °( 5 °- 16t2 )
1 =
50
=
-h =*h 50-16t andl=.50-(50-16t 2
;

1500 -30^dl^- 1500 ^ J

dI
= -1500 ft/sec.
16V dt dt
8t t= t
l

32. Let s = distance of car from foot of perpendicular in the textbook diagram => tan 9 ~ tIr => sec 2 9 4^ = -—k ~
i.ii dt 132 dt

S'S=- 2M « d ^°
d6
af-
s
ffa
8 ..- = —2 rad/sec. A half second later the car has traveled 132 ft

= |, 2
=i = ft) =
right of the perpendicular => \0\ cos and ^| 264 (since s increases) => 4| = T§|(264) 1 rad/sec.

33. The volume of the ice is V = |irr 3 -|ir43 => &- = 47rr
2
J => jjf|
= -^jj- in/min when ^ = -10 3
in /min.

The surface area is S = 4?rr dS_ o_„

8xr dr
dT- dt dt
r=6

34. Let s represent the horizontal distance between the car and plane while r is the line-of-sight distance between
2 2
the car and plane => 9 +s = r => *j§ = .
r
4f => 4f -160) = -200 mph
V r2 — 9 r=5 >/16
speed of plane + speed of car = 200 mph => the speed of the car is 80 mph.

35. When x represents the length of the shadow, then tan 6 = ^ =* sec
2 f?^|=-Md5 =~"^dx_ ~x 2 secH d#
dt ,2 dt dt 80 dt'

We are given that ^= 0.27° = ^^ rad/min. At x = 60, cos =

|

dx -x 2 sec 9 dg
2
= 3tt
« m 7.1
dt 80 dt d$ = 3ir a 5,
|| ft/min 0.589 ft/min in/min.
andsecfl:=
dt 2000 3

36. tan 6 -4
B
=> sec 2 4f
dt
= ^ ^- A
B dt b z
dB =>
dt
at a= 10 m and B = 20 m we have cos 9 = -^~= = -2= and
10 ^5 ^5
= -^/sec - - 6 /sec °

dt l&Y- 2 n^w)}(tM$--kXi) -w rad/sec

37. Let x represent distance of the player from second base and s the distance to third base. Then tj = — 16 ft /sec

2x d^=> dj| = f d^. When

2
(a) s = x2 + 8100 =*.2s|| = the player is 30 ft from first base, x = 60
60
s = 30^/13 and 4f =
-T7- ^= .- 16) = ^P=« -8.875 ft/sec
dt 30^ \/l3

(b) -^-sin^rii^
.90 ™2 ^
90 ds
i
d6>. d(?j
90 - •
*j|
=^ - ^|. Therefore, x = 60 and s = 30>/l3
dt dt , ~dT s sin

d
Jl=
dt
.

(30\/l3)(60)
W. 7^
VV^3/
= rg rad/sec;
65 ' '
sin fl
2
2 =f ^ cos ^ ^
s dt
= _g0 .dg ^ jg, =
dt dt
_
2 s2
2

s
2
-90
cos 9 2
ds
dt
 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 191

= -§P -gr . Therefore, x = 60 and s = 30v/l3 => -y~ =A rad/sec.

W
dg i-
d9. 90 ds_ 90 /xWdxW90Vdx\ / 90 \dx ^i
- U UJ-^JUJ-^ + ^ooJdt^^
(,) ,.

dt s
2
8in5l dt-r s 2.x^j ' £3. dt

= lim
x-o^ x 2 +
90
8100, V-»>
=
-i -^ $ - rfjj--* (^)«)(S) (?)(*)
^f^zSO-^dx^
2
Vx + 8100/dt
lim
x-o
^= dt 6
l
rad/

38. Let a represent the distance between point O and ship A, b the distance between point O and ship B, and

D the distance between the ships. By the Law of Cosines, D = a + b — 2ab cos
2 120°

^f = i[ 2a
dT
+ 2b f+a f+b df]-
Whena = 5,^=14 b = 3,andf = 21 thenf =
1
|g )

where D = 7. The ships are moving *=Up = 29.5 knots apart.

CHAPTER 2 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. y = x
5
- 0.125x 2 + 0.25x => g| = 5x4 - 0.25x + 0.25

2. y = 3 - 0.7x 3 + 0.3x r =*
j£ = -2.1x 2 + 2.1x6

3. y = x
3
-3(x 2 + ?r 2 ) =>
g^
= 3x 2 -3(2x + 0) = 3x2 -6x = 3x(x-2)

4. y^ + y/k-^ + ^lf + y/J

5. y = (x + l)
2
(x
2
+ 2x) =>
jjj
= (x + l)
2
(2x + 2) + (x 2 + 2x)(2(x + 1)) = 2(x + l)[(x + l) 2 +x(x + 2)]
= 2(x + l)(2x2 + 4x+l)

6. y = (2x-5)(4-x)- 1
^g = (2x~5)(~l)(4-x)- (-l) + (4-x)- 2 1
(2) = (4-x)- 2 [(2x-5) + 2(4-x)]

= 3(4~x)~ 2

7. y = ($2 + sec 6 + if =*
2
^| » z($ + sec 6 + if (26 + sec tan 8)

8. yg (- 1 -^.^y^g = g(,i.^-^ c.ctf eotg

a _|) g ^_ 1
_8
^_^ (c , cgcotg _ >)

(l + ^-5^-^(2^)
9
^ ds
2
,
(i + ^)-^
2
l+7t dt
(l + v't) 2vt(l + ^) 2Vt(l + ^f
192 Chapter 2 Derivatives

10 s = 1

\A-i
=> ds
dt
=
(Vt-iJfoj-if-L

(Vt-i)
W
2
2Vt(Vt-i)
2

11. y =2 tan 2 x — sec 2 x => -j- = (4 2

tan x) (sec x) — (2 sec x)(sec x tan x) = 2 sec 2 x tan x

12. y = -— : = esc2 x — 2 esc x => 3- = (2 esc x)(— esc x cot x) - 2(— esc x cot x) = (2 esc x cot x)(l — esc x)

4 - 2t) 3
13. s = cos (l => |jS =4 cos (1 - 2t)(-sin (1 - 2t))(-2) = 8 cos3 (1 - 2t) sin (1 - 2t)

14. s = cot'(
J^
"«-*-i-f(f)(^(f))(^)=J-ffl)-?(J)
f vt^i-p-,-- UA _
15. s = (sec t + tan t) 5 =>•
*j|
= 5(sec t + tan t) 4 (sec t tan t + sec 2 1) = 5(sec t)(sec t + tan t)
s

16. s = csc 5 (l - 1 + 3t 2 ) => SJ|

-5 csc (l
4 - 1 + 3t 2 )(-csc(l - 1 + 3t 2 )cot(l - 1 + 3t 2 ))(-l + 6t)

= -5(6t - 1) 5
csc (l - t + 3t 2 ) cot(l - 1 + 3t 2 )

g CO g +sin 6
17. r = yj29 sin 9 = (20 sin 9)^ 2 => #|
d
= i(2^
2
ll
sin 0)~ \29 cos 9 + 2 sin 9) = f
^ ^20 sin 9

J/2 _1 / a ~g g + 2ycc^7
18. r = 29y/^s9 = 29 (cos <?) => 4§
ao
= 2<?(iVcos
yi/
fl) (-ain 0) + 2(cos 0) 1/2 = ..
sin
\/cos
_ 2 cos fl - sin 9

V cos

19. r = sin N/2^ = sin(20) 1 / 2 ^ dr = cos (2^/ 2 (I(2^)- 1 /2 (2))=:^L^

20. , = S in(g + V^TT) => ft = cOS (g + v^+T)(i +

^^ =
2
t^TT
1
cos(g + ^
21. y = ix2 esc I => -r^ = ^x2 f -esc | cot
|j( ^ ) + f esc |J( i • 2x j = esc | cot | + x esc |

22. y = 2jk sin ^ => g = 2^ (cos ^)^W sin ^)^?\ C0S \A +

^p
23. y = x~ 1/a sec (2x)
2
=> ^ = x~ 1/2
sec (2x)
2 2
tan (2x) (2(2x) -2) + sec(2x) 2 (-ix~3/2
)

= 8x 1/2
sec(2x)
2
tan(2x) 2 -ix~ 3/2
sec(2x)
2 =i X 1/2 2
sec(2x) [l6 tan(2x)
2
-x~ 2
]

24. y = y/x esc (x + I)

3 = x 1/2 esc (x + l) 3
3 3 2 - 1 /2
=>^ = x 1
/2
(-csc( X+ l) cot(x + l) )(3(x4-l) ) + csc(x+l) 3 (i X
)
 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 193

= -3^(x + l) 2 c3c(x + l)
3
cot(x + l)
3
+
CSC

^ 1)3
= ^C8c(x + l)
3 [i-6(x
+ l)
2
cot(x + l)
3
]

2 2
25. y =5 cot x
2
=*•
g^ = 5(-csc x )(2x) = -lOx csc 2 (x2 )

26. y = x2 cot 5x => -*£ = x2 (-esc2 5x)(5) + (cot 5x)(2x) = -5x2 esc
2
5x + 2x cot 5x

27. y = x 2 sin 2 (2x 2 ) =>• g| = x 2 (2 sin(2x2 ))(cos(2x2 ))(4x) + sin 2 {2x2 )(2x) = 8x3 sin(2x 2 ) cos(2x2 )+ 2x sin 2 (2x2 )

28. y = x- 2 2 3
sin (x ) => g = x" 2 3
(2 sin(x ))(cos(x ))(3x ) + Sin (x )(-2x-
3 2 2 3 3
) = 6 sin (x3 ) cos(x 3 )-2x- 3 sin
2 3
(x )

29
2y - s ~(
-U+ii
4t Y^*-
^dt- 2 4t
,(
U+iJ
r 3 /(t + l)(4)-(4t)(l)\_ 2
/

U+
4t x-3 4 _ (t + 1)
d
(t+1) 2 iJ t+ i)= 8t
^ J- (

= -1 =- 151 (i5t-l)- 3 ^»^=-X(-3)(i5t-l)- 4 3__

30. 8 A (15)=-
15(15t-l)3 4
l '
dt * - 15* \ > (i5t- 1)

(x+l)-2x
31. y = = i_x 3
t+l) ^dx-\x+lj' (s + l)2 (x+1) 3 (x + 1)

= Vx _
2 ^+ \(
{2 ^ +i K^y^%)) **&)
32. y =>£=2|
2^+1/ ^dx *l2v^ l
(2^ + l)
2
[2^+l)J (2^+lf

3,,=^=( 1+ r-M rB)=- +

2x-
iM
34. y = 4xy x7^ = 4x(xW/ 2 )
/
1/2
^ = 4x(i)(x + x^
= (x + v^)- 1/2 [2xA+^ + 4(x+ v^)| = (x + ^)-
1/2
(2x+ v^ + 4x + 4^) =
^^
sing _. dr _ 2( sing (cos£~ l)(cos 0) - (sin g)(-sin g)
35 r =(
\cosg — 1/
f \[
\cos0~l/ (cos g - 1)
d0 2

- zo r "/ cos 2 g - cos g + sin^ A _ (2 sin S) (1 - cos

:os g
g) _ -2 sin
- sin g
3
u»ff-i;i (cosg-i) 2
) (cos g - I) (cos g~- l)
2

-cos g)(cos g) - (sin g + l)(sin 9)

36. r =(fLi±lf^^=2(f^+l
\1 — cos g/ dg \1— cos g
(1
2
(1-cosg)
194 Chapter 2 Derivatives

= 2(sm8 + l)
T5-\cos 9 — cos
3
( 2
— sin 2 — sin . . x
}
2(sin0 + l)(cos0-sin0-l)
=— — =
3
-
(l-cos0) (1-COS0)

37. y = (2x + 1) i/te+T = (2x + l) 3 / 2 =>

g^ = | (2x + l) l ' 3 (2) = 3^/27+1

38. y = 20(3x-4) 1 / 4 (3x-4)- 1 / 3 = 20(3x-4)^ 2O ^g=:20(i)(3x-4r 19 / 2O (3)

(3x-4) 19 / 20

~ 9(5x + C °S
39. y = 3 (5x2 + sin 2x)
_3/2
=* g= 3 (-§)(5x
2
+ sin 2x)"
5/2
[10x + (cos 2x)(2)] =
(5x2 + sin2x)
^
1/3 4/3 a
40. y = (3 + cos3 3x)" => $1 =- (3 + cos3 3 x r 2
(3 cos 3x)(-sin 3x)(3) =3 co» 3x sin 3x

(3+cos3 3x)

41.x y + 2x + 3y=l.(x| + y ) + 2 + 3 | = 0^4 + | = -2-y.|(x + 3 3) = -2-y^^ =

-J±|

42. x
2
+ xy + y 2 -5 X = 2^2x + (xg + y)+2yg-5 = 0^xg + 2yg = 5-2x- y ^g(x + 2y)

dx x + 2y

43. x
3
+ 4xy-3y
4 /3
= 2x^3x 2 +f4x^
dx
T 4yV4y
+ -j
1 3
^ / ;
^
dx
= 2^4x^-4y
'™dx ^
1 /3
^=2-3x
dx
2
-4y
2

4 5
44. 5x / + 6 5
lOy ' = 15 => 4X"
1 /5
+ 12/' 5 £
dx
= => Wy' 1 / 6 £
dx
= -4x~^ 5
=* J
dx
= -ix"
3
1 / 5," 1
J
"= ^
3(xy) ^

1 2
45. (xy) / = l^l(xy )-^( x g + y ) = ^x 1 / 2 y-/ 2 g = -x- 1 /V /2 ^g = -x-V^g = - x

46. xV = 1 =* x
2
(
2y
g) + y
2
(2x) = => 2x y
2
g = -2xy 2
=> g = -J

47 y
2 - x ^ 2
dy_ (x + !)(!) - (x)(l) dy 1

(x + l)
2 dx 2y(x+l) 2

«-y-U- X ; * y -l-x=* 4y dx" (

i_ x) 2 ^dx- 2y3(i- x)2

3 2
2^3p2 g + 4(p + q |)-6q = 0^3p 2
g + 4qg = 6q-4p^|(3p
2
49. p + 4pq-3q = + 4q)=6q-4p
^ dp _ 6q - 4p
dq 2
3p + 4q
 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 195

3/2 2
50. q = {5p2 + 2p) => 1 = .|( 5p2 + 2pr ^( 10p
| +2 |),-|( 6p2 + 2p f =
g (1 o P + 2)
2 5 /2
dp
= (5p + 2p)
^dq 3(5p + l)

dr,
51. r cos 2s + sin s = ir =£• r(— sin 2s)(2) + (cos 2s) f -^ 1 + 2 sin s cos s = =* -p(cos 2s) = 2r sin 2s — 2 sin s cos s
- sin - l)(sin 2s)
dr = 2r sin 2s 2s = (2» = \
_ /\ /
ds cos 2s cos 2s

J)-J-l + 2s = 0=i>^(2s-l) = l-2s-2r^ J = i^- 1

2rs-r-s + s 2 = -3=>2(r+s - 2s - 2r
52.

2
y (-2x)-(- x*)(2y^)
dy_
= 1^3x' + 3 y ^=Q=*-£ x2 dy d'y
53. (a
)x + y J J
dx
= -^ dx dx^

-2xy 2 + (2yx2
^1-~
)(^) -2xy 2 -^ -2xy3 -2x4
2 5
dx y

(b)y2 = l-l* 2y g= ^g ^g = r ^dy

= (yxTU^-( yx
1
2 1-2
y(2*) + x^
2dy

-2xy-x2 p^
yx ) _ -2xy* - 1

3 2 4 - 3 4
dx y x y x

54. (a)x 2 -y 2 =1^2 X -2y|^0^-2y| = ~2x^| = p

y(l)-x§^
dx_ V-Av\
2„ „2 2
(b)^
dx
= f-
d 1_-*±1
2 y dx y"
W-iLziL
Y
=
y" y"
4
y
,
(since y
2
-x 2 --l)

55. (a) Let h(x) = 6f(x) - g(x) => h'(x) = 6f (x) - g'(x) =* h'(l) = 6f'(l) - g'(l) = e(J)- (-4) = 7

(b) Let h(x) = 2

f(x)g (x) => h'(x) = f(x)(2g(x))g'(x) + g2 (x)f(x) =>h'(0) = 2f(0)g(0)g'(0) + g 2 (0)f (0)
= 2(l)(l)(I) + (l) 2 (-3) = -2

(c) Let h(x) = ^W =* h'(x) = fe(x)-HyM-W(x)

2
^ ,, = ((!) + l)f'(D ~ f(l)g'(D
g(x) + 1
(g(X ) + l) (6(1) + ir
(5 + !)(!)- 3(-4)
a
12
(5 +D
(d) Let h(x) = f(g(x)) => h'(x) = f (g(x))g'(x) = h'(0) = f(g(0))g'(0) = f (1)(|) = (i)(±) = J
(e) Let h(x) = g(f(x)) => h'(x) = g'(f(x))f'(x) => h'(0) = g'(f(0))f (0) = g'(l)f (0) = (-4) (-3) = 12

(f) Let h(x) = (x + f(x)) 3 ' 2 =* h'(x) = §(x + f(x)) x / 2 (l + ? (x)) => h'(l) = |(1 + f(l)) 1/2 (l + f'(l))

= b(1 + ^(i+1)=1
196 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(g) Let h(x) = f(x + g(x)) => h'(x) = f (x + g(x)){l +g'(x)) => h'(0) = f (g(0))(l + g'(0))

Let h(x) = ^f(x) => h'(x) = v^f(x) + f(x).A. => h'(l) = ^f'(l) + f(l). 1 = 1+(_3)(1)= - 13
10

Let h(x) = (fCx))

1 / 2 => h'(x) =I(f(x))- 1 / 2 (f'(x)) = h'(0) =i(f(0))- 1/ ¥(0) = i(9)-^ 2 (-2) = -J
L e th(x) = f(yx)^h'(x)=i-(^)-^^h'(l) = f'(yi).^L =l.l =
! ^

= f'(l)(-5)=l(-5) = -l
L-t hM - 2 +f(x)
l ' cosx
- h'U)
* >
- (2 + C°S X)f(x) " f(x)( " si " X) - h'f V
(2
2
+ cosx) ^"W (2 + 1)f/(0) ~
(2 + 1)
2
M ~
3 (~ 2 )
9
_ 2
3

(f) Let h(x) = 10 sin(^)f2 (x) => h'(x) = 10 sin(^)(2f(x)f(x)) + f2 (x)(l0 cos(3f))(§

= h'(l) = 10 Sin(f)(2f(l)f(l)) + f2 (l)(l0 «»(f ))(f ) = 20(-3)(i) + = -12

dy
57. x = t
2
+ 7r =» a| = 2t; y =3 sin 2x =$•
^ = 3(cos 2x)(2) =6 cos 2x =6 cos(2t 2 + 2tt) = 6 cos(2t 2 ); thus,

£=E-aH 6 -(* >-*=4L

a
=6cos(o)-o =o
't=o

.-2/3 -2^
+ 2u )"^ (2u + 2) = 2 (u 2 + 2u)
/3,
58. t = (u 2 + 2U) 1 /3 => dt = 1 (u 2 (u + i ); 8 = t 2 + 5t ^ d|
dt
= 2t + 5
1/3 1/3 2/3
= 2(u 2 + 2 u ) + 5;thu S ^ = |. dl = [
2 (u
2
+ 2u) + 5](|)( i 2 + 2ur
1 (u + l)
1/3 2/3
2 /3
ig.
du ^ =[2(2 + 2(2)) + o](§)(2 2 + 2(2))- (2 + l)-2(2-8 1
+ 5)(8- 2 / 3 ) = 2(2-2 + 5)(i) = |

59. r
. = 8sin( S+ |)^^ = 8cos(s + |); W =sin(VF-2)=>f = cos(^-2)^
COS./8 sin(s £)-2
+ «• cosL/8 sin(s + |}-2 J
-• thus
thUS ' i^-^-il
- cos ( s +
'
ds dr ds I)]
/8sin(s +
2 1
|) V 8sin
(
s+
€
C0S /8 si 2 COS
"(f)- )- 8 (f)_ (cos Q)(8)(^
dw _ (V = V^
ds 5=0
2, /8 sin
2i/4
(|

60. H + l-l=»(l' + t(»j|)) + f-0*j{pi. + l) = -^*j{- rf Ii ,.«' + T a/3

1

+ 77jr ^/i>
2/3
dr _ £t*'
1 _2-,/ 2 + ,r 2/3 ;nowt =
dfl
f-/)2
(20)=|0(r
.

7)
fl .

and 0^ + = 1 =}• = 1 so that

dt
t=o, 5=1
 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 197

_ 2 /, _ 1 dr -ii
and dr
d£>
3=1
,
? \-2/3
6^dt t=o t=o "dt «-«H-*
61. y
3
+ y = 2c08X ^3y^ + ^ = -2 8 inx^^(3y2 + l) = -2sinx^^ = =2sinjc^d^
dx^dx dx v
dx 2
3y +1 dx (0pl

2
~2 (3y + l)(-2 cos x) -(-2 sin x)Uy
- si " (°)
_
= n .
d2 y ^J
3 + 1 '

dx
2
(Sy'+lf
d!y _ (3 + l)(-2cos0)-(~2sm0)(6-0) _ i
dx
2
(3 + 1) 2 " 2
(0.1)

2/3 ,2/3
62. x
1 /3 + y 1 / 3 = 4=>Ix- 2 / 3 + Iy- 2 / 3 ^
j- = n^
dx
dZ = -y
=>-r-
dx "2/3 *
dy
dx dx 2/3
(8,8) x

- 1 /3d,V _y2/ 3) 2 - 1 /3) -i/3 a /3 8- 1 '3

( x2 /3)(_| y x B »/3)[_ | 8 .
(_!)] + (S )(| -
( ( dV )
dx
2
2 /3 dx 2 g4/3
(x f (8,8)

la. I 2
3_Il_J._l
g2/3 4 6

+ h) - f(t) _ + h) + 2t + l_2t + l-(2t + 2h +

M ffrt
63. f (t)
1
= 2tTT ,nHfft.i.M-
andf(t + h) -2(t + h)Tl 1
=>
f( t 2(t 1 l)

h h (2t + 2h + l)(2t + l)h

~ (2t + 2h +
~2h
l)(2t + l)h ~ (2t + 2h
-2
+ l)(2t + 1)
f(t)sM
h-.0
»y)- = H
lim
h-o (2t + 2h +
-2
l)(2t + l)

_ -2
(2t+l) 2

g(x + h)-g(x)
64. g(x) = 2x^+1 and g(x + h) = 2(x + h)^ + 1 = 2x^ + 4xh + 2h^ + 1

2 2

h
2
= (2x + 4xh + 2h + l)-(2x -H) = 4xh4-2h
h
2
= 4x + 2h ^ ° (x)
v
= ,

'
^
h—o
jfe + h) - g(x) =
h h-o v
2h)

1
* .-is*<o

(b) lim_ f(x) = lim_ x

2
= and lim f(x) = lim -x J = => lim f(x) = 0. Since lim f(x) = = f(0) it
x->0 x—0 x-»(T
X-.0 x~»0
X-.0

follows that f is continuous at x = 0.

(c) lim_ f'(x) = lim. (2x) = and lim f (x) = lim (-2x) = => lim
x-*0
f (x) = 0. Since this limit exists, it
x-+0' x->0 X—0 X-.D,+

follows that f is differentiable at x = 0.

198 Chapter 2 Derivatives

66. (a)

f * -1***0
\\MX, OSx Sit/4
-1

(b) lira_ f(x) = lirn. x = and lira, f(x) = lira tan x = => lira f(x) = 0. Since lira f(x) = = ffO), it
X—0 x—0 x— x—O" 1 x—0 x—0
follows that f is continuous at x = 0.
c) lim_ f'(x) = lira. 1 = 1 and lim f'(x) = lim sec x
2
= 1 => lim f'(x) = 1. Since this limit exists it
x—0 x-»0 x— 0+ x— n x—O
follows that f is differentiable at x = 0.
67. (a)

fjf. . S * as I
Jm \2-K, 1< J * 2

(b) lim_ f(x) = lim„ x =1 and lim, f(x) = lim (2 -x) = 1 => lim f(x) = 1. Since lim f(x) = 1 = f(l), iit
X— X— X— 1"*" x— l"*" x~* 1 x ~>1

follows that f is continuous at x = 1.

(c) lim_ f (x) = lim_ 1 = 1 and lim, f'(x) = lim. -1 = -1 => lim_ f'(x) jL lim f'( x), so lim f (x) does
x-i x-i x _ 1+ x _1 + x-*i x-tl + x-1
not exist => f is not differentiable at x = 1.

68. (a) lim_ f(x) = lim_ sin 2x = and lim f(x) = lim mx = => lim f(x) = 0, independent of m; since
x—0 x—0 x—0 + x— n x—0
f(0) = = lim f(x) it follows that f is continuous at x = for all values of m.
x—
(b) Urn. f'(x)
x—0
= lim_ (sin 2x)'
x—0
= lim_ 2 cos 2x
x—0
=2 and lim f (x) = lim (mx)' = lim m = m => f is
x— n
x—0" 1
x—O 1
differentiable at x = provided that lim_
x—O
f'(x) = lim f'(x) ^m= 2.
x—0" 1

69. y = f + 2x ^ 4 = ^x+(2x-4)~ =>^ = ^-2(2x-4) -2 1

; the slope of the tangent is -|=> -|

= i-2(2x-4)~ 2
=> -2 = -2(2x-4)
_2
=> 1=- ^—= => (2x-4) 2 =l => 4x2 - 16x + 16 = 1
z (2x — 4)

=* 4x
2
- 16x + 15 = = (2x - 5)(2x -3)=0=>x = |orx = |=* (|,|) and (§,- J) are points on the
Q
curve where the slope is *^k*
 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 199

70. y = x-^-=»^ = *l +T —Z-x =

2x - dx - " 1 +-^22 ^ ;
' K of the tangent
the slope B is
*° 3 => 3 ^
= 1 +-**2 = 2 = -L => x 2 = |
(2x )2 2x 2x 2x<

x= ± A => ( i — i) and f — i,i ) are points on the curve where the slope is 3.

71. y = 2x3 - 3x 2 - 12x + 20 => ^ = 6x 2

- 6x - 12; the tangent is parallel to the x-axis when p- =
2
={. 6x
2
- 6x - 12 = => x -x - 2 = =» (x - 2)(x + l)=0=>x = 2orx = -l=>- (2,0) and (-1,27) are

points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.

72.
-**-<**
y=xJ => a*Z.i=3x j- = 12; an equation of the tangent line at {—2, —8) is y +8 = 12(x + 2)
ax ''-2,-8)

y = 12x + 16; x-intercept: 0=I2x + 16=>x = -|=*(-|,o); y-intercept: y = 12(0) + 16 = 16 => (0, 16)

73. y = 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 20 =S> ~£ = 6x2 - 6x - 12

(a) The tangent is perpendicular to the line y = 1 — kt- when -p = ~( —-rr-\ \ — 24;;6x 2 -6x-12 = 24

=»x 2 -x-2 = 4 =>x2 -x-6 = => (x-3)(x + 2) = =* x = ~2 or x = 3 => (-2,16) and (3,11) are

points where the tangent is perpendicular to y = 1 —&

(b) The tangent is parallel to the line y = y/2 - 12x when -J- = -12 ^ 6x 2 - 6x - 12 = -12 ^x 2 -x =
= x(x — l)=0=>x = 0orx = l => (0,20) and (1,7) are points where the tangent is parallel to

y = -v/2 " 12x.

dy x(tt cos x) — (it sin x)(l) dy

74. y:
It 8111 X
^dt =^Ta 1
__
=
dx *.=«
= —I-
2
ir
= -1 and m,2 = r
dx x=-?r T
— l.
£-=1.
2

Since nij _ — j^-

= 1
the tangents intersect at right angles.

75. y = tan x, — 5 < x < £ => -r- = sec 2 x; now the slope

of y = — £ is — A =^ the normal line is parallel to

dy
y = -% when ^=
dx
2.
2
Thus, sec x =2 => -4- = 2
COS X
2

"-»i
=> cos2 x =A
2
=* cos x = -=ji => x = — ?4 and x = ?4
v^
for -| < x < | => (- J, -l) and (j, l) are points
where the normal is parallel to y — — £.
200 Chapter 2 Derivatives

y
76. J = 1 + cos x =» ^r- = —sin x^--X = -1
dx dx 1
(f- )

^ the tangent at ( ?, 1 J
is the line y — 1 = —(x —$ ]

=> y = —x + £ + 1; the normal at f S, 1 ) is

y-l = (l)(x-fWy = x-| + l

dy dy
77. y =x +C =>• -j— = 2x and y =x => -j— = 1; the parabola is tangent to y = x when 2x = 1 =>x = 4^y = 4;

thus, \=
(i) +C^C = i

TS-y^^J^^S dx' dx
= 3a2 => the tangent line at (a, 3 ) is y—a
3 = 3a2 (x — a). The tangent line

intersects y = x3 when x3 - a3 = 3a2 (x — a) => (x - a) (x2 + xa + a2 ) = 3a2 (x - a) => (x - a) (x2 + xa - 2a2 ) =

=> (x - a) 2 {x + 2a) = ^ x = a or x = -2a. Now

dx x=-2a
= 3(-2a) 2 = 12a2 = 4 (3a2 ), so the slope at

x = —2a is 4 times as large as the slope at (a, a } where x = a.

3 _ (_2)
79. The line through (0,3) and (5,-2) has slope m= g_g
= -1 =* the line through (0,3) and (5,-2) is

y = ~x + 3; y = —j => -p =
~c
-, so the curve is tangent to y = -x + 3 => ~- = -1 = /
(x
~c
^2
+ 1)'
=$• (x + l) 2 = c, x ^ —1. Moreover, y = —t-t intersects y = —x + 3 => —j-t = — x + 3, x ^ —1
X "T" J- X T" 1.

=> c = (x + l)(-x + 3), x # -1. Thus c =c => (x + I)

2
= (x + l)(-x+ 3) =*• (x + l)[x + 1 - (-x + 3)]
= 0,x^-l=*(x+ l)(2x -2)=0=>x=l (since x f -1) =>• c = 4.

2 dy ^dy k
80. Let (b, ± y/s 2 - b 2 ) be a point on the circle x + y 2 = a2 . Then x2 + y 2 = a2 => 2x + 2v
dx
= Q
dx'

dy|
=> normal line through (b, ± va —b has slope r => normal line is

^
dx x=b ±Va2 -b2 J

y 4 T V^) = 4^(-^^^^ = 4^^vra*y= T

which passes through the origin.

8 l.x
2
+ 2y 2 = 9*2x + 4y^ = 0=>Hy_-£^
~"
dy dy
=— -r => the tangent line is y = 2 — -r (x — 1)
dx' dx 2y dx ;i,2)
4 4

= -tX + t and the normal line is y = 2+4(x- 1) =4x-2.

 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 201

2
82. x3 + y 2 =2 =>3x 2 + 2y£ = =>•£;
dy_
= -3x _.
dy
= — sq => the tangent line is y
q
= 1 + -?£ (x — 1)
dx~ 2y ^dx (1,1)
* *

_ -|x
= 3
+ |and the normal line is y = l+|(x-l) = |x + ±.

dy _ -y - 2 dy
. xy + 2x-5y = 2=>(x^ + y)+2-5^=0^(x-5) = -y-2 dx x—5
_^
dx
=2
(3,2)

= 2 + -^- (x - 3) = - gX + ys
1

= the tangent line is y = 2 + 2(x — 3) = 2x — 4 and the normal line is y

1
.

_ i+X
y dy + -x dy
+ (y-x)^g =
1
84. (y-x) 2 =2x + 4^2(y-x)(|-l)^2^(y-x)|=l "^dx (6,2)

the tangent line is y = 2 + 1 (x - 6) _3

= |x - 1 and the normal line is y = 2 - , (x - 6) = - ^x + 10,

~2 y/xy-y
85.x + v^y = 6^1-f^y(x^
*S + y)=0 4 + y=^=*s
dy _
= * ^dx
dy
(4,1)
-5

11
=> the tangent line is y = 1 - 1 (x - 4) = - |x + 6 and the normal line isy= 1 + ^ (x - 4) = ^x - -g-

86. ^ + **» = 17 * \1* +*"'g=0=»g-^-g

(1,4)
= — 4 =* the tangent line is

y = 4 - i(x — 1) = — l x + X an^ *'ie norma' '' ne is y = 4 + 4(x — 1) = 4x.

87. xV
,3„3
L
+ „2
y =*+y
, __
x 3( 3y2
dy_)
+ y 3( 3x2) +*£-i+£**v£+*£-£ = i-*V
„2„3 dy
^ d-- _ -4,
-|(3xV + 2y-0=l-3xV.| = -^|^-T =ȣ (i ,1)
= 2
4
u...
but -/
dx (1| _,
is undefined.

Therefore, the curve has slope — i at (1, 1) but the slope is undefined at (1,-1).

. y = sin (x - sin x) =3- -~- — [cos (x - sin x)](l - cos x); y = => sin (x - sin x) = => x - sin x = kir,
dx
dy
k = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 (for our interval) => cos (x - sin x) = cos (k*r) = ± 1. Therefore, t- = and y = when

1 —cos x = and x = kir. For — 27r < x < 2tt, these equations hold when k = —2, 0, and 2 {since

cos (— 7r) = cos it = —1). Thus the curve has horizontal tangents at the x-axis for the x- values — 27r, 0, and 2?r

(which are even integer multiples of ir) => the curve has an infinite number of horizontal tangents.

3** l tan *
dy
89. x — h tan t, y = w sec t =>
dy
= dy/dt = = taa = sin
sect
t
t
-,
dx
„:_ir^l/3.
= sm = ^~ ;t =
3 3
dx dx/dt l
sec t
2 '
t = ir/3

• .-Hf-^-r-l-.f-i^r-^.+l'S-^-l^-'-'^S t = ir/3

= 2cos3(|) = I
202 Chapter 2 Derivatives

90 .

" *.*£..
I= i + i, y .i-»=, dx
AJZ.-i,** t dx/dt dx
= -§(2) = -3; t = 2 => x = 1 +4 = | and
2-
t = 2 2 4

d 2y _ dy'/dt _ (~g) _ 3 d 2y
Y - i
y_1 -3 _ _ 1 ^ _ Jx+
„ .. 13 . .
= !(2) 3 = 6
2~ 2 =>y " 3
4 '^-dxTdt-r-^-? ^^2 1
dx* t = 2
t^

91. B = graph of f, A = graph of f Curve B

. cannot be the derivative of A because A has only negative slopes
while some of B's values are positive.

92. A = graph of B = graph off. Curve A

f, cannot be the derivative of B because B has only negative slopes
while A has positive values for x > 0.

93. 94.

y-'M (4.aj r-w

(-1.81

H,o>
— X
4 < («.-!>

(1.-2)

95. (a) 0, (b) largest 1700, smallest about 1400

96. rabbits/day and foxes/day

97. (a) S = 27rr 2 + 2wrh and h constant => ^| = 4mr + 2?rh ^f = (4*r + 2irh) ^ ^
dt dt dt dt

(b) S = 2ffr + 27rrh and r constant

dt
- 2,rr
dt

(c)S = 2^ + 2 rr 1
^f=44 + 2,( I f + h|)=(4n+ 2,h)| + 24
(d S constant => ^
dt
= => = (4irr + 27rh) & + 2n 4£
dt dt ^ ""dt4l = ~~+ h dh
+ & = -r __=> (2r h)
dt dt
=>
2r dt

98. S = WrTTh1U4g = ?rrA dt

d*
\/r
2
+ h2
dt -
+lry/T +h __.

2 dr

+T> /?^d2 r,^i?+ _*r»

?rr
at
(a) h constant => ^r = => 4r = -,
dr
dt dt y/^tf dt
L \/r
2
+ h2 .
dt

(b)r constant ^ = 0^§ = -|l|=§

(c) In general, -£ = ,r V'?Th 2 + -7=|L
_
~ dr , ^gh^ dh

99. A = Trr
2
= ^ = 2™ jjfi so = 10 and J = -f m/sec =>
r
J&
= (2»)(10)(- j) = -40 m 2 /sec

mV = s3^f =3 ^^ s
2 d
f
= ^f; SOS = 20andf = 1200 cmVmin =,^ = ^(1200) = ! mm
cm/mi
 Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 203

dR,
^r =-l ohm/sec,-^
, . . dR,
= 0.5 ohm/sec; andi = i + i^^f = ^^-i^. Also,

R, = 75 ohms and R2 = 50 ohms => =- = =^ -f =^ => R = 30 ohms. Therefore, from the derivative equation,

^zl_ dR _
^ri_f_n l__r0 5^ - C-i —\ => 4£
l - ,W5000~5625\_ — / ^(625) _ i
dt "^
yuu ~
75 )2^^
2V
(30) 2dt~((T5) 5000^
2 dt 2 ' ; -)

(50) V5625 5625 5000 7 V - 50(5625) 50

= 0.02 ohm/sec.

R dR + x dx
^= 4? = — d1
2 2
102.
dt
3 ohms/sec and 4r-
dt
= -2 ohms/sec; Z = \/R +X =» „ ,
P so that R= 10 ohms and
dt
N/R2 + X2
(10)(S) + (20)(-2) = ^4 „ „
X = 20 ohms =, §=
dt 2
\/l0 + 20
2
s/Z
. 45 ohm/sec .

103. Given 4* = 10 m/sec and -^ = 5 m/sec, let D be the distance from the origin => D 2 = x2 + y 2 => 2D
^
= 2x
rK
+ 2y 3t^ D ^ =:X
df
+y
d|-
When (x,y) = (3,-4), D = ^ 2
+ (-4) = 5 and

5 ^= (5)(10) + (12)(5) => ^=^ - 22. Therefore, the particle is moving away from the origin at

22 m/sec (because the distance D is increasing).

104. Let D be the distance from the origin. We are given that t~ =11 units/sec. Then D 2 = x2 + y 2
3'2 2
= x2 + (x f= x + x3 => 2D 4g = 2x g + 3x 2
= x(2 + 3x) ^; x =3 => D= vS*+F = 6
jf

and substitution in the derivative equation gives (2)(6)(11) = (3)(2 + 9) -rr => tt = 4 units/sec.

105. (a) From the diagram we have -=— = f => r = ^ h.

106. From the sketch in the text, s = rtf=^

dt
= r4r + #:rz-
dt
Also r = 1.2 is constant => 4f =
dt dt

=>
gf
=*
$f
= (1-2) jj- Therefore, ^ = 6 ft/sec and r = 1.2 ft => ^ = 5 rad/sec
107. (a) From the sketch in the text, ^ = -0.6 rad/sec and x = tan 0. Also x = tan ^ 4- = sec 2 s£; at

point A, x = O=$>0 = O=>^f — (sec 2 w/\

-a— = v*\Jf —
0)(-0.6) =—-0.6.
v*v»
\o<i»- lUBiwyit nu^
Therefore up^u of
the speed wi the n^uu
uui^ light .10 0.6
is u>w = | km/sec
— {^

when it reaches point A,

(b)
\ /
^/g^
sec
.

27T
Irev
rad
.
60** =
mm
M revs/min
* '

108. From the figure, f = ^? =J> f = —. *=

2
-.
2
We are given
,/b -
*><-•
r

that r is constant. Differentiation gives,

204 Chapter 2 Derivatives

(v^ )(f)-(b)(^5)(f)
5

I da. . Then,
b 2 -r 2
r
*dt

b = 2r and 4r
at
= -0-3*

_s da
^dt~ r
^-"'-^(P) (2r)
2
-r 2

= ,
3r
^ = (3^)(-0-3^(4x
3-v/3i
2
)(0.3r)
= Ch3r
3^3
= r

10>/3
m/sec
" . Since
da
dt
j. positive)

the distance OA is increasing when OB = 2r, and B is moving toward at the rate of 0.3r m/sec.

CHAPTER 2 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

1. (a) sin 20 - 2 sin 9 cos 9 => ^(sin 20) = ^(2 sin 9 cos 0) => 2 cos 20 = 2[(sin 0)(-sin 5) + (cos 0)(cos 9)]
2
=^cos 29 = cos 5- sin 2

(b) cos 20 = cos 2 - sin 2 9 => -^ (cos 26) = :ra(cos 2 6 - sin 2 o) =» -2 sin 20 = (2 cos 0)(-sin 0) - (2 sin 0)(cos 0)

=> sin 29 = cos 8 sin + sin cos => sin 20 = 2 sin $ cos

2. The + a) = sin x cos a + cos x sin a with respect to x is

derivative of sin (x
cos (x+ =a)cos x cos a — sin x sin a, which is also an identity. This principle does not apply to the
equation x 2 — 2x — 8 = 0, since x — 2x — 8 = is not an identity: it holds for 2 values of x (—2 and 4), but not
for all x,

3. (a) f(x) = cos x = f'(x) = -sin x => f"(x) = -cos x, and g(x) = a + bx + ex2 ^ g'(x) = b + 2cx =>- g"(x) = 2c;
also, f(0) = g(0) = cos(0) = a => a = 1; f (0) = g'(0) = -sin (0) = b => b = 0; f"(0) = g"(0)

=> -cos (0) = 2c => c = -i Therefore, g(x) = 1 -Ax

2
.

(b) f(x) = sin (x + a) => f'(x) = cos (x + a), and g(x) ~ b sin x + c cos x ^ g'(x) = b cos x — c sin x; also,

f(0) = g(0) => sin (a) = b sin (0) + c cos (0) => c = sin a; f (0) = g'(0) => cos (a) = b cos (0) - c sin (0)

^> b = cos a. Therefore, g(x) = sin x cos a + cos x sin a.

(c) When = cos x, f'"(x) = sin x and f* 4) (x) = cos x; when g(x) = 1 -Jx2 g'"(x) = and g (4) (x) = 0.
f(x) ,

Thus f'"(0) = = g'"(0) so the third derivatives agree at x = 0. However, the fourth derivatives do not
4
agree since r '(0) = 1 but g^ '(0) = 0. In case (b), when f(x) = sin (x + a) and g(x)
4

= sin x cos a + cos x sin a, notice that f(x) = g(x) for all x, not just x = 0. Since this is an identity, we
have f^(x) = g^(x) for any x and any positive integer n.

4. (a) y= sin x =>• y' = cos x => y" = —sin x =» y" + y = —sin x + sin x = 0; y = cos x => y' = —sin x
^ y" = —cos x => y" + y = —cos x + cos x = 0; y = a cos x + b sin x => y' = —a sin x + b cos x
=> y" = —a cos x — b sin x => y" + y = (—a cos x — b sin x) 4- (a cos x + b sin x) =
 Chapter 2 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 205

(b) y = sin (2x) => y' = 2 cos (2x) => y" = -4 sin (2x) => y" + 4y = -4 sin (2x) + 4 sin (2x) = 0. Similarly,
y = cos (2x) and y = a cos (2x) + b sin (2x) satisfy the differential equation y" + 4y = 0. In general,

y = cos (mx), y = sin (mx) and y = a cos (mx) + b sin (mx) satisfy the differential equation y" + m y = 0.
2

5. If the circle (x — h) z + (y — k) = a and y =x +1 are tangent at (1,2), then the slope of this tangent is

m = 2x|/j 2)
=2 and the tangent line is y = 2x. The line containing (h,k) and (1,2) is perpendicular to

y = 2x =*• j!^-2 = - 1 =!> - h = 5 - 2k => the location of the center is (5 - 2k, k). Also, (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = a2
l
^x-h + (y-k)y' = 0^ 1
+(y'f + (y-k)y" = =» y" = -~^-l . At the point (1,2) we know

y' = 2 from the tangent line and that y" =2 from the parabola. Since the second derivatives are equal at (1,2)

we obtain 2 = .__.-
-2
-
^ =
~2|
=> k . Then h = 5 - 2k = -4 ^ the circle is (x + 4)^ + (
9V -
y - ~) =2 Since
= a**. (1,2)

5-^5
lies on the circle we have that a =

6. The total revenue is the number of people times the price of the fare: r(x) = xp = x(3 — jtj) , where

x.\ 2x
< x < 60. The marginal revenue is
gf
= 3 ~ 55) + 2xf 3 4*0
)( 40J^dx~( 3
"
40 J
3 ~
40
( .( 40J
= 3^3 _ x Vi _ x V Then ^ = =*- x = 40 (since x = 120 does not belong to the domain). When 40 people

are on the bus the marginal revenue is zero and the fare is p(40) = f 3 — ^tt 1 = $4.00.
^ ' x=40

7. (a) y = uv ^ = J» v + u &L = (0.04u)v + u(0.05v) = 0.09uv = 0.09y

=>

(b) If 4^ = -0.02u and ^ =

dt
then ^ = (-0.02u)v + 0.03v, = O.Oluv = (0.03v)u O.Oly, increasing at 1% per

year.

8. When x2 + y
2
= 225, then y' = -f . The tangent x
2
+ y
1 = 225

line to the balloon at (12, -9) is y +9 = | (x

- 12)

=* y = ix — 25. The top of the gondola is 15 +8

o
= 23 ft below the center of the balloon. The inter-

section of y = —23 and y = ^x — 25 is at the far (-12.-

right edge of the gondola => — 23 = „ x — 25 Suspension cables —

Gondola
x =£ . Thus the gondola is 2x = 3 ft wide. - Width
NOT TO SCALE
206 Chapter 2 Derivatives

9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility

10. s(t) = 10cos(t + j)=>v(t)=^ = -10»in(t+})=>a(t)=^ = ^|=:-10co«(t+})

( a)s(0)
= 10cos(j) = -y|

(b) Left: -10, Right: 10

(c) Solving 10 cosf t + f ) = -10 => cosft + £\ = -1 =* t = ^ when the particle is farthest to the left.

Solving 10 cos (t + ?"j = 10 => cos ft + |) = 1 ^ t = -^ , but t > =$• t = 2tt + ^=^ when the particle

is farthest to the right. Thus, v(2f ) = 0, v(^) = 0, a(^) = 10, and a(Zf ) = -10.
(d) Solving 10 tWt + j) = => t = J => v(|) = -10, v (|)|= 10 and a ) =
(f
0.
|

11. (a) s(t) = 64t - 16t 2 =>• v(t) = 4^ = 64 - 32t = 32(2 - 1). The maximum height is reached when v(t) =
=> t = 2 sec. The velocity when it leaves the hand is v(0) = 64 ft/sec.

(b) s(t) = 64t - 2.6t 2

=> v(t) -^= 64 - 5.2t. The maximum height is reached when v(t) = =* t « 12.31 sec.

The maximum height is about s(12.31) = 393.85 ft.

12. s 1 = 3t 3 - 12t 2 + 18t + 5 and s 2 = -t3 + 9t 2 - 12t => Vj - 9t 2 - 24t + 18 and v 2 = -3t 2 + 18t - 12; v l = v 2
=>• 9t - 24t + 18 - -3t + 18t - 12 => 2t - 7t + 5 =
2
2 2
=> (t - l)(2t - 5) = =*• = sec and t = 2.5 sec. t 1

13.m(v>-v3) = k(x3-x»)^»(2v$) = k(-2x^)^m^ = k(-§5)^^m^ SS -kx(i)S- ^

substituting 3^ =v ^» m Of = —kx, as claimed.

14. (a) x = At 2 + Bt +C d
on [t^tj] =^v = ^ = 2At + B=j. vr 1
^ 2
) = 2a(
h^h j + B = A(t a + 2) +B is the

instantaneous velocity at the midpoint. The average velocity over the time interval is vav = -^
(At 2 + Bt 2 + c) -(At 2 + Bt 1 + c) _ (t 2 -t 1 )[A(t 2 + t 1 + B] _ ) </t

(b) On the graph of the parabola x = At + Bt + C, the slope of the curve at the midpoint of the interval

[t 1 ,t 2 ] is the same as the average slope of the curve over the interval.
 Chapter 2 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 207

15. (a) To be continuous at x = it requires that lim_ sin x = lim (mx + b) =^ = mr + b => m = —= ;

COS X, X < 5T
(b) If y =\ is differentiable at x = it, then lim_ cos x
*-**
=m => m=— 1 and b = ir.
m, x > ir

16. f{0)=
x
'
um
x-.o g^ffl
x-0
= lim
x -»o
^£^ x = lim
x-»o ^
fl=^uYl±2«U
y^l + cosxy
x
2
lim
x-.o \
(%*)V l
x / U + cosx^) s 2
1

Therefore f (0) exists with value A

17. (a) For all a, b and for all x ^ 2, f is differentiable at x. Next, f differentiable at x =2 =$» f continuous at

x =2 =* lim_ f(x) = f(2) ^ 2a = 4a - 2b + 3 ^ 2a - 2b + 3 = 0. Also, f differentiable at x ^2

{a, x<2
, In order that f'(2) exist we must have a = 2a(2) —b ^ a = 4a — b =* 3a = b.
2ax-b, x>2
Then 2a- 2b + 3 = and 3a =b =>• a = | and b = |.
q
(b) For x < 2, the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of j and passing through the origin for x> 2, the

graph of f is a parabola. At x = 2, the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is „ which matches the y-

coordinate of the point on the straight line at x = 2. In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up

point is j which is equal to the slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the

match up point, the graph is smooth there.

18. (a) For any a, b and for any x ^ — 1, g is differentiable at x. Next, g differentiable at x = — 1 => g continuous
at x = —1 => lim g(x) = g(— 1) ^ — a — + 2b = —a + b => b = 1. Also, g differentiable at x ^ -1
1

x->-l +

{a, x < -1
. In order that g'(— 1) exist we must have a = 3a(— 1 r +l=>a = 3a+l
3ax2 + l, x>-l
=>a = -I.

(b) For x < — 1, the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of — = and a y-intercept of 1. For x > — 1, the

graph of f is a parabola. At x = — 1, the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is £ which matches the

y-coordinate of the point on the straight line at x = — 1. In addition, the slope of the parabola at the

up point is —A which is equal to the slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable

at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.

19. f odd => f(-x) = -f(x) => g^(f(-x)) = gjHOO) =* f(-x)H) = ~ f'( x ) => f(~ x ) = f'( x ) => f > 9 even -

20. f even = f(-x) = f(x) => ^(f(~ x )) = ^( f(x)) => f'(- x )(~ 1 ) = f'( x ) => f(- x ) = - f'( x ) => f
'
is odd -
208 Chapter 2 Derivatives

21. UthW^JM^MgM^M^im !^^ = Hm x

3!>*>-<WlW
x-x n

f(x) g(x) - f(x) g(x ) + f(x) g(xp) - f(x ) g(x ) _ gW-g(x )

f(x)-f(x )
=: lira X — Xr-
= lim f(x)
X-Xn + lim S( x o) X-X n
*0 "0 .
"0 .

gW - g(x g(x) - g(x )

= f(*o) Jis. X —
)
•g(x ) f
'( x o) = - l™ X-X n + g(x )f'(x ) = g(x )f'(x ), if g is
r

continuous at x . Therefore (fg)(x) is differentiable at x if f(x ) = 0, and (fg)'(x ) = g(x )f'(x ).

22. From Exercise 21 we have that fg is differentiable at if f is differentiable at 0, f(0) = and g is continuous

at 0.

(a) If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = I

x |
, then x sin | | x is differentiable because f'(0) = cos (0) = 1, f(0) = sin (0) =
and g(x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0.
(b) If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x 2/3 then x2/3 , sin x is differentiable because f'(0) = cos (0) = 1, f(0) = sin (0) =
and g(x) =x ' is continuous at x = 0.
(c) If f(x) = 1 — cos x and g(x) = \fi-> then 3y/x (1 — cos x) is differentiable because f'(0) = sin (0) = 0,
1 3
f(0) = 1 -cos(0) = and g(x) = x / is continuous x = 0. at.

(d)
2
If f(x) = x and g(x) = x sinf ij, then x sinf |j is differentiable because f'(0) = 1, f(0) = and

„:„fl
i
x /
= lim
X-.0
—Ir— - = lim ^ILk
t—oo t
= (so
v g is continuous at x = 0).

23. If f(x) = x and g(x) = x sinful, then x 2 sinf iKjs

±1 is differentiable at x = because f'(0) = 1, f(0) = and

sin(i)
.:-ri
im x sinf
-»0 x = lim
4
\ /
I

x-*0
—I^— ^ = lim
t-too
sin t
21SJ:
t
_
= (so
v
g is continuous at x = 0). In fact, from. Exercise 21,

h'(0) ^ g(0) f'(0) = 0. However, for x ^ (1, h'(x) = 2xsin U

GO-
. But

lim h'(x) = lim -cos(^) + 2x sinf \ ] does not exist because cost j J has no limit as x — » 0. Therefore,
v '
X-.0 x-tO

the derivative is not continuous at x = because it has no limit there.

24. From the given conditions we have f(x + h) = f(x)f(h), f(h) -1= hg(h) and lim g(h) = 1. Therefore,
h—0
f(h)-l
= f(x) limg(h)l = f(x)-l=f(x)
* ' i_ .a h
h u .n
h-.0 n V,_,n
h-»0
v
n—)0
h-»0

=£. f'(x) = f(x) exists.

duj du.
25. Step 1: The formula holds for n = 2 (a single product) since y = utu2 ^ dy
^ = -^ u 2 + u a -^

Step 2: Assume the formula holds for n = k:

dy du du.. du.
= => gi = -g^ U 2 U<r + Uj k+. + UX U2 -^
x
y UX U2 - -U
fe
• -U
k
-g^U3 - • -U . . - •
-Ufc.!
 Chapter 2 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 209

dy = d( u i u ? , "" u du
k+i
If y = Ul u 2 . .u k u k+1
• = (u x u2 - • -u
k )u k+I , then ^ ^
ic)
u k+1 + Ul u 2 - • uk -^~
(dui du 2 duk \ du k+i
d7
U 2 U3" Uk + u l
U U3' Uk + - +U 1
U 2" uk-l
d7J
u k+l + u u 2' -u
l * dx
dui du 2 du k ^ u k+l
= ~fo U 2 U3' • >uk+l + u dT u 3'
l
• * u k+l + • * * + u l u 2- '
uk-l
'

~fc
uk+l + u l u 2- •
-
uk
-dx™'
Thus the original formula holds for n = (k+1) whenever it holds for n = k.
210 Chapter 2 Derivatives

NOTES:
 CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

3.1 EXTREME VALUES OF FUNCTIONS

1. An absolute minimum at x = c2 , an absolute maximum at x = b. Theorem 1 guarantees the existence of such
extreme values because h is continuous on [a, b].

2. An absolute minimum at x = b, an absolute maximum at x = c. Theorem 1 guarantees the existence of such

extreme values because f is continuous on [a,b].

3. No absolute minimum. An absolute maximum at x = c. Since the function's domain is an open interval, the
function does not satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 1 and need not have absolute extreme values.

4. No absolute extrema. The function is neither continuous nor defined on a closed interval, so it need not fulfill

the conclusions of Theorem 1.

5. An minimum at x = a and an absolute maximum at x = c. Note that y = g(x) is not continuous but
absolute
has extrema. When the hypothesis of Theorem 1 is satisfied then extrema are guaranteed, but when the
still

hypothesis is not satisfied, absolute extrema may or may not occur.

6. Absolute minimum at x = c and an absolute maximum at x = a. Note that y = g(x) is not continuous but still
has absolute extrema. When the hypothesis of Theorem 1 is satisfied then extrema are guaranteed, but when
the hypothesis is not satisfied, absolute extrema may ox may not occur.

7. Local minimum at (—1,0), local maximum at (1,0)

Minima at (—2,0) and (2,0), maximum at (0,2)

Maximum at (0,5). Note that there is no minimum since the endpoint (2,0) is excluded from the graph.

10. Local maximum at (—3,0), local minimum at (2,0), maximum at (1,2), minimum at (0,-1)

11. Graph (c), since this is the only graph that has positive slope at c.

12. Graph (b), since this is the only graph that represents a differentiable function at a and b and has negative
slope at c.

13. Graph (d), since this is the only graph representing a function that is differentiable at b but not at a.

14. Graph (a), since this is the only graph that represents a function that is not differentiable at a or b.

15. f(x)
_2„
= _«*#_i_
4x — 5B =}» 2
f'(x) = * =>• no critical points;

19
f(— 2) = — t, f(3) = —3 => the absolute maximum
is —3 at x =3 and the absolute minimum is — -=- at
x = -2

-2SxS3
min
212 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

16. f(x) = 4 -x2 => = -2x => a critical point at

f'(x) /(x)-4-*»

x = 0; f(-3) = -5, f(0) = 4, f(l) = 3 = the absolute

maximum is 4 at x = and the absolute minimum is —5

at x = -3

(-3,-5)

17. The first derivative of f (x) = cos/x + |V has zeros at x = £, x = —-.

/(x) = «n(s + */4)
Critical point values: x =t f(x) = 1

x- 4
f(x) = -l
Endpoint values: x =

X = 7x f(x) = Graph for Exercise 17

Maximum value is 1 at x = ?; 10
1
|
/ g(,x)=seax
—1 x=
5tt.
minimum value is at
IJo
n
local minimum at ( 0,—j= ); y>.-i)
-5

18.
local

The
maximum

first
at

derivative g'(x)
m
= sec x tan x has zeros at x = and x = and is undefined at tt
-If)

Graph for Exercise 18

x = 5.
Y"

Since

g(x) = sec x is also undefined at x = 5, the critical points occur only at x = and x = 5r.

Critical point values: x = =1

g(x)

X = 7T g(x) = -1

Since the range of g(x) is (~oo, —1] U [l,oo), these values must be a local minimum and local maximum,
respectively. Local minimum at (0, 1); local maximum at (ir,~ 1). There are no absolute extrema on the
_tt 3?r\
interval
2' 2 /

19. F(x) = -\ = -x~ 2 => F'(x) = 2x -3 = -^ , however

x" x"
x = is not a critical point since is not in the domain;
l
s"a,-o.isj
F(0.5) = —4, F(2) = —0.25 => the absolute maximum is Abs max

—0.25 at x = 2 and the absolute minimum is —4 at fy,-J-,<i.SSxS2

x = 0.5
 Section 3,1 Extreme Values of Functions 213

20. h(x) = 3y/x = xlf3 => h'(x) = Jx~ a/3 => a critical point
2
at x = 0; h(-l) = -1, h(0) = 0, h(8) = 2 => the absolute
1 (•.21

maximum is 2 at x = 8 and the absolute minimum is -1

1 1 i ^ a
at x =—
l-l.-ll

21.

Mlnfmum

[-2,6] by [-2,4]

Minimum value is 1 at x = 2.
22.

J
/
Itacrmuml
HS-.IHHWJ V=S.«IHil

[-6, 6] by [-2, 7]

To find the exact values, note that y' = 3x2 — 2, which is zero when x = ± «/». Local maximum at

- J| 4 + 4 + V 6 j „ (-0.816, 5.089); local minimum at (y^, 4 J re (0.816,2.911)

-^jp
23.

ma™
[-6. 6]
^
by [-5,20]

To find the exact values, note that y' = 3x2 + 2x — 8 = (3x — 4)(x + 2), which is zero when x = -2 or

x = 4. Locai maximum at (—2, 17); local minimum atk-sf

214 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

24.

J
S
/

[-6, 6] by [-4, 41

Note that y' = 3x — 6x + 3 = 3(x — 1)' , which is zero at x = 1. The graph shows that the function assumes
lower values to the left and higher values to the right of this point, so the function has no local or global
extreme values.

25.

[-4, 41 by [-2,4]

Minimum value is at x = — and

1 at x = 1.

26.

VJ
HilHTMJITi
J
X=4 v=l

[-1.5. 1.51 by [-0.5,3]

The minimum value is 1 at x = 0.

27.

\/

llTiimuFi
*=0

[-4.7, 4.7] by [-3.1, 3.1]

The actual graph of the function has asymptotes at x = ± 1, so there are no extrema near these values.
(This is an example of grapker failure.) There is a local minimum at (0, 1).
 Section 3.1 Extreme Values of Functions 215

28.

Haximum
( S
in
[-4.7, 4.7] by [-3.1, 3.1]

Maximum value is 2 at x = 1;
minimum value is at x = —1 and at x = 3.
29.

r^
jjg^S^ Y=.S
[-5, 5] by [-0.7.0.7]

Maximum value is A at x = 1;
minimum value is — i at x = — 1.

30.

[-5. 5] by [-0.8, 0.6]

Maximum value is i at x = 0;

minimum value is — i at x = —2.

31,

^s /
/
Hatfrrmm
vsi.*»uir
[-4, 4] by (-3, 31
216 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

y'=X 2 /3 (l)+|x- 1 / 3 (x + 2) = ^i
3^/x

crit. pt. derivative extremum value

local max i|l0 1/3 = 1.034

x = undefined local min

32.

[-4, 4] by 1-3, 3]

8x 2 -8
y^x^OJ+fx^V-l)
3^
crit. pt. derivative extremum value

x=-l minimum -3
x = undefined local max

x = l minimum -3

33.

S\
•tit

1-2.35, 2.351 by [-3.5, 3.5)

i_ (
- 2x)+(1) ^r? = ^ 2
+ ^-/) = j-2x!
2V4-x 2
y/Z-j? ^4-x2
crit. pt. derivative extremum value

x = -2 undefined local max

X = ~y/2 minimum -2

x=-v/2 maximum 2

x =2 undefined local min

 Section 3.1 Extreme Values of Functions 217

34.

M*Vi
\
[-4.7. 4.71
A
riH.SUlMI
by [-1,5]

= ~* + pjz «> = -sx +l_2x

2 2
y = x* .-0— (-i) + 2x y/3^
v
2V3^x 2v/3^x 2v/3^x

crit. pt. derivative extremum value

x = minimum
X =I2
x local max
5

x =3 undefined minimum

35.

[-4.7, 4.7]
s
y
by [0, 6.2]

-2, x<l
y' =
1, X>1

crit. pt. derivative extremum value

x =l undefined minimum 2

36.

[-4,4] by [-1,6]

-1, x<0
y' =
2-2x, x>0
218 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

crit. pt. derivative extrermim value

x = undefined local min 3

x= 1 local max 4

37.

[-4, 6] by [-2, 6]

-2x-2, x<l
y' = -

-2x + 6, x > 1

crit. pt. derivative extremum value

x = -l maximum 5

x=l undefined local min 1

x = 3 maximum 5

38.

•""
\l
I33ft»
V
r*-j.4?»m
[-4, 6] by [-5, 5]

We begin by determining whether f'(x) is defined at x = 1, where

-ix 2 -Ix + 15

= f, X<1
f(x)
x3 - 6x2 + 8x, x > 1

Left-hand derivative:

f(l + h)-f(l) _ -l(l + ^4(l + h) + y-3

Km 1[m
h—o~ n h-»o~ h

h-.0~ 4h

= lim I(_h_4)

= -1
 Section 3.1 Extreme Values of Functions 219

Right-hand derivative:

..
hm —
f(l + h)-f(l)
^-^ = ,.
lim
(i
-
+ h) 3 -6(l+h) 2 + 8(l+h)-3
; i ;
r i-*

h-+0 +
h x,_ n + h
3
= !irn
h -3h 2 -h
h
h-0+
= lim (h
2
-3h-l)
h-o+
= -1
-Ix-I2' x<l
2 -
Thus f (x) =
3x 2 - 12x + 8, x > 1

2
, 12±Jl2 -4(3)(8)
Note that -Ax-±i =
1
when x = -1, and 3x^ - 12x + = 8 when x = v
^. .

in i
/it ft *) f\ f\
= ^ = 2 ± —*— But 2 s— * 0,845 < 1, so the only critical points occur at x =—

and x = 2 + ^^ » 3.155.

crit. pt. derivative extremum value

x = -l local max 4

x« 3.155 local max fa -3.079

x /3
39. (a) No, since f (x) = |(x - 2) , which is undefined at x = 2.

(b) The derivative is defined and nonzero for all x^ 2. Also, f(2) = and f(x) > for all x ^ 2,
(c) No, f(x) need not have a global maximum because its domain is all real numbers. Any restriction
of f to a closed interval of the form [a, b] would have both a maximum value and a minimum value
on the interval.

(d) The answers are the same as (a) and (b) with 2 replaced by a.

,
-x3 + 9x, x < -3 or <x < 3
40. Note that f(x) =i 3
x - 9x, -3 < x < or x > 3

-3xz + 9, x < -3 or <x< 3

Therefore, f'(x) = •

3x 2 - 9, -3 < x < or x>3

(a) No, since the left- and right-hand derivatives at x = are —9 and 9, respectively,

(b) No, since the left- and right-hand derivatives at x = 3 are —18 and 18, respectively.
(c) No, since the left- and right-hand derivatives at x = —3 are —18 and 18, respectively,
(d) The critical points occur when f'(x) = (at = ± y3) and when f (x) is undefined (at x =
x
and x = ±3). The minimum value is at x = —3, at x = 0, and at x = 3; local maxima occur at

(-v/Mvlj) and (VM^J).

220 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives
DF
41.

(a) The construction cost is C(x) = 0.3 y 16 + x* + 0.2(9 — x) million dollars, where <x<9 miles.
The following is a graph of C(x). 3 .

Solving C'(x) = 03x •0.2 = gives x= ± ± 3.58 miles, but only x = 3.58 miles a critical
is
v/l6 + :

point in the specified domain. Evaluating the costs at the critical and endpoints gives C(0) = $3 million,

C(8\/5/5) as $2,694 million, and C(9) «s $2,955 million. Therefore, to minimize the cost of construction,

the pipeline should be placed from the docking facility to point B, 3.58 miles along the shore from point A,
and then along the shore from B to the refinery.

(b) If the per mile cost of underwater construction is p, then C(x) = py 16 + x2 +0.2(9 — x) and
C'(x) = P* :
— 0.2 = gives x
0.8
which minimizes the construction cost provided
,
;

/ ! a
- 0-04
V 16 + x \Zp

xc < 9. The value of p that gives x = 9 miles is 0.218864. Consequently, if the underwater construction
c
costs $218,864 per mile or less, then running the pipeline along a straight line directly from the docking

facility to the refinery will minimize the cost of construction.

In theory, p would have to be infinite to justify running the pipe directly from the docking facility to
point A (i.e., for xc to be zero). For all values of p > 0.218864 there is always an x e (0,9) that will give
c
16p
a minimum value for C This is proved by looking at C"(x c )
3/2
which is always positive for

+ x*J
P>0.

42. There are two options to consider. The first is to build a new road straight from village A to village B. The
second is to build a new highway segment from village A to the Old Road, reconstruct a segment of Old Road,
and build a new highway segment from Old Road to village B, as shown in the figure. The cost of the first
option is Cj = 0.5(150) = $75 million.

A*fc ^^_^— New Construction ~~-^^^ »>B

50
N. V2500 x 2 V2500 3?/ 50

^^ Upgrade
150-2.1
/ Old Road
 Section 3.1 Extreme Values of Functions 221

2
The construction cost for the second option is C 2 (x) = 0.5 (2y 2500 4- x ) + 0.3(150 — 2x) million dollars
for < x < 75 miles. The following is a graph of C 2 (x).

S W IS 20 25 30 33 40 45 50 « go 85 70 7S
x(mtlasl

Solving C'Jx) = —
-, - _ — 0.6
2
= gives x = ±37.5 miles, but only x = 37.5 miles is in the specified
V2500 + X
domain. In summary, C x = $75 million, C 2 (0) = S95 million, C 2 (37.5) = $85 million, and C 2 (75) = $90,139
million. Consequently, a new road straight from village A to village B is the least expensive option.
C x P 10-x »
43.

2mi
5 mi

The length of pipeline is L(x) = \/4 + x

2
+ y 25 + (10-x) 2
/
for <x< 10. The following is a graph of L(x).

(10-x)
Setting the derivative of L(x) equal to zero gives L'(x) =— ,
x
2
= 0. Note that
V4 + x ^25 + (10-x)
2

x = cos 9 A and
10-x = cos 0g, therefore, L'(x) = when cos A = cos 0g, or
V^ y%-(10-x) 2
^A = ^B an<^ AACP is similar to ABDP. Use simple proportions to determine x as follows:

£ = ^~^ =*• x = ^ « 2.857 miles along the coast from town A to town B.
L i

If the two towns were on opposite sides of the river, the obvious solution would be to place the pump station

on a straight line (the shortest distance) between the two towns, again forcing 9 A = 0g. The shortest length
of pipe is the same regardless of whether the towns are on the same or opposite sides of the river.
222 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

44.

50 ft

30 ft

(a) The length of gay wire is L(x) = \/900 + x 2 + ^2500 + (150 -x) 2 for <x< 150. The following
is a graph of L(x):

x f 150 — x\
Setting L'(x) equal to zero gives L'(x) = , ==2 = 0. Note that
V900 + X ^2500 + (150 -x) 2

v 9bT
/
: = cos 8q and —
^2500-
DO —x
(150 -x) 2
__ cos ^ Therefore, L'(x) = when cos # c = cos # B ,

or $q = 0q and AACE is similar to AABD. Use simple proportions to determine x:|r= —\ii*
=> x = ^= 56.25 feet.

(b) If the heights of the towers are h B and h c , and the horizontal distance between them is s, then

(s-x)
L(x) = ^h^ + x2 + y'hl + (s - x) 2 and L'(x) = However, = cos
J^T? V'hi +(.-«)> v/hf+x
2

(s-x)
and ; = cos 0jj. Therefore, L'(x) = when cos 6 C = cos # B , or 8q = B and
, AACE is similar
-
\M+( S

to AABD. Simple proportions can again be used to determine the optimum x: r~

n^
= ^— X
n

ho
=> X = s.
hB + hC

45. (a) V(x) = 160x - 52x2 + 4x3

V'(x) = 160 - 104x + 12x2 = 4(x - 2)(3x - 20)
The only critical point in the interval (0,5) is at x = 2. The maximum value of V(x) is 144 at x = 2.
(b) The largest possible volume of the box is 144 cubic units, and it occurs when x = 2.

46. (a) P'(x) = 2 - 200x~ 2

The only critical point in the interval (0,oo) is at x = 10. The minimum value of P(x) is 40 at x = 10.

(b) The smallest possible perimeter of the rectangle is 40 units and it occurs at x = 10, which makes the
rectangle a 10 by 10 square.
 Section 3.1 Extreme Values of Functions 223

47. Let x represent the length of the base and v25 — x2 the height of the triangle. The area of the triangle is

~
represented by A(x) = § v25 — x
1
2
where <x< 5. Consequently, solving A'(x)
'
= => ~. ——
2V25-X 2
=> x = —y=. Since A(0) = A(5) = 0, A(x) is maximized at x = —y=. The largest possible area is

48. (a) Prom the diagram the perimeter P = 2x + 2-irr = 400

=> x = 200 - 7rr. We wish to maximize the area A = 2rx

(b) A'(r)
=> A(r) = 400r - 2irr 2
= 400 - 4xr and A"(r) = -4n. The critical point
tJ-J
is r = i|^ and A"\^~J = -4tt < 0. There is a maximum

at r = i|°-. The values x = 100 m and r = ±§°- « 31.83 m

maximize the area of the rectangle.

= -igt 2 + v t + ^ds = =
V
= -\
49. s -gt + v => t
f. Then sQ>) + v Q (^) + s
.

o =* dt
!

%{^f)

= k— + s
2g
is the maximum height since —| = —g <
df
0.

50. -rf = — 2 sin t + 2 cos t, solving -rr = => tan t = 1 =>t=? + n7r where n is a nonnegative integer (in this

Exercise t is never negative) => the peak current is 2\/2 amps

51. Yes, since f(x) = | x I

= Vx2 = (x2 ) => f (x) = Ux2 )
2
(2x) = —^ =
l/2
rf,
|x|
is not defined at x = 0. Thus it

(x2)

is not required that f' be zero at a local extreme point since f may be undefined there.

52. If f(c) is a local maximum value of f, then f(x) < f(c) x in some open interval (a,b) containing c. Since
for all
f is even, f(—x) = f(x) < f(c) = f(—c) for all —x open interval (—b,— a) containing — c. That is, f assumes
in the
a local maximum at the point — c. This is also clear from the graph of f because the graph of an even function
is symmetric about the y-axis.

53. If g(c) is a local minimum value of g, then g(x) > g(c) for all x in some open interval (a,b) containing c. Since
g is odd, g(—x) = —g(x) < — g(c) = g(— c) for all —x in the open interval (—b, —a) containing — c. That is, g
assumes a local maximum at the point -c. This is also clear from the graph of g because the graph of an odd
function is symmetric about the origin.

54. If there are no boundary points or critical points the function will have no extreme values in its domain. Such
functions do indeed exist, for example f(x) = x for — oo < x < oo. (Any other linear function f(x) = mx + b
with m ^ will do as well.)

55. (a) f'(x) =

3ax 2 + 2bx + c is a quadratic, so it can have 0, 1, or 2 zeros, which would be the critical points of f.

Examples:
224 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

?«x>- ix

KS

The function f(x) = x — 3x has two critical points at x =— 1 and x = 1.

i. i i i, i i I I i I

The function f(x) =x —1 has one critical point at x = 0.

y^x3 * x
rt I I ( ' I I I I
j v

The function f(x) = x + x has no critical points,

(b) The function can have either two local extreme values or no extreme values. (If there is only one critical
point, the cubic function has no extreme values.)

56. (a)

( -0.1,0.6] by [-1.5, 1.5]

f(0) = is not a local extreme value because in any open interval containing x = 0, there are infinitely
many points where f(x) = 1 and where f(x) = — 1.
 Section 3. 1 Extreme Values of Functions 225

(b) One possible answer, on the interval [0, 1]:

(1 - x) cos —
yz•X' > <x< 1

f(x) =
0, x =l
This function has no local extreme value at x = 1. Note that it is continuous on [0, 1],

57.

\ /
[-6, 6] by 10, 121

Maximum value is 11 at x = 5;
minimum value is 5 on the interval [—3,2];
local maximum at (—5,9)

58.

[-3, 8] by [-3, 51

Maximum value is 4 on the interval [5,7];

minimum value is —4 on the interval [—2, 1].

59.

1-6, 6] by [-6, 6J

Maximum value is 5 on the interval [3,oo);

minimum value is —5 on the interval (— oo,— 2],
226 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

60.

v /
[-6, 6} by [0,9]

Minimum value is 4 on the interval [—1,3]

61-70. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

f:=x -> 2 + 2*x - 3*(x A 2) A (1/3);

plot(f(x), x=-1..10/3);
fp:=diff(f(x),x);
solve(fp=0,x);
simplify(fp);
den:=denom(%);
solve(denom(fp)=0,x);
evalf([f(-l),f(0),f(l),f(10/3)]);

Mathematica :

Note: Here, use (x A 2) A (1/3) instead of x A (2/3), to avoid complex roots for negative x
a = -1; b = 10/3; f[x_] = 2 + 2x-3(xA2)A (1/3)
f'[xj

Plot[ {fix], f'[x]}, {x,a,b} ]

NSolve[f'[x]==0]
Note: include critical point x=0
{f[a], f[0], f[x] /. %, f[b]} // N

3.2 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Does not; f(x) is not differentiable at x = in (—1,8).

2. Does; g(x) is continuous for every point of [0, 1] and differentiable for every point in (0, 1).

3. Does; s(t) is continuous for every point of [0, 1] and differentiable for every point in (0, 1).

4. Does not; f((5) is not continuous at 9 = because lim f(#) = 1^0= f(0).

5. Since f(x) is not continuous on <x< 1, Rolle's Theorem does not apply because lim f(x) = lim_ x =1
x-l x-*l
^ = f(l) and f(x) is not continuous at x = 1.

6. Since f(x) must be continuous at x = and x = lwe have lim f(x) = a = f(0) =^ a = 3 and
x-*o +

lim_ f(x)
x-' 1
= lim f(x) => —l + 3 + a = m + b =}* 5 =m + b. Since f(x) must also be differentiable at
X-.1+
x =1 we have lim_ f'(x) = lim f'{x) => — 2x + 3| =m ^l = m. Therefore, a = 3, m = 1 and b = 4

7. By Corollary 1, f'(x) = for all x =* f(x) = C, where C is a constant. Since f(— 1) =3 we have C= 3
=> f(x) = 3 for all x.
 Section 3.2 The Mean Value Theorem and Differential Equations 227

8. g(t) = 2t + 5 =}• g'(t) = 2 = f (t) for all By Corollary 2, f(t) = g(t) + C t. for some constant C. Then
f(0) = g(0) +C=>5 = 5 + C=>C = 0=>f(t)= g(t) = 2t + 5 for all t.

Ma)y = ^ + C (b)y=^ + C (c) y = ^+C

2
10. (a) y = x +C (b)y = x 2 ~x + C (c) y = x3 + x
2
-x + C

11. (a) r ' = -fT 2 =>r = ±+C (b)r = +A+ C (C) r = 5^_l + C

12. (a) y'=Ir 1 /2 =>y = t

1 /2
+ C^y = ^ + C (b) y = 2^1 + C

(c) y = 2t a -2>/t + C

13. f(x) = x 2 -x + C;0 = f(0)=0 2 ~0 + C^C = 0^f(x)=x2 ~x

14. g (x) = -i + x 2 + C;l=i(-l) = -^ + (-l) 2 + C^C = -l^g(x) = -I + x 2 -l

r

15. r(0) = 80 + cot 6 + C; = *({) = 8 (f) + cot (f) + c =*" ° = 2jr + 1 + C => C = -2ir-l

=> r(0) = 85 + cot -2tt - 1

16. r(t) = sec t - 1 + C; = r(0) = sec(O) - + C => C = -1 => r(t) = sec t - 1 - 1

17. v = jj| = 9.8t + 5 => s = 4.9t2 + 5t + C; at s = 10 and t = we have C = 10 ={> s = 4.9t 2 + 5t + 10

18. v = jj| = 32t - 2 => a = 16t

z ~ 2t + C; at s =4 and t = ± we have C = 1 => s = 16t
2
- 2t + 1

19. v = *j| = sin (irt) =*• s = -| cos(trt) + C; at s = and t = we have C = A => s = * ~ gjg W
20. v = ^| = | cos(^J =>• s = a'm(^J + C; at s = 1 and t = ?r
2
we have C = 1 =*• s = sin(^)+ 1

21. a = 32 =>• v = 32t + C^; = 20 and t = we have

at v Cj = 20 =4> v = 32t + 20 => s = 16t
2
+ 20t + C 2 ; at s =5
and t = we have C 2 = 5 =* s = 16t 2 + 20t + 5

22. a = 9.8 = 9.8t + C x

=> v ; at = -3 and t =
v we have Cj = -3 => v = 9.8t -3^-8 = 4.9t2 - 3t + C 2 ; at s =
t = 0we have C = =}• s = 4.9t - 3t
2
and 2

23. a = -4 sin(2t) => v = 2 cos(2t) + C^; at v = 2 and t = we have Cj = ^ v = 2 cos (2t)

=> a = sin (2t) + C 2 at s = -3 and t = we have C 2 = -3 ^ s = sin (2t) - 3
;

24. a = \ cos(^J => v =| sin^J + Cj; at v - and t = we have Cj = =* v =| sin(^)

=> s = -cos(|£J + C 2 at ; s = -1 and t = we have C 2 = => s = -cosf §f\
228 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

25. a(t) = v'(t) = 1.6 =$• v(t) = 1.6t -f C; at (0,0) we have C= => v(t) = 1.6t. When t = 30, then
v(30) = 48 ra/sec.

26. a(t) = v'(t) = 20 = v(t) = 20t + C; at (0,0) we have C = => v(t) = 20t. When t = 60, then v(60) = 20(60)
= 1200 m/sec.

27. a(t) = v'(t) = 9.8 =*• v(t) = 9.8t + C^ at (0,0) we have G 1 = =* s'(t) = v(t) = 9.8t => s(t) = 4.9t 2 + C2 ; at

(0,0) we have C 2 = => s(t) = 4.9t

2
, Then a(t) = 10 => t
2
= g => t = ^/g, and v(^g) - 9.8 ^/g

= 2(4.9^10 = (2]v
/4.9
^y IQ = 14m/sec ,

28. a(t) = v'(t) = -3.72 =» v(t) = -3.72t + C t ; at (0,93) we have G l = 93 =*• s'(t) = v(t) = -3.72t + 93
2 2
=> s(t) = -1.86t + 93t + C 2 ; at (0,0) we have C2 = => s(t) = -1.86t + 93t. Then v(t) = => t ="102
g^f*
= 25
so the maximum height of the rock is s(25) = 1162.5 m.

29 (a) ^£ = 15/^-3/^
dt
=> ^ = 10^-6^+C;^(l)«4^4 = 10(lf
dt dt
2
-6(lf +C
=» C= => v = 10/ 3/2 -6/ V2

(b) v = —= 10/
3/2
- 6/ V2 => 5 = 4r i/2 - At 312 + C; s{\) * =>
2
= 4(lf - 4(l)
3/2
+ C
dt
i/2
C= => j = 4f -4r 3/2

30. (a)
^| = 9.8t = 4.9t 2 - 3t + C; i) at s = 5 and t = we have C = 5 =*> s = 4.9t2 - 3t + 5;
-3 => s

displacement = s(3) - s(l) = [(4.9)(9) - 9 + 5] - (4.9 - 3 -f 5) = 33.2 units; ii) at s = -2 and t = we have

C = -2 =» s = 4.9t 2 - 3t - 2; displacement = s(3) - s(l) = ((4.9)(9) - 9 - 2) - (4.9 - 3 - 2) = 33.2 units;

iii) at s =s and t = we have C= s => a = 4.9t — 3t + s ; displacement = s(3) — s(l)
= ((4.9)(9) - 9 + s ) - (4.9 - 3 + s ) = 33.2 units
(b) True. Given an antiderivative f(t) of the velocity function, we know that the body's position function is

s = f(t) + C for some constant C. Therefore, the displacement from t = a to t = b is (f(b) -f C) — (f(a) + C)
= f(b) — f(a). Thus we can find the displacement from any antiderivative f as the numerical difference

f(b) — f(a) without knowing the exact values of C and s.

31. If T(t) is the temperature of the thermometer at time t, then T(0) = -19° C and T(14) = 100° C. From the

Mean Value Theorem there exists a <t < 14 such that ta_(\ — = 8 # °° C/sec = T'(t ), the rate at which

the temperature was changing at t = Q as measured by the rising mercury on the thermometer,
t

32. Because the trucker's average speed was 79.5 mph, and by the Mean Value Theorem, the trucker must have
been going that speed at least once during the trip.

33. Because its average speed was approximately 7.667 knots, and by the Mean Value Theorem, it must have been
going that speed at least once during the trip.
 Section 3.2 The Mean Value Theorem and Differential Equations 229

34. The runner's average speed for the marathon was approximately 11.909 mph. Therefore, by the Mean Value
Theorem, the runner must have been going that speed at least once during the marathon. Since the initial
speed and final speed are both mph and the runner's speed is continuous, by the Intermediate Value
Theorem, the runner's speed must have been 11 mph at least twice.

i_i
35. The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem yields r = — 4^ => c
2
f — ~7 -
) = a — b=>c = \/ab.

36. The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem yields

b2 -a2 .
2c =* c =a+b

37. f*(x) = [cos x sin (x + 2) + sin x cos(x + 2)] -2 sinfx + l) cos(x + l) = sin(x + x + 2) -sin 2(x+l)
= sin (2x + 2) - sin (2x 4- 2) = 0. Therefore, the function has the constant value f(0) = -sin 2 1 « -0.7081
which explains why the graph is a horizontal line.

38. Example CAS commands;

Maple : Mathematica :

(x + 2)*(x + l)*x*(x - l)*(x - 2); (x + 2)(x + l)x(x-l)(x-2)

expand(%); Expand [%]
f:=unapply(%,x); f[x_] =%
plot({f(x),diff(f(x),x)},x=-2..2); Plot! {f[x],f [x]>, {x,-2,2} ]

39. f(x) must be zero at least once between a and b by the Intermediate Value Theorem. Now suppose that f(x) is

zero twice between a and b. Then by the Mean Value Theorem, f'(x) would have to be zero at least once
between the two zeros of f(x), but this can't be true since we are given that f (x) ^ on this interval.
Therefore, f(x) is zero once and only once between a and b.

40. Consider the function k(x) = f(x) — g(x). k(x) is

continuous and differentiable on [a,b], and since

k(a) = f(a) - g(a) = and k(b) = f(b) - g(b) = 0,
by the Mean Value Theorem, there must be a point c in (a,b)
where k'(c) = 0. But since k'(c) = f (c) — g'(c), this means
that f'(c) = g'(c), and c is a point where the graphs of f
and g have parallel or identical tangent lines.

41. Yes. By Corollary 2 we have f(x) = g(x) +C since f'(x) = g'(x). If the graphs start at the same point x = a,
then f(a) = g(a) => C= => f(x) = g(x).

42. Let f(x) = sin x for a < x < b. Prom the Mean Value Theorem there exists a c between a and b such that
sin b-sin a_ cos c ^ _j < sin b- sin a < x ^ sin b — sin a < 1 => sin b — sin a < b — a
b-a - b-a b-i
I I I.

f(b)-f(a)
43. By the Mean Value Theorem = f'(c) for some point c between a and b. Since b —a > and
b~a
f(b) < f(a), we have f(b) - f(a) < => f (c) < 0.

44. The condition is that f should be continuous over [a,b]. The Mean Value Theorem then guarantees the

existence of a point c in (a, b) such that —rb — a = f'(c). If f' is continuous, then it has a minimum and
230 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

maximum value on. [a,b], and min f < f (c) < max f, as required,

1 2
45. f'(x) = (l + x4 cos x)" => f'(x) = -(l + x4 3
cos x)~ (4x cos x- x4 sin x)
—x3 (l+x4 cos x) (4 cos x—x sin x) < for < x < 0.1 => f(x) is decreasing when <x< 0.1

> min f' fa 0.9999 and max i* = 1. Now we have 0.9999 < ..>....
'
1 . 1— < 1 =>. 0.09999 < f(0.1) — 1 < 0.1

> 1.09999 <f(0.1)< 1.1.

1 2 J
46. f'(x) =(l -x4 ) => f'(x) = -(l -x4 ) (-4x3 ) 4x
> for <x< 0.1 => f (x) is increasing when
(l

< x < 0.1 =S» min f = 1 and max f = 1.0001. Now we have 1 < °
w y- - < 1.0001
=* 0.1 < f(0.1) - 2 < 0.10001 = 2.1 < f(0.1) < 2.10001.
47-50. Example CAS commands
Maple :

with(plots): with(DEtools):
a:=0;b:=l;
eq:= D(y) (x)=x*sqrt(l—x);
sol:= dsolve({eq},y(x));
tograph:={seq(subs(_Cl=i,sol),i={-2,-l,-,l,2})};
plotl:= implicitplot(tograph,x=a..b,y=— 6. .6):
display({plotl});
partsol;=dsolve({eq,y(l/2)=l},y(x));
implicitplot(partsol,x=a..b,y=-6..6,scaling=CONSTRAINED)i

Mathematica l

a=0;b=l;
eq=D[y[x],x] = x*Sqrt[l-x]
sol=Flatten[DSolve[eq,y[x],x]]
cvals={-2,-l,l,2};
tograph=Table[y[x] /. (sol /. C[l] -» cvals[[i]]), {i t l,4}]
P!ot[Evaluate(tograph],{x,a,b}];
partsol = DSolve[{eq,y[l/2]=l},y[x],x]//Flatten
Plot(y[x] /. partsoI,{x,a,b}]

3.3 THE SHAPE OF A GRAPH

1. The graph of y = f"(x) ^ the graph of y = f(x) is concave up

on (0,co), concave down on (— oo,0) => a point of inflection at

x = 0; the graph of y = f (x) =» y' = +++ |

| +++ =*•
the graph y = f(x) has both a local maximum and a local minimum
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 231

2. The graph of y = f"(x) => y" = +++ | => the graph of

y = f(x) has a point of inflection, the graph of y = f'(x)

=> y' = j +++ | =** the graph of y = f(x) has

both a local maximum and a local minimum

3. The graph of y = f"(x) => y" = | +++ | => the

graph of y = f(x) has two points of inflection, the graph of

y = f (x ) ^ y' = j +++ => the graph of y = f(x)

has a local minimum

4. The graph of y = f'(x) => y" = +++ | =*• the graph

of y = f(x) has a point of inflection; the graph of y = f'(x)

=* y' = | +++ | =>• the graph of y = f(x) has

both a local maximum and a local minimum

5.

* (S.7)
7 -

-
4 •14,4)

<2 "

T
_ i

7. (a) Zero: x = ± 1; 8. (a) Zero: x « 0, ±1.25;

positive: (—oo,— 1) and (l,oo); positive: (-1.25,0) and (1.25, 00);
negative: (—1,1) negative: (—00, —1.25) and (0,1.25)
(b) Zero: x = 0; (b) Zero: x sa ±0.7;
positive: (0,oo); positive: (—00,— 0.7) and (0.7, 00);
negative: (— oo,0) negative: (-0.7,0.7)

9. (a) (-oo,-2] and [0,2] 10. (a) [-2,2]

(b) [-2,0] and [2, 00) (b) (-oo,-2] and [2, 00)
(c) Local maxima: x = — 2 and x = 2; (c) Local maximum: x = 2;
local minimum: x = local minimum: x = — 2
232 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

11. fa) [0,1], [3,4], and [5.5,6]

b) [1,3] and [4,5.5]
c) Local maxima: x = 1, x = 4 (if f is continuous at x = 4), and x = 6;
local minima: x = 0, x = 3, and x = 5.5

12. If f is continuous on the interval [0,3];

(a) [0,31
(b) Nowhere >

(c) Local maximum: x = 3;

local minimum: x =

13. a) f'(x) = (x — l)(x + 2) => critical points at —2 and 1

b) f = +++ |
|
+++ => increasing on (-oo,— 2] and [l,oo), decreasing on [—2, 1]

c) Local maximum at x = —2 and a local minimum at x = 1

- 2
14. a) f'(x) = (x l) (x + 2) => critical points at -2 and 1

b) f' = |
+++ +++ =>
|
increasing on [—2,1] and [l,oo), decreasing on (—oo,— 2]
-2 1
c) No local maximum and a local minimum at x = —1
15. a) f (x) = (x - l)(x + 2)(x - 3) ^ critical points at -2, 1 and 3

b) f = | +++ |
| +++ =*• increasing on [—2,1] and [3,oo), decreasing on (— oo, — 2] and [1,3]

c) Local maximum at x = 1, local minima at x = —2 and x — 3

16. a) f'(x) = x~ 1/3 (x + 2) => critical points at -2 and

b) f = +++ +++ =* increasing on (— oo, -2]
|
)( and [0,co), decreasing on [—2,0]
-2
c) Local maximum at x = —2, local minimum at x =

17. y' = 2x - 1

Intervals «1 X>i
Sign of y' — +
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing

y" = 2 (always positive: concave up)

Graphical support:

\\ J/
inirnBrn

[-4, 4] by [-3, 3]

2'°° (b) (
-oo,i

(c) (-00,00) (d) Nowhere

 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 233

(e) Local (and absolute) minimum at ( 4, —jj (f) None

18. y' = -6x 2 + 12x = -6x(x - 2)

Intervals x<0 <x<2 2<x
Sign of y' - + -
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

y" = -12x + 12 = -12(x-l)

Intervals X<1 X>1
Sign of y" + _
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down

Graphical support:

oximir*
\\ A
i\
[-4, 4} by 1-6, 6]

(a) [0,2] (b) (-oo,0] and [2,oo)

(c) (-00,1) (d) (l,co)
(e) Local maximum: (2,5); (0 At (1,1)
local minimum: (0,-3)

19. y' = 8x3 - 8x = 8x(x - l)(x + 1)

Intervals x<— — l<x<0 0<x< 1 l<x

Sign of y' + +
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

y" = 24x2 - 8 = 8(v^x - 1X^3x4- 1)

Intervals x< 1 7=<x<-t» -7=<x
^3 v/3 ^3
Sign of y" + - +
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down Concave up
234 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Graphical support:

V/ vl
Jirynam
v=-i

[-4, 4] by [-3, 3]

(a) [-1,0] and [l,oo) (b) (-oo,l] and [0,1]

(c)
(~ 0O, ~^) and ,o (d)
(73 °) (-7*71)
(e) Local maximum: (0, 1);
local (and absolute) minima: (—1,-1) and (1,-1)

m (**-*)

20. y' = 4x3 - 36x 2 + 96x -64 = 4(x - l)(x - 4) 2

Intervals X<1 1 <x< 4 •
x > 4

Sign of y' - + +
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing Increasing

y" = 12x 2
- 72x + 96 = 12(x - 2)(x - 4)
Intervals x<2 2<x<4 x>4
Sign of y" + - +
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down Concave up

Graphical support:
y

(a) (l,oo) (b) (-oo,l)

(c) (—oo,2) and (4,oo) (d) (2,4)
(e) Local (and absolute) minimum at (1,-27) (f) Inflection points at (2,-16) and (4,0)
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 235

21. y' =x .<-2x)+(y/6^?)il)=£fM

2^8^~ \/8~x*

Intervals —v 8<x<-2 -2<x<2

/ 2 <x< y/8

Sign of y' _ + -
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

( \/8~x 2 ) (-4x) - (8 - 2x2 ) l

A -2x)
2\/8-x r
,

_ 2x
3
-24x = 2x(x 2 -12)
y" =
(y/rzr (8-x 2 ) 3 ' 2 (8-x 2 ) 3 ' 2

Intervals -\/8<x<0 0<x< v^

Sign of y' + ~
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down

Graphical support:

y^x
(-3.02, 3.02] by [-6.5, 6.5]

(a) [-2,2] (b)[-VS,-2]and[2 lN/8]

(c) (-x/8,0) (d)(0 (V^)

(e) Local maxima: (— \/8,0) and (2,4); (f) (0,0)

local minima: (—2, —4) and ( y8, )

Note that the local extrema at x = ±2 are also absolute extrema

-2x, x<
22. y'
2x, x>0
Intervals x<0 x>0
Sign of y' + +
Behavior of y Increasing Increasing

-2, x<0
y"=-
2, x>0

Intervals x<0 x >0

Sign of y"
~~ l

- +
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up
236 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Graphical support:

(-4, 4] by [-3,6]

(a) (—00,00) (b) None

(c) (0,oo) (d) (-oo,0)
(e) Local minimum: (0, 1)
(f) Note that (0, 1) is not an inflection point because the graph has no tangent line at this point. There are no
inflection points,

23. y' = 12x 2 + 42x + 36 = 6(x + 2)(2x + 3)

Intervals x<-2 -2<x<-| -|<x
Sign of y' + - +
Behavior of y Increasing Decreasing Increasing

y" = 24x + 42 = 6(4x + 7)

Intervals
—I -!<*
Sign of y" - +
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up

Graphical support:

X»-1.5 l»=-H».J5

[-4,4] by [-80,20]

(a) (-co, -2] and (b) [-2,-§

[-J, 00)

to (-J.oo) (d) (-co

-I)

(e) Local maximum; (~2,— 40); local minimum: (

— 91 t~)
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 237

24. y' = -4x 3 + 12x 2 - 4

Using grapher techniques, the zeros of y' are x fa —0.53, x as 0.65, and x re 2. 1

Intervals x < -0.53 -0.53 < x < 0.65 0.65 <x< 2.88 2.88 < x

Sign of y' + - + -
Behavior of y Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

y" = -12x 2 + 24x = -12x(x - 2)

Intervals x<0 0<x<2 2<x
Sign of y" - + -
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up Concave down

Graphical support:

(-2, 4] by [-20, 20]

(a) (-00,-0.53] and [0.65,2.88] (b) [-0.53,0.65] and [2.88, oo)

(c) (0,2) (d) (-oo,0) and (2, oo)
(e) Local maxima: (-0.53,2.45) and (2.88,16.23); local minimum: (0.65,-0.68)
Note that the local maximum at x fts 2.88 is also an absolute maximum.
(f) (0,1) and (2,9)

25. y'
-2#xv -4/s
=

Intervals x < 0<x

Sign of y' + +
Behavior of y Increasing Increasing

y 25

Intervals x<0 0<x

Sign of y" + -
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down
238 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Graphical support:

1-6, 6] by (-1-5, 7.5]

(a) (-00,00) (b) None

(c) (-co,0) (d) (0,oo)
(e) None (f) (0,3)

26. y' = -i X -2 /3
Intervals x<0 0<x
Sign of y' _ _
Behavior of y Decreasing Decreasing

y
„ = 2 x-5/3
Intervals x< 0<x
Sign of y" - +
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up

Graphical support:

[-8. 8] by [0,10]

(a) None (b) (-00,00)

(c) (0,oo) (d) (-oo,0)
(e) None (f) (0,5)

27. y
,1/3
(x-4) ^vV3. •4x
1/3

y - 4 Yl/3 _ 4-2/3 _ 4x~4

=gX 2/3 3x
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 239

Intervals x<0 0<x< 1 Kx

Sign of y' _ - +
Behavior of y Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

v
y
» _ 4 xX -2/3 + 8
, -5/3 _ 4x + 8
"» 9
~9x 5 /3

Intervals x<-2 -2 < x < 0<x

Sign of y" + __
+
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down Concave up

Graphical support:

N
Z7¥»-»

[-4, 8] by [-6, 8)

(a) [l.oo) (b) (-00,1]

(c) (-oo,-2) and (0,oo) • (d) (-2,0)

(e) Local minimum: (1,-3) (f) (-2,6^2) m (-2,7.56) and (0,0)

28. This problem can be solved using either graphical or analytic methods. The following is a graphical solution.

\\
r\ /\
SIS*-
.1HMW f\.k3HtK
[-4.7, 4.7] by {-3, 11]
J
1-4.7, 4.7)by (-10, 10]
mJm «.«-*
(-4.7,4.7) by [- 10, 10]

An analytic solution follows.

= x> -J^rf-ax) + V9^(2x) - ^x^Sx = ^3x^-6)

2\/9 V9-X"

Intervals -3<x<-v^ -\/6<x<0 0<x< v/6 v/6<x<3

Sign of y' + - + -
Behavior of y Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

2
(v/ 9-x )(-9x
2
+ 18)-(-3x 3 +18x)' —J— -(~2x)
53x^
,
2 ,
2
+ 18)+(-3x3 +
'
_ (9~x
/
2V )(-9x 18x)(x)
y" =
(v^?r (9~x 2 ) 3 ' 2
4 2
6x -81x + 162
2 3/2
(9-x )
240 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Find the zeros of y":

4
3(2x -27x 2 + 54)
=
(9-x 2 ) 3 ' 2
4 - 27x2 + 54 =
2x

27± v/272 -4(2)(54) 2 7±3>/33

x2 =
2(2)

x= ±\l j as ±1.56

Note that we do not use x = ±V -j »J ± 3,33, because these values are outside of the domain.

Intervals -3 < x < -1.56 -1.56 < x < 1.56 1.56 <x < 3

Sign of y" - + -
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up Concave down

(a) [-3,— >/6] and [Q,y/H} or, ta [-3,-2.45] and [0,2.45]

(b) [-s/M] and [\/6,3] or, a [-2.45,0] and [2.45,3]

(c) Approximately (-1.56, 1.56)

(d) Approximately (-3,-1.56) and (1.56,3)

(e) Local maxima: ( ± y/E, 6y/i) «( ±2.45,10.39);

local minima: (0,0) and ( ±3,0)
(f) «(± 1.56,6.25)
29. We use a combination of analytic and grapher techniques to solve this problem. Depending on the viewing

window chosen, graphs obtained using the nderiv function on a TI-92 calculator may exhibit strange behavior

near x = 2 because, for example, nderiv(y,x) x |

= 2 fa 1,000,000 while y' is actually undefined at x = 2. The

= j^3 _
2 ^
2-jj j |
graph of y s is shown below:

(-4,7, 4.7] by [-5, 15]

(x - 2)(3x
2
- 4x + 1) - (x3 - 2x2 + x - 1)(1) 2x
3 - 8x2 + 8x - 1
2
(x-2) (x-2) 2
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 241

The graph of y' is shown below:

(-4,7,4.7] by [-10, 101

The zeros of y' are xw0.15,x« 1.40, and x sv 2.45.

Intervals x<0.15 0.15 <x< 1.40 1.40 <x<2 2 < x < 2.45 2.45 < x

Sign of y' - + - - +
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

„ _ (x - 2)
2
(6x
2
- 16x 4- 8) - (2x
3
- 8x 2 + 8x - l)(x - 2)
y " (x-2)4

- 2)(6x2 - lBx + 8) - 2(2x3 - 8x2 - 1) 2 - 14 2(x - l)(x 2 - 5x + 7)

= 2x - 12x + 24x
(x 3
= = 3
(x-2) 3 3
(x-2) (x-2)

The graph of y" is shown below.

L
isr j
[-4,7. 4.7] by [-10. 10]

Note that the discriminant of x — 5x + 7 is (—5) — 4(1)(7) = —3, so the only solution of y" = is x = 1.
Intervals x< 1 Kx<2 2<x
Sign of y" + - +
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down Concave up

(a) Approximately [0.15,1.40] and [2.45, oo) (b) Approximately (-oo,0.15], [1.40,2), and (2,2.45]
(c) (-oo,l) and (2, oo) (d) (1,2)
(e) Local maximum: « (1.40, 1.29); local minima: as (0.15,0.48) and (2.45,9.22)
(0 (Li)

30. y
_
= x
3/4
vJ/,, (5 - x) =
-Rv3/«
5x' v*/4

_
= 15 -1/4 7__3/4_ 15-7x
y
Tx 4x 1/4
242 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Intervals 0<x<^ ¥<*

Sign of y' + -
Behavior of y Increasing Decreasing

" -
= _15 Y -s/4 _21 -1/4 _ -3(7x + 5)
y 16" 16' s '4
16x

Since y" < for all x> 0, the graph of y is concave down for x > 0.
Graphical support:

(0, 8] by [-6, 6]

(a) [0,^
(c) None (d) (0,oo)
(e) Local (and absolute) maximum: (f) None

local minimum: (0,0)

31. y = x 1 /4 (x + 3) = x^4 + 3x 1
/4

v- _ 5 v i/4 ,3-3/4 _ 5x + 3
4x 3/4
Since y' > for all x> 0, y is always increasing on its domain x > 0.

V
y
J»
_i_ ~3/4_ _9_
"16 Xx
-7/4 - 5X-9
_
16 7/4
16x

Intervals 0<x<| !<*

Sign of y" - +
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up

Graphical support;

JO, 6} by [0. 121

 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 243

(a) [0,oo) (b) None

(c) (|,oo) (d) (o,|)

(e) Local (and absolute) minimum: (0,0)

2
V> ..,_
y ~
(* + l)(l)~*(2*) _ ~x 2 + l
2 2
(x + l) ~(x 2 +l) 2
Intervals X<-1 -Kx<l Kx
Sign of y' - + -
Behavior of y Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

2 2
(x + l) (-2x) - (-x 2 + l)(2)(x
2
+ l)(2x) _ (x
2
+ l)(-2x) - 4x(~x 2 + 1)
2 4 3 3
(x + l) (x + l)

2
_ 2x3 -6x _ 2x(x -3)
2 3 2 3
(x + l) (x + l)

Intervals x<-v^3 -V 3<x<0

/
0<x<v 3 /
y/i<X
Sign of y" - + - +
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up Concave down Concave up
Graphical support:

fc=
f-4.7, 4.7] by (-0.7, 0,7]

(a) [-1,1] (b) (-co,-l] and [l,oo)

(c) (-y3,0)and(v^,«>) (d) (-oo, -y/z) and (o, yfe)

(e) Local maximum: (l)i); (0 (0,0),(vS,^)and(-v^-^)

local minimum: I— 1,— A)

33. y' = (x-l) 2 (x-2)

Intervals x<l Kx<2 2<x
Sign of y' _ - +
Behavior of y Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

y" = (x - 1) 2 (1) + (x - 2)(2)(x - 1) = (x - l)[(x - 1) + 2(x - 2)] = (x - l)(3x - 5)

244 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Intervals X<1 Kx<§ l«

Sign of y" + - +
Behavior of y Concave up Concave down Concave up

(a) There are no local maxima. (b) There is a local (and absolute) minimum at x = 2.
(c) There are points of inflection at x = 1 and at x = w.

34. y' = (x-l) 2 (x-2)(x-4)

Intervals X<1 Kx<2 2<x<4 4 <x

Sign of y' + + - +
Behavior of y Increasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

y"=^[(x~l)V-6x + 8)] = (x-l)^(2x-6) + (x2 -6x + 8)(2)(x-l)

= (x - l)[(x - l)(2x - 6) + 2(x 2 - 6x + 8)] = (x- l)(4x 2 - 20x + 22)
= 2(x-l)(2x 2 -10x + ll)
Note that the zeros of y" are x = 1 and

_10± v/lQ 2 -4(2)(ll)_ 10± yi2_5±V3

x = «1.63 or 3.37.
4 4 ~ 2
The zeros of y" can also be found graphically, as shown.

[-3, 7] by [-8, 4!

Intervals X<1 Kx<1.63 1.63 <x< 3.37 3.37 <x

Sign of y" - + - , +
Behavior of y Concave down Concave up Concave down Concave up

(a) Local maximum at x =2 (b) Local minimum at x =4

(c) Points of inflection at x = 1, at x sw 1.63, and at x fcs 3.37.

35. (a) Absolute maximum at (1,2); (b) None

absolute minimum at (3,-2)
(c) One possible answer

y=M
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 245

36. (a) Absolute maximum at (0,2); (b) At (1,0) and (-1,0)

absolute minimum at (2,-1) and (—2,-1)
(c) One possible answer;

37. If y = x 5 - 5x4 - 240, then y' = 5x

3
(x - 4) and
y" = 2 Ox (x— 3). The zeros of y' are extrema

of y. The right-hand zero of y" is a point of

inflection for y. Inflection at x = 3, local

maximum at x = 0, local minimum at x = 4,

38. If y = x3 - 12x2 , then y' = 3x(x - 8) and

y" = 6(x — 4). The zeros of y' and y" are

extrema and points of inflection, respectively.

39. If y = |x 5 + 16x2 - 25, then y' = 4x(x3 + 8) and

3 y'*4x(xKs) y
y" = 16 (x + 2) . The zeros of y' and y" are {

extrema and points of inflection, respectively.

16(* 3 + 2)
-
.v =
246 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

40. If y = 2j —x _ 4x2 + 12x + 2Q) then

y' = (x - 2) 2 (x + 3) and y" = (3x + 4)(x - 2). The

zeros of y' and y" are extrema and points of

inflection, respectively.

41. The graph of f falls where f' < 0, rises where f > 0,

and has horizontal tangents where f= 0. It has local

minima at points where f changes from negative to

positive and local maxima where f changes from

positive to negative. The graph of f is concave down

where f" < and concave up where f" > 0. It has

points of inflection at values of x where f" changes

sign and a tangent line exists.

42. The graph f is concave down where f" < 0, and concave

up where f" > 0. It has an inflection point each time

f" changes sign, provided a tangent line exists there.

43. (a) v(t) = s'(t) = 2t - 4 (b) a(t) = v'(t) = 2

(c) It begins at position 3 moving in a negative direction. It moves to ion
positi —1 when t = 2, and then
changes direction, moving in a positive direction thereafter.

44. (a) v(t) = fl'(t) = -2 - 2t (b) a(t) = v'(t) = -2

(c) It begins at position 6 moving in the negative direction thereafter,

45. (a) v(t) = s'(t) = 3t z - 3 (b) a(t) = v'(t) = 6t

(c) It begins at position 3 moving in a negative direction. It moves to position 1 when t = 1, and then changes
direction, moving in a positive direction thereafter.

46. (a) v(t) = s'(t) = 6t - 6t 2 (b) a(t) = v'(t) = 6 - 12t

(c) It begins at position 0. It starts moving in the positive direction until it reaches position 1 when t = 1,
and then it changes direction. It moves in the negative direction thereafter.
 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 247

47. (a) The velocity is zero when the tangent line is horizontal, at approximately t = 2.2, t = 6, and t = 9.8.
(b) The acceleration is zero at the inflection points, approximately t = 4, t = 8, and t = 12.

48. (a) The velocity is zero when the tangent line is horizontal, at approximately t = —0.2, = 4, and = 12.
t t

(b) The acceleration is zero at the inflection points, approximately t = 1.5, t = 5.2, t = 8, t = 11, and t = 13.
49. No. f must have a horizontal tangent at that point, but f could be increasing (or decreasing), and there would
be no local extremum. For example, if f(x) = x , f'(0) = but there is no local extremum at x = 0.

50. No. f"(x) could still be positive (or negative) on both sides of x =
c, in which case the concavity of the function

would not change at x = c. For example, if f(x) = x , then f"(0) = 0, but f has no inflection point at x = 0.

51. One possible answer: >

i.. j. .. j .. „ i_ <„» j

52. One possible answer:

53. One possible answer:

(»=Jr>-Ji*4)

54. No: y = x 2 + 3 sin (2x) => y' = 2x + 6 cos (2x). The graph
of y' does not touch the x-axis near x = —3 indicating that
y' = 2x + 6co$2x
there is no horizontal tangent near x = —3.
248 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

55. The graph must be concave down for x > because

f(x) = -i<o.

56. The second derivative, being continuous and never zero, cannot change sign. Therefore the graph will always
be concave up or concave down so it will have no inflection points.

57. A quadratic curve never has an inflection point. If y = ax2 + bx + c where a =£ 0, then y' = 2ax + b and
y" = 2a. Since 2a is a constant, it is not possible for y" to change signs.

58. A cubic curve always has exactly one inflection point. If y = ax + bx2 + ex + d where a ^ 0, then
y' = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c and y" = 6ax + 2b. Since ^^ is a solution of y" = 0, we have that y" changes its sign

at x = — jp- and y' exists everywhere (so there is a tangent at x = — jp-). Thus the curve has an
; inflection
3a 3a
point at x = — w-. There are no other inflection points because y" changes sign only at this zero.

59. With f(-2) = 11 > and f(-l) = -1 < we conclude from the Intermediate Value Theorem that

f(x) = x4 + 3x + 1 has at least one zero between -2 and -1. Then ~2 < x < -1 =>• -8 < x3 < -1
=*• -32 < 4x3 < -4 => -29 < 4x3 + 3 < -1 => f(x) < for -2 < x < -1 => f(x) is decreasing on [-2, - 1]
=>• f(x) = has exactly one solution in the interval (—2,-1).

60. g(t) = >/t + x/tTT - 4 => g'(t) = -i-p + —t= > =* g(t) is increasing for t in (0, oo); g(3) = y/S -2 <
2^/t 2y t + 1

and g(15) = \/l5 > => g(t) has exactly one zero in (0,oo).

61. r(0) = 9 + sin 2 (|)- 8 => r'(tf) = 1 + \ sin(|) cos(|) = 1 + J nn(|) > on (-00,00) => r(0) is

increasing on (—00,00); r(0) = —8 and r(8) = sin f ~

]
> => r(#) has exactly one zero in (—00,00).

62. 1(6) - tan $ - cot 9 -6 => r'(0) = sec 2 6 + esc 2 9-1= sec2 9 + cot 2 8 > on (0,|W r(0) is increasing
on (0,5); r(f\ =- < and r(1.57) a 1254.2 => r(0) has exactly one zero in (0,|).
J

63 (a) It appears to control the number and magnitude of the y

local extrema. If k < 0, there is a local maximum to the

left of the origin and a local minimum to the right. The

larger the magnitude of k (k < 0), the greater the

magnitude of the extrema. If k > 0, the graph has only

positive slopes and lies entirely in the first and third

 Section 3.3 The Shape of a Graph 249

quadrants with no local extrema. The graph becomes

increasingly steep and straight as k —* oo.

2
(b) f'(x) = 3x + k => the discriminant 2
-4(3)(k) = -12k is positive for k < 0, zero for k = 0, and
negative for k > 0; f has two zeros x = ± J— | when k < 0, one zero x = when k = and no real zeros

when k > 0; the sign of k controls the number of local extrema.

(c) As k —* oo, f'(x) — * oo and the graph becomes ^

increasingly steep and straight. As k —> — oo, the

crest of the graph (local maximum) in the second quadrant

becomes increasingly high and the trough (local

minimum) in the fourth quadrant becomes increasingly

deep.

-200

64. (a) It appears to control the concavity and the number of

local extrema.

k'-10

(b) f(x) = x4 + kx 3 + 6x2 => f'(x) = 4x3 + 3kx 2 + 12x

2
=> f"(x) = 12x -+ 6kx -f 12 => the discriminant is

2
36k - 4(12)(12) = 36(k + 4)(k - 4), so the sign line

of the discriminant is +++ |

| +++ => the
-4 4

discriminant is positive when k > I I 4, zero when

k = ± 4, and negative when k I I < 4; f"(x) = has

two zeros when k | | > 4, one zero when k = ± 4, and

no real zeros for | k | < 4; the value of k controls the

number of possible points of inflection.

-b
(l+ae- bx )(0)~(c)(-ab e *)_ abce
-bx _ abce bx
65. (a) f'(x) =
(i+«-te r d+«-hx ) (e
bx
+ ar
so the sign of f'(x) is the same as the sign of abc.
250 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

2
bx
(e + a) (ab 2 ce
bx
) ~(abce bx )2(e bx + a)(bebx ) (e
bx
+ a)(ab 2 ce bx )-(abceb'<)(2be bx )
(b)f'(x)=-
bx b
(e + af (e * + a)2
bx
ab ce bx (e
2
-a)
bx +
(e af
Since a > 0, this changes sign when x = ^r~ due to the e
x —a factor in the numerator, and f(x) has a

point of inflection at that location.

66. (a) f (x)= 4ax3 4- 3bx 2 + 2cx + d

f'(x) = 12ax + 6bx + 2c
2

Since f"(x) is quadratic, it must have 0, 1, or 2 zeros. If i"(x) has or 1 zeros, it will not change sign and
the concavity of f(x) will not change, so there is no point of inflection. If f"(x) has 2 zeros, it will change
sign twice, and f(x) will have 2 points of inflection.

(b) If f has no points of inflection, then f '(x) has or 1 zeros, so the discriminant of f '(x) is < 0. This gives
2 2
(6b) - 4(12a)(2c) < 0, or 3b < 8ac.
If f has 2 points of inflection, then f '(x) has 2 zeros and the inequality is reversed, so 3b > 8ac. In

summary, f has 2 points of inflection if and only if 3b > 8ac.

3.4 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

i. y' = (y + 2)(y-3)
(a) y = — 2 is a stable equilibrium value and y = 3 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) y" = (2y - l)y' = 2(y + 2)(y - l/2)(y - 3)

y'>0 y'<0 y'>0

-4 4 ' y

y"<0 y">0 y"<0 y">0

0.5

(c)

y'>d,y">0

2. y'= (y + 2)(y-2)
(a) y = — 2 is a stable equilibrium value and y = 2 is an unstable equilibrium value.
(b) y" = 2yy' = 2(y + 2)y(y-2)
 Section 3.4 Graphical Solutions to Differential Equations 251

y'>0 y'<0 y'>0

-> y
-3 - 2 -1 o x 3

y"<0 y">0 y"<0 y">0

W
/>0, />0

3. y< = y
3
~y = (y + l)y(y-l)
(a) y = -1 and y = 1 are unstable equilibria and y = is a stable equilibrium.

(b) y"=(3y 2 -l)y' = 3(y + l)(y+l/\/3)y(y-l/\/3)(y-l)

y'<0 y'>0 y'<0 y'>0

-1.5 1 -0.5 0.5 1.5

y"<0 y">0 y" < (i y" > d y" < y">0

1 1

V3
w 1.5
y>o, />o
y<0, y'<0
/<0, y'>Q
—X •••

/>0, /<0
/>0, y*>0
/<0, y*<0

4. y' = y(y-2)
(a) y = is a stable equilibrium and y = 2 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) y" = (2y - 2)y' = 2y(y - l)(y - 2)

y' > y' < y' >

-5-y
-l r
y"<0 y">0 y"<0 y">0
252 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

w
y'>0, y'>0

y'<0, y<o
/<0, y»>0
•=-»••—•••—
2 2.5 3
/>o, y<o

5- y' = y/y, y >

(a) There are no equilibrium values.

y'>0

6- y' = y-0^, y>0

(a) y = 1 is an unstable equilibrium value

(b)y " = fl
-2^) y = ( -^)-(v^4 y-r
'
1
-27y)( y

y'<0 y'<0 y'>0

—«— 0.5 Ts *~r- y
y">0 y"<0 y">0
o 25
 Section 3.4 Graphical Solutions to Differential Equations 253

V<0 V '>W
-10 -7.5

7. y' = (y -l)(y-2)(y-3)
00 y = and y = 3 are unstable equilibria and
1 y = 2 is a stable equilibrium.

y" = - + - - 2)(y - = 3{y - y

6-y/i 6 + v^
(b) (3y' 12y ll)(y l)(y 3) 1)1 )(y-2)(y- (y-3)

y'<0 y'>0 y'<0 y'>0

— 4

y"<0 y">0 y"<0 y">0 y" < y" >

^1*1.42 «+ ^*2. 58
(c)

t
-
4

••>o

y'=y3- y 2 =y 2 (y _ 1)
(a) y = and y =1 are unstable equilibria.

(b) y" = (3y - 2y)(y 3 - y 2 =

2
)
3
y (3y - 2)(y - 1)

y'<0 y'<0 y'>0

y"<0 y">0 y"<0 y">0

2/3
254 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

w
/>Q, y">0
y < 0, y* <

y<o, y>o

/<0, y<0

9.
dt
1 - 2P has a stable equilibrium at P d*p = -2 dP =
= A1 S-£ ^ -2(1 - 2P)

P'>0 P'<0
P"<0 P">0
-1 -0,5 OS 1.5

«-5 0-75 1 1.25 I J l.W '

10-
dt7
^n
= ^(l ~ ^) nas an uns table equilibrium at P = and a stable equilibrium at P = A.
dP
= (1-4P)^=P(1-4P)(1-2P)

P'<0 P'>0 P'<0

•*-
-0.5 o 1

P"<0 P">0 P"<0 P">0

0.25
 Section 3.4 Graphical Solutions to Differential Equations 255

P'<0, P'>0

-0.2
P'<0, P"<0

11. ^n- ss 2P(P — 3) has a stable equilibrium at P = and an unstable equilibrium at P = 3.

d!£-
§• = 2(2P - 3)
dP_
SjE. = 4P(2P - 3)(P - 3)
dt

P'>0 P'<0 P'>0

'
-*• •+-
-1 -0.5 0.5 2 2.5 3."8 " 4
i

P"<0 P">0 P"<0 P">0

P'>0.P'<0

12. ~= 3P(1 - P)f P -i] has stable equilibria at P= and P = 1 and an unstable equilibrium at P = A.

§= -§(6P*- 6 P +1 ,f = §p(p-i^)(P-i)(p-i±^)(P-l)

P'>0 P'<0 P'>0 P'<0

__* -* »—
-0.5 1.5

P"<0 P">0 P"<0 P">0 P"<0 P">0

» 0.21 s 0.79
256 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

1.5

1.25

1
-*s—rr' ^^^^~- — '
— "
P'<0, />'>0
/">o, p*<o
0.75

0.5
—— '
~~~~~~'
/">0, P">0
0.25 P"<0
P'<0,

.•-T" 2 3
- — .^ £'<0. P*>0
4
-0.25 P'>0, P'<0
-0.5

13.
Before Catastrophe After CataMrophc
'
p

M
P

W
i
V__
1

—M
'caia\uophc V.iUMmphe

Before the catastrophe, the population exhibits logistic growth and P(t) —* M , the stable equilibrium.

After the catastrophe, the population declines logistically and P(t) — » Mj, the new stable equilibrium.

14. $£ = rP(M - P)(P - m), r, M, m>

1 P">0 P'<0 ! P'>0 P*<0 ! P'>Q

P'<0 r>o /"<0

m K«

The model has 3 equilibrium points. The rest points P = 0, P = M are asymptotically stable while
P = m is unstable. For initial populations greater than m, the model predicts P approaches M for large
t. For initial populations less than m, the model predicts extinction. Points of inflection occur at P = a

and P = b where a = |[M + m - \/M 2 -mM + m 2 ] and b = Mm +m -1- a/M 2 - mM + m 2 ].

(a) The model is reasonable in the sense that if P < m, then P— » as t — » oo; if m < P < M, then P —* M as
t —» oo; if P > M, then P —» M as t — * oo.
(b) It is different if the population fallsbelow m, for then P —» as t —* oo (extinction). It is probably a
more model for that reason because we know some populations have become extinct after the
realistic
population level became too low.
 Section 3.4 Graphical Solutions to Differential Equations 257

(c) For M we see that = rP(M — P)(P — m) is negative. Thus the curve is everywhere decreasing.
P> -rr-

Moreover, P = M is a solution to the differential equation. Since the equation satisfies the existence and

uniqueness conditions, solution trajectories cannot cross. Thus, P— * M as t — > co,

(d) See the initial discussion above.

(e) See the initial discussion above.

15.
dt~
i- 2
, g, k, m> and v(t) >

Equilibrium; & = g-^v

dt
2
= => v = J?*
VTT
Concavity: §=-2 (fev)^ = -2fev)( g -^v 2
)

(a)

(b)

T6T
(c) v.terminal
-vfl 005 178.9 § = 122 mph

16. F = F p -F r
ma = mg — k^/v
dv - = g-iv^, v(0) = vo
dt

Thus, jr = implies v = f -j— ) , the terminal velocity. If v < i -r- j

, the object will fall faster and faster,

approaching the terminal velocity; if v > (-r-J i

the object will slow down to the terminal velocity.

17. F = F
p
-F r
ma = 50 — 5l v |

dv = 0orv =
The maximum velocity occurs when -n- 10 ft/sec,
258 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

18. (a) The model seems reasonable because the rate of spread of a piece of information, an innovation, or a
cultural fad is proportional to the product of the number of individuals who have
(X) and those who do it

not (N — X). When X is small, there are only a few individuals to spread the item so the rate of spread is
slow. On the other hand, when (N — X) is small the rate of spread will be slow because there are only a
few individuals who can receive it during an interval of time. The rate of spread will be fastest when
both X and (N — X) are large because then there are a lot of individuals to spread the item and a lot of
individuals to receive it.

(b) There is a stable equilibrium at X=N and an unstable equilibrium at X = 0.

d!x_
= k^ (N - X) - kX^£ = k
2
X(N - X)(N - 2X) inflection points at X= 0, X = ^-, and X = N.
2 dt dt
dt

X'>0 X'<0

X
X">0 X"<0 X">0
N/2
(c)

(d) The spread rate is most rapid when N

X = 4-. Eventually all of the people will receive the item.

19.L| + Ri = V=>^ = J-fi = ^(V_ ),V,L,R>0 i

Equilibrium: § = £( ^ - A = => i = J,

c— $= -(!)$= -d)\h<
Phase Line:

*»• dt

di 2
 Section 3.4 Graphical Solutions to Differential Equations 259

If the switch is closed at t = 0, then i(0) = 0, and the graph of the solution looks like this:

As t —* oo, i(t) — »
stea<iy s t ate
~ r"
# (* n *^- e s *eady state condition, the self-inductance acts like a simple
wire connector and, as a result, the current through the resistor can be calculated using the familiar version
of Ohm's Law.)

20. (a) Free body diagram of the pearl: '

buoymcy = Pg

l^*»=*V

W<*mg
(b) Use Newton's Second Law, summing forces in the direction of the acceleration:

m B -Fg-kv = ma=»^ = (sLSJE )g-^v.

(c) Eouilibrium, £ = t(^-v)=0*v^ = &^>l

260 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

(d)

(e) The terminal velocity of the pearl is r .

3.5 MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION

2
1, Let I and w represent the length and width of the rectangle, respectively. With an area of 16 in. , we have
-1
that («)(w) = 16 => w= 16£ => the perimeter is P = It + 2w = 2i + 32£~ I
and P'(«) = 2-^ = ^-^-^.
+
Solving P'(0) = => -
y ~ = =^g = -4, 4. Since I > for the length of a rectangle, t must be 4 and

w=4 => the perimeter is 16 in., a minimum since P"(£) = ^> 0.

2. Let x represent the length of the rectangle in meters (0 < x < 4), Then the width is 4 — x and the area is

A(x) = x(4 — x) = 4x — x Since A'(x) =

4 — 2x, the critical point occurs at x = 2. Since A'(x) > for
.

<x< 2 and A'(x) < for 2 < x < 4, this critical point corresponds to the maximum area. The rectangle with
the largest area measures 2 m by 4 — 2 = 2m, so it is a square.

Graphical support:

[0, 41 by (-1 S, 5]
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 261

3, (a) The line containing point P also contains the points (0, 1) and (1,0) => the line containing P is y = 1 —x
=> a general point on that line is (x, 1 — x).
(b) The area A(x) = 2x(l -x), where < x < 1.
(c) When A(x) = 2x - 2x 2 , then A'(x) =0=>2-4x = 0=>x = ^. Since A(0) = and A(l) = 0, we conclude

that A( k \ = k sq units is the largest area. The dimensions are 1 unit by 4 unit.

4. The area of the rectangle A = 2xy = 2x(l2 — x 2 ) where

is ,

=> 24 - 6x = =>• x = -2
2
<x< \/l2 . Solving A'(x) =

or 2. Now —2 is not in the domain, and since A(0) = and

A (a/12) = 0, we conclude that A(2) = 32 square units is the

maximum area. The dimensions are 4 units by 8 units.

15-2X
5. The volume of the box is V(x) = x(15 - 2x)(8 - 2x)
= 120x - 46x2 + 4x3 where , < x < 4. Solving V'(x) = J. J-
i

s> 120 - 92x + 12x2 = 4(6 -x)(5 - 3x) = => x = | or 6, i

»

but 6 is not in the domain. Since V(0) = V(4) = 0, vf |) = ^|p « 91 Z

square units must be the maximum volume of the box with dimensions 4px4£x§ inches.
3 3

6. The area of the triangle is A = sba = -k V 400 — b , where

2
200 - b
0<b<20. Then4(~ = i\/400-b2 j=^=
db l / 2
>/400-b 2
2v 400-b IOLb|

= => the interior critical point is b = 10\/2. When b = or 20,

the area is zero => A\10 \J2) is the maximum area. When
2
a 2
+ b = 400 and b = IOa/2, the value of a is also 10\/5 => the

maximum area occurs when a = b.

7. The area is A(x) = x(800 - 2x), where < x < 400. Solving
rtwr

A'(x) = 800 - 4x = => x = 200. With A(0) = A(400) = 0, the

maximum area is A(200) = 80,000 m . The dimensions are

m-2»
200 m by 400 m.

108
8. The area is 2xy = 216 => y -j-1 . The perimeter is P = 4x + 3y
x it

= 4x + 324x~\ where < x; *j£ -324-0=>x2 -81 =

=> the critical points are ± 9, but and —9 are not in the
and

domain. Then P"(9) > => at x = 9 there is a minimum => the X X

dimensions of the outer rectangle are 18 m by 12 m => 72 meters

of fence will be needed.

262 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

9. (a) We minimize the weight = t S where S is the surface area, and t is the thickness of the steel wails of the
tank. The surface area is S = x + 4xy where x is the length of a side of the square base of the tank, and y

is its depth. The volume of the tank must be 500 ft =>• y = — j-. Therefore, the weight of the tank is

w(x) = t (x 2 + ^p^J. Treating the thickness as a constant gives w'(x) =t ( 2x - ^~ ] for x > 0. The

critical value is at x = 10. Since w"(10) —~3 y> 0,

= tf 2 + 4000 " ) there is a minimum at x = 10. Therefore, the
10 J
optimum dimensions of the tank are 10 ft on the base edges and 5 ft deep,
(b) Minimizing the surface area of the tank minimizes its weight for a given wall thickness. The thickness of
the steel walls would likely be determined by other considerations such as structural requirements.

10. (a) With the volume of the tank being 1125 ft

3
, we have that yx2 = 1125 => y = ^p- The cost of

= 5x /1125\ where < x. Then = lOx- —=

building the tank is c(x) 4- 30x
U 2
r
c'(x) '1 => the

critical points are and 15, > =* at x = 15 we have a minimum.

but is not in the domain. Thus c"(15)
The values of x = 15 minimize the cost.
ft and y = 5 ft will

(b) Thecost function, c = 5(x + 4xy) -+- lOxy, can be separated into two items: (1) the cost of materials and
labor to fabricate the tank, and (2) the cost for the excavation. Since the area of the sides and bottom of
2 2
the tank is (x + 4xy), it can be deduced that the unit cost to fabricate the tank is $5/ft Normally, .

excavation costs are per unit volume of excavated material. Consequently, the total excavation cost can be

taken as lOxy = (
*** Mf*^f \
-^ l(x y). This suggests that the n
1 hip flu nArtnf n t hnf + ** * T
unit ft
cost a+
of
t"* a i
**T ^^Vk
excavation *i ji T" *.*»' rt * **. i i rt
is where x is the length

of a side of the square base of the tank in feet. For the least expensive tank, the unit cost for the

2
, . $10/ft ^67 _ $18
excavation is , r >, 3
The total cogt of the jeast .

expensi ve tank is $3375, which is the

15 ft ft yd3
sum of $2625 for fabrication and $750 for the excavation.

11. The area of the printing is (y — 4)(x — 8) = 50. Consequently, 4

2
y = C~g) + 4. The area of the paper is A(x) = x(^g 4- 4) ,
2
«o
I

50
x
where 8 < x. Then A'(x) = 50 + 4 -x
x-i x-i
2
4(x - 8) - 400 4
2
= =r- the critical points arc —2 and 18, but
(x-8)
—2 is not in the domain. Thus A"(18) > => at x = 18 we have a
minimum. Therefore the dimensions 18 by 9 inches minimize the amount of paper.

12. The volume of the cone is V = ^7rr h, where r = x = y9 —y and h =y+3 (from the figure in the text).

Thus, V(y) = |(9-y 2 )(y + 3)=|(27 + 9y-3y 2 -y 3 )^V'(y)=:|(9-6y-3y 2 = ) 7r(l-y)(3 + y).

The critical points are -3 and 1, but -3 is not in the domain. Thus V"(l) = ^-(-6 - 6(1)) < => at y = 1

we have a maximum volume of V(l) = ?(8)(4) = —a^ cubic units.

 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 263

13. The area of the triangle is A(0) = sk-gp ^ , where < $ < it.

Solving A'(fl) = =>

ab C 0S 6
= =» $ = Since A"(<?)
2 f .

= _ absmfl ^ A »f|\ < 0> there is a max j mum at = |.

1000
14. A volume V = ?rr 2 h = 1000 => h 2
. The amount of material
Trr
is the surface area given by the sides and bottom of the can

=>S = 2xrh + xr 2 = 2f9 + 1rr

2
,0<i. Then SJf
=- ^ + 2ffr

= => *£ rJ-Q.QQ = o. The critical points are and -M=, but is not in the domain. Since 4~|
2 ~ ^§^
= 3 +
2tt
r ^/ir dr r

> 0, we have a minimum surface area when r = -a-= cm and h = — *- = -=-= cm.

15. With a volume of 1000 cm and V = Trr h, then h = —?rr

-p. The amount of aluminum used per can is

3
2000 8r - 1000 =
A = 8r2 + 2?rrh = 8r 2 + ^°^ . Then A'(r) = 16r = 0=> =( the critical points are and 5,

but r = results in no can. Since A"(r) = 16 + <j

> we have a minimum atr = 5^-h = ^ and h:i = 8:ff.

16. (a) The base measures 10 — 2x in. by —^ -- in., so the volume formula is

x(10-2x)(15-2x)
v(x)== =2x3 _ 25x2 + 75x-
(b) We require x> 0, 2x < 10, and 2x < 15. Combining these requirements, the domain is the interval (0,5).

[0. 5] by (-20, 80]

(c)

Hoximum
x=l.Hll») viff.emit

[0, 5] by [-20. 80]

The maximum volume is approximately 66.02 in. when x « 1.96 in.

264 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

(d) V'(x) = Qx z - 50x + 75

2
50 ± a/(~50) -4(6)(75)
= 50 ±^ 700
,

The critical point occurs when V'(x) = 0, at x = ;j^t

= f , that is, x «s 1.96 or xf» 6.37. We discard the larger value because it is not in the domain.

Since V"(x) = 12x- 50, which is negative when x ss 1.96, the critical point corresponds to the maximum

volume. The maximum volume occurs when x = „ fa 1.96, which confirms the result in (c).

17. (a) The "sides" of the suitcase will measure 24 — 2x in. by 18 — 2x in. and will be 2x in. apart, so the volume
3
formula is V(x) = 2x(24 - 2x)(18 - 2x) = 8x - 168x z + 864x.
(b) We require x> 0, 2x < 18, and 2x < 24. Combining these requirements, the domain is the interval (0,9).

[0,9] by [-400, 1600!

K
X- /» 1309. 954?
1400
1200
1000 -
-
800

«M -

400 -
/
200
i i i
i I i '^
2 4 6 8

This maximum volume is approximately 1309.95 in when x fa 3.39 in.

(d) V'(x) = 24x2 - 336x + 864 = 24(x2 - 14x + 36)

The critical point is at

_14± v/(-14) 2 -4(l)(36)_ 14=i:>/52

x = - = 7± v/13.
2(1) 2

that is, x fa 3.39 or x ss 10.61. We discard the larger value because it is not in the domain. Since
V"(x) = 24(2x — 14), which is negative when x fa 3.39, the critical point corresponds to the maximum
volume. The maximum value occurs at x = 7 — y 13 fa 3.39, which confirms the results in (c).
3 2
(e) 8x -168x + 864x = 1120
8(x3 - 21x 2 4- 108x - 140) =
8(x - 2)(x - 5)(x - 14) =
Since 14 is not in the domain, the possible values of x are x = 2 in. or x — 5 in.
(f) The dimensions of the resulting box are 2x in., (24 — 2x) in., and (18 — 2x) in. Each of these
measurements must be positive, so that gives the domain of (0,9).
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 265

18. If theupper right vertex of the rectangle is located at (x,4 cos 0.5x) for <x< x, then the rectangle has width
2x and height 4 cos 0.5x, so the area is A(x) = 8x cos 0.5x. Then A'(x) = 8x(— 0.5 sin 0.5x) + 8(cos 0.5x)(l)
= — 4x sin 0.5x +8 cos 0.5x. Solving A'(x) = graphically for < x < ir, we find that x tv 1.72. Evaluating
2x and 4 cos 0.5x for x fw 1.72, the dimensions of the rectangle are approximately 3.44 (width) by 2.61 (height),
and the maximum area is approximately 8.98.

19. Let the radius of the cylinder be r cm, < r < 10. Then the height is 2v 100 — r and the volume is

V(T) = 27rrVl00-r 2 cm3 . Then

V(.) 2,r*(-
7±—)(-„) + (2,y/rO03?) p.) =
V2VlOO-rV
-*" 3 + «"<"» - a
V100-r 2
. »"(»» -
V100-r 2
a
The critical point for < r < 10 occurs at r = J^P = 10*/|. Since V'(r) > for <r< 10 Jt and
V'(r) < for 10\/o <r< 10, the critical point corresponds to the maximum volume. The dimensions are

20
= lV§: 8.16 cm and h 11.55 cm, and the volume is ^MPj: M 2418.40 cm3 .

3^3

20. (a) From the diagram we have 4x +& = 108 and V = x2 «. The
volume of the box = x2 (108 -4x), where < x < 27.
is V(x)

Then V'(x) = 216x - 12x2 = 12x(18 - x) = => the critical «

points are and 18, but x = results in no box. Since

V"(x) = 216 - 24x < at x = 18 we have a maximum. The

dimensions of the box are 18 X 18 x 36 in.

2 108 ~g
(b) In terms of length, V(«) =x «= 4 ) t The graph
(
indicates that the maximum volume occurs near = 36,
which is consistent with the result of part (a).

21. (a) From the diagram we have 3h + 2w = 108 and V = h 2 w

= V(h) = h 2 (54 2 3
- 1 h) = 54h - |h Then V'(h) = 108h - |h
2
.

= |h(24 -h) = => h = or h = 24, but h = results in no

box. Since V"(h) = 108 — 9h < at h = 24, we have a maximum

o
volume at h = 24 inches and w = 54 — sh = 18 inches.
266 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

(b)

5 10 15 20 25 30 3s

22. From the diagram the perimeter is P = 2r + 2h + irr,

where r is the radius of the semicircle and h is the

height of the rectangle. The amount of light transmitted

is A= 2rh + Jirr 2 = r(P - 2r - irr) + Jmc a = rP - 2r 2 - |irr 2 .

Then #=Pdr
-
4r -2 ,rr = ^
=-8T3 1r
r

2h = P- 4P 2ttP _(4 + ^)P Therefore, .

8 + 3tt 8 + 3*r 8 + 3w
2r
gives the proportions that admit the most light since
h 4 + 7T

d^A -4-^7T<0.
2
dr

23. The fixed volume is V= irr

1
h + #2 m ^ =* h
V - 2r
= -^ , where h is the height of the cylinder and r is the radius
4f
7rr

of the hemisphere. To minimize the cost we must minimize surface area of the cylinder added to twice the

surface area of the hemisphere.

Then 3£ = 2V ^7rr = 0^
Thus, we minimize

V = |wr3 =*r
(TV
1 Y* '
s
C=

1
^
2?rrh

. From
+ 4wr =

the
2wr
w
volume equation, h
V+ 4ffr 2

V — Or
= -^ #
= 2V +
| 7rr2 _

dr .2

4V 1/3 1
3V^ = 3^ .2.4.V^-2.3'/ .V^3 =
1'3
3
1' 3
3
(3V)
v
1/3
Since
d?C
2
= 4V
3 +^
> jr fl] the8e
3-2-7T 3-2-tt ' dr r 3
dimensions do minimize the cost.

24. The volume of the trough is maximized when the area of the cross section is maximized. From the diagram

the area of the cross section is A(0) = cos 9 + sin 9 cos 0, < 9 < f. Then A'(0) = -sin 9 + cos 2 - sin 2 9
= -(2 2
sin # + sin 6 - l) = -(2 sin $ - l)(sin 9 + 1) so A'(9) = => sin 6 = | or sin 6 = -1 => =| because

sin 0^-1 when < < ?. Also, A'(0) > for <6 <| and A'(0) < for | < 6 < 5. Therefore, at =
|
there is a maximum.
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 267

25. (a) From the diagram we have: AP = x, R.A = v L 2 — x2 ,

PB = 8.5 - x, CH = DR = 11-RA = 11- \/L 2 - x 2 ,

QB = y x2 -(8.5-x) 2 ,HQ = ll-CH-QB

/

= ll-[ll-'V/L 2 -x 2 + y x 2 -(8.5-x) 2 /

RQ 2 = RH 2 + HQ 2 = (8.5)
2
+ ( \/L 2 -x 2 - ^x2 - (8.5 - x) 2 ) . It follows that

RF = PQ 2 + RQ 2
2
^L 2 = x2 + (7l 2
-x2 -y/x2 -(x-8.5) 2 ) + (8.5) 2
=> L 2 = x2 4- L 2 - x2 - 2 VL 2 - x2 ^17x - (8.5)
2
+ 17x - (8.5) 2 + (8.5) 2
2„2 d
17 x 17x
172x2 = 4(L 2 -x 2 )(l7x-(8.5) 2 )=>L2 =x 2 +
4[17x-(8.5n l7x-(8-5)'
d J d
17x 4x 2x
17 \2 4x-17 (2x-8.5)'
17x-
-(¥)

4x
d 4x 2 (8x-51) 51
(b) If ffx) = 4x-17
,"— '

,,. is minimized, then L2 is minimized. Now f'fx) = => f'(x) < when x < tt
v
'
v ' v
'
(4x — 17) tt- °

and f'(x) > when x > -*-. Thus L is minimized when x = -*-.
(c) When x =.51
2± then L « 11.0 in.
i

L
35
t
30
2S
20
u \M^
L " V2X-8.S

15

I
>AA/-"S « 7 4 S 16 *

26. (a) From the figure in the text we have P = 2x + 2y => y - £ - x. If P= 36, then y = 18 - x. When the

cylinder is formed, x = 27rr => r

x and h = y=^h =
= ;£- 18 — x. The volume of the cylinder is V= jrr h
2k

=* v (x = )
18X4~ x3
- Solving V'(x) =
3x
^ X^
= => x = or 12; but when x = 0, there is no cylinder.

Then V"(x) = |(3-|)=> V"(12) < => there is a maximum at x = 12. The values of x = 12 cm and
y = 6 cm give the largest volume.

(b) In this case V(x) = jrx2 (18 -x). Solving V'(x) = 3ttx(12 -x) = => x = or 12; but x = would result in

no cylinder. Then V"(x) = 6tt(6 - x) => V"(12) < => there is a maximum at x = 12. The values of

x = 12 cm and y = 6 cm give the largest volume,

27. Note that h 2 + r2 = 3 and so r = \/z - h 2 Then. the volume is given by V = 2 r2 h = 1(3 - h 2 )h = 7rh -?h3 for
< h < v^! and so 4rp — it - irh 2 = ir(l - h 2 ). The critical point (for h > 0) occurs at h = 1. Since —> for
268 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

<h< 1 and ~rr- < foi 1 < h < ^3, the critical point corresponds to the maximum volume. The cone of

greatest volume has radius y2 m, height 1 m, and volume -£ m ,

28. (a) f(x) = x 2 + 1 => f'(x) = x -2 (2x3 - a) , so that f'(x) = when x =2 implies a = 16

(b) f(x) = x2 +| =$• f"(x) = 2x~ 3 (x3 +a), so that f"(x) = when x = 1 implies a = -1

29. If f(x) = x2 + 1 , then f'(x) = 2x - ax -2 and f"(x) = 2 + 2ax~3 . The critical points are and ?M, but x ^ 0.
Now f'f -?r§
J
—6> ^- at x = */§ there is a local minimum. However, no local maximum exists for any a.

30. If f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx, 3x 2 + 2ax + b and f'(x) = 6x + 2a.

then f'(x) =
(a) A local maximum at and local minimum at x = 3 => !*(— 1) = and f'(3) = => 3 — 2a + b =
x = —1 and
27 + 6a + b = => a = -3 and b = -9.
(b) A local minimum at x = 4 and a point of inflection at x = 1 ^> f (4) = and f'(l) = => 48 + 8a + b =
and 6 + 2a = => a = -3 and b = -24.

31. (a) s(t) = -16t 2 + 96t + 112

v(t) = s'(t) = -32t + 96
At t = 0, the velocity is v(0) = 96 ft/sec.
(b) The maximum height occurs when v(t) = 0, when t = 3. The maximum height is s(3) = 256 ft and it

occurs at = 3 sec.t

Note thai s(t) = -16t + 96t + 112 = — 16(t + l)(t - 7), so s = at t = -1

2
(c) or t = 7. Choosing the
positive value of t, the velocity when s = is v(7) = — 128 ft /sec.

32.
"
h
t- *
'

-+— ~ 6 ~x — 61111 |

1
vni a g c

T~"F7F
_i
2mi / i j.
I t,t r
I
I/V4 + Smiles

Jane"*

Let x be the distance from the point on the shoreline nearest Jane's boat to the point where she lands her boat.

Then she needs to row y 4 + x2 mi at 2 mph and walk 6 — x mi at 5 mph. The total amount of time to reach

the village is

f(x) = V-i+2 + 6^ hours

1 °
(0 < x < 6). Then f (x) = I —± - (2x) -1= * , -k Solving
ii
2V4+x^ ° 2\/4 + x 2 °

f'(x) = 0, we have:

x _ 1

2y/iT^ 5

5x = 2\/4+x 2
25x 2 =4(4 + x2 )
2
21x = 16
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 269

x= ±
We discard the negative value of x because it is not in the domain. Checking the endpoints and critical point,

we have f(0) = 2.2, f (-4=\ « 2.12, and f(6) « 3.16. Jane should land her boat -4= « 0.87 miles down th
\/2l'

shoreline from the point nearest her boat.

33. g
x =
~ x + 27
h =8 +^ and L(x) = Jh 2 + (x + 27)

2
= V ( 8 + tt) + (x + 27 ) when x ^ °- Note that L ( x )

is minimized when f(x) = ( 8 + -%-) + (x + 27) 2 is minimized.

If f(x) = 0, then 2(8+^Y-^W2(x + 27) =

=> (x + 27) (
1 - i^P ] = => x = -27 (not acceptable since

distance is never negative) or x = 12. Then L(12) = a/2197 f=» 46.87 ft.

34. (a) From the diagram we have d 2 = 144 — w 2 The strength of the beam is S = kwd 2 = kw(l44 — w 2 )
.

=> S = 144kw - kw3 =S> S'(w) = 144k - 3kw 2 = 3k (48 - w2 ) so S'(w) = =*> w = ± 4i/3~
S"(4>/3) < and — 4\/3 is not acceptable. Therefore S(4\/3~) is the maximum strength. The dimensions
of the strongest beam are 4\/3 by 4 a/6 inches.

(b) (c)

1 iS—H"

Both graphs indicate the same maximum value and are consistent with each other. Changing k does not
change the dimensions that give the strongest beam (i.e., does not change the values of w and d that
produce the strongest beam).

1/2
35. (a) From the situation we have w2 = 144 - d 2 The . stiffness of the beam is S = kwd3 = kd3 (l44 - d 2 ) ,

~d
where <d< 12. Also, S'(d) = 4kd V 108 ' => critical points at 0, 12, and 6^. Both d = and
~ ~"
V144-d 2
d = 12 cause S = 0. The maximum occurs at d = 6y3. The dimensions are 6 by 6\/3 inches.

(b) (c)

S.<fWl44-Cf 2
T ir-fa* "^t\ i
5 £3 &
270 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

Both graphs indicate the same maximum value and are consistent with each other. The changing of k has
no effect.

36. (a) a
l
= s2 ^ sin t = sin (t + £ ) => sin t = sin t cos ? + sin ? cos t ^ sin t = » sin t + -=- cos t =^ tan t = y3

(b) The distance between the particles is s(t) = I Sj — s2 = 1 sin t — sin ( t + ?

J
=k j
sin t — y3 cos t
j

— v3 + v/3
cos t)(cos sin t) j .
...
= (sin t
t . x ..-
=> sit) ^-i ;= i since j— x ,

| | = rr-, => critical

i
times and endpomts
. i • .

2 »nt->/3cMt dx !x|

are 0,
f ,
%f ,
ij=, 2*; then s(0) = ^, s(|) = 0, s(^) = 1, s(4f ) = 0, b (!$*) = 1, >(2ir) = ^ => the

greatest distance between the particles is 1

_.
= (sin t- v/3 cos t)(cos t + \/3 sin t) . » , 4» ,,,. ,
, .

(c) Since s ft)

,,,.
^ /_ ^ ' we can conclude that at
, ,
t = •£•
A
and -¥-, s (t)
A
has cusps and
,

2 jsin t- V3 cos t|

the distance between the particles is changing the fastest near these points

37. (a) s = 10 cos(jrt) => v = — lOff sin (irt) => speed = |

IQtt sin (7rt) [
= 107r|sin (irt) |
=> the maximum speed is

10tt m 31.42 cm/sec since the maximum value of Jsin(irt) |

is 1; the cart is moving the fastest at t = 0.5 sec,
1.5 sec, 2.5 sec and 3.5 sec when |sin(7rt) j
is 1. At these times the distance is s = 10 cosf5) = cm and
2
a = -10ir2 cos (?rt) => a I |
= 10-r
2
|
cos (irt) |
=> a | |
= cm/sec

(b) | a |
= 10?r2 I cos (7rt) I is greatest at t = 0.0 sec, 1.0 sec, 2.0 sec, 3.0 sec and 4.0 sec, and at these times the
magnitude of the cart's position is Is = 10 cm from the rest position and the speed is
|
cm/sec.

38. (a) 2 sin t = sin 2t => 2 sin t -2 sin t cos t = =$ (2 sin t)(l - cos t) = => t = kir where k is a positive

integer

(b) The vertical distance between the masses is s(t) = Sj — s 2 = it1

t
— s2 ] 1 = (( sm 2t
—2 sin t) )
j

1/2
=>s'
s'(t) = (g)((sin 2t -2 2
sin t) )~ (2)(sin 2t —2 sin t)(2 cos 2t -2 cos t)

= 2(cos 2t — —
cos
•,

|
-
sin
—
2t-2
t)(sin 2t
— *

sin t|
- 2 sin
;
t)
= —»
- l)(sin t)(cos
— — —— — —
4(2 cos t +
—
|sin 2t -2 sin t|
— ~ t—- 1) — l)(cos t
j - ;- — ......
—^ critical times &x
,

0,
f f
, n, , 2*; then s(0) - 0, s(f ) = |sin(f )-2 sin(^)| = ^f-, »(») = 0, s(f

sin(^)- 2 sin(^)| = ^, sf» = => the greatest distance is

^ at t = ^ and ^
2 1/2
39. (a) s = 012 - 12t) 2 + (8t) 2 = ((12 - 12t) + 64t2 )

(b) & _ 2U
1( (12 _ i2t) 2 + 64t '
2
)
'
1/2
[2(12 - 12t)(-12)
" + 128t] = f
208
|.~
1
,
44
di 2
'

012-12t)
v
+ 64t 2
= -12 ds =
knots and t| 8 knots
dt dt t=i
t=o
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 271

(c) The graph indicates that the ships did not see

each other because s(t) > 5 for all values of t.

(d) The graph supports the conclusions in parts (b)

and (c).

y di._ .
zo8t-i44

ds (208t-144) 2
(e) lim 3|=t/li
V lim
v ' t-»oo dt t- :

~ 144(1 ~t)
2
+ 64t 2 t—too
144{i-l +64 v

\
which equals the square root of the sums of the squares of the individual speeds.

40. The distance OT + TB is minimized when OB is

a straight line. Hence Za = Z/3 ^9 t

— 92 .

41. If v = kax — kx2 , then v' = ka — 2kx and v" = —2k, so v' = ^- x =t . At x = £ there is a maximum since
v"($j) = -2k < 0. The maximum value of v is ^-.

42. (a) According to the graph, y'(0) = 0.

(b) According to the graph, y'(— L) = 0.
(c) y(0) = 0, so d = 0.
Now y'(x) = 3ax z -f 2bx + c, so y'(0) = implies that c = 0. = ax3 + bx2 and
Therefore, y(x)

y'(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx. Then y(-L) = -aL3 + bL 2 = H and y'(-L) = 3aL 2 - 2bL = 0, so we have two linear

equations in the two unknowns a and b. The second equation gives b = ^=. Substituting into the first
272 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

equation, we have — aL +-%— = H, or %p = H, so a = 2 — *. Therefore, b =3 -^ and the equation for y

3 2
is y(x) = 2 ^x3 + 3 ^x2 , or y(x) =H 2
(f)
+ 3 (f) ].
[

43. The profit is = n(x - c) = [a(x - c) _1 + b(100 - x)] (x - c) = a + b(100 - x)(x - c)

p = nx - nc
= a + (be + 100b)x - lOObc - bx 2 Then p'(x) = be + 100b - 2bx and p"(x) = -2b. Solving p'(x) =
. =>

x = & + 50. At x = s 4- 50 there is a maximum profit since p"(x) = —2b < for all x.

44. Let x represent the number of people over 50. The profit is p(x) = (50 + x)(200 - 2x) - 32(50 + x) - 6000
= -2x2 + 68x + 2400. Then p'(x) = -4x + 68 and p" = -4. Solving p'(x) = => x = 17. At x = 17 there is a

maximum since p"(17) < 0. It would take 67 people to maximize the profit.

hq im
45. (a) A(q) = kmq -1 + cm + |q, where q > => A'(q) = -kmq -2 + 1 = ~f and A"(q) = 2kmq-3 . The
2q

critical points are -J^H, 0, and i/^pS but only \/^p is in the domain. Then A "(v/np) > => at

1
q = a/ "P there is a minimum average weekly cost.

(b) A(q) =- ^m -
+ cm+|q = kmq
_1
+bm + cm + |q, where q > =» A'(q) = at q = J^Tp as in (a).

Also A"(q) = 2kmq -3 > so the most economical quantity to order is still q = y^r— which minimizes

the average weekly cost.

c(x)
46. We start with c(x) = the cost of producing x items, x > 0, and —j— = the average cost of producing x items,

assumed to be differentiable. If the average cost can be minimized, it will be at a production level at which

XC 'M~ C M =
g^TrO = =* (by the quotient rule) => xc'(x) - c(x) = (multiply both sides by x2 )
c(x)
==> c'(x) = —%* where c'(x) is the marginal cost. This concludes the proof. (Note: The theorem does not
assure a production level that will give a minimum average cost, but rather, it indicates where to look to see if

there isFind the production

one. levels where the average cost equals the marginal cost, then check to see if
any of them give a minimum.)

47. The profit p(x) = r(x) - c(x) = 6x - (x3 - 6x 2 + 15x) = -x3 + 6x2 - 9x, where x > 0. Then
p'(x) = -3x2 + 12x - 9 = -3(x - 3)(x - 1) and p"(x) = -6x + 12. The critical points are 1 and 3. Thus
p"(l) = 6>0=>atx=l there is a local minimum, and p"(3) = -6<0=>-atx = 3 there is a local maximum.
But p(3) = => the best you can do is break even.

c
48. The average cost of producing x items is is c(x) = -^to = * - 20x + 20,000 =» c'(x) = 2x - 20 = => x = 10,
the only critical value. The average cost c" (10) = $19,900 per item is a minimum average cost because

c"(10) = 2 > 0.
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 273

49. (a) The artisan should order px units of material in order to have enough until the next delivery.

(b) The average number of units in storage until the next delivery is =i- and so the cost of storing them is

sf tj-
J
per day, and the total cost for x days is I *s- jsx. When added to the delivery cost, the total cost for

DX
delivery and storage for each cycle is: cost per cycle = d + -h-sx.
(c) The average cost per day for storage and delivery of materials is:

d
= ( + jT ) = d^ + ps
x2
average cost per day =h-x. To minimize the average cost per day, set the derivative

equal to zero. ~( d(x) -1 +^-x = J

— d(x) +^- = 0^-x= ± y ps- Only the positive root makes sense

/2d
in this context so that x* = \/pg- To verify that x* gives a minimum, check the second derivative

2 _2d 2d
> => a minimum. The amount to deliver is px* = y -^—
£H*- +?)]| /M
ps
x3 m.
'p 8
( /2d\
2

VVPV
(d) The line and hyperbola intersect when | = §-x, Solving for x gives xinleriiection = ± y pg- For x > 0,

- = a/ts = x *- From this result, the average cost per day is minimized when the average daily
intersection
t
y ps
cost of delivery is equal to the average daily cost of storage.

50.. Average Cost: $> = 20M + 96 + 4x l/2 ^ d.(W) = _2QflO + fc -j/» = Q ^ x = m Check for a

2
minimum: —d (<*)\
^v^r
dx 2V
x x=100
-
'/
.
4000
100 3
- 100 -3 / 2 = 0.003 > =» a minimum at x = 100. At a production level

of 100,000 units, the average cost will be minimized at $156 per unit.

51. We have %,
j3td
dM
= CM - M 2 .

r*
Solving ^
dM 2
= C-2M=0^M=§.
2
Also,

^-^3 = -2 < => at M = ^2 there is a maximum.

dM

52. (a) If v = cr r
2 - cr3 , then v' = 2crQr - 3cr 2 = cr (2r - 3r) and v" = 2cr - 6cr = 2c (r - 3r). The solution of

v' = is r = or ~2r
, but is not in the domain. Also, v' > for r < ~
2r
and v' < for r
2r
> -^ => at

2r
r = -s o S£
,
there is a maximum.

°"^ oH 5T3 0T4 — oTT"

274 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

x z ^—
+l
53. If x> 0, then (x — 1) > => x +1> 2x => — > 2. In particular if a, b, c and d are positive integers,

then
+ lVba + lVc 2 + lVd 3 + l
> 16.

1/2 l/2

54. (a) f(x) = f

,
(a2 +x 2 ) -x 2 (a2 + x 2 )
2 2
^+x 2
-x2 ^
3/a 3/2
>0
la +x , 2 + x3) (a2 +x 2 )
f(x) is an increasing function of x

1/2 1/2
d-x -(b 2 + (d~x) 2 ) + (d-x) 2 (b 2 + (d-x) 2 )~
(b) g(x) = g'W = 2
b + (d-x)
2

_(b 2 + (d-x) 2 )+(d-x) 2 -b a

3/2
< => g(x) is a decreasing function of x
3/2
(b
2
+ (d-x) z ) (b
2
+ (d-x) 2 )
*:.,„ dt •

(c) Since c ]t c 2 > 0, the derivative ^P- is an increasing function of x (from part (a)) minus a decreasing

function of x (from part (b)): %

QX
=f
1
f(x) - ^g(x)
2
=> i!^|
at
dt
= ^f'(x) -4g'(x) >
1 ^
since f'(x) > and

g'(x) < =/• t^

dt
is an increasing function of x.

55. At x = c, the tangents to the curves are parallel. Justification: The vertical distance between the curves is

D(x) = f(x) - g(x), so D'(x) = f'(x) - g'(x). The maximum value of D will occur at a point c where D' = 0. At

such a point, f'(c) = g'(c) = 0, or f'(c) = g'(c).

56. (a) f(x) = 3 + 4 cos x + cos 2x is a periodic function with period 2z

2
f(x) = 3 + 4 cos x + cos 2x = 3 + 4 cos x + (2 cos x - l) = 2(l + 2 cos x + cos x) = 2(1 +cos x) >
2 2
(b) No,

=> f(x) is never negative

57. (a) If y = cot x — y/2 esc x where < x < it, then y' = (esc x) (y/2 cot x — esc x). Solving y' =
=> cos x = -j= => x =j . For < x < ^ we have y' > 0, and y' < when | <x< n. Therefore, at x =|
V 2,
there is a maximum value of y = —1.
(b)

"«^ i i'.i t i\i — J

-j
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 275

58. (a) If y= tan x + 3 cot x where < x < ? then y' = sec 2 x - 3 esc 2 x. Solving y' = =$ tan x = ± y/3
,

=> x = ±?, but — ? is not in the domain. Also, y" = 2 sec x tan x + 6 csc 2 x cot x > for ail < x < ?.

Therefore at x = ? there is a minimum value of y = 2\/3,

(b)

80

CO

40
y • Ian x + V3 sot x
20

0.25 a.$ i.'ii I i'.'js lis

2
59. (a) The square of the distance is D(x) = (x - ~\ + ( y/x + )
= x2 - 2x + 1, so D'(x) = 2x - 2 and the critical

point occurs at x = 1. Since D'(x) < for x < 1 and D'(x) > for x > 1, the critical point corresponds to

the minimum distance. The minimum distance is y'D(l) _V5

= -*=-.

2 si

The minimum distance is from the point (3/2,0) to the point (1, 1) on the graph of y = y/x, and this
occurs at the value x =1 where D(x), the distance squared, has its minimum value.

60. (a) Calculus method:

The square of the distance from the point (l, y3) to (x, v 16 — x 1 is given by

Dfx) = (x- l)
2
+ (\/l6 -x2 - y/i) = x2 - 2x+ 1 + 16 -x 2 - 2\/48 - 3x2 + 3 = -2x + 20 -2\/48 - 3x 2 .

6x
Then D'(x) = -2 ..
« . . .„ C-Bx) = -2 + Solving D'(x) = we have:
2^48 -3x 2 ^48 - 3x
2

6x = 2\/48 - 3x2
36x
2
= 4(48 - 3x2 )

9x
2
= 48 - 3x2
2
12x = 48
x= ±2
276 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

We discard x = —2 as an extraneous solution, leaving x = 2. Since D'(x) < for —4 < x < 2 and D'(x) >
for 2 < x < 4, the critical point corresponds to the minimum distance. The minimum distance is

yrj(2) = 2.
Geometry method:

The semicircle is centered at the origin and has radius 4. The distance from the origin to (l, \/3) is

Y I
2
+( \/3) = 2> The shortest distance from the point to the semicircle is the distance along the radius

containing the point ( 1, v 3). That distance is 4—2 = 2.

(b)

y. d< x >

The minimum distance is from the point (l, \/z) to the point (2,2\/2) on the graph of y = y 16 - x , and

this occurs at the value x =2 where D(x), the distance squared, has its minimum value.

61. (a) The base radius of the cone is r = 2 *|~ x and so the height is h = \/a2 - r2 = Ja2 ~(^f^) •

Therefore, V(x) = f3" 2 h = f f&fc*?

"~3V 2x J V
Jf - (%%=*t
V 2tt

(b) To simplify the calculations, we shall consider the volume as a function of r:

volume = f(r) = f r 2 -\/a 2 - r 2 , where < r < a.

f(r)=fA^
r
2
- A
2Va2 -r 2
-(-2r)+(V^?)(2r)

2
-r 3 + 2r(a2 -r )
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 277

— 2a
2
r-3r3
~3H
y/^:
2
?rr(2a -3r 2 )
3Va 2 -r2

The critical point occurs when r = -#-, which gives r = aJ4 = Y . Then

h = v a2 - r 2 = y a2 — fp = J %- = —o— • Using r = —Y— and h = Y , we may now find the values

of r and h for the given values of a.

When a = 4: r = —*— , h = —^—

w
When a =
,
5: r
5^
=—£— , h = 5v/3
~~— ;

When a = 6: r = 2^*6, h = 2^/3;

wi.
When a = o
8: r
8^6
=—s— ,
,8^
h= —^~

(c) Since r = Y and h = Y , the relationship is £= \/2.

62. (a) Let x represent the fixed value of x at point P, so that P has coordinates (x ,a), and let m = f (x ) be the

slope of line RT, Then the equation of line RT is y = m(x — x ) + a. The y-intercept of this line is

m{0 — Xq) + a = a — hiXq, and the x-intercept is the solution of m(x — x ) +a = 0, or x = ——^j . Let O
designate the origin. Then
(Area of triangle RST)

= 2(Area of triangle ORT)

= 2 s (x-intercept of line RT) (y-intercept of line RT)

/mx n — a
= — m ;
\

= -m(x -^)

Substituting x for x , f'(x) for m, and f(x) for a, we have A(x) = — f'(x) x— M
f'WJ'

(b) The domain is the open interval {0, 10). To graph, let yx = f(x) = 5 + 5J 1 - Ajr, y2 = f (x) = NDER(y 1 ),

and y 3 = A(x) = —yjl x — y^ } • The graph of the area function y3 = A(x) is shown below.
278 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

[0,10] by [-100, 10O0]

The vertical asymptotes at x = and x = 10 correspond to horizontal or vertical tangent lines, which do
not form triangles.

(c) Using our expression for the y-intercept of the tangent line, the height of the triangle is

a — mx = f(x) — f'(x) -x
~x
= 5+WlOO-x
1
a
:

2V100-X 2

= 5 + WlOO-x 2 + — 7=^
2\/l00-x 2

We may use graphing methods or the analytic method in part (d) to find that the minimum value of A(x)
occurs at x ss 8.66. Substituting this value into the expression above, the height of the triangle is 15.

This is 3 times the y-coordinate of the center of the ellipse.

(d) Part (a) remains unchanged. The domain is (0,C). To graph, note that

= B + B- /l - £ = B + S>/C 2
-x 3 and f'(x) = S — = ~^x we have
^? (-2x)
f(x) I " Therefore
c 2 >/c 2 cTc^x 2

f(x)
l2 B + g^C ^? 2
Bx
A(x) = -f'(x) x -
f'W. cn/c 2
"^ _____

C^C~~xx 2
2

Bx X —
-2 „2
C>/C"-x— -Bx

L=_[ Bx 2
+ (BC + B \ZC^?)( v/C 2 ^?^
BCxi/c 2 -x 2

Bx2 + BC\/C 2 -x 2 + B(C 2 -x2 )

BCWC 2 -x2L
1
Bc(c+VC 2^cI )f
BCxVC 2 -x 2
2
BC(c + \/C 2 -x 2 )
x^C 2 ^ 2
 Section 3.5 Modeling and Optimization 279

uv&^)(2)(c+Vdr^?) r x
-;
_ 2
y(c+v&^??(x. -*_
2
+y c^?(i)^
/

A'(x) = BC
x 2 (C
2
-x 2 )

BC(c + \/c 2 -x 2 ) -2x 2 -(C ^C 2 ^c 2 — + v cTr;

/
+ )
2 2 2
x (C -x ) ^C^x*

BC(c + \/C 2 -x2 ) -2xa Cx 2 -C^Cr^? + x2 -{C2 -x 2 )

2 2 2
x (C -x ) V&-y?
N
_ BC(cWc ~x
2 2 /'
Cx 2 r ^/ r 2 x 2
c2
)
cvc ~v ~r
-
x2 (c 2 -x 2 ) (^r?-
= BC(c + v/C 2 -x 2 )f Cx2 _ c(c2 _ x2) _ ca
V2
^?r^
x
2
(c 2 -x 2 )

= «c&Vcg)( 2x 2
2 _ c2 _ c ^—72)
(c -x f
x
2 2 2

To find the critical points for < x < C, we solve:

2x
2
~c 2 = cVc^7
4
4x -4C 2
x 2
+ C = C 4 -C2 x2
4

4x
4
-3C 2 x 2 =
x2 (4x2 - 3C 2 ) =

The minimum value of A(x) for <x<C occurs at the critical point x = —k— , or x2 = =^— . The
corresponding triangle height is

a — mx = f(x) — f'(x) • x

c CVC 2 -x 2
B 3C-
4
=B+
g^-2f + C,/C 2 -3C!

3BC 2
= B +.B/C>
£|^) +
4
cur c!
2

t> B 3B
= B + 2+"r i ,

= 3B

This shows that the triangle has minimum area when its height is 3B.
280 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

3.6 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS

3 2
1. f(x) = x - 2x + 3 => f (x) = 3x -2 => L(x) = f'(2)(x - 2) + f(2) = 10(x - 2) +7 => L(x) = lOx - 13 at x = 2

1/2 l/2
2. f(x) = \/x2 + 9 = (x 2 + 9) => f (x) = (±)(x 2 + 9)~ (2x) = £ => L(x) = f (-4)(x + 4) + f(-4)

= -|(x + 4) + 5 => L(x) = -|x + |atx = -4

3. f(x) = x + i => f'(x) = - x- 2

1 => L(x) = f(l) +f (l)(x - 1) = 2 + 0(x - 1) =2

4. f(x) =x 1 ' 3 =* f(x) = -^ => L(x) = f (-8)(x - (-8)) + f(-8) = i(x + 8) - 2 => L(x) = ^ -|

5. f(x) = tan x =* f (x) = sec

2
x => L(x) = f(ir) + f'(x)(x - ir) = + l(x - it) = x - tt

6. (a) f(x) = sin x => f'(x) = cos x => L(x) =x = f'(0)(x - 0) +f(0) = x => L(x)

(b) f(x) = cos x => f'(x) = -sin x => L(x) = f (0)(x - 0) + f(0) = 1 =>• L(x) = 1

f(x) = tanx^ f(x) = sec x => L(x) = f(0)(x - 0) + f(0) = x =f. L(x) = x
2
(c)

7. = k(l+x) k -
f'(x)
1

We have f(0) = 1 and f (0) = k. L(x) = f(0) + f (0)(x - 0) =l + k(x-0) = l + kx

8. (a) f(x) = (1 - x) 6 = [1 + (-x)j 6 « + 6(-x) = - 6x 1 1

(b) — j^-
f(x) = 2 — on + /-^m-i
= 2[1 (-x)]- 1 * 2[1 + (-l)(-x)] = 2 + 2x
_i_

(
C) f{x) = (i+xr i /2 wl+ (_i) x= i_x
1/2
(d)f(x) = V2n?=^(i + ^) ^(1+^)^(1+^)
1/3
(e) f( x ) = (4 + 3x) 1 /3 „4 1 /3
(l+f) «4 1 / 3 (l
+ l^)=4 1 /3
(l+|

6 + 3x
9. Center = -1
f(x) = 4x + 4
We have f(-l) = -5 and f'(-l) =
L(x)= f(-l) + f'(-l)(x - (-1)) = -5 + 0(x + 1) = -5

10. Center = 8

f(x)4x~ 2 / 3

We have f(8) = 2 and f (8) = ^.

L(x) = f(8) + f (8)(x - 8) = 2 + i(x - 8) = ^ +
 Section 3.6 Linearization and Differentials 281

11. Centers 1

_ (x + l)(l)-(x)(l) _
ffT
{), ~ i

(x+1) 2 -(x + 1) 2

We have f(l) = i and f (1) = ±

L(x)=f(l)+f(l)(x-l)=i + i(x-l) = ix + I
Alternate solution:

Using center = |, we have f( |) = | and f (^) = ^.

«-»=<l)+*aX—l)-f+4(— !)-*«+*
12. Center =I
f'(x) = —sin x

We have ff|) = and f'f

|) = -1-

L(x)=f(|) + f( )(x_ = 0-l(x-5) = -x +f

? f)

50
13. (a) (1.0002) = (1 + 0.0002) 50 « 1 + 50(0.0002) = 1 + .01 = 1.01

(b) 3/1.009 = (1 +0.009) 1 /3 « 1 +(i)(0.009) = 1 + 0.003 = 1.003

14. f(x) = v^TT + sin x = (x + 1) 1/2 + sin x => f (x) = (g)(x + 1) _1/2 + cos x => Lf(x) = f'(0)(x - 0) + f(0)
= |(x - 0) + 1 => L f(x) = |x+ 1, the linearization of f(x); g(x) = y/x + 1 = (x + 1) 1/2 =>• g'(x)

-1 / 2
= (i)(x + l) => L
g
(x) = g'(0)(x - 0) + g(0) = A(x - 0) + 1 => L (x)
g
= |x + 1, the linearization of g(x);

h(x) = sin x => h'(x) = cos x =$• Lh (x) = h'(0)(x - 0) + h(0) = (l)(x - 0) + =S> Lh (x) = x, the linearization of

h(x). Lf(x) = L„(x) + Ljj(x) implies that the linearization of a sum is equal to the sum of the linearizations.

15. y = x3 - 3^/x = x3 - 3x I/2 => dy = ^3x 2 - |x~ 1/2 ) dx => dy = fix 2 --^] dx

16. y = x^/^^ = x (l_ x2)

,1/2
1/
^ dy= (l)(l-xa r
1/2
+(x)(J)(l-x
a N" 1 /
) '
2,
£-2x) dx

2 2
= ( 1 _ x 2)-^ [( 1
_ x 2)_ x2] dx= (l r 2x ) dx
VT^x*

2
i+* 2 I (l+x^) ; (i+x^f
282 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

i8j »V* fcg p'(3( 1+ ^))-^(|x-^) \ -

x 1/2 +3_
18 ,-
:t
dy
Hi + ^)- S (iw^r { 9(1+lt ./3f ) t(n.j*t*
=> dy = ^
2
dx
3^(1 + ^)

19. 2y
3/2
+ xy -x = =* 3y 1/2 dy + ydx + xdy -dx = => (3y
1/2
+x) dy = (1 -y) dx =}. dy = -±fl- dx

20. xy 2 - 4x3/2 - y = => y dx + 2xy dy - 6x

2 1/2
dx - dy = =J> (2xy - 1) dy = (6x 1/2 - y 2 ) dx
6^-y 2

5 cos(5y^c)
= ain(5v^) = sinfSx 1 ^) => = ( cos (5x1 / 2 ))(| x - 1 / 2 ) dx =-
21. y dy => dy
^yf^ dx
22. y = cos(x2 ) =!> dy = [-sin(x2 )](2x) dx = -2x sin(x2 ) dx

= = 4(sec2 f 2
= 4x 2 sec 2 f
23. y 4 tanf
^J
=> dy
^ jj(x ) dx => dy
^J
dx

24. y = sec{x 2 - l) => dy = [sec(x2 - l) tan(x2 - l)](2x) dx = 2x[sec(x2 - l) tan(x2 - l)] dx

25. (a) Af = f(0.1) - f(0)= 0.21 -0 = 0.21

(b) Since f'(x) = 2x + 2, f (0) = 2.
Therefore, df = 2 dx = 2(0.1) = 0.2.
(c) |Af- df| = |0.21- 0.2 = 0.01 1

26. (a) Af=f(l.l)-f(l)= -0 = 0.231 0.231

Since f(x) = 3x - 1, f'(l) = 2.

2
(b)
Therefore, df = 2 dx = 2(0.1) = 0.2.
(c) |Af-df| = |0.231 -0.2] = 0.031

27. (a) Af = f(0.55)-f(0.5) = |°--2 = -^

(b) Since f (x) = -x -2 , f'(0.5) = -4.

Therefore, df = -4 dx = -4(0.05) = -0.2 = -l

(c) |Af-df| = .J.
ll
+I
5 55

26. (a) Af=f(1.01)-f(l) = 1.04060401 -1=0.04060401

= 3 = 4.
(b) Since f'(x) 4x , f (1)
Therefore, df = 4 dx = 4(0.01) = 0.04.
(c) | Af- df =
| 1
0.04060401 - 0.04 1 = 0.00060401

2
29. Note that -3— = 47rr , so that dV = 47rr dr. When r changes from a to a + di the change in volume is

approximately 47ra' dr.

 Section 3.6 Linearization and Differentials 283

30. Note that -r- = 87rr, so dS = 87rr dr. When r changes from a to a + dr, the change in surface area

is approximately 8ira dr.

Note that -r~

dV = 3x? dV = 3x 7 When x changes from a to a + dx, the change
31. , so dx. in volume is

2
approximately 3a dx.

32. Note that -^ — 12x, so dS ~ 12x dx. When x changes from a to a + dx, the change in surface area is

approximately 12a dx.

33. Given r = 2 m, = .02 m dr

(a) A = 7rr 2 => dA = 2?rr dr = 2ir(2)(.02) = .08* m2

(b) (^r)(100%) = 2%

34. C = 2?rr and dC = 2 in. => dC = 27r dr =» dr = i => the diameter grew about f in.; A = ?rr
2 =* dA = 2irt dr

= 2,r(5)(±)=10in. 2

35. The volume of a cylinder isV = ?rr h. When h is held fixed, we have -p- = 2irrh, and so dV = 2?rrh dr. For
h = 30 in., r = 6 in., and dr = 0.5 in., the thickness of the shell is approximately dV = 27rrh dr = 2ir(6)(30)(0.5)

= 180tt «j 565.5 in. 3

36. Let 9= angle of elevation and h - height of building. Then h = 30 tan 9 , so

dh = 30sec
z
0d0.We want \dh\ < 0.04/?, which gives:
2
|3Osec 0d0|<O.O4|3Otan0|

1 | ,„, 0.04sinf? |
,_. „_. . _ _
\d9\< => \d0 \< 0.04 sin 9 cos 9
cos 9 cos#

\d0\<
1

'
cos
0.04sin
12 12
— —=
0.01 radian. The angle should be measured with an error of less

than 0.01 radian (or approximately 0.57 degrees), which is a percentage error of approximately
0.76%

37. V= Trh
3
=> dV = 37rh
2
dh; recall that AV m dV. Then | AV < (1%)(V) =
|
\^ <=> I
dV |
<
^
=>• [37rh
2
dh| < — => |dh I < -nkn h = f 4% I h. Therefore the greatest tolerated error in the measurement

ofhisi%.

38. (a) Let Dj represent the inside diameter. Then V= irr h — fti'iT ) h = —-£— and h = 10 => V = —s-1
irD?
dV = 5ttD; dDj. Recall that AV at dV. We want AV < (1%)(V) 1 | => | dV < |
(yJq)(
-tj-*- =
J 40
284 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

vDt D;
=>
I
5-ttD; dDj |
< -j5p => dDj J
j
< khtt = ( k % ) D; => the measurement must have an error less than 4%.

(b) Let De represent the exterior diameter. Then S = 27rrh = — <j-^— = *D eh, when h = 10 => S = 10wDe
dS = 10* dDe . Recall that AS * dS. We want AS < (5%)(S) I I =S> I
dS I
<
(yj^)
(10irDe ) =* 10*r \
dDe
ttD
< —~ ^ IdD'el-< Pi
-~2 *$ ~
20
I (5%) De => the measurement must have an error less than 5%.

39. V = itt\, h is constant => dV = 2srrh dr; recall that AV ss dV. We want AVi < j^g V => |dV < Jjgjj
I |

2
*r h
2?rrhdr|< |dr|< (0.05%)r =>• a 0.05% variation in the radius can be tolerated.
-1000 2000

40. Volume = (x + Ax) J = x

J
+ 3x'(Ax) + 3x(Ax)" + (Ax)

/ bdg\
41. H = a + bg- ^dW = -bg- 2 dg = -^I ^^2Sl:
W = a +.b_„_LT„-i l
= f ||) = 37.87, so a change of
g uvv earth v_bdg\

V (M)V
gravity on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the same magnitude has on Earth.

A/2
42 . (a) T= 2tt
(|)
=> dT = 2,r s/L (- 1 g" 3 ' 2 ) dg = -it \/L
g~ 3/2
dg

(b) If g increases, then dg > => dT < 0. The period T decreases and the clock ticks more frequently. Both
the pendulum speed and clock speed increase.

(c) 0.001 = -x-/ioo(980 _3/2 ) dg => dg « -0.977 cm/sec 2 =$• the new g » 979 cm/sec 2

43. (a) Window: -0.00006 < x < 0.00006, 0.9999 <y < 1.0001

y
 Section 3.6 Linearization and Differentials 285

After zooming in seven times, starting with the window -1 < x < 1 and <y< 2 on a TI-92 Plus
calculator, the graph of f(x) shows no signs of straightening out,
(b) Window: -0.01 <x< 0.01, 0.98 <y< 1.02

1.02

l.m

g«

o.se

0.9B

After zooming in only twice, starting with the window — 1 < x < 1 and < y < 2 on a TI-92 Plus
calculator, the graph of g(x) already appears to be smoothing toward a horizontal straight line.
(c) After seven zooms, starting with the window -1 < x < 1 and <y<2 on a TI-92 Plus calculator,

the graph of g(x) looks exactly like a horizontal straight line.

(d) Window: -1 <x< 1, <y<2

/(*) and g(x)

44. (a) y = x2 at x = 1 (b) y = e x at x = 1

-+T* »s 1. )5

-*T*
-trt
-M ±:
9 0. »S 1. OS 1

-9i*
-p^
HH8

(b) y = x
e at x = (b) y = ex at x = —
-+T*

-+i«5
r-<-

05 0. )S

-*r«

-frr*
286 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

45. E{x) = f(x) - g(x) => E(x) = f(x) - m(x - a) - c. Then E(a) = => f(a) - m(a - a) - c = => c = f(a). Next
— —
we calculate m: lim v i —
,. f(x)
hm -^ —- ^rs
—a—
m(x
x
a) c
= =* km
[f(x)-f(a)
x— = (since c = f(a))

=»• f'(a) - m= => m = f'(a). Therefore, g(x) = m{x -a) +c = f'(a)(x- a) +f(a) is the linear approximation,

as claimed.

46. (a) i. Q(a) = f(a) implies that b = f(a).

ii. Since Q'(x) = bx+ 2b 2 (x - a), Q'(a) = f (a) implies that b x = f'(a).
iii. Since Q"(x) = 2b 2 Q"(a) = f (a) implies that b 2 = ^p.
, '

f"(a)
In summary, b = f(a), b1 = f'(a), and b2 = »--.

(b)f(x) = (l-x)- 1

f( X ) = -l(l-x)- 2 (-l) = (l-x)- 2

f'(x) = -2(l-x)- 3 (-l)=2(l-x)- 3
Since f(0) = 1, P (0) = 1, and f"(0) = 2, the coefficients are b = 1, bx = 1, b2 = | = 1. The quadratic

is Q(x) = 1 + x + x
2
approximation .

(c)

(-2,35, 2.35] by (- 1.25, 5.25]

As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become indistinguishable. They appear to be identical.

(d)g(x) = x- 1
g'(x) = -x- 2
g"(x) = 2x- 3

Since g(l) == 1, g'(l) = -1, and g"(l) = 2, the coefficients

coefficiei are b = 1, bt = -1, and b 2 =|= 1. The
quadratic approximation is Q(x) = 1 — (x — 1) + (x— l) z .

v^
X
[-1.35, 3.35) by I -1.25, 3.25]
 Section 3.6 Linearization and Differentials 287

As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become indistinguishable. They appear to be identical,

(e) hM^l+x) 1 '2

h'(x)=I(l + x)-^
3 /2
h"(x) = -i(l + x)-

_1
Since h(0) = 1, h'(0) = i, and h"(0) = -7, the coefficients are b = 1, bx = A, and b 2 = ~ = -^ The
2
quadratic approximation is Q(x) = !+§ — %-•

1-1.35,3.35] by [-1.25. 3.25}

As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become indistinguishable. They appear to be identical.

(f) The linearization of any differentiable function u(x) at x = a is L(x) = u(a) + u'(a)(x — a) = b + bj(x — a),
where b and bj are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms of the quadratic approximation. Thus,

the linearization for f(x) at x = is 1 + x; the linearization for g(x) at x =1 is 1 — (x — 1) or 2 — x; and the
linearization for h(x) at x = is 1 +£.

47. lim #5 = ^3=1

+ I
2

48. If f has a horizontal tangent at x = a, then f'(a) = and the linearization of f at x = a is

L(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x — a) = f(a) + • (x — a) = f(a). The linearization is a constant.

49. f( x)= 4x_ =>f (x) = 4(l-x^

/ U«)-J(3tf-x)->^
2 2 ' L(x)*4x
X +l + 1) ( x2

At x = 0: L(x) = f (0)(x - 0) + f(0) = 4x;

Atx=v/3: L(x)=i'(x/3)(x-v/3) + f(^)

= (-i)(x- V 3)+v/3=»LW=i(3v/3~x)
/

50 . (a) ^/1 + xwl+l gives the following: y/T+lwl+± =* yj^/l +1 re yi+i

wl + 4=» yT+T ft* Jl+j »* 1 +|, and so forth. That is, J. .Jy/1 +
. 1 w 1 +j- -* 1 as n ->oo.

n square roots
288 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

For successive tenth roots we obtain the approximation 1 +~ » 1 as n —> oo.

(b) Yes, you can use any positive number in place of 2. Repeating the argument in (a) gives

...JyT+x ssl+# — » 1 +0 as n — * oo provided that the number 1 +x is positive.

n square roots

51-54. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(plots):
a:= 1: f:=x ->xA3 + xA2- 2*x;
plot(f(x), x=-1..2);
diff(f(x),x);
fp := unapply (%,x);
L:=x -> f(a) + fp(a)*(x - a);
plot({f(x), L(x)}, x=-1..2);
eir:=x -> abs(f(x) — L(x));
plot(err(x), x=— 1..2, title = "absolute error function^);
err(-l);

Mathematica :

Clear[x]
{xl,x2} = {-1,2}; a = 1; f[x_] = xA3+x/\2-2x
Plot[f[x], {x,xl,x2} ]

L[x_] =f[a]+f[a] (x-a)

Plot[ {f[x], L[x]}, {x,xl,x2} ]

err[x_] := Abs[f[x] - L[xj]

Plot[ err[x], {x,xl,x2} ]

err[xl] // N

eps = 0.5; del = 0.3;

Plot[ {err[x],eps} {x,a— del,a+del} ]

eps = 0.1; del = 0.15;

Plot[ {err [x], eps}, {x,a— del,a+del} ]

eps = 0.01; del = 0.05;

Plot[ {err[x],eps}, {x,a— del,a+del} ]

3.7 NEWTON'S METHOD

1. y = x 2 +x-l=>y' = 2x + l^xn+1 =x n -^t^i;x =l^x =l-i±l=I = §

1

4 + 2-1
^ -2 9 3 ' _2 4+6-9_2
^ x2-s — 1 _ 13
0V , _ _i _. _il 1-1-1 _ o
x2
~3 4,i
+1 12 + 9 3 21 ~ 21 fil aua
°
q x° ~
' ^x i ~ -2 + 1 ~ L

-2 - 4 2
~ ~1
=> x91 = -4 +
= -% w -1.66667
1 3
 Section 3.7 Newton's Method 289

' 1
Xn
-^ n
= x3 + 3x+l =»y = 3xa + 3=»x n+1 = ^ = 0=»x 1 =0-i = -4
l
/
2. y xn ;x o
3< + 3^
-1 + 1
27
=> x2 =-
i +3

3. y ^ y'
= x.A4 +x. - 3 =>k../_-„3 , ^ x„ +1 =_.,x„
= 4x3 + 1 => , ! .,
Xn+ X n- 3-;..
x _1
=1 ^„
=> x ~
-_1 1
l + l-3_6
4x^ + 1
l 4 + 1

1296 ,.6_g

^ x 2"~5 -6 625 ^"5

864,,
u
_6
~5
1296 + 750-1875,6
4320 + 625 ~5
m -~
4945
5763
4945
, ,
1g 42 .

' °
_
~ ,
i =? x x
_
- i 1-1-3
-4 + 1

125
+1
—
- — 9z=>x
^> y __ o —2—3 —
16 Qill_ 51
-32+1 ~ + 31~
z ay, t B4R1B
i-oioio
2 31

4. y = 2x - x 2 + 1 =* y' = 2 - 2x => x„ +1 = x„ 2-2x„ ; x = => x 2 = — 0-0

2-0
+1

1
1
______l+l-
_lli- 5_ _.41 667)Xo
+ __ __^ _ __ 29==> Xl
v -_o2 4-4 + l _5- _ 5 5-f+l
=>x 2 - 1
41fifi7 . .
j--^- 2
~* x 2 - 2 2-5
2

5 20-25 + 4,5 1 -29^ 211667

4it,b
2 -12 ~2 12 -i2~^ '

625
-2
5 256 5 625-512
5. y=x 4 -2=>y' = 4x 3 =>xn+1 =xn -
2-4 125 4 2000
4Xn
16
-5
~ 4
113
2000
_ 2500-
~ 2000
113 _
~
2387
2000
_
~ n»

4_ 2 625 -2
6. From Exercise 5, x1J+] =xn ~ ^ g- ; x = -1 =>x 1 = -1 -^£t^ = -1 -i= -| => x2 = -|- 256125
4< 16
5 625-512 , 5 ,
113 -1.1935
'4 -2000 ~ 4^2000

7. f(x ) = and f'(x ) ^ => xn+1 = x^ - ~— - gives x

x
=x => x2 =x => xn =x for all n> 0. That is, all of
*
X «0
(

the approximations in Newton's method will be the root of f(x) = as well as x -

8. It does matter. If you start too far away from x = |£, the calculated values may approach some other root.

Starting with x = —0.5, for instance, leads to x = — ? as the root, not x = ?.

f(*o) f(h)
9. If x =h> =>• Xj =x - ,

f(x ) ?<h)

= h __^_ = h _ yh)( 2 Vh) = -h; (

2i/h

= -h<0^x1 =xo - - )_
f(x f(-h)
ifxo = -h-
k
F? 0)3 F( _ h)
290 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

= -h-
r ^ = -h+(^)(2 NAT) = h.

10. f(x) = x 1/3 f(x)=(i)x-^^ Xn+1 =xn - ^

IW- 2 / 3
(IK
= —2x^5 x = 1 =£ x
x
= —2, x2 = 4, x3 = —8, and

x4 = 16 and so forth. Since 1x^1 = 2xn _ 1 we may conclude

that n — » oo => I x,. I

— » oo.

11. The points of intersection of y = x3 and y = 3x + 1, or of y = x3 — 3x and y = 1, have the same x-values as the
3 — 3x — 1
roots of f(x) =x or the solutions of g'(x) = 0.

12. f(x)

Xj
= x-
= 1.49870
1 - 0.5 sin x =* f'(x) =1-0.5 cos x =* x„ +1 = x.-
^ ~
^"-^ i if * = 1.6, then

13. The following commands are for the TI-92 Plus calculator. (Be sure your calculator is in approximate mode.)
Go to the home screen and type the following:
(a) Define f(x) = x"3+3*x+l (enter)
f(x) STO>y0 (enter)
nDeriv(f(x),x) STO> yp (enter)
(b) -0.3 STO> x (enter)
(c) x-yO-fyp STO> x (enter)(enter)(enter)
After executing the last command two times the value, x = —0.322185, does not change in the sixth
decimal place thereafter.
(d) Now try xO = by typing the following commands:
STO> x (enter)
x — y0-ryp STO> x (enter)(enter)(enter)(enter)
After executing the last command three times the value, x = —0.322185, does not change in the sixth
decimal place thereafter.
(e) Try f(x) = sin x to estimate the zero at x = ir by typing the following:
Define f(x) = sin(x) (enter) '

3 STO>
x (enter)
x _y0-J-y P STO> x (enter)(enter)(enter)

After executing the last command two times the value, x = 3.14159, does not change in the fifth decimal
place thereafter. The command gives 3.14159 -©nl, which means any integer multiple of
zeros (sin(x),x)
3.14159. This matches the above result when @nl = 1.

14. (a) f(x)=x3 -3x-l=>f(x)

and -0.34730
= 3x 2 -3^xn+1 =xn -^ ^ 1
=> the two negative zeros are —1.53209
 Section 3.7 Newton's Method 291

(b) The estimated solutions of x3 — 3x — 1 =0 are

-1.53209, -0.34730, 1.87939.

(c) The estimated x- values where g(x) = 0.25x

4 — 1.5x
2 —x+5
has horizontal tangents are the roots of g'(x) = x3 — 3x— 1,
and these are -1.53209, -0.34730, 1.87939.
-2 -1

tan(x7t )-2xn
15. f(x) = tan x - 2x =» f (x) = sec 2 x - 2 => xn+1 = Xj, 2
;x =l => x
x
= 1.31047803
sec (x n
)
=> x2 = 1.223929097 => x6 = x7 = x 8 = 1.16556119

16. f(x) = x 4 -2x 3 -x 2 -2x + 2^f'(x)^4x 3 -6x 2 -2x-2^xn + ^xn - ^ »

*n 2x
"
+2 -
,
1
^ 4x
3
„

i
-6x 2 -2xn -2
if x = 0.5, then x4 = 0.630115396; if x = 2.5, then x4 = 2.57327196

17. (a) The graph of f(x) = sin 3x - 0.99 + x2 in the window y««ta(3»)-0.a» + »
— 2 < x < 2, — 2 < y < 3 suggests three roots. However,

when you zoom in on the x-axis near x = 1.2, you can see
that the graph lies above the axis there. There are only

two roots, one near x = — 1, the other near x = 0.4.

(b) f(x) = sin 3x - 0.99 + x => 2

f'(x) = 3 cos 3x + 2x
=> x
sin (3XJ- 0.99 +x£
*+l=* a -
and the solutions
3cos(3xn) + 2xn
are approximately 0.35003501505249 and -1.0261731615301
292 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

18. (a) Yes, three times as indicated by the

graphs

(b) f(x) = cos 3x - x => f (x)

= —3 sin 3x — 1 => Xjj .
1

cos(3xn )-xn
= xn-- •;: at
-3sin(3xn )-l
approximately -0.979367,

-0.887726, and 0.39004 we have ~rt" x

cos 3x =x

19. f(x) = 2x
4
- 4x 2 + 1 =* f (x) = 8x3 - 8x => x„ +1 = x, - ^L_i^±i. if Xq = _ 2 then Xg
, = -1.30656296; if
8xn- 8xn
x = -0.5, then x3 = -0.5411961; the roots are approximately ± 0.5411961 and ± 1.30656296 because f(x) is

an even function.

tanfXjj)
20. f(x) = tan x => f (x) = sec z x =» xn+1 = x^ ±— '-; x =3 =J> x. = 3.13971 => x, = 3.14159 and we
sec x„)
(
approximate ix to be 3.14159.

21. From the graph we let x = 0.5 and f(x) = cos x — 2x

cos(xn )-2x„
=>
^Tl+l — Xn _„
-sin(x„j
—-j => Xl = .45063
=> x2 = .45018 => at x sw 0.45 we have cos x = 2x.

22. From the graph we let x ~ -0.7 and f(x) = cos x+x
xn + cos(xn
*n+l
= x„- — )
=*• Xi = -.73944
l-sin^) y-cosx
=> x2 = -.73908 => at x fcs -0.74 we have cos x = —x.
 Section 3.7 Newton's Method 293

23. If f(x) = x3 + 2x - 4, then f(l) = -1 < and f(2) =8> => by the Intermediate Value Theorem the equation

x + 2x — 4 = has a solution between 1 and 2. Consequently, f'(x) = 3x 2 + 2 and y^+i — x^ -

3xJ + 2

Then x =1 => Xj = 1.2 => x2 = 1.17975 ^ x3 = 1.179509 => x4 = 1.1795090 =* the root is approximately

1.17951.

24. We wish to solve 8x4 - 14x3 - 9x2 + llx - 1 = 0. Let f(x) = 8x4 - 14x3 - 9x2 + llx - 1, then

f(x) = 32x3 - 42x2 - 18x + 11 => x^ = x„ - 32x 3v -424-18xn + ll

x approximation of corresponding root

-1.0 -0.976823589

0.1 0.100363332

0.6 0.642746671

2.0 1.983713587

25. f(x) = 4x4 - tat => f (x) = 16X* - 8x = xi+1 = Xj

**i) _
- ^-r Xi -. Iterations are performed
4x?-2
using the procedure in problem 13 in this section.

(a) For x = —2 or x = —0.8, Xj — — 1 as i gets large.

(b) For x = —0.5 or x = 0.25, Xj — as i gets large.

(c) For x = 0.8 or x = 2, Xj — » 1 as i gets large.

(d) (If your calculator has a CAS, put it in exact mode, otherwise approximate the radicals with a decimal

value.) For x = =— or Xq = , Newton's method does not converge. The values of Xj alternate
?

y/21 ,y/2l ..
,
between —— =— and —s— as i increases.

26. (a) The distance can be represented by

D(x) = J(x - 2) 2 + ( x2 + 5) , where x > 0. The

distance D(x) is minimized when

f(x) = (x - 2) 2 + ( x 2 + i) is minimized. If

f(x) = (x~2) 2 +(x 2 + i),then

= 4(x3 + x - l) and f'(x) = 4(3x 2 + 1 ) > 0.

f (x)
Now f'(x) = 0=*.x3 + x~l = 0=^ x (x 2 + l) = 1 => x = -ji
x* + l
-2, ~ 2*
(b) Letg(x)=^---x
2
= (x2 +l) -x=>g'(x) = -(x 2 + l) (2x)-l = -1
x + l 2
(x +ir
294 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

*n
— <+l
=* x n+l= x
n

M -2^
r-1
-; Xg = 1 ^ x4 = 0.68233 to

(x n
five

\40
-ir
decimal places.

39x„ +l
27. f(x) = (x - l) 40 => f'(x) = 40(x - 1) J9 =>• x„ +1 = x„ - 39 40
. With x = 2, our computer
40(x n -l)
gave Xg 7 = Xg 8 = x 89 = •• = x200 = 1.11051, coming within 0.11051 of the root x = 1.

v (x?-l)
28. f(x) = 4x4 -4x2 ^f'(x) = 16x
3
-8x = 8x(2x 2 -l)^xn+1 =x_ ^ (;ifx = .65, then
2(24-1)

x 12 ss -.000004, if x = .7, then x 12 = -1.000004; if x = .8, then x 6 = 1.000000. NOTE: -^ .654654

29. f(x) = x3 + 3.6x2 - 36.4 => f'(x) = 3x2 + 7.2x =$• x^ = x,, - ** + 2 '
*"" —- ;x = 2=>x1 = 2.5303
3xn + 7,2xn

=> x 2 = 2.45418225 => x3 = 2.45238021 = 2.45237921 which is 2.45

=> x4 to two decimal places. Recall that
_4
x = 4
10 [H 3 O+] =» [H 30+]= (x)(l0 )= (2.45)(l0 _4 ) = 0.000245

30. Newton's method yields the following:

the initial value 2 i y/% + i

the approached value 1 -5.559311 -29.5815 - 17.0789i

CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. The global minimum value of * occurs at x =s 2.

2. (a) The values of y' and y" are both negative where the graph is decreasing and concave down, at T.

(b) The value of y' is negative and the value of y" is positive where the graph is decreasing and concave up, at
P.

3. (a) The function is increasing on the intervals [—3,-2] and [1,2].

(b) The decreasing on the intervals [-2,0) and (0,1].
function is

(c) Local maximum values occur only at x 2 and at x = 2; local =— minimum values occur at x = — 3 and at
x= 1 provided f is continuous at x = 0.

4. The 24th day

5. No, since f(x) = x + 2x + tan x ^ f'(x) = 3x + 2 + sec x> => f(x) is always increasing on its domain.
 Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 295

6. No, since g(x) = esc x + 2 cot x =$> g'(x) = -esc x cot x - 2 esc
2
x = - co \ x - : \ x = - sinh—x (cos x + 2) <
.

sin x sin
=> g(x) is always decreasing on its domain

7. No absolute minimum because lim (7 + x)(ll — 3x) '

= — oo. Next f'(x) =

(11 - ix) 1 ' 3 - (7 + x)(ll - 3x)- 2 / 3 = (n-3x)-(7 + x) =

(11 -3x) 2 '3
4(1

(ll-3x)
-x)
2/3
x = 1 ^ =n
3
are ^ kd .

Since f> if x < 1 and f' < if x> 1, f(l) = 16 is the absolute maximum,

8. f(x)
=«±J =» f(x) = ^ -0-2x(ax + 2
b)
= ^ ax 2 + 2 bx + a ,
f(3) = t ^ l
(3a+ fa) = j and
,
f (3) = Q
x _1 (x
2
-l) (x 2
-l)
=* — 32 (9a + 6b + a) = 0. Solving simultaneously, a =6 and b = —10. These values mean

f'(x) = - 6x * - 20x ± 6 => f> if 2 < x < 3 and f < if 3 < x <4 => local maximum value of f(3) = 1.
(x2 -l)

9. Yes, because at each point of [0, 1) except x = 0, the function's value is a local minimum value as well as a

local maximum value. At x = the function's value, 0, is not a local minimum value because each open
interval around x = on the x-axis contains points to the left of where f equals — 1.

10. (a) The first derivative of the function f(x) =x is zero at x = even though f has no local extreme value at
x = 0.
(b) Theorem 2 says only that if f is differentiable and f has a local extreme at x = c then f (c) = 0. It does not
assert the (false) reverse implication f'(c) = => f has a local extreme at x = c.

11. No, because the interval <x< 1 fails to be closed. The Extreme Value Theorem says that if the function is

continuous throughout a finite closed interval a <x<b then the existence of absolute extrema is guaranteed on
that interval,

12. The absolute maximum is — 1 = 1 and the absolute minimum is |0 = 0. The result is consistent because the
I
1 1

Extreme Value Theorem for Continuous Functions does not require the interval be closed. However, if it is not
closed, absolute extrema may not exist, as Exercise 11 shows. That the interval be closed is a sufficient condi-
tion (together with continuity of the function), but it is not necessary for absolute extrema to exist.

13. (a) g(t) = sin t — 3t => g'(t) = 2 sin t cos t — 3 = sin (2t) — 3 =£• g' < => g(t) is always falling and hence must
decrease on every interval in its domain,
(b) One, since sin t — 3t — 5 =
— 3t = 5 have the same solutions:
and sin t f(t) = sin t — 3t — 5 has the same

derivative as g(t) in part (a) andalways decreasing with f(— 3) > and is f(0) < 0. The Intermediate Value
Theorem guarantees the continuous function f has a root in [—3,0].

2
14. (a) y = tan 8 => -r£ = sec 6 > => y = tan is always rising on its domain => y = tan 6 increases on every

interval in its domain

(b) The interval
J,
ir is not in the tangent's domain because tan & is undefined at 8 = ?. Thus the tangent

need not increase on this interval.

15. (a) f(x) = x" + 2x2 - 2 = f (x) = 4x3 + 4x. Since f(0) = -2 < 0, f(l) =1> and f'(x) > for < x < 1, we

may conclude from the Intermediate Value Theorem that f(x) has exactly one solution when <x< 1.
296 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

(b) x2 = > x2 = i/3 - 1 and x > x « « .8555996772

f =J> =}>
V^320508076

16. (a) y = ^-j =; y' = 1

- > 0, for all x in the domain of —^-y => y = —^-r is increasing in every interval in
x+1 (x + l)<

its domain
(b) y = x3 + 2x ^ y' = 3x 2
+2 > for all x = the graph of y = x3 + 2x is always increasing and can never
have a local maximum or minimum

17. Let V(t) represent the volume of the water in the reservoir at time t, in minutes, let V(0) =a be the initial

amount and V(1440) = a + (1400)(43,560)(7.48) gallons be the amount of water contained in the reservoir
after the rain, where 24 hr = 1440 min. Assume that V(t) is continuous on [0, 1440] and differentiable on

(0, 1440). The Mean Value Theorem says that for some t in (0, 1440) we have V'(t ) = ^ffJnZn^
— ao + (1400)(43,560)(7.48)-ao =
_
J44Q
—
456,160,320 gal
1440 min
—= .
Jlb > 778 gal/mm. Therefore at t the reservoir's volume

was increasing at a rate in excess of 225,000 gal/min.

18. Yes, all differentiable functions g(x) having 3 as a derivative differ by only a constant. Consequently, the
difference 3x - g(x) is a constant K because g'(x) = 3 = -j^(3x). Thus g(x) = 3x + K, the same form as P(x).

19. No, ^2~-j = 1 + ^-y =>• ^-y differs from -^- by the constant 1. Both functions have the same derivative

d / x \ _ (x+l)-x(l) _ l _ d/ -1 \
dxU + U (x + 1)
2
(x + 1) 2 Mx + li"

f'(x)=g'(x)= 2x - g(x) = C
20. f(x) for some constant C =* the graphs differ by a vertical shift.
2
(x + l)
21. 22.
 Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 297

27. (a) y' = 16 —x =* y' = | +++ | => the curve is rising on (—4,4), falling on (— oo, —4) and (4,oo)
-A

=> a local maximum at x = 4 and a local minimum at x = —4; y" — — 2x => y" = +++ | => the curve

is concave up on (— oo,0), concave down on (0, oo) = a point of inflection at x =

0)

28. (a) y' = x 2 - x - 6 = (x - 3)(x + 2) => y' = +++ |

| +++ => the curve is rising on (-oo, -2) and (3, oo)
-2

falling on (—2,3) => local maximum at x = —2 and a local minimum at x = 3; y" = 2x — 1

=> y" = ] +++ => concave up on I A, oo 1 , concave down on f — oo, A ) => a point of inflection at x =k

(b)
«—

x-1/2

x-3

= 6x(x + l)(x - 2) = 6x3 - 6x2 - 12x => y' = +++ +++

29. (a) y'
-10 |
|

2
|
=> the graph is rising on (-1,0)

and (2,oo), failing on (— oo,— 1) and (0,2) => a local maximum at x = 0, local minima at x = —1 and

x = 2;y"=18x 2 ~12x-12=6(3x 2 -2x-2)=6(x-^=s^)(x-i^_^)=>

concave up on { — oo,
i-y/i\
— — ii +^v^ oo
//
y" = +++ |
J
+++ => the curve is 2 i and I I
— ,< I , concave down
i-v/r i+v/7
298 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

+sVtV .......
on l
'l-v/7
s — ,
I
=> j points ot inflection at
,
x —
= 1±V7
^
GO

i-2

30. (a) y' = x4 - 2x2 = x2 (x2 - 2) =>• y' = +++ | |

| +++ =j» the curve is rising on {-oo, -v/5) and
-0 ° V^
( y2,oo), falling on (— y2, 1/2) => a local maximum at x = — 1/2 and a local minimum at x = V^;
y" = 4x3 - 4x = 4x(x - l)(x + 1) => y" = +++ +++ => concave up on
-10
|
|
|

1
(-1,0) and (l,oo),

concave down on (—00, — 1) and {0, 1) =J> points of inflection at x = and x = ±1

(b)

--V?

31. (a) t = 0, 6, 12 (b) t = 3, 9 (c) 6 <t < 12 (d) <t< 6, 12 <t< 14

32. (a) t =4 (b) at no time (c) 0<t<4 (d) 4 <t< 8

33. (a) v(t) = s'(t) = 4 - 6t - 3t 2

(b) a(t) = v'(t) = -6 - 6t
(c) The particle starts at position 3 moving in the positive direction, but decelerating, At approximately
t = reaches a position 4.128 and changes direction, beginning to move in the negative direction.
0.528, it

After that, it continues to accelerate while moving in the negative direction.

34. s(t) = it4 - 4t3 + 6t 2 , t > => v(t) = 2t 3 - 12t 2 + 12t; v(t) = => t(t 2 - 6t + 6) = =* t = 0, t = 3 - y/$
as 1.268, and t = 3 + v^ « 4.732. For <t< 3 - y/5, v(t) > 0, for 3 - y/Z < * < 3 + x/3, v(t) < 0, and for

t > 3 + v3, v(t) > 0, therefore, the particle moves forward during the time intervals, (0,3 — y/i) and

(3 + ^,00).

-4 -5 -4
35. Since ^(- |x -| cos 2x) = x + sin 2x, f(x) = -|x -| cos 2x + C.

36. Since 3— sec x = sec x tan x, f(x) = sec x + C.

37. Since ^(-| + ix3 + x) = 4 + x 2 + l,f(x) = -|+±x3 + x + C for x>0.

 Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 299

38. Since
f (|x 3/2
4- 2X
1 '2
) = ^ + 4= W = fx .
3 '2
+ 2X
1 /2
+ C.

39. v(t) = s'(t) = 9.8t +5 => s(t) = 4.9t

2
+ 5t + C; s(0) = 10 => C= 10 => s(t) = 4.9t 2 + 5t + 10

40. a(t) = v'(t) = 32 = 32t + C^ v(0) = 20 =$• C : = 20 => v(t) = s'(t) = 32t + 20
=> v(t)

s(t) = 16t + 20t + C s(0) = 5 =$• C = 5 =^ s(t) = 16t + 20t + 5

2 2
;
2 2

41 .£ = y 2
-l
dy dy dy
(a)g| = y 2 -l=0=>y=±l;y<-l^gj>0, -Ky<l=>^<0, y>l=>^>0. Therefore,

y = — 1 is stable and y = is unstable. 1

2
d y dy
(b)^=2yHI = 2y(y 2 -l
dx dx

>»-! >;l

>=o

(c)

dy dy dy dy
42. (a) gi = y -y* = => y = or 1; y < => ^< 0, < y < 1 = g| > 0, y > 1 => -£ < 0.

Therefore, y = is unstable and y =1 is stable.

300 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

(b)^ = (l-2y)^
dx
= (l-2y)(y-y 2 ) = y(l~2y)(l~y)
dx^

1/2

*«• £»• *<°

I
l r-
die
I
l aX
2
1
i
ax
2
2
,2 rf y ! d y | rf y^_
Tr >0
!

<oi
'
-T>0!
dx
TT <0 5

fl!r

43. Note that s = 100 - 2r and the sector area is given by A = vi 2 (^) = ~rs - ir(100 - 2r) = 50r - r 2 To find .

the domain of A(r) = 50r — r 2 , note that r > and < s < 27rr, which gives 12.1 ss •
<r< 50. Since
1T+1
A'(r) = 50 — 2r, the critical point occurs at r = 25. This value is in the domain and corresponds to the

maximum area because A"(r) = —2, which is negative for all r. The greatest area is attained when r = 25 ft
and s = 50 ft.

44. A(x) = |(2x)(27 -x2 for < x < ^/27 )

=> A'(x) = 3(3 + x)(3 - x) and A"(x) = -6x.

The critical points are —3 and 3, but —3 is not in the

domain. Since A" (3) = -18 < and A{ -^27) = 0,

the maximum occurs at x = 3 => the largest area is

A(3) = 54 sq units.

45. From the diagram we have f 4 J + r — ( v3)

=> r — —x— . The volume of the cylinder is

 Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 301

r
2
h = x (l2^h?) h = !( 12h _ h 3) )Whe
< h < 2^3 • Then V'(h) = & (2 +h){2 - h)
=J> the critical points are —2 and 2, but —2 is not in

the domain. At h =2 there is a maximum since

V"(2) = -3tt < 0. The dimensions of the largest

cylinder are radius = y2 and height = 2,

46. From the diagram we have y = 12 — 2x and

V(x) = i ttx2 (12 - 2x), where < x < 6
=5> V'(x) = 2xx(4 - x) and V"(4) = -8ir. The

critical points are and 4; V(0) = V(6) = => x = 4

AK
gives the maximum. Thus the values of r = 4 and

h = 4 yield the largest volume for the smaller cone.

47. The profit P = 2px + py = 2px + p(^tt~^), where p is the profit on grade B tires and < x < 4. Thus

P'(x) =- —~?(x -
(5-x)
2
lOx + 20) =» the critical points are (5 - \/l), 5, and (5 + i/5)» but only (5 - \/Z) is in

the domain. Now P'(x) > for <x<4=>atx = (5- \A) there
< x< (5 - v^) and P'(x) < for (o - y/h)

is a local maximum. Also P(0) = 8p, P(5 - y/E) = 4p{5 - v^) w Hp> and p ( 4 = 8P =* at x = ( 5 ~ V^) tliere )

is an absolute maximum. The maximum occurs when x = (5 — v 5) and y = 2(5 — v 5J, the units are

hundreds of tires, i.e., x as 276 tires and y sw 553 tires.

48. (a) The distance between the particles is |f(t) j

where

f(t) = -cost + cos('t+f\

Then f'(t) = sin t - sin ft + 1

Solving f(t) = graphically, we obtain t as 1.178, t fts 4.320, and so on.

[0. 2wJby[-2.2]

Alternatively, f (t) = may be solved analytically as follows.

302 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

f(t)=sin[(t + {)-|]- S in[(t + f) +

|]

= [sin(t + |)cos|-cos(t + |)sin||-fsin(t+|)cos| + cosA + |)sin

J]
= -2sin|cos(t+|\
so the critical points occur when

cos ft + 1] = 0, or t = ^ + kir. At each of these values, f(t) = ± 2 cos ^ ?» ± 0.765 units, so the

maximum distance between the particles is 0.765 units,

(b) Solving cos t = cosf t +? j

graphically, we obtain t w 2.749, t «a 5.890, and so on.

ri-.iiiirai

10, 2ir] by [-2, 2]

Alternatively, this problem can be solved analytically as follows.

cos t = cos 1 1 +% 1

C0S t + f)~f] = C0S t+ + f)

[( [( f)
cosft +|) cos j + shift + |) sin | = cos A + 1) cos |-sinft +|) cos |
2sin(t + |)sin| =
shift + |) =
t = ^L + kir
7tt
The particles collide when t = -5- as 2.749 (plus multiples of ir if they keep going.)

49. The dimensions will be x in. by 10 - 2x in. by 16 - 2x in., so V(x) = x(10 - 2x)(16 - 2x) = 4x3 - 52x2 + 160x
2
for < x < 5. Then V'(x) = 12x - 104x + 160 = 4(x - 2)(3x - 20), so the critical point in the correct domain

is x = 2. This critical point corresponds to the maximum possible volume because V'(x) > for < x < 2 and
V'(x) < for 2 < x < 5. The box of largest volume has a height of 2 in. and a base measuring 6 in. by 12 in.,

and its volume is 144 in.

Graphical support:

CD. 5) by [-40. 160]

 Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 303

50. The volume is V = x2 h = 32 => h = 2f . The

x

surface area is S(x) = x2 + 4x( ^ = x 2 + J

^
2x ~ 128
where x > => S'(x) = =$> the critical
x'
points are and 4, but is not in the domain.

Now S"(4) = 2+^M>0=>atx = 4 there is

a minimum. The dimensions 4 ft by 4 ft by 2 ft

minimize the surface area.

51. (a) If f(x) = tan x and x = — ?, then f'(x) = sec x,

f(-f ) = -1 and ?(-}) = 2. The linearization of

f(x) is L(x) = 2 (x + 1) + (-1) = 2x + 2L^1

(b) If f(x) = sec x and x = — ?, then f(x) = sec x tan x,

f(-fj = \/2 and f (~

J)
= -yfi. The linearization of

f(x) is L(x) = -v/2(x + j) + y/2 = _V2x + ^%^.

~sec x
52. f(x) = j—j1 =* f'(x) = , . The linearization at x = is L(x) = f'(0)(x - 0) + f(0) = 1 - x.
i + tanx (1+tanx)

53. f(x) = v^c+T + sin x - 0.5 = (x + 1) 1/2 + sin x - 0.5 => f (x) = fi)(x + 1)~ 1/2 + cos x
=> L(x) = f (0)(x - 0) +f(G) = 1.5(x- 0) + 0.5 =* L(x) = 1.5x + 0.5, the linearization of f(x).

54. f(x) = r2-3 +vTTlE-3.1=2(l-x)- + (l+x) 1/2 -3.1

E
1
=>f(x) = -2(l-x)- 2 (-l) + i(l+x)- x/2
+ => L(x) = f (0)(x - 0) + f(0) = 2.5x - 0.1, the linearization of f(x).
(1-X) 2
r

2y/THi
304 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

55. When the volume is V = inr h, then dV = 47rr h dr estimates the change in the volume for fixed h.

56. (a) S = 6r 2 =}> dS = 12r dr. We want |dS < (2%) S |

=> 12r dri
1
< ^- => |dr I
< ^ . The measurement of the

edge r must have an error less than 1%.

3 3r dr
(b) When V = r , then dV = 3r
2
dr. The accuracy of the volume is (^)(100%) = f
3 ](100%)

= (f ) (dr)(100%) = (j)(igo) (100%) = 3%

57 . C = 2irr => r = £-, S = 4;rr2 = Cr , and V = |irr3 = -^. It also follows that dr = ^- dC, dS = ^f dC and

c 2 dC.
dV = -^ Recall that C= 10 cm and dC = 0.4 cm.
2
2ir

(a) dr = M= P^2 cm ^ (dr) (100%) = (^)(ff ) (100%) = (.04)(100%) = 4%

= 20 (0.4) = | cm
(b) dS =>
(f )(100%) = (|)^)(100%) = 8%

dV = 1^(0.4) = 20 cm => (^)(100%) = 100%) = 12%

(c)
(^(^) (

20
/u + aa_
=a
^ = ±? =» h = 14 The same
58. Similar triangles yield ft. triangles imply that | =$• h = 120a" + 6 1

=-
dh =
-™^=-fo.=(-f)(±A)= 45' ± 0.0444 ft = ± 0.53 inches,

59. The graph of f(x) shows that for 1 < x < 2, f(x) = has one solution near x = 1.7. (Note: The exact solution

is x = y/Z « 1.732051. Nonetheless, we use Newton's method to find an estimate for this solution.)

***-< = 1.732981, x 2 =
f(x) = 3x - x3 => f'(x) = 3 - 3x2 =* xn+1 = x„ - x = 1.7, X! 1.732052,
3-3x 2
x3 = 1.732051, x4 = 1.732051. Solution: x ss 1.732051.
 Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 305

60. The graph of f(x) shows that for x < 0, f(x) = has one solution near x = —2.

-3
f(x) = xJ + 4x~ 2 + 7 => f (x) = Zx* - 8x _d =>• xn+1 = x,, => x = -2,
34 -8x^ 3 *» 3x*-8
Xj = —2. This is because x = —2 is a root, the one we are looking for.

61. The domain of g(t) is (— oo, 1], and the graph of g(t) shows that g(t) = has one solution near t = — 1.

2 cos — ,/l
V — 1„
g(t) =2 cos t- VT^t
,

=> g'(t) = -2 sin + t — 1

J==
2^1-t
=> t
n+1 =t n
_ 2sm:
t„
" . =>t„ = -1,
t
n + 2-^==

tj = -0.836185, t
2
= -0.828381, t
3 = -0.828361, t
4
= -0.828361. Solution: t « -0.828361,
62. The graph of g(t) shows that for t > 0, g(t) = has one solution between t =3 and t = 4.
9(C)

°- 5
g(') = Jl+JUt-*
306 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

g(t) = V^+ v^Tt~4^gXt)=^ + ^^^t n+1 = tn -^^V ^ 4

=» x1 = 3, x2 k 3.497423,

x2 « 3.515604, x3 as 3.515625, x4 « 3.515625

Solution: x s» 3.515625

CHAPTER 3 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

1. If M and m are the maximum and minimum values, respectively, then m < f(x) < M for all x G I. If m=M
then f is constant on I.

3x + 6, -2 <x<
2, No, the function f(x) =< 2
has an absolute minimum value of at x = —2 and an absolute
9- x , < x < 2

maximum value of 9 at x = 0, but it is discontinuous at x = 0.

3. On an open interval the extreme values of a continuous function (if any) must occur at an interior critical
point. On a half-open interval the extreme values of a continuous function may be at a critical point or at the
closed endpoint. Extreme values occur only where f' = 0, f does not exist, or at the endpoints of the interval.
Thus the extreme points will not be at the open ends of an open interval.

4. The
minimum
pattern

at x
f=
=
+++
3,
12
| [

3
| ++++ +++ indicates a local
[

4
maximum at x = 1 and a local

5. (a) If y' = 6(x + l)(x - 2) 2 , then y' < for x < -1 and y' > for x > -1. The sign pattern is

f' = | +++ +++ =>• f has a local minimum at x = -1.

|
Also y" = 6(x - 2)
2
+ 12(x + l)(x - 2)
-1 2

= 6(x - 2)(3x) =* y" > for x < or x> 2, while y" < for < x < 2. Therefore f has points of inflection

at x= and x = 2.
(b) If y' = 6x(x + l)(x - 2), then y' < for x < -1 and <x< 2; y' > for -1< x < and x > 2. The sign

sign pattern is y' = +++ +++ Therefore f has a local maximum at x = and
-10
|
|
|

2
•

local minima at x = —1 and x = 2. Also, y" =6 x

_.i-v* i + y/7
, so y" < for

s^— < x < —s^— and y" > for all other x ^ f has points of inflection at x = s •

The Mean Value Theorem indicates that

~ = f (c) < 2 for some c in (0,6). Then f(6) -f(0) < 12
6. g q
indicates the most that f can increase is 12.

7. If f is continuous on [a,c) and f'(x) < on [a,c), then by the Mean Value Theorem for all xe [a,c) we have
f( c
).r *W < o => f(c) -f(x) < =>• f(x) > f(c). Also if f is continuous on (c,b] and f'(x) > on (c,b], then for

all x€ (c,b] we have ^1^ > => f(x) - f(c) > => f(x) > 1(c). Therefore f(x) > f(c) for all xG [a,b].
 Chapter 3 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 307

I (a) For all x, -fx + I)

2
< < (x- I) 2 => -(l + x2 )< 2x <(l + x2 ) => -i1 <—
1 + x*
< k-
z
^
f(b)-f(a) f(b)-f(a)
(b) There exists c € (a, b) such that < i, from part (a)
1+c' b-a b-i 1+c 1
=>|f(b)-f(a)|<i|b-a|.

9. No. Corollary 1 requires that f'(x) = for all x in some interval I, not f'(x) = at a single point in I.

10. (a) h(x) = f(x)g(x) => h'(x) = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x) which changes signs at x = a since f'{x), g'(x) > when

x < a, f'(x), g'(x) < when x >a and f(x), g(x) > for all x. Therefore h(x) does have a local maximum
at x = a.
(b) No, let f(x) = g(x) = x3 which have points of inflection at x = 0, but h(x) = x6 has no point of inflection

(it has a local minimum at x = 0).

11. From (ii), f(-l) = FT^t a_ = => a = 1; from (iii), 1 = Jim f(x) = Jim X + 1
= Jim 1+i
2
j
bx + c+£
=> b = (because b = 1 => lim f(x) = 0). Also, if c = then lira f(x) = co so we must have c = 1. In

summary, a = 1, b = 0, and c = 1.

12. $1 - 3X2 + 2kx + 3 = =>• x = 2k ± V4k 36 ^ x has onl one value when 4k
2 - 36 = =» k 2 =9 or
dx
k= ±3.

1/ 2
13. The area of the AABC is A(x) = i(2) y/l -x 2 = (l -x 2 )
—x 2
where <x< 1. Thus A'(x) = and ±1 are (x,</l~X )
yr^
critical points. ± 1) = so A(0) = 1 is the
Also A(
maximum. When x = the AABC is isosceles since
AC = BC = v/2-

14. The length of the ladder is dt + d2 = 8 sec 9 + 6 esc 9. We

wish to maximize 1(9) =8 sec 9 + 6 esc 9 => I'(fl)

= 8 sec tan 9 -6 esc cot 0. Then l'(0) = 8 sec - d.

=*• 8 sin3 9 -6 cos

3
= => tan 9 =~- =>
di = 4^4 + V36and d2 = V36^/4 + V36
=> the length of the .ladder is about

(4 + V36) \/4 + V36 = (4 + V36~) « 19 ft (rounded down so that the ladder will make the corner).

15. The time it would take the water to , where g is the acceleration of
hit the ground from height y is \
—
V
gravity. The product of time and exit velocity (rate) yields the distance the water travels:
308 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

D(y) = M v/64(h-y) = 8 ^(hy - y 2 f\ < y < h => D'(y) = 4 ^(hy - y 2 )

1/2
(h - 2y) => 0, \ and h
are critical points. Now D(0) =0, Df |M = ^j= and D(h) = => the best place to drill the hole is at y = h
'

16. From the figure in the text, tan (0 + 9)= ^|^; tan [0 + 9) = ^fA^/fl ;
and tan =| . These equatk

tan
. b + a ^+f htan/? + ;
bh
give
h - a tan
. Solving gives tan
6 for tan M 5 ^ =
h 1 - 1 tan
'
h2 + a(b + a)
h + a(b + a)) tan = bh. Differentiating both sides with respect to h gives

2h tan + (h 2 + a(b + a)) sec 2 =£

dh
= b. Then ^=
d/9.
dh
=* 2h tan /? = b => 2hf
^h^+a^ + a)
bh =b
=> 2bh2 = bh 2 +ab(b + a) => h 2 = a(b +a) => h = yfifa. + b) .

17. The surface area of the cylinder is S = 27rr + 2?rrh. From

the diagram we have ^ = 2-^k _»> ^ _ RH - rH and

S(r) = 2xr(r + h) =2irr(r + H-rg) = 2x(l -|)r + 2?rHr, 2

where < r < R.

Case 1: H <R =>• S(r) is a quadratic equation containing the

origin and concave upward ^ S(r) is maximum at r = R.

Case 2: H=R => S(r) is a linear equation containing the origin with a positive slope =i> S(r) is maximum at

r = R.
Case 3: H> R =£ S(r) is a quadratic equation containing the origin and concave downward. Then

dr
4nY 1 - ft)r + 2ttH and ^= => 4*Y 1 ~ j|)r + 2irH = => r = oT^T p^ For simplification

we let r* = RH
2(H-R)'
(a) If R < H < 2R, then > H - 2R => H > 2(H - R) RH > R which is impossible.
2(H - R)

(b) If H= 2R, then r* = ~|- = R

2R
=> S(t) is maximum at r = R.

H > 2R, H < 2(H - R) H <!= RH

- R) R
then 2R + H < 2H =* < => r* < R. Therefore,
(c) If
2(H - R) ~ 2(11

S(r) is a maximum at r = r* = „,
RH
jn
-..
1
f .

Conclusion : If H€ (0, R] or H = 2R, then the maximum surface area is at r = R. If H € (R, 2R), then r >R
which is not possible. If II 6 (2R,oo), then the maximum is at r = r" = RH
2(H - R)

18. f(x) = mx - 1 +i => f (x) = m - \ and f"(x) = \ > when x > 0. Then f (x) = => x = -1= yields a
y/m

minimum. If f (-4= > 0, then x/m — 1 + v/m = 2*/m — 1 > => m > 44 . Thus the smallest acceptable value
vW
|

for m is ^ •
 Chapter 3 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 309

19i. ii m { (c +h
l
f ^= f'(c) o for e = i| f '(c) > I there exists a .5 > such that < I
h | < 5

f/(C + ll ff(c)
= 0^-l|f»(c)|<^+^-f"{c)<I|f''(c)|
^| -f"(c)]<^|f"(c)l. Thenf'(c)
1 i-
^f"(c)-i|f"(c)|<^^<f"(c)+i|f"(c)|. Iff'(c) <0, then|f"(c)|= -f"(c)

^ |f"( c ) < ^+M < lf"( c ) < 0; likewise if f'(c) > 0, then <±f"(c) <
f
H*+^l < f» (c)-
|

(a) If f'(c) < 0, then -5 < h < => f'(c + h) > and <h<6 => f (c + h) < 0. Therefore, f(c) is a local

maximum.
(b) If f"(c) > 0, then -S < h < => f (c + h) < and < h < 5 => f'(c + h) > 0. Therefore, f(c) is a local

minimum.

20. (a) By completing the square we have f(x) = a(x + fj + ^~- > 0. If a > and f(x) > 0, then ac ^ b >
~b
=> ac - b2 > => ac> b 2 . If ac> b 2 and a > 0, then ac > => f(x) > 0.

(b) If f(x) = (ajx + b^2 + . . • + (a^x + bn )

2
, then let g(x) = Ax2 + 2Bx + C, where A= £ a?

B = £ a^ and C= £ b? . Part (a) =S> B 2 < AC or ( £ a^ <( £ a? V£ bf V

(c) B 2 = AC ^-there is a unique x =x such that g(x ) = A( x Q — •£) + r —= 0> from part (b).

Therefore f(x ) = ^ that each ajX + b; = =$• a;X = — bj for = i 1, 2, . . .

, n.

21. (a) (l)

2
= |^ ^Lw 0.8156 ft

(0.01) = 0.00613 sec.

(c) The original clock completes 1 swing every second or (24)(60)(60) = 86,400 swings per day. The new clock

completes 1 swing every 1.00613 seconds. Therefore it takes (86,400)(1.00613) = 86,929.632 seconds for
the new clock to complete the same number of swings. Thus the new clock loses —gW— « 8.83 min/day.

22. (a) If i- 3 = 0, then ^^ = =* x = i.

(b) f(x) = |-3 and f(x) = -\

f
(M _ k -3
= 2xn -3x2 = xn (2-3xn )
f'( X
n)
">4
-2
TS I Hs —— 5
T5 V
,
310 Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives

NOTES.
 CHAPTER 4 INTEGRATION

4.1 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1. (a) 3x
2
WV x 2
r -3x + 8x

-3 3
2. (a) x- 3 w-v - Y~
*y + x 29 + 3x

3- (•) ^
x
(b)
5? 4+2x2

4. (a) n/x
5
(b) v^ 1^ + 2^/x"

5.
2 3
(a) x / (b) x" 3 x
-l/3

6. (a) cos(ttx) (b) —3 cos x =^^ + cos(3x)

7. (a) tan x (b) 2 tan -Jtan (*)

(|)

8. (a) sec x (b) |sec(3x) O #sec(^)

9. (x + l)dx = i- + x + C 10. 3t
2
+ £|)dt = t3 + ^+C

11. (2x 3 -5x + 7)dx = ±x 4 -|x 2 + 7x + C

12. -L-x 2 4)dx=}(x- 2 -x 2 -I)dx^-^Ix + C = ^^-| + C

13. x
-l/3
dx = X^ + C = 3 x2 /3 + C
|

14.
{( v
^ + 3v^)dx=|(x 1 /2
+x 1 / 3 )dx = ^^ + 3 2 3
+ C = |x / + |x 4 / + C

15.
l(
8y
-^) dy
=I( 8y - 2y " :/4 dy
) ^- 2 +c=4y2 -l y3/4+c
(y)
312 Chapter 4 Integration

16. I|'# + ^W (l
x
i/2
+ 2x -i/ 2 ) dx = l/^V2^ N

)
+ C = Ix 3 / 2 + 4xV2 + C

-1/4
17 '

"V^iWy = Ur'^Hv
dy = i,-U
Ay.
1 l
+ C = + ^i + C
T

18. 2x(l-x- 3 )dx = 2x-2x- 2 )dx = ^-2(^) + C = x 2

+ |+C

19. [^+^dt = "£ + £W C

20. -2 cos t dt = -2 sin t +C 21. 7 sin 68 = -21 cos | + C

I

22. —3 esc x dx = 3 cot x+C 23, (l+tan 2 fl)d0= |

sec
2
d0 = tan +C

2
24. cot xdx = (csc
2
x-l)dx = -cot x-x + C

25. cos (tan 0+sec $) d$ = (sin 6 + 1) d$ = -cos + 9 4- C

26.
CSC 6
dtf = x. 8
csc V sin 9 \ j fl _ 1
d9 = d0= sec
2
0d0 = tan0 + C
csc o — sjn csc 6 1 — sin i
cos'

4
df (7x-2) A_ 4(7x-2) 3 (7) =
o 7
27,
3x\ 28
__+C y- 28
(7x-2) 2

2 ,gj^rl +cj , (3x + 5)- 2 ( 3 ) 1

= (3x + 5)
_2

2,A(- 3cot (-i) + c) = -3(-c S c 2 (^l))(i) = cSc

2
(^

31. (a) Wrong: 4M 4- sin x + C

J
= 4^ sin x + 4- cos x = x sin x + 4- cos x

(b) Wrong: 4=- (—x cos x + C) = -cos x + x sin x

c) Right: -j— (— x cos x + sin x + C) = —cos x + x sin x + cos x = x sin x

 Section 4.1 Indefinite Integrals 313

3 2
(b) Wrong: -jL((2x 4-
1) + C) = 3(2x + 1) (2) = 6(2x + l) 2
3
(c) Right: A((2x + 1) + C) = 6(2x + 1) 2

33. Graph (b), because ^

dx
= 2x =*• y = x* + C. Then y(l) =4 =C= 3.

34. Graph (b), because ^ = -x => y = - |x 2

+ C. Then y(-l) =1 => C =|

35. g| = 2x - 7 =S> y = x2 - 7x + C; at x = 2 and y = we have = 2 2 - 7(2) + C => C= 10 => y = x2 - 7x + 10

36. ^ = i + x = x _2 + x => y = -x~ 1 + X2- + C; at x =2 and y = 1 we have 1 = -2 -1 +y + C => C = -|

-l
=>y = -x + xr - |ory = -i + |--i

37. g| = 3x"
2/3
=> y = 9x1/3 + C; at x = -1 and y = -5 we have -5 = 9(-l) + C^C = 4=^y = 9x 1/3 +4

38. p;
ox
=s —L = ix~
^
1/2
=> y = xx/2 + C; at x = 4 and y = we have = 4 1/2 + C => C = -2 =*• y = x1 '2 - 2
2*/x

39. t| = cos t + sin t ^ s = sin t — cos t + C; at t = it and s =1 we have 1 = sin it — cos it +C ^C=
=* s = sin t — cos t

40. 4s = -* sin ?t0 => r = cos(?r0) + C; at t = and 8 = we have = cos(otO) + C^-C = -1^t = cos(ir9) - 1

41. 9Y. =1 sec t tan t =* v = i sec t + C; at v =1 and t s= we have l=isec(0) + C=>C = i=^v=isect + i

42 .
^= 8t + csc2 t => v = 4t 2 -cot t + C; at v = -7 and t = | we have -7 = 4(|f -cot(f\ + C => C = -7 - it
2

=> V = 4t 2 - COt t - 7 - 7T
2

^4 = 2 ~ 6x =* = 2x_3x * +c =° we have 4 = 2 (°) 2

+ ci c =4
ar 4 and x
43. at 3 (°) =*
i; i
si

=>^- = 2x-3x 2 +4 => y = x2 -x3 + 4x + C 2 at y = ; 1 and x = we have 1 = 2 -0 3 + 4(0) + C 2 => C2 = 1

^y=X 2
- X3 + 4x + 1

44.
d?r
2
_ 2
3
= 2t~3 => ^ = -t _2 + C 1 ;
at ^ = 1 and t =1 we have 1 = -(1)~ 2 + C, => C^ = 2 => ^7 - -*~ 2 +2
dt t dt dt dt

=> + 2t + C 2
r = t" 1 ; at r =1 and t =1 we have 1 = I" 1 + 2(1) + C 2 =S> C 2 = -2 =J> r = t -1 + 2t - 2 or

r = I+2t-2
314 Chapter 4 Integration

45. ^=
dx
6 => ^4 = 6x + C,; at ^-| = -8 and x =
dx dx
we have -8 = 6(0) + C, =» C, = -8 => ^4 = 6x -
dx
dy dy dy -*„3.
= Sx' - 8x + C 2 ; at -p = and x = we have = 3(0) - 8(0) + C 2
2
C2 =
=> =*• = 3x 2 - 8x
dx ~f-
dx'
=x^-4x^ + C 3 -5 = = C 3 = 5 =*• -x v 3 -4x2 + 5
=> y ; at y and x we have 5 ~4(0r + C 3 => y=

46. y = -sin t + cos t =J» y'" = cos t + sin t + Cjj at y'" = 7 and t = we have 7 - cos (0) + sin (0) + Cj
(4 ^

=» Cj = 6 => y'" = cos t + sin t + 6 =* y" = sin t - cos t + 6t + C 2 at y" = -1 and t = we have ;

-1 = sin(0) - cos (0) + 6(0) + C 2 => C2 = => y" = sin t - cos t + 6t => y' = -cos t - sin 1 4- 3t 2 + C 3 ;

2
at y' = -1 and t = we have -1 = -cos(0) -sin (0) + 3(0) + C 3 => C3 = => y' = -cos t -sin t + 3t 2
3 = = -sin (0) + cos (0) + 3 4- C 4 =>• C 4 = -1
=> y = -sin t + cos t + + C4 ; at y = and t we have
=> y = —sin + cos t + t — 1
t
3

47. v =~
ds
= 9.8t + 5 => s = 4.9r + 5t + C; at s = 10 and t = we have C = 10 => s = 4.9t z + 5t + 10

48 . v = ~ = \ cos(|M => s = sinf^J + C; at s =1 and t = it

2
we have C = 1 => s = sinf|IJ+ 1

49. a = 32 =>• + C t at v = 20 and t = we have Cj = 20

v = 32t ; => v ~ 32t + 20 => s = 16t 2 + 20t + C 2 ; at s =5
and t = we have C 2 = 5 => s = 16t 2 + 20t + 5

50. a = -4 sin (2t) => v =2 cos(2t) + C-,; at v = 2 and t = we have C, = => v =2 cos (2t)

=> s = sin (2t) + C 2 ; at s = -3 and t = we have C 2 = -3 => s = sin (2t) -3

51. m = y' = 3 y/x. - 3X 1 / 2 => y = 2x3 /2 + C; at (9,4) we have 4 = 2(9) 3/2 + C=»C = -50=>-y = 2x3 / 2 - 50

-52. (a) ^-i2 = 6x =* 7T

dx dx
~ 3x2 + C i! at y' = and x = we have = 3(0) 2 + C t => Cx = = p-
dx
= 3x 2

y = x3 + C2 ; at y = 1 and x = we have C 2 = 1 => y = x3 + 1

(b) One, because any other possible function would differ from x +1 by a constant that must be zero because

of the initial conditions

53. ^= 1 - |x! /3 => y = 1 - |x1/3 ) dx = x - x 4/3 + C; at (1, 0.5) on the curve we have 0.5 = 1 - 1 4/3 + C
| (

=> C = 0.5 => y = x -x4/3 +i

(-1) 2
54. -p- =x— 1 => y = |
(x + 1) dx = ^ — x + C; at (—1, 1) on the curve we have (-1) +C

=>C = -I^y = x -x-I

r

55. -p = sin x — cos x =*• y = (sin x — cos x) dx = —cos x — sin x + C; at (— tt, —1) on the curve we have

—1 — -cos (— jr) — sin (— it) 4- C =* C = —2 => y = —cos x — sin x — 2

 Section 4.1 Indefinite Integrals 315

dy —i /2
56. -£
-t = ~r^ +
— ——y=
l
< am
-i- * ha
sin 7rx = £x
— »«-
1
-firsmTrx
t " ="«
' »•». -r y = j
( x + "" s'n wx J dx = x ' —cos jtx + C; at (1,2) on

the curve we have 2 = 1'— cos ir(l) + C^C = 0=>y = y^c — cos 5rx
57. a(t) = v'(t) = 1.6 =* v(t) = l.fit + C; at (0,0) we have C= => v(t) = 1.6t. When t = 30, then
v(30) = 48 m/sec.

58. a(t) = v'(t) = 20 => v(t) = 20t + C; at (0,0) we have C = => v(t) = 20t. When t = 60, then v(60) = 20(60)
= 1200 m/sec.

59. Step 1: M = -k
dt*
=*•
ds
Sf = -kt + C x at 2|
dt
;
ds
= 88 and t = we have C x = 88 =» ds.= -kt + 88
2f
dt

2
s = -kl ^- 1 + 88t + C 2 ; at s = and t = we have C 2 = ^ s
_ -^~
= kt
+ 88t
Step 2:
jj|
= => = -kt + 88 =*• t =^

Step3:242=^^ + 88(f)^242= -(f! + :

^ =>242 = if!^k = 16

60. <£§
2
= -k^4f = -k dt = -kt + C; at
^|
= 44 when t = we have 44 = -k(0) + C => C = 44
dt dt

=>
^|
= — kt + 44 => s = -^- + 44t + C x ; at s = when t = we have =
—^- + 44(0) + CX => Cx =

=> s = _5^! + 44t. Then ^| = => -kt + 44 = => t = ^ and s(&) = -m +<fh 45

^_9|8 + 19a6 = 45=,968 = 45 ^ k = 9^ re2L5ft/sec 2.

1 2
- ar 1 /2 ) dt = 3 2 - et 1 / 2 + c 3 2 - e(i) 1 / 2 + c
61. (a) v a dt = (ist / lot / ; ^jf(i)
dt
=4 => 4 = io(i) / => c= o

3 2
=> v 10t / -6t 1/2
3 2
(b)s = v dt = (l0t / - 6t 1/2 ) dt = 4t5/2 - 4t 3/2 + C; s(l) = s> = 4(1) 5 /2 -4(1) 3/2 + C =* C=
=» s = 4t 5 / 2 -4t3/2

ds ds.
62.
ds
S-S = -5.2 =* Sf = -5.2t + C x ; at
^f
= and t = we have C x = =>
J&
dt
= -5.2t => s = -2.6f + C 2 ; at s =4
dt" dt'

and t = we have C 2 = 4 => s = -2.6t 2 + 4. Then s = ^ = ~2.6t 2 + 4 => t = y^g fw 1.24 sec, since t >

63. ^=
dt
2
a => *j§
dt
:
a dt = at + C; 4f
dt
=v when t = => C=v =*•
^f
dt
= at + v => s = %- + v t + C x ; s =s

=
a(0)
= -y- + vQ (0) + C x = Cx = s af v t s
= ^-
when t => s =J- s + +

64. The appropriate initial value problem is: Differential Equation: —| = — g with Initial Conditions: t^ = vQ and

s = s when t = 0. Thus, jfe = -g dt = -gt + C x ;

*jf
(0) =v => v = (-g)(0) + C x => Cx = v
316 Chapter 4 Integration

=* v = jjf = -gt +v => a = -|gt2 + v t + C 2 ; s(0) =s => s = -1(g)(0) 2 + v o (0) + C 2 => C2 = s

=5.s(t) = -igt 2 + v t+s

65. (a) ^ = 9.8t - 3 => = 4.9t 2 - 3t + C; (i) at s = 5 and = we have C = 5 =$• s = 4.9t 2 -St 4- 5;
s t

displacement = s(3) - s(l) = ((4.9)(9) - 9 + 5) - (4.9 - 3 + 5) = 33.2 units; (ii) at s = -2 and t = we have
C = -2 => s =s 4.9t
2
- 3t - 2; displacement = s(3) - s(l) = ((4.9)(9) - 9 - 2) - (4.9 - 3 - 2) = 33.2 units;

(ui) at s =s
= we have C = s
and t =^ s = 4.9t — 3t + s displacement = s(3) — s(l)
;

= ((4.9)(9) - 9 + s - (4.9 - 3 + s = 33.2 ) ) units

(b) True. Given an antiderivative f(t) of the velocity function, we know that the body's position function is

s = f(t) + C for some constant C. Therefore, the displacement from t = a to t = b is (f(b) + C) — (f(a) + C)
= f(b) — f(a). Thus we can find the displacement from any antiderivative f as the numerical difference

f(b) — f(a) without knowing the exact values of C and s.

66. Yes. If F(x) and G(x) both solve the initial value problem on an interval I then they both have the same first

derivative. Therefore, by Corollary 2 of the Mean Value Theorem there is a constant C such that

F(x) = G(x) + C for ail x. In particular, F(x ) = G(x ) + C, so C= F(x ) - G(x ) = 0. Hence F(x) = G(x)
for all x.

67-70. Example CAS commands with text inserts:

Maple :

The following commands use the definite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of calculus to construct
the solution of the initial value problem.
>restart;
>f =x- > (cos(x))"2+sin(x)
:

>initialx:=Pi;
>initialy:=l;
>y:=x->int(f(t),t=initialx..x)+initialy;
>y(x);
Verify that the solution is correct.

>diff(y(x),x);
>y(Pi);
Plot the solution curve.
>plot(y(x),x=-2*Pi. .8*Pi);

Mathematica :

The following commands use the definite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of calculus to construct
the solution of the initial value problem.
Clear[y,yprimej;
yprime[x_] = Cos[x] +Sin[x};
initxval = Pi;
inityval — 1;

y[x„] =
Jfoitavj yprimeft] dt inityval +
Verify that the solution is correct.
 Section 4.2 Integral Rules; Integration by Substitution 317

Plot the solution curve.

Plot[y[x], {x,-27r,8*}, PlotStyle-* {RGBColor [1,0,0]}];
71-72. Example CAS commands with text inserts:

Maple ;

The following commands use a definite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of calculus to construct the
solution of the initial value problem.
> restart;
>f:=x->3*exp(x/2)+l;
>initialx:=0;
>initialy:=-l;
>initialyprime:=4;
>yprime:=x->int(f(t),t=initialx..x)+initiaiprime;
>yprime(x);
>y:=x->int(yprime(u),u=initialx..x)+initialy;
>y(x);
>
Verify that the solution is correct.
>diff(y(x),x,x);
>yprime(0);
>y(0);
Plot the solution curve.
>p!ot({yprime(x),y(x)},x=-6..4);

Mathematica l

The following commands use a definite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of calculus to construct the
solution of the initial value problem.
Clear[y yprime,y2prime,'mitxval,inityval,mityprimeval];
1

x/2
y2prime[x_] = 3E +l;
initxval = 0;
inityprimeval = -1
inityval= 4;
yprime[x_] = J7nitxval
y2prime[t] dt + inityprimeval
y[x-] = JTnitxval ypnme(t] + inityval
Verify that the solution is correct.
D[y[x], {x,2}] // Simplify
yprime[0]
y[o]
Plot the solution curve
Plot[{yprime[xj,y(x]},{x,-6,6},
PlotStyle->{{RGBColor[l,0,0]}, {RGBColor[0,0,l]}}]i

4.2 INTEGRAL RULES; INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

1. Let u = 2x2 ^ du = 4x dx ^ | du = x dx
x sin (2x )
2
dx = i sin u du = - i cos u + C = - i cos 2x2 +C
318 Chapter 4 Integration

2. Let u = 1 - cos| => du = i sin | dt => 2

; du = sin | dt
3
1 - cos |) (sin
|} dt
= 2u 2 du=|u3 + C = |(l-cos|) + C

3. Let li = 7x - 2 => du =7 dx => i du = dx

28(7x - 2)~ 5 dx = i(28)u~ 5 du = [ 4u~ 5 du = -u~ 4 + C = -(7x - 2)~ 4 +C

4
4. Let u = x - 1 => du = 4x 3 dx => i du = x
3
dx
4

2 3
3
, (x
4
-l) dx= Uu 2
dU = ^ + C=
t
L(x4 -l) + C

5. Let u = - .33 1 r =* du = -3r dr => -0,2

-3 du = 9^ dr

2 1/2
9r dr
= = -3u- 1 / 2 du = -3(2)u 1 / 2 + C =-6(i-i3 r +C

4
6. Let u = y + 4y 2 + 1 => du = (4y3 + 8y) dy => 3 du = 12(y
3
+ 2y) dy
4 2 3 3
12(y + 4y 2 +l) (y + 2y)dy= f
3u 2 du = u + C = (y4 + 4y 2 + lf + C

3/2
7. Let u = x - 1 => du = |x 1/2 dx => | du = ^/x dx

v ^sm 2 (x 3 / 2 -l)dx=||sin 2 U du=|(|-ism2u)+C=I(x 3 / 2 -l)-I S m(2x 3 / 2 -2)+C

3. Let u=A=j-du
x
= — -4?dx
2
x

icos2 (i)dx = - I cos

2
udu = -(! + i sin 2u)+C = -^-isin(!) + C

9. (a) Let u = cot 26 =J- du = -2 esc 20

2
d0 =J> - i du = esc 2 26 d$

esc
2
26 cot 20 d0 =- ±u du = -if y) + C = -^ + = -±cot 20 + C
2

(b) Let u = esc 26 => du = -2 esc 26 cot 26 d0 =>• -| du = esc 29 cot 26 d6

2 -I u du =
= -|(^ J+C = -^ + C = -|csc
2
csc 26 cot 20 dO 26 +C
f

10. (a) Let u = 5x + 8 => du =5 dx =* ^ du = dx

dx
4 -* u-
1 /2 du = I{2u 1 / 2 ) + C = 1^/2 + = §^T8 + C
y/5x +8 K*)
 Section 4,2 Integral Rules; Integration by Substitution 319

(b) Let u = v/5x + 8 => du = i(5x + 8) _1/2 (5) dx => f du = -jM,

\/5x + 8

l7fe=If d"=§" +c =f^rF?+c

11. Let u = 3 -2s =* du = -2 ds => -| du = ds

N /T^ds= L^(-ldu)=-l u1 /2 du = (_l)(| u 3/^ + C = _l (3 _ 2g) 3/2 + c

12. Let u = 5s + 4 => du = 5 ds => i du = ds

f-^d.-J-j5(Jd.)-Jj^»d.-(i)(iuW) + o-|VB+l + c

13. Let u = 2-x =* du = -dx => -du = dx

Js^-J^-J*** -<^)
= + C = 2^ + C -i
du ^3(y_lj

14. Let u =s 1 - 62 => du = -20 dfl => -± du = d0

4
[0V^^d5=}^(-idu) = -l|u 1 /4 du^(-l)(fu 5 / 4 ) + C = -f(l-^f + C

15. Let u = 7 - 3y2 => du = -6y dy =>• -±

.Ia.-
du = 3y dy

{3y V
/
^^dy=|^(-Idu)=4Ju 1 /2 du = (4)(|u 3 / 2 ) + C = -i(7-3y 2 )3/2 + C

16. Let u = 1 + y/x => du = — L dx

2y'X
=> 2 du = -t= dx
y*X

+C

17. Let u = 1 + y/x =» du = — ^ dx => 2 du = -i= dx

|^i^dx=|u 3 (2du)=2(iu 4
) + C=i(l + v^)4 + C

18. Let u = 3z + 4 =>• du =3 dz =>• idu = dz

cos(3z + 4)dz = (cosu)fiduj = | cos u du = i sin u + C = i sin(3z + 4) + C

320 Chapter 4 Integration

19. Let u = 3x + 2 =» du = 3 dx => i du = dx

sec
2
(3x + 2) dx = sec
2
u)(| duj = i sec
2
u du = i tan u + C = i tan (3x + 2) + C

20. Let u = sinj'l'j => du = ± cos(|^ dx => 3 du = cosf|} dx

,

sin
5
f|j<W| |dx = u 5 (3du) = 3(in 6 ) + C = isin 6 (|) + C

21. Let u = tan(|) => du = i sec 2 (|) dx => 2 du = sec 2 (|) dx

u7 (2 du)
7 2
tan Sec (|)dx= [
= 2(I U 8 )+ C = I tan
8
) +
(|) (f

22. Lctu=!g-1 =^du = ^dr =5- 6 du = r 2 dr

'^fs- 1 dr = u
5
(6 du) =6 u 5 du = 6(^ + C = fi-i c

3/2
23- Let u = x + 1 => du = |x 1/2 dx => | du = x
1 /2
dx

^rinfx^ + Odx^ (ninu)(4du) =

|
sinu du=|(-cos u) + C = -?cos(x3|/2 + l) +C

24. Let u =sec| v + |j=> du = secf v +|) tanf v + 51 dv

<*+!)

sec(v + |Wn(v+|)dv = du = u+C = sec(v + |UC

25. Let u = cos (2t + 1) = du = -2 sin (2t + 1) => - i du = sin (2t + 1)

sin (2t + 1) _ x
2
cos (2t + 1)
dt = 1
2 u2
du
2u
"^r - 2
4.
cos (2t
1
+ 1)

26. Let u =: 2 + sin t => du = cos t dt

.-2
6 cos = -3
(2 + sin
t

l)
=
3
dt
J u
du = 6 u du = 6 ^-2T + C = -3(2+sint)- 2 + C
)

27. Let u = cot y =J- du = —esc y dy => — du = esc y dy

3'2 1/2
2
v^oT7csc ydy= ^/v(-du) =~ \
u 1 ' 2 du = -fu 3/2 + C = -|(cot y) +C -§(cot 3 y) +C
 Section 4.2 Integral Rules; Integration by Substitution 321

28. Let u = |- 1 = t" 1 - 1 => du = -t -2 dt => -du = 4 dt

~ cosf f— 1 Jdt = (cos u)(— du) =— cosudu = —sin u + C = —sin(A — lj+C

29. Let u = v/t -I- 3 = t 1 ' 2 + 3 => du = it"

1
1 '3
dt a* 2 du = -L dt
\A
-^= costy't + 3) dt = (cos u)(2 du) =2 cos u du = 2 sin u + C = 2 sin( y/t + 3) + C

30. Let u = sin | = du = (cos h)(-\) ^ => -du = \ cos i dO

^sinlcosid0= f-udu = -^u 2 + C=-isin 2 | + C

[

31. Let u = esc y/9 = du = (-esc y/$ cot \/<!)(-K=\ d0 => -2 du = -^= cot \/6 esc v^ d<?
V2V?/ V8
cos a/A
^_ 1 = cot ,/e csc y/g dfl = f
-2 du = -2u + C = -2 esc v/^ + C = ?-= + C
V^ sin 2 y/0
I

) \/$ , sins/9

32. Let u = 1 -!x => du = 4j2 dx

x
3/2

IV^ dX=
Bv^ dx =I?V^4^=I>du={u^du = |u3/ 2
+ C = |(l-|) '+C

33. (a) Let u = tan x ^ du = sec 2 x dx; v = u 3 ^ dv = 3u 2 du =» 6 dv = 18u

2
du; w=2+v ^ dw = dv
2
18 tan x sec x j _ 18u
du - f
6dv „ f 6_dw_
~ R
b f w- 2 dw = ~6w- : + C = C
(2 + tan 3
x) (2+« r 3 2+vv) 2 ~J
~JJ (2
( + )
W2 \ -5-J7+

6
+ C = -- +C
2 + u3 2 + tan3 x
r

(b) Let u = tan x => du =3 tan x sec x dx => 6 du = 18 tan x sec x dx;
2
v = 2+u=J>dv = du

=—
2 2
18 tap x sec x dx _ f 6 du .,„_ f iii = ~f + C = -*4-+C
f

(2 + tan xr 3 J
.,

(* + «)" J v2 "~ 2+ U 2 + ta" 3 *

+c

(c) Let u = 2 + tan3 x => du =3 tan x sec x dx =>• 6 du = 18 tan x sec

2
x dx

2 2
18 tan x sec x dx _ f 6_du __ _ 6. .
c 6 ,
q
„2 U
(2 + tan x)
3
\2 o
2 + *„„3,
J
tan x
i
322 Chapter 4 Integration

34. (a) Let u =x- 1 => du — dx; v = sin u => dv = cos u du; w = 1 + v2 =>• dw = 2v dv =}-
\ dw =v dv

y'l + sin 2 (x- 1) sin (x - 1) cos (x - 1) dx = \A + sin 2 u sin u cos u du = v\/l+v 2 dv

= Jl v ^dw.Iw 3 / 2 + C = I(l + v2 3/ %C = l(l +S ^ u )

3/2
) +C= l(2
+sin 2 (x-l))
3/2
+C

(b) Let u = sin (x - 1) => du = cos (x - 1) dx; v = 1 + u2 => dv = 2u du = i dv = u du

/

Jy
l+sin 2 (x-l)sin(x-l)cos(x-l)dx = f u y/l + u
2
du = fl^dvs Uv^dv
3/2
=
(K!)
v3/2
)
+c =^ 3/2+c= M 1+u2 ) + c =5( i + sin2 ( x - i ))
3/2
+c
(c) Let u = 1 + sin 2 (x- 1) => du =2 sin (x - 1) cos (x - 1) dx => ± du = sin (x - 1) cos (x - 1) dx

|
2
v/l+sin (x-l) S in(x-l)cos(x-l)dx= j \
^ du = [
iu 1 ' 2 du = |(|u 3/2 + C
)

= i(l+sin 2 (x-l))3/2 + C

35. Let u = 3(2r - l) 2 + 6 => du = 6(2r- 1)(2) dr => i du = (2r - 1) dr; v = ^/u" => dv = -L= du = 4" dv
2yu
1
du
12^
2
(2r - 1) cos /
3(2r - l)
N
y -f-

= vA =
^3(2r-l) 2 + 6
dr
^^)(A du ) J(
cosv
)S
dv
)
= l sinv + c = rT
sin >A+ c

= i sin y^3(2r - l) 2 + 6 + C

36. Let u = cos y/e =>• du = (-sin v^)f — ^

2s/$
<*0 =*• -2 du = V* dfl

sin
in v^ = sin v6 de- -1 du = -2 u-3 / 2 du = -2(-2u- 1 / 2 ) + C = 4
3
d<?
n3 / 2
f +c
\Jd cos \/0 5 V cos3 y/e

y cos y/0

37. Let u = 3t 2 - 1 => du = 6t dt => 2 du = 12t dt

3 4
— fu 3 CO ,1„1 —
X
= |l2t(3t 2 dt=
-l) At (2du) = Ol _, 4 + C
2(iu I
= iu 4 +r C
"~2"
ii
= i(3t 2 -l) + C;
"-2
k4" );
1
'

4
=3 when t=l=>3 = ±(3-l) 4 + C=>3 = 8 + C=>C = -5=*-s = i(3t 2 - 1) - 5

38. Let u = x2 + 8 => du = 2x dx => 2 du = 4x dx

,-1/3 3
y = 4x(x 2 + 8) " dx = u- 1 / 3 (2du)=2(|u 2 / 3 ) + C = 3u 2 / 3 + C = 3(x 2 -(-8f + C ;
 Section 4.2 Integral Rules; Integration by Substitution 323

2/3 2/3
y = when x = =* = 3(8) + C=>C = ~12=}>y = 3(x2 + 8) - 12

39. Let u = t + & => du = dt

s=|8sinVt + ^)dt= J8sin 2 udu = 8(|-±sin2u)+C = 4(t+^-2smf2t + j) + C;

a = 8whent = 0=>8 = 4(^~2sin(j)+C=>C = 8-|+l = 9-J=>s =4t-2sin(2t + |U9 J

40. Let u = |- 9 => ~du = A9

2
r = f 3 cos (|~<Ad0 = - 3 cos
2
u du = -3(| + ±sin 2u) + C = -|(|~(A-| sin(|-2(?UC;
f

= |when^0=>f = -f-|sinf + C^C = f + f=,r =

r
-|(j-^-f s in(|-2^ + f + |
^r = §0-| 8 in(§-2l?) + g-}.§=>.r=:§0-Jcos2<?+f + |

41. Let u = 2t -| ={- du = 2 dt = -2 du = -4 dt

||= ~4sin('2t-|)dt = [
(sinu)(-2du) = 2cosu + C 1 =2cos(2t-|') + C 1 ;
J

at t = and
jj|
= 100 we have 100 = 2 cos(-|) + C, => Ct = 100 => ^| = 2 cos(2t - 1)+ 100

=* s = (2 cos^2t -f )+ 100 ) dt = (cos u + 50) du = sin u + 50u + C 2 = sin(2t -§) + 50f 2t - §) + C 2 ;

| J

at t = and s = we have =sinf-|) + 50(-|) + C 2 => C2 = l + 25or

=$ s = sin^2t )+ 100t - 25r + (1 + 25sr) => s = sinf 2t -$)+ 100t + 1
-f

42. Let u = tan 2x => du =2 sec

2
2x dx => 2 du = 4 sec 2 2x dx; v = 2x =* dv = 2 dx ^ i dv = dx
^= J
4 sec2 2x tan 2x dx = [
u(2 du) = u 2 + C x = tan 2 2x + G,;

at x = and ~| = 4 we have 4 = + C x =>• C, =4 => g£ = tan 2 2x + 4 = (sec 2 2x - l) + 4 = sec 2 2x + 3

=* y = (sec
2
2x + 3) dx = (sec v
2
+ 3)(| <*v) = i tan v + |v + C 2 = 5 tan 2x + 3x + C 2 ;

at x = and y = -1 we have -1 = i(0) + + C 2 =>• C 2 = -1 =4- y = i tan 2x + 3x - 1

43. Let u = 2t => du = 2 dt => 3 du =6 dt

s = j
6 sin 2t dt = j
(sin u)(3 du) = -3 cos u + C = -3 cos 2t + C;
at t = and s = we have = -3 cos + C ^ C = 3 =>- a =3-3 cos 2t =*• s(|") = 3 ~3 cos (ir) = 6 m
324 Chapter 4 Integration

44. Let u = frt ^- du = jt dt =^ n

-
du = jt dt

v = 7r cos irt dt = (cos u)(tt du) = ir sin u + Cj = ff sin (irt) + C^;

at t = and v =8 we have 8 = ir(0) + C 1 =>C 1 = 8=i'V = g|=w sin(Trt) + 8 => s = (ir sin(xt) + 8) dt

= sin u du + 8t + C 2 = -cos (xt) + 8t + C 2 ; at t = and s = we have = -1+ C 2 => C2 = 1

=> s = 8t - cos (nt) + 1 => s(l) = 8 - cos + 1 = s- 10 m

45. All three integrations are correct. In each case, the derivative of the function on the right is the integrand on

the left, and each formula has an arbitrary constant for generating the remaining antiderivatives. Moreover,

sin
2
x + C1 = 2
l-cos x + C 1 =^C 2 = l + C 1 ;also-cos 2
x + C2 = -SS|&_J + C! a =» C 3 -C 3 -J = C^^.

46. Both integrations are correct. In each case, the derivative of the function on the right is the integrand on the

left, and each formula has an arbitrary constant for generating the remaining antiderivatives. Moreover,

a constant

4.3 ESTIMATING WITH FINITE SUMS

1. Using values of the function taken from the graph at the midpoints of the intervals, Area f» (0.25)(2) + (1.0)(2)
+ (2.0)(2) + (3.25)(2) + (4.0)(2) + (4.0)(2) + (3.35)(2) + (2.25)(2) + (1.3)(2) + (0.75)(2) + (0.25)(2) = 44.8
amount of dye 5mg
mg-sec/L. Cardiac output x60 .., x 60 m- m 6.7 L/min. .-
area under curve '

mm :

44.5 mg-sec/L '

2. Using values of the function taken from the graph at

the midpoints of the intervals,

Area w 0(2) + (0.1)(2) + (0.4)(2) + (1.2)(2) + (3.2)(2)

+ (5.3)(2) + (6.8)(2) + (7.6)(2) + (7.7)(2) + (6.9)(2)
+ (5.6)(2) + (4.0)(2) + (2.8)(2) + (1.6)(2) + (0.2)(2)
= 107.0 mg • sec/L.
dye concentration
Cardiac output = x60 10 IS 20 25 30
area estimate Tima(s«c)
10 mg
-r^ -^ =
jt X 60 mm
107.0 mg-sec/L
5.61 L/min.
'

3. (a) D « (0)(1) + (12)(1) + (22)(1) + (10)(1) + (6)(1) + (13)(1) + (H)(1) + (6)(1) + (2)(1) + (6)(1) = 87 inches
(b) D * (12)(1) + (22)(1) + (10)(1) + (B)(1) + (13)(1) + (H)(1) + (6)(1) + (2)(1) + (6)(1) + (0)(1) = 87 inches

4. (a) D as (1)(300) + (1.2)(300) + (1.7)(300) + (2.0)(300) + (1.8)(300) + (1.6)(300) + (1.4)(300) + (1.2)(300)

+ (1.0)(300) + (1.8)(300) + (1.5)(300) + (1.2)(300) = 5200 meters (NOTE: 5 minutes = 300 seconds)
(b) D a (1.2)(300) + (1.7)(300) + (2.0)(300) + (1.8)(300) + (1.6)(300) + (1.4)(300) + (1.2)(300) + (1.0)(300)
+ (1.8)(300) + (1.5)(300) + (1.2)(300) + (0)(300) = 4920 meters (NOTE: 5 minutes = 300 seconds)
 Section 4.3 Estimating with Finite Sums 325

5. (a) D m (0)(10) + (44)(10) + (15)(10) + (35)(10) + (30)(10) + (44)(10) + (35)(10) + (15)(10) + (22)(10)
+ (35)(10) + (44)(10) + (30)(10) = 3490 feet a 0.66 miles
(b) D w (44)(10) + (1B)(10) + (35)(10) + (30)(10) + (44)(10) + (35)(10) + (15)(10) + (22)(10) + (35)(10)
+ (44)(10) + (30)(10) + (35)(10) = 3840 feet ta 0.73 miles

6. (a) The distance traveled will be the area under the curve. We will use the approximate velocities at the

midpoints of each time interval to approximate this area using rectangles. Thus,

Dn + (51)(0.001) + (72)(0.001) + (89)(0.001) + (102)(0.001) + (112)(0.001) + (120.5)(0.001)

(20)(0.001)

+ (128.5)(0.001) + (134.5)(0.001) + (139.5)(0.001) « 0.969 miles

(b) Roughly, after 0.0063 hours, the car would have gone 0.485 miles, where 0.0060 hours = 22.7 sec. At 22.7

sec, the velocity was approximately 120 mi/hr.

2
7. (a) S4 = 9f [^/l6-(-2) 2 ] (2) + AV16 - 2
] (2) + *[yj\* - (2) 2 ] (2) = ir[(16-4) + (16 -0) + (16 -4)](2)

= 80tt

b) = i|«6%
(
v 256

8. (a) S5 = ir[(25-(-3) 2 ) + (25-(-l) 2 ) + (25-(l) 2 ) + (25-(3) 2 )](2) = 7r(16 + 24 + 24+16)(2) = 1607T

s
,
If500) ff _ 160ff
!Iz!il = [Ly
(

(b)V = |„3 = 50|Ir =>

~500 *
/0

w>
2 2 2
9. (a) So = 5r ( 16 _0 2 ) + (l6-(I) ) + (l6~(l) 2 ) + (l6~(|) )+
(l6-(2) 2 ) + (l6-(|)

2
+ (l 6 -(3)
2
) + (l6-(l)) l(I)^^^^

(b ) v=v= 1^^ |v V
" S8l
- IW W "256 9/D

m-
2 2 2
10. (a) S8 = ir 16-(I)
)+
(l6-(l) 2 ) + (l6-(|) ) + (l6-(2) 2 ) + (l6-(|) ) + (l6~(3) 2 )

H M -8) MM
1
H2-i-l_2-4-^-9-¥
9 25 49 , _ 3087r _ 77* underestimates

, l/'128 l, /"77\„
=
(b)
y 128\ = I« 10%
326 Chapter 4 Integration

11. (a) To have same orientation as the hemisphere in Exercise

the
10, tip the bowl sideways (assume the water is ice). The water
covers the interval [4,8]. The function which will give
us the values of the radii of the approximating cylinders
is the equation of the upper semicircle formed by

intersecting the hemisphere with the xy-plane,

f(x) = v 64 — x . Using Ax = k and left-endpoints for

each interval => S 8 = tt (64 - (4) 2 ) + ( 64 -

(|)

2
+ (64-(5) 2 ) + (64-(^) ) + (64-(6) 2 )

+
(
64
-(t)0 +(64
" (7
^
386 -5|6) = |(1544 _ 596) = S|8 v _ 1185jr;

!(320V (948\J
|
V - SS |
\{-rr-[-Tr\ 2844 - 2560
(b) 11%
V 2560
(W>
12. We are using boxes (rectangular parallelepipeds) that are 30 feet wide, 5 feet long, and h(x) feet deep to

approximate the volume of water in the pool.

(a) Using left-hand endpoints in the table: S = (30)(5)(6.0) + (30)(5)(8.2) + (30)(5)(9.1) + (30)(5)(9.9)
+ (30)(5)(10.5) + (30)(5)(11.0) + (30)(S00(11.5) + (30)(5)(11.9) + (30)(5)(12.3) + (30)(5)(12.7) = 15,465 ft 3 .

(b) Using right-hand endpoints in the table: S = (30)(5)(8.2) + (30)(5)(9.1) + (30)(5)(9.9) + (30)(5)(10.5)
+ (30)(5)(11.0) + (30)(6)(U.5) + (30)(5)(U.9) + (30)(5)(12.3) + (30)(5)(12.7) + (30)(5)(13) = 16,515 ft3 .

13 . (a) S5 = jr[(v^) +(-v/T) + (v /2~)

+ (V%) +(\/4) (1) = IOtt, underestimates the volume.

|v-s a )• 10*"
(b)
V
= 4 = 20%
(¥>

14. (a) S5 = 7r (i/T) +(v^) +(-\/3) +(\/4) +(\/5) (1) = 15?r, overestimates the volume.

|v-s 5 | '-(f)'
(b) 20%
V 25
(¥)*

15. (a) Because the acceleration is decreasing, an upper estimate is obtained using left end-points in summing
acceleration • At. Thus, At = 1 and speed as [32.00 + 19.41 + 11.77 + 7.14 + 4.33](1) = 74.65 ft/sec
(b) Using right end-points we obtain a lower estimate: speed sw [19.41 + 11.77 + 7.14+4.33 + 2.63](1)

= 45.28 ft/sec
 Section 4.3 Estimating with Finite Suras 327

(c) Upper estimates for the speed at each second are:

t 1 2 3 4 5

V 32.00 51.41 63.18 70.32 74.65

Thus, the distance fallen when t =3 seconds is s w [32.00 + 51.41 + 63.18](1) = 146.59 ft.

16. (a) The speed is a decreasing function of time => left end-points give an upper estimate for the height

(distance) attained. Also

t 1 2 3 4 5

V 400 368 336 304 272 240

gives the time-velocity table by subtracting the constant g = 32 from the speed at each time increment

At = 1 sec. Thus, the speed « 240 ft/sec after 5 seconds.

(b) A lower estimate for height attained is h ss [368 + 336 + 304 + 272 + 240](1) = 1520 ft.

17. Partition [0, 2] into the four subintervals 0,1 4h 1-

2
and ^2
2
,J . The midpoints of these

subintervals are mj = j, m 2 = j, m 3 = j, and m 4 = -r. The heights of the four approximating

rectangles are f( mi ) = (±f = ^ f(m 2 ) =

(|
)*
= g, f(m 3 ) = (§)* = ™ and f(m 4 ) = (if = ™
1. + 27 + 125 ,
343
64 " 64" 64 " 64 = 1 + 27 + 125 + 343 = 496 = 31
Average value M 4-64 ""
256 16*
Notice that the average value ig

(1
+
UJ + UJ + UJ _ i[7iWi\ mVn fsvVn n^i
approximated by
4[(t) (M) ,

(§M§) (§WI)
, ,

(§).

approximate area under

= x3 We use this observation in solving the next several exercises.
length of [0,2] curve f(x)

18. Partition [1,9] into the four subintervals [1,3], [3,5], [5,7], and [7,9]. The midpoints of these subintervals are

mj = 2, m2 = 4, m3 = 6, and m 4 = 8. The heights of the four approximating rectangles are f(mj) = 4,

f(m 2 ) = j, f(ra 3) = 4, and f(m 4 ) = 4. The width of each rectangle is Ax = 2. Thus,

Area M 2 (J) + 1(\)+ 2§) + j(J) = § => average value .U2/_25

length of [1,9] 8 96*

19. Partition [0,2] into the four subintervals [0,0.5], [0.5,1], [1,1.5], and [1.5,2]. The midpoints of the subintervals

are oij = 0.25, m 2 = 0.75, m 3 = 1.25, and m4 = 1.75. The heights of the four approximating rectangles are

f(m 1 )-I + sin 2

J
= I + I=l 1
f(m 2 )=I + S in2 ^-I + I=l,f(m3 ) = I + sin 2 ^ = I + ^--^y
=i+5 = 1, and f(m4 ) = | + sin 2 tt = \ + ( — 7= )
- 1- The widtn of each rectangle is Ax = 1 Thus,

Area^(l + l + l + l)(i)=2 ^average value^

Iengt ^ [Q)2]
= *=1.
|
328 Chapter 4 Integration

are mj
IOC
20. Partition [0,4] into the four subintervals [0,1], [1,2,], [2,3],

= g, m2 = w, m 3 = sj, and m 4 = g.
HT

The
and [3,4]. The midpoints of the
heights of the four approximating rectangles are
subintervals

f(m : ) = 1 — V cos \ — 4^ // = B)-H * ~ f

cos
(f ))
= 0-27145 (to 5 decimal places),

f(m 2 ) = 1 — \ cos \

= 0.97855, and f(m4 ) = 1 -I cos I -^ J 1 = 1 -( cosC^)) = 0.27145. The width of each rectangle is

Ax = 1. Thus, Area « (0.27145)(1) + (0.97855)(1) + (0.97855) (1) + (0.27145)(1) = 2.5 => average

alUeW
va ]„e p« a£Sa
~ 2,5 _5
length of [0,4] 4 ~ 8*

21. Since the leakage is increasing, an upper estimate uses right end-points and a lower estimate uses left

end-points:

(a) upper estimate = (70)(1) + (97)(1) + (136)(1) + (190)(1) + (265)(1) = 758 gal,
lower estimate = (50)(1) + (70)(1) + (97)(1) + (136)(1) + (190)(1) = 543 gal.

(b) upper estimate = (70 + 97 + 136 + 190 + 265 + 369 + 516 + 720) = 2363 gal,

lower estimate = (50 + 70 + 97 + 136 + 190 + 265 + 369 + 516) = 1693 gal.

(c) worst case: 2363 + 720t = 25,000 => t « 31.4 his;

best case: 1693 + 720t = 25,000 => t sj 32.4 hrs

22. Since the pollutant release increases over time, an upper estimate uses right end- points and a lower estimate

uses left end-points;

(a) upper estimate = (0.2)(30) + (0.25)(30) + (0.27)(30) + (0.34)(30) + (0.45)(30) + (0.52)(30) = 60.9 tons
lower estimate = (0.05)(30) + (0.2)(30) + (0.25)(30) + (0.27)(30) + (0.34)(30) + (0.45)(30) = 46.8 tons

(b) Using the lower (best case) estimate: 46.8 + (0.52)(30) + (0.63)(30) + (0.70)(30) + (0.81)(30) = 126.6 tons,

so near the end of September 125 tons of pollutants will have been released.

23. (a) The diagonal of the square has length 2, so the side length is y/2. Area = ( \/2) =2
(b) Think of the octagon as a collection of 16 right triangles with a hypotenuse of length 1 and an acute angle

measuring y? = f.

Area = 16
(
jVsin J Vcos |) = 4 sin | = 2i/2 re 2.828

(c) Think of the 16-gon as a collection of 32 right triangles with a hypotenuse of length 1 and an acute angle

measuring 33 = yg.

Area = 32 f jVsin ^g}(«» fg\ = 8 sin |» 3.061

(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle, n. As n increases, the area approaches jr.
 Section 4.4 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 329

24. (a) Each of the isosceles triangles is made up of two right triangles having hypotenuse 1 and an acute angle

measuring ~= ^. The area of each isosceles triangle is AT = 2f s )(sin |£)(cos J) = A sin =$.

n
The Ap = nA T = U Ap = § — "
(b)

(c)
area of the polygon

Multiply each area by r

is

,
sin -j^-, so lim lim. sin 4r 'MP 1t

m
A T = ±r 2 sin%L

AD =a r 2 sin 2£

lim AP = ?rr

25-28. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(student):
f:=x -> sin(x); a:= 0; b:= Pi;
plot(f(x),x=a..b);
n:= 1000;
middlebox(f(x) ,x=a. .b,n)
middlesum(f(x),x=a..b,n);
average:= evalf(%)/(b— a);
fsolve(f(x)=average,x);

Mathematics:
Clear[x]
f[x_] = Sin[xj
{a,b} = {0,Pi};
Plot[ f[x], {x,a,b} ]

n = 100; dx = (b-a)/n;
Table[ N[f[x]], {x,a+dx/2,b,dx} ];

fave = (Plus @@ %) /n
n = 200; dx = (b-a)/n;
Table[ N[f[x]}, {x,a+dx/2,b,dx} ];

fave = (Plus @@ %)/n

n = 1000; dx = (b-a)/n;
Table[ N[f[x]], {x,a+dx/2,b,dx} ];

fave = (Plus @@ %)/n

F*mdRoot[ f[x] - fave, {x,a} ]

4.4 RIEMANN SUMS AND DEFINITE INTEGRALS

,
*' V
L* k
6k _ 6(1) 6(2) _6
- 12_ 7
+ l-l + + 2 + l 2 + 3~'
l
k=l

9 V k-l _ l-l .
2-1 . 3 —1 _ ft ,
1 ,2_7
k=l

4
3. ^
k=i
cos kjr = cos (lir) + cos (2x) + cos (3ir) + cos (4tt) = -1 + 1-1 + 1=0
330 Chapter 4 Integration

4.
^2 sin k7r = sin ( lff ) + sin ( 2ir ) + sin (3"") + sin (4ir) + sin (5ir) =0 + + + + =
k=l

5.
J2 (-l)
k+1
sin{ = (-l) 1 + 1 sinf + (-l) 2 +Sinf+(-l) 3
+Smf=0-l+^ = ^2

6. 2
k=l
k
(-l) cos kx = (-1) 1 cos (lir) + (-1) 2 cos(2jr) + (-1) 3 cos(3x) + (-1) 4 cos {Air)
= -(_!) + l-(-l) + 1=4
7. (al (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

4
«x)--x

*
ti '^r-~Jjj;^ga:;gfhig^if

-l

9. (a) (b) (<0

/(i) = sinj[.
-itSxSit
Lefl-tand Rijhi-hsoi!

c,=0 f, c4 =*

10. (a) (b) (c)

2" 2

1.5 1.5

HI
-«
INI
'X 71/2
L^J
-Jl
igSf^fMS
-K/2 Jt/2
-«tf2 ji/2 n
-0.5 -0.5 -sinx +1
f(x) - sin x +1 f(x) » sin x + f(x)

-1
-1
 Section 4.4 Riemarm Sums and Definite Integrals 331

11. dx 12. 2x
3
dx 13. I (x2 -3x)dx
-l -7

14. dx 15. \/4 - x 2 dx 16. (sec x) dx

1-x
-,r/4

17. The area of the trapezoid is A = | (B + b)h

4

= J(5 + 2)(6)=21=*
| (|
+ 3) ^
= 21 square units

-3 -2 -l 12 3 4 5

18 . The area of the semicircle is A = jrffr = st(3)

= 2*r=> V 9 — x2 dx =^ 7T square units

-3

19. The area of the triangle on the left is A = ^bh = i(2)(2)

= 2. The area of the triangle on the right is A = gbh

= i(l)(l) = A. Then, the total area is 2.5 |x I dx

-2

= 2.5 square units

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5

20. The area of the triangular peak is A = ^bh = ^ (2)(1) = 1.

The area of the rectangular base is S = Sw = (2)(1) = 2.

Then the total area is 3 (2 — |xj) dx = 3 square units

-l
332 Chapter 4 Integration

2
21. x dx
1
= jy(b)(b) = %- square
r>
units 22.
J
2s ds = | b(2b) - |a(2a) = b 2 - a2 square units

y-2»

23. The graph of f(x) = 1 — x on the interval [0, 1] forms a right isosceles triangle in the first quadrant with its two
legs, each of length one, lying on the coordinate axes. The area of the triangle is A = 4bh = 4(1 )(1) = 4, which
l l

is also the value of the integral (1 — x) dx = 4, therefore, av(f) = —— (1 — x) dx = (1) ( A = i.

]

24. The graph of f(x) = |x| on the interval [—1,1] forms two congruent isosceles right triangles one in the first

and the other in the second quadrant. The total area of these two triangles isA = 2(4bh]=2l4 • 1 1 1 = 1,
l l

which is also the value of the integral |x| dx, therefore, av(f) = _/_.v lx| dx = 4(1) = 4.

25. The function f(x) = v1 —x on the interval [0, 1] forms a quarter-circular area of radius 1 lying in the first

quadrant with its center on the origin. The area of this quarter-circle is A = ?r 2 = ?, which is also the value

1 l

of the integral y/\-y? dx, therefore, av(f) = y±-Q \/l-x 2 dx = (1) (% \ = |.

26. The function f(x) = \/l — (x — 2) on the interval [1,2] forms a quarter-circular area of radius 1, lying in the

first quadrant with the center of the circle on the point (2,0). The area of this quarter circle is A = ?r = ?,
&

which is also the value of the integral \!\ — (x — 2) dx, therefore,

J

av(f)= i ^l-(x- 2) 2 = <!)(!) = f.

5 I |

I 3

27. (a) g(x) dx = (b) g(x) dx = - g(x) dx = -E

j |
I
 Section 4.4 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 333

(c) 3f(x) dx =3 f(x) dx = 3(-4) = -12 (d) f(x) dx = f(x) dx - f(x) dx = 6 - (-4) = 10
l

00 [f(x)-g(x)]dx = f(x) dx - g(x) dx = 6 - 8 = -2

(f) (4f(x)-g(x)jdx =4 f(x) dx - g(x) dx = 4(6) - 8 = 16

l

28. (a) -2f(x) dx = -2 f(x) dx = -2(-l) =2

l

9 9

(b) [f(x) + h(x)]dx = f(x) dx+ h(x) dx = 5 +4 = 9

f
7

00 (2f(x) - 3h(x)] dx = 2 f(x) dx - 3 h(x) dx = 2(5) - 3(4) = -2

f
S
7 7
1 9
f f

(d) f(x)dx =- f(x)dx = -(-l) = l

J
9 1

7 9 S)

(e) f(x) dx = f(x) dx- f(x) dx = -1 -5 = -6

7 ?

(f) [h(x)-f(x)]dx = [f(x)-h(x)]dx = f(x) dx - h(x)dx = 5-4=l

J
9

29. (a) f(u) du = f f(x) dx = 5 (b) V3f(z)dz = -/3 f(z)dz = 5v/3

f
l 1 l
l

2 2 2
1

(c) f(t) dt =- f(t) dt = -5 (d) [~f(x)} dx =- f(x) dx = -5

f f

30. (a) g(t) dt =- g(t) dt = -s/2 (b) g(u)du = g(t)dt = v^

-3 -3 -3

[-g(x)] dx =- g(x)dx = -V2 (d) g(t)dt=(-±=V^)=l

00
-3 -3 -3 V2 yfi -3

31. (a) j
f(z)dz = f(z)dz- f(z) dz = 7-3 =4
J

3
3 4

(b) f(t) dt =- f(t) dt = -4

3
334 Chapter 4 Integration

32. (a) h(r) dr = h(r) dr - h(r) dr = 6- =6

l -l -l
l

(b) - h(u) du = -| - h(u) du = h(u) du = 6

l / l

33. To find where ^ 0, i„x

x-x,22 > „ „22
let x-x = =J> x(l -x) = 0=>x = 0orx =
rt
l. If0<x<l, then x2 < x
=> —
< x x => a = and b = 1 maximize the integral.

34. To find where x

4
- 2x2 < 0, let x4 - 2x 2 = => x2 (x2 - 2) = =x= or x = ± y/2. By the sign graph,

++++++ — — . we can Bee that

4
x - 2x < 2
on [-y/2, yfi] =>• a = -y/2 and b = \fi.

minimize the integral.

35. By the constant multiple rule, k dx = k 1 dx. The Riemann sums definition of the definite integral gives

1 dx = lim
1IP||-o.k=i
£ Axkk> and if
_b-a
Axk = SrA
n .
then iim
iipii-kj^i
E Axk = Hm
HPiHokt'i
E ^
b—
n

(k^a. n ")=
= lim
IIPIMV
f^n 5 kti
E l\=
J
lim
||P|l-oV n J
i|
lim
3E» II —
(b - a) = b - a. Therefore, k dx = k(b — a)

for any k.

36. If f(x) > on [a, b], then min f > and max f > on [a, b]. Now, (b — a) min f < f(x) dx < (b — a) max f.

b
Then b > a => b-a > => (b - a) min f > =*> [ f(x) dx > 0.

37. f(x) = 7> is decreasing on [0, 1] => maximum value of f occurs at =* max f = f(0) = 1; minimum value of f
1 +x.£
1

occurs at 1 => min f - f(l) w = —+i-s = A2 1 1

a
. Therefore,»*(1 - 0) min f <
' ~ .
— ^ dx <"^
l+x z
(1 - 0}; max f

*1* 1 +x
—j dx < 1. That is, an upper bound = 1 and a lower bound =~

38. See Exercise 37 above. On [0,0.5], max f = — *-* =

1+0*
1, min f = 1 = = 0.8. Therefor
'
1 + (0.5) J
0.5 0.5

(0.5 - 0) min f < f(x) dx < (0.5 - 0) max f => 0.4 < i-5dx<0.5. On [0.5,1], max f = 1 =0.
1 +x 1 + (0.5) 5J
 Section 4.4 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 335

and min f = —L = o.5. Thus (1 -0.5) min f< [

—i-« dx < (1 - 0.5)' max f => 0.25 < j
1
<
dx - 0.4.
l + l2 ~J0.5 1+x2 -J0.5 1 + x2
0.5 I 1

Then 0.25 + 0.4 < -i-5dx+ —*-5dx< 0.5 + 0.4 ^0.65 < -^dx<0.9.
1+x2 f
J 1+x 2 -Jf 1
2
+x ~

39. The car drove the first 150 miles in 5 hours and the V«loe%
ml/hr
second 150 miles in 3 hours, which means it drove 300 v
SOI

miles in 8 hours, for an average of ^^ mi/hr

KVATOM
= 37.5 mi/hr. In terms of average values of functions, ~^mk^
vaJu»
- 37.5 mWir

30
the function whose average value we seek is

30, 0<t<5
v(t) =< , and the average value is
50, 5<t<8
-t Tim*
(30)(5) + (50)(3) he
= 37.5 rnph. It does not help to consider

<s <
v(s) =< Y
30, 150
whose average value is - ———™^
+ —
(30)(150)
300
(50)(150)
- - = 40 lti
.
,,, .,
(rnph) /mi because we want the
50, 150 < s < 300

average speed with respect to time, not distance.

40. The dam released 1000 m 3 of water in 100 min and then

released another 1000 m of water in 50 min, for a total

of 2000 m3 in 150 min, which averages to ^°^

ao
= -5- m /min. In terms of average values of functions,
£"«•., ^rf**
the function whose average value we seek is
10

{10,
<t< 100
, and the average value is
20, 100<1<150 i
-»
100 190
sr
(10X100) + (20)(50) _ 40 3,
150 ~ 3
m /m n
-,,
"

41-46. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(student):
f:=x->xA2 + l; a:= 0; b:= 1;
n:=20;
leftbox(f(x),x=a..b,n);
leftsum(f(x),x=a..b,n);
evalf(%);
righ tbox(f(x) ,x=a. .b,n)
rightsum(f(x),x=a..b,n);
evalf(%);
middlebox(f(x),x=:a..b,n);
336 Chapter 4 Integration

middlesum(f(x),x=a..b,n);
evalf(%);

Mathematica :

This CAS does not have the leftbox, leftsum, etc, commands. Here are definitions
of 3 functions that plot the boxes and also return the ftiernann sum, using either
left endpoints, right endpoints, or midpoints of each subinterval for the values
of the function. The arguments to each are:
f: a pure function of one variable
{a,b}: the interval
n: the (positive integer) number of subinterval s
plotopts (optional) options for the plot
:

LeftSum[f_, {a_,b_},n_,plotopts ] := Module}

{x, dx = (b— a)/n, xvals, yvals, boxes},
xvals = Tablc[ N[x], {x,a,b-dx,dx} ];

yvals = Map[ f, xvals

] //
N;
boxes = MapThread[
Lme({(#l,0},{#l,#3},{#2,#3},{#2,0}}]&,
{xvals, xvals +dx,yvals} ];

Plotf f[x], {x,a,b}, Epilog -> boxes, plotopts ];

(Plus @@ yvals)*dx // N
]

RightSum[f_,{a_,b_},n_, plotopts ] :— Modulef

{x, dx = (b~a)/n, xvals, yvals, boxes},
xvals =; Tablef N[x], {x,a+dx,b,dx} ];

yvals = Map[ f, xvals ] // N;

boxes = MapThreadf
Line[{{#l,0},{#l,#3},{#2,#3},{#2,0}}]&,
{xvals— dx, xvals, yvals} ];

Plotf f[x], {x,a,b}, Epilog -> boxes, plotopts 3;

(Plus @@ yvals)*dx // N
]

MiddleSum[f_,{a_,b_},n_, plotopts ] := Module(

{x, dx = (b— a)/n, xvals, yvals, boxes},
xvals = Table[ N M> {x,a+dx/2,b,dx} ];
yvals = Map[ xvals f,
] // N;
boxes = MapThread[
Line[{{#l,0},{#l,#3},{#2,#3},{#2,0}}]&,
{xvals-dx/2,xvals+dx/2, yvals} ];
Plotf f[x], {x,a,b}, Epilog -> boxes, plotopts ];
(Plus @@ yvals)*dx // N
3

Clear[x3
f[x_] = xA2+1
{a,b} = {o,i};
n = 20;
LeftSumJ f, {a,b}, n ]

RightSum[ f, {a,b}, n ]
MiddleSumf f, {a,b}, n ]
 Section 4.5 The Mean Value and Fundamental Theorems 337

4.5 THE MEAN VALUE AND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS

1. [ (2x+5)dx = [x 2 + 5x]°
2
= (0 2 + 5(0))-((-2) 2 + 5(~2)) = 6

-2

4. ]' £<x-7&-»*-[-*-i:;=(=i)-(3)-i
-2 -2

5. (1 + cos x) dx = [x + sin x] Q = (?r + sin ir) — (0 + sin 0) = 7r

ir/3

6. 2 sec
2
x dx = [2 tan x]*'
3
= (2 W j))
- (2 tan 0) = 2-^3 - = 2^/i

3w/4
4
7. f esc 6 cot 6 <\9 = [-esc fljj{ =(-CSc(^))-(-csc(j^ = -v/2-(-V2) =
tt/4

.
tt/2

|
o

ir/2
i±y»*.j(« +
^ /,

W2
.j{(| + *^)_( i _*«j!a
4

9. (8y
2
+ siny)dy =
8y
J
— cos y J!M_.„.
1 co8 I i!H)
2.'~' 3^— (-!)=¥
-*/2
-«/2

10. j(r + l) 2 dr= j (r

2
+ 2r + l)dr = [^ + r 2 + r] « (£ + l
2
+ l)~(^ + (~l) 2
+ (-!))= §
-1 -I
-l

W +
4(72)V V
(if
6
+ .

4
1

W 4

i_ 16y^ + 3-8-12 _ 16y 2-17

/

_ n/2 j j
3
+ 16 6 4 4T 48
338 Chapter 4 Integration

1-a/u
du = u~ 1/2 - l) du = (2u 1/2 -u)|. = [(2>/9-9)-(2 x/4 - 4)]= -3 - = -3
12.
> (0)

13. |x|dx = |x| dx + [x|dx =— xdx+ x dx = x_

-lO

+
i4
o
2
+,
Hn./V
+ o
2

2 2 2 y l 2 2
• -4
-4 -t -4

= 16

t/2 ,- r/3

14. i(cos x + [cos x| ) dx = ^(cos x + cos x) dx + s (cos x — cos x) dx = cos —

x dx = Icin
[sin v
x *

o a w /2
= sin ? — sin = 1

v* '^
15. (a) t dt lV^_
= [sin t]j* = sin
a ; ^/x — sin = sin y'x => -pi cos t dt I = -j— (sin y'x) = cos ^/xf Ax '

COS i/X

2y^
X \

w&l cos t dt = (cos ,/x)

(£( vG)) = (cos ^ )(Jx^) = ^
/sin x
Sm X
16. (a)
f
3t
2
dt = [t 3
] = sin 3
x- 1 =>
-f( f
3t
2
dt } = ^-(sin3 x - l) = 3 sin
2

\ i

(sin x

3t
2
dt j
= (3 2
sin x)(-^-(sin x) j
= 3 sin2 x cos x

17. (a) •y/u du u" 2 du =

F 2
'^i^r-o^^A.
•0
v/u du 1 =
=&(¥)=«*

u*
w& v^duU^(A(f')) = t 2 (4t 3 )=4t
\o

tan 9 'tan

18. (a) sec

2
y dy = [tan y]^
e
= tan (tan 0) - = tan (tan 9) => ^1 sec
2
y dy |
= -4 (tan (tan 0))

2
;

(tan0))sec
 Section 4.5 The Mean Value and Fundamental Theorems 339

'tan 9
2 2 2
(b) jU sec y dy = (sec 2 (tan *))(^(tan *)) = (sec (tan 0))sec

19. y = |
Vl + t
2
dt => ^ = y/l + : 20. y = ***£=!.«>

v^
sin x
21. y = j sin t
2
dt _ y=- |
sin t
2
dt * g = -(sin( ^f )(^( V^)) = -<*» ^d*" ") = '2^ 1

22. y= j
cos y/i dt => -^ = (cos v^?)f^(x 2 )^ = 2x cos x

8inx))^^ =(cosx)
cos x ~ ^$=1
= = f^f, = cos x |<5
23. y ^H'
VI -t
|x|<
f^S= VT~sin
2 A -2 ^ tix
X
2
x
(^(
Vdx ' Vcosf
2
x
I I
since |x

24. y =
tan x
1
dt
+ t'
y =-
tan X
_dt
l + t2
^ dx
= /^LVd
^l + tan 2
x/Vdx^
(tanx)
')
uU y= f_=i.
2
\ Stc x
sec
2
x)=-i

25. Let u = 1 - 2x =*• du = -2 dx

(l-2x) 3 dx = -iu 3 du = -iu 4 + C (l-2x) 3 d X =[-i(l-2x) ]^

4
= -|(-l) 4 -(-I)(l) 4 =

26. Let u = t2 + 1 => du = 2t dt

-ii
3/2
t
3 2
V ?TTdt= |luV='du=Iu / + C=>
/
tv^TIdt=[i(t2 + i) [=i(2) 3 / 2 -i(i) 3 / 2
|
o

= «2V2-1)

27. Letu = l+|=>du=id^

sin
2
(l+f)d0 = 2sm2 udu = 2(j-Isin2u)+C=> j
sm 2 (l +|) 16 = [(l +|)-J sm (2 + <?)]*
f
o

(l+§)-±sm{2 + tf)l~(l-isin2) = | + sin2

28. Let u = sin | ^ du = | cos | dx

3
sin
2
t cos 5 dx = 4u2 du = |u3 + C => I sin*
sin
2
|
f cos | dx = [| sin |f = | sin3 { - 1 sin
4 4 f
340 Chapter 4 Integration

_ " "
3V 2 / 6 3

29. y = sec t dt +3 30. y = t\A + 2

dt -2

31. y = cos
2
1 sin t dt — 1 32. y = -
1
cos v/t+1 dt -f-
x/t+T
1

5~i

33. -x 2 - 2x = =>• -x(x+ 2) = =4» x = or x = -2; Area

-2 2 f

-3
(-x

3
2

x
~2x)dx +

1-2

J -3
+
-2

3
x
2
(-x -2x)dx~

-2 3
x
(-x2 -2x)dx

-i2
y y-*8 - 2x
-I

-2

-4
i ;

-6

(-2) -3)= -8
-(-ar -l-Sr— (-3)
s 3 3
(-2) 2 n2 28 ft 2
+ ll-$~o 2 -(-2) J " -It-*' " Mr-<n =f
34. x3 - 3x 2 + 2x = => x(x2 - 3x + 2) =

=> x(x-2)(x-l) = 0, x = 0, 1, or 2; y»x -3x +2x

1 2
3 3
- 3x2 + 2x) dx
Area= [
(x -3x 2 + 2x) dx- (x
f
o 1

-I I \2

f-x +x 3 2
^-x +x 3 2

= V-i J + r
,2 3 ,
\
- f (T
V-on 3J + OM-
n2
^_2 3 + 2 2 J-(^-l 3 + l 2
,

35. x
3 - 4x = =>
2
x(x - 4) = => x(x - 2)(x + 2) =
2

=> x = 0, 2, or -2; Area = U - 4x} dx - (x

3
-4x)dx
-2

~ i2

^-2x 2 [4
-2x 2
]
= l%— 2(0)=
-2 •
a

4
(~2) ,
a:_2(2) 3
>(-2)' 0- [(* 1-1^—2(0)
 Section 4.5 The Mean Value and Fundamental Theorems 341

36. x -x = => x^G -x 2 / 3 ) =

1 '3 1 3
=> x ' = or
2/3
1 -x = 0=>x = 0orl = x2/3 => x = or
2
1 =x =i-x = or±l;

1 /3
Area =— 1 3
(x / -x)dx+ f (x -x)dx- f (x
l /8
-x)dx
-1
-\0 8
__
~
3„4/3_X^
X + 3 Y 4/3_xf
X
3 xV3_ad
I

4 2
-1
4 2 0 4 2 •
l

-[(|(o) 4/3 4)-(!(-»

4/3
-^ + (i(i)
4/i
-£)-(?«» 4/3 -£

s s
-[(i(»)" -f)-(i(')" -i)H4-(^i)^=f
37. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y = 2, y = 0, x = it, and x = is 2ir. The area under the curve

y = 1 + cos x on [0, tt] is (1 + cos x) dx — [x + sin x] = (it + sin it) — (0 + sin 0) = ir. Therefore the area of
Q
o
the shaded region is 2tt — jr = it.

38. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y = 2, y = 0, t = - 1, and t =1 is 2 ( 1 - ( - ~Y| = 2 +f . The
o
2
area under the curve y = sec t on
4
,u sec 1 dt = [tan t]". = tan - tan(- £\ = 1. The area

under the curve y = 1 —t on [0, 1] is (l-t 2 )dt = = 1 ~^)-(°-y) = §- Thus, the total
(

area under the curves on f,l|isl+| = a. Therefore the area of the shaded region is
(
2 + §) "- i = 5 + f

39.
d£= =
_ x 1 l -l/2
=>c =
dx-2^ 2

(a) c(100) - c(l) = V^OO - y/l = $9.00 (b) c(400) - c(100) = \/400 - 000 = $10.00

40. r = f
2- —+L\
(x l)V
dx =2 1--
(x+l)<
dx =2 x
Ax + lJL
- 3 +
(3 + 1)
- +
(0 + 1)
o

= 2[3i-l] = 2(2i) = 4.5or $4500

342 Chapter 4 Integration

ds d
41. (a) V = I = at I
f(x) dx = f(t) =* v(5) = f(5 > = 2 m / sec

(b)
,-df;is negative since the slope of the tangent line at t = 5 is negative
dt

f(x) dx = 2(3)(3) =jm since the inte Sral is tne area of the triangle formed by y = f(x), the x-axis,

and x =3
(d) t =6 since after t =6 to t = 9, the region lies below the x-axis

(e) At t = 4 and t = 7, since there are horizontal tangents there

(0 Toward the origin between t = 6 and t = 9 since the velocity is negative on this interval. Away from the

origin between t = and t =6 since the velocity is positive there.

Right or positive side, because the integral of f from to 9 is positive, there being more area above the
x-axis than below it.

42. (a) v = *}S = £ f( x ) dx = f(t) => v(3) = f(3) = m/sec.

dt dt I

(b) a = tv is positive, since the slope of the tangent line at t =3 is positive

(c) At t = 3, the particle's position is j f(x) dx = ±(3)(-6)

1. = -9

(d) The particle passes through the origin at t =6 because s(6) = f(x) dx =

(e) At t =7, since there is a horizontal tangent there

(f) The particle starts at the origin and moves away to the left for <t< 3. It moves back toward the origin

for 3 < t < 6, passes through the origin at t = 6, and moves away to the right for t > 6.

(g) Right side, since its position at t =9 is positive, there being more area above the x-axis than below it.

43. 7r(64-x 2 )dx = ir 64x

~t 4
512-5|2)-(256-f)]
= .(256-^) = »
t5
44. 7r(yGc) dx = 1T x dx = ir
_
" -., 25 _
O^i 25?r
ffl
2 2)- 2
o

45. f(t) dt = x 2 - 2x + 1 => f(x) = -f- f(t) dt = -f-(x2 - 2x + l) = 2x - 2

v
dx dx
 Section 4,5 The Mean Value and Fundamental Theorems 343

46. f(t) dt =x cos ttx => f(x) =^ f(t) dl = cos ttx — 7tx sin 7rx =* f(4) = cos 7r(4) — 7r(4) sin 7r(4) = 1

47.f(x)

L(x)
= 2-|
x+l

= f (l)(x - 1) + f(l) =
r|T dt=>nx) = -

-3(x - 1)
rR|TTy
+ 2 = -3x + 5
= ^=.f'(l) = -3;f(l) = 2-
1+1

}
2
^ = 2-0=2;

.a

48. g(x) = 3 + sec(t- 1) dt => g'(x) = (sec{x2 - l))(2x) = 2x sec(x2 - l) =* g'(-l) = 2(-l) sec((-l) 2 - l)

(-i) J l

= -2; g(-l) =3+ |

sec (t - 1) dt =3+ j
sec (t - 1) dt = 3 + = 3; L(x) = g'(-l)(x - (-1)) + g(-l)
l l

= -2(x + 1) + 3 = -2x + 1

49. (a) True: since f is continuous, g is differentiable by Fart 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

(b) True: g is continuous because it is differentiable.

(c) True, since g'(l) = f(l) = 0.

(d) False, since g"(l) = f(l) > 0.
(e) True, since g'(l) = and g"(l) = f (1) > 0.
(f) False: g"(x) = f'(x) > 0, so g" never changes sign.

(g) True, since g'(l) = f(l) = and g'(x) = f(x) is an increasing function of x (because f'(x) > 0).

50. (a) True: by Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, h'(x) = f(x). Since f is differentiable for all x,

h has a second derivative for all x.

(b) True: they are continuous because they are differentiable.

(c) True, since h'(l) = f(l) = 0.

(d) True, since h'(l) = and h"(l) = f'(l) < 0.

(e) False, since h"(l) = f (1) < 0.

(f) False, since h"(x) = f'(x) < never changes sign,

(g) True, since h'(l) = f(l) = and h'(x) = f(x) is a decreasing function of x (because f'(x) < 0).

51. (a) 6 - x - x2 = +x-6 = => x

2

=*(x + 3)(x-2) = =» x = -3 orx = 2;

2 - .12

Area = (6-x-x 2
) dx = 0X
2 3 J-3
-3
2 / o\3

-3 -2 -1
_
""
125
6
344 Chapter 4 Integration

0>) y' = -1 - 2x = =^ x = -i; y' > for x < -i and y' < for x > -± => x = -i yields a local maximum
25
height = y(-i) = 4

= 2 - (-3) = = y(-I) =
(c) Base 5, height
2f
=> Area =
|
(Base) (Height)
=|(5)(f )
=
^
(d)Area=f (h-fSVW' hx- 4hx ^^ 2
3b w2
-b/2 i-b/2 J» y-h-(4h/b2 )x .2 :

-©-#)- k-i)-^ 3b
z
/ \ V 'I!
3b<

bh\ / bh,brA_
_/'bh_bhY.V bh bh hV ,
, bll -2kt,
-b/2
1/60

™ 1/60 V
52. (a) ~\ \ V max 120,rt dt = 60[-V max
(T ^ j:
)cos(1207rt)^ = - -^p [cos 2tt - cos 0]
,60

= -% [i-i]=o
£

(
b) V max = v/2 V rma = V^(240) a 339 volts

1/60 1/60 1/60

to (V max ) 2
sin
2
120rt dt = (Vraax) 2 l-cos240,rt
) dt
= (V^ (1-cos 240?rt) dt
J (

(V n 1/60 2
— (vmax.'
*
)

'-(i) sin 2407rt

81
o 2 [(m-^)^^))-^-^)-^^ 120

53. 54. The limit is 3x 2

- cosx

55-58. Example CAS commands:

Maple ;

f:=x -> x A 3 - 4*x A 2 + 3*x;

F:=x-> int(f(t),t=0..x);
plot({F(x),f(x)},x=0..3.75);
solve(diff(F(x),x),x);
 Section 4.6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 345

plot({diff(f(x),x),F(x)},x=0..3);
map(evalf,[solve(diff(f(x),x)=0)]);

Mathematica :

CIear[xj
{a,b} = {0,2Pi}; f[x_] = Sin[2x] Cos[x/3]
F[x_] = Integrate [ f[t], {t,a,x} ]
Plot[ {f[x],F[x]}, {x,a,b} ]

x /. Map[
FindRoot[ F' [x] == 0, {x,#} ]&,
{2,3,5,6} ]

x /. Map[
FindRoot[ f [x] == 0, {x,#} ]4e,

{1,2,4,5,6} ]

59-62. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

f:=x -> sqrt(l -x A 2);

u:=x -> x A 2;
F:=x -> int(f(t),t=l..u(x));
dFx:=diff(F(x),x);
simpli{y(%);
so!ve(dFx=0,x);
dFxx:=diff(F(x),x$2);
simplify(%);
solve(dFxx=0,x);
evalf(%);
plot (F(x),x=-l..l);

Mathematica :

a = 1; u[x_] = x A 2; f[x_] = Sqrt[ 1 - xA2 ]

F[x_] = Integrate[ *W, {t,a,u[x]} ]

F'[x]
x /. NSolve[ F'[x] == 0, x ]

F"[x]
x /. NSolve [ F"[x] == 0, x]
Plot[ Fix], {x,-l,l} ]

u[x]

63. In Maple type diff(int(f(x),x=a,,u(x)),x); or, in Mathematica type d x f[t] dt

64. In Maple type diff(int(f(x),x=a..u(x)),x,x); or in Mathematica type d x x I f[t] dt

4.6 SUBSTITUTION IN DEFINITE INTEGRALS

1. (a) Let u = y+ 1 => du = dy; y = => u = 1, y =3 =>• u =4

v9TTd y = j u^ d » = [| u3/^ = (|) (

4,V,.(|) (lf /2 = _ 2
(| )(8) ( )(1) =
H
|
346 Chapter 4 Integration

(b) Use the same substitution for u as in part (a); y = —1 =» u = 0, y = => u =1

v/y+I dy = j
1 2
u / du = [|u3 ^= (|)(1)
3/2
-0=|

2. (a) Let u = tan x ^ du = sec x dx; x = 0^u = 0, x — ?=>u = l

,r/4
i 1

tan x sec x dx = j
udu = 11-0-1
•

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a);x = — j=>u = — l,x = 0^u =

tan x sec x dx = I u du = i
tj-
0-1--I
u
2~ 2
-l
-l
-«/4

3. (a) Let u = cos x =J> du = —sin x dx => — du = sin x dx; x = 0=>u = l,x = ir^>u = —
-i
1
3 cos x sin xdx = -3u 2 du = [-u3 ]
x
= _(_!)* _ (-(1)3) = 2

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); x = 2ir =* u = 1, x = 3ir =>• u = —1
Sir -1
3 cos x sin x dx = — 3u du = 2

2w 1

4. (a) Let u = t2 + 1 => du = 2t dt => 1 du = t dt; t = => u = 1, t = y/l => u =8

V^ 8
1/3
2
+ l) |l»V3 du= l )a4 /3] 3 3_ VS =
t(t dt
[
( )( |
i=(
)(8)4/ {|)(1) f
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t = — \J1 =>u = 8, t = 0=>u = l
l 8
1/3
t(t
2
+l) dt = lu 1 /3 du =- lu1 /3 du =
-f
-V*

5. (a) Let u = 4 + r2 => du = 2r dr => i du = r dr; r = -1 =* u = 5, i = 1 ^ u=5

1 5

I
— 5r
2
2
dr = 5
f l
2
u
-2
du =
I (4 + r ) |

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); r = 0=^u = 4, r = 1 =^ u =5

5
5r
= lu _2 du = 5f-lu- 1
j (4+^r
dr 5
4
-•(-ior'M-lM-'W
 Section 4.6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 347

6. (a) Let u = x
2
+ 1 => du = 2x dx =>• 2 du = 4x dx; x = =$ u = 1, x = >/3 => u = 4

V^ 4 4
4x 2
2
dx = du = [ 2U" 1 ' du = [4uV»] J = 4C4) 1 / 2 - 4(1) 1 / 2 = 4
U
\/x +l .

1
yfi ±

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); x = —y/3 =^ u = 4, x = \f3 => u =4
\/3 4
4x
dx = -4=du =
V?+i
-v^

7. (a) Let u = 1 - cos 3t => du =3 sin 3t dt => i du = sin 3t dt; t = => u = 0, t = ~ ^- u = 1 -cos ^= 1
tt/6 i

(1 - cos 3t) sin 3t dt = 1

u du =
=w-w-\
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t
_?
= it
=$> u= 1, t=?=^u=l~ cos x = 2
ir/3 2 2

j
(l-cos3t)sin3tdt=j Iudu=[i(^)] = I(2) 2 -I(l) 2 =|
*
«/6 1

8. (a) Let u = 2 + tan | => du = | sec 2 | dt => 2 du = sec2 |dt;t=^=>u = 2 + tanf^^ = l,t
1, = 0^u = 2

2 + tan |) sec
2
| dt = |
u (2 du) = [u 2 ] \ = 22 - l 2 = 3
- W /2

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t = -=- => u = 1, t = ? ^ u =3

*/2 3

'2 + tan |] sec

2
| dt = 2 u du = [u 2 ]j = 3 2 - l
2
= 8

r/3

9. (a) Let u = 4 + 3 sin z => du = 3 I J..-.

cos z dz => 4 du cos z dz; z = = =$• u = 4, z = 2tt^-u = 4

2ff 4
COS z
i/4+l sin z

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); z = —x ^- u = 4 + 3 sin(— sr) =4, z = tt^u = 4
tv 4

>/4
cos 2
+3 sin 2
;
dz =
£(H"
10. (a) Let u = 3+2 cos w => du = — 2 sin w dw => — k du = sin w dw; w = -l^u = 3,w=0^u = 5

-jr/2 3
348 Chapter 4 Integration

(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); w= =*• u = 5, w = ? =>> u = 3

*/2
sin w d»= ,-(-|d.)=i ,->d,=i
(3 + 2 cos w)
52

11. Let u = t 5 + 2t =» du = (5t 4 + 2) dt; t = => u = 0, t = 1 => u =3

3
Vt 5 + 2t(5t 4 + 2)dt= u 1/2 du = 2
u3 /2 = |(3) 3 / 2 -|(0) 3 / 2 = 2x/3
-0
o

dy
12. Let u = 1+ y/y => du =5-7=; y = l=J»u = 2, y = 4=>u = 3
2
Vy
dy
du = ^d.-u-];=(-i)-(-i)-i
i
^(1 + v^r

13. Let u = cos 20 =j- du = -2 sin 29 dfl => -i du = sin 29 d0; = => u = 1, = ?6 => u = cos 2/^ =i
fl
6/~2
jt/6 1/2 1/2
-3 -3
cos 20 sin 25 d0 = .-. -5
!*)=-! u du = 1

2V -2 J: /n» 4(1)
2
4
4

14. Let u = tan

(I )
=> du
=
sec2
(f
ds * 6 du = a
(I)
d^ * = *=> - =
t«(f = 4. =
) ,* =>

u = tan ^ = 1
4
3ir/2
-a
-4 ii
cot
'(fM I d0 =
i/\/5
u
_5
(6 du) = 6 a±4"
/^ •
2u -

1/v/5
W f 3 ^ = 12

15. Let u = 1 -sin 2t =$ du = -2 cos 2t dt =» -i du = cos 2t dt; t = => u = 1, t = j => u =

ff/4

(1 - sin 2t)
3/2
cos 2t dt = -^du = [-l(§^)]°=(4(0)^ H -i (1)
NA-.l

2
16. Let u = 4y - y + 4y 3 + 1 => du = (4 - 2y + 12y 2 ) dy;y = 0=>u = l, y = l=j-u= 4(1) - (l) 2 + 4(1) 3 + 1 =
l 8
2 3 _2/3 2
(4y -y + 4y + l) (l2y - 2y + 4) dy = [
u~ 2 / 3 du = [3u 1/3 ]* = 3(8) 1/3 - 3{1) 1 ' 3 = 3
 Section 4,6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 349

17. y(t) = \ sec 2 f dt with y(4) = f. Let u = f => du = ~\ dt => \ dt = -^

=>y(t) = i sec 2 ^ dt = — i [
sec
2
udu = -itanu + C = -|:tan| + C; :

y(4) =1= -J tan | + C => C =} => y(t) = i(3-tan f)

18. y(t) — -7= sin 2 y/i cos v^t dt with yi ?W ) = 0. Let u = sin y/i ^> du = ~^j= cos y/i dt

> 2 du = -±r cos vA dt

Vt
=> y(t) = 2u2 du = ^+C =
J
|
»
sin
3
vA + C;

= 0, = x; - g(x) = - cos2 x - sin2 x = ^ cos_2x.

19. For the sketch given, a b f(x) 1

r 7T

(1 " C °s2x) ,r

A= dx = (l-cos2x)dx=i[x-^2x] = i[( r-0)-(0-0)]=| ?

[ 2 ^ [

20. For the sketch given, a = - \, b = \\ f(t) - g(t) = \ sec 2 1 - (-4 2

sin 1) = \ sec 2 1 + 4 sin2 1;

r/3 7f/3 ir/3 w/3 ir/3

(1-cos 2t)
A= fisec 2
t + 4sin 2
t^dt =i sec
2
tdt +4 sin
2
tdt=^ 2
sec 1 dt +4 dt

-ir/3 —ir/3 -ff/3 -ir/3 -*/3

jr/3 tt/3
7T/3
tt/3
2
sec t dt +2 (1 - cos 2t) dt = i[tan t] +2 t-isin2t = V/3 + 4-f- V/3=X
w/3
-*/3
-ir/3 -ir/3

21. For the sketch given, a = -2, b = 2; f(x) - g(x) = 2x 2 - (x4 - 2x 2 ) = 2

4x - x 4

n2
4x3 x£ 64 64 _ 320 - 192 _ 128
A= (4x
2
-x4 )dx = 3
~ 5 =(f-f)-[-f-(-f)] 3 5 15 15
-2
-2

22. For the sketch given, a = -1, b = 1; f(x) - g(x) = x 2 - (-2x4 ) = x 2 + 2x4 ;

x3
=(WH-M-f)H+t= MiP=
5
A= (x2 + 2x4 ) dx = 3
+ 2xo
,

-l
-l

23. AREA = Al + A2
Al: For the sketch given, a = —3 and we find b by solving the equations y = x2 — 4 and y = — 2 — 2x
simultaneously for x: x
2
- 4 = -x 2 - 2x =>• 2x
2
+ 2x - 4 = => 2(x + 2)(x - 1) =» x = -2 or x = 1 so
-2

b = -2: f(x)-g(x)=(x 2 -4)-(-x2 -2x) = 2x2 + 2x-4^ Al = (2x2 + 2x-4)dx

-3
350 Chapter 4 Integration

-2

*+¥-< -3
16
4 + a) - (-18 + 9 + 12) = 9 - ^ = U;
A2: For the sketch given, a = -2 and b = 1: f(x) - g(x) = (-x2 - 2x) - (x2 - 4) = -2x 2 - 2x + 4
-ii

A2 = - 2
+ 2x-4)dx= -
=>
-2
(2x
?f + x -4x
2

-2 -a + i-4) + (-v + 4 + .)

= -§-1+4-^ + 4 + 8 = 9;
Therefore, AREA = Al + A2=4r + 9=^r
o

24. AREA = A1+A2 + A3

Al: For the sketch given, a = -2 and b = -1: f(x) - g(x) = (-x + 2) - (4 - x 2 ) = x2 - x - 2
-1 - n-l
= V3 Y2
=> Al !

-x-2)dx = 3 2
zx + *7 + V-3 1~~W~~~T'
-2 \ 3 2 I, 3 2
-2

A2: For the sketch given, a = -1 and b = 2: f(x) - g(x) = (4 - x 2 ) - (-x + 2) = -(x 2 - x - 2)

=*« = -} fc»-,-i)*=-[$-$-*]' =-(|-4- 4 ) + (4-l +2 )=-3 + 8 -l=|

-1 _1

A3: For the sketch given, a =2 and b = 3: f(x) - g(x) = (-x + 2) - (4 - x2 ) - x 2 - x - 2

A3 = x2 -x-2)dx = ^-^r-2x 6 4 -9_ 2~3

3 2 ~\S 2 j (3 2 )
i

Therefore, AREA = Al + A2 + A3 = ^ + | + (9-|-|) = 9-| = -^

25. x-
5
- 6x + 8 = =}• (x - 4)(x -2) = 0=>x = 4or
x = 2, the x-intercepts. B
y

3 3 3
6
(a) (x
2
-6x + 8)dx = x
2
dx - 6 x dx + 8dx y»x -6x + 8

2
= f -6te-^J+8(3-0) = 6
X
1 2"~^~-__ 3

(b) Area = (x
2
-6x + 8)dx + j - (x 2 -6x + 8)dx

x
2
dx -6 x dx + 8dx - x dx — 6 x dx + 8 dx

2 2
- dx-
f-6^-^) + 8(2-0) j x j x dx-6^-^J+8(3-2) j

= (§-12 + 16)-(£-£-15 + 8 ) = = 7l
f
 Section 4.6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 351

26. -x2 + 5x -4 = =*> x2 - 5x + 4 = =*• (x -4)(x - 1) =

=>x = 4orx=l, the x-intercepts. y»-x +5X-4
2 2
r f

(a) f (-x 2
+ 5x-4)dx = ~ |
x2 dx + 5 j xdx-J 4dx -1
-2
-3
-4
1 2

(b)Area =- f (-x 2 + 5x~4) dx+ j (~x 2 + 5x-4)dx

i :

= x dx - 5
2
x dx + 4dx + -x 2 dx + 5 x dx - 4dx
I

I l

= ^_ 5 (^-^) + 4(l-0) + (j -x 2 dx- j

-x 2 dx) + 5(f-^)-4(2-l)
\0 /

"3 +4 + + *-*
2 3 3 2

27. 2x -x
2
= =>• x(2 -x) = =>x = or x = 2,
the x-intercepts.
3
2
(a) [
(2x-x2 )dx = 2 [
xdx- I x dx

2
2
(b) Area- (2x-x 2 )dx~ (2x-x 2 )dx = 2 xdx- x dx- 2
f f f f

I { 5 V

=<¥4)4-<?4) + (!^-N 2dx

)= 4
-l- 6+ T4=i
\0 /

28. x 2 - 4x = => x(x - 4) = => x = or x = 4,

the x-intercepts.
5 5
2
(a) (x
2 - 4x) dx = x dx - 4 x dx

2
= ^r-4
:

V_253
1)~
352 Chapter 4 Integration

(b) Area =— (x
2
-4x)dx + (x
2
-4x)dx
4
4 4 5 5
2
dx + 4 x dx + - xdx = -4r +
x x^ dx 4
4(^-fj + | x^dx- x2dx l_ 4 (^-^
o 4

= -^ + 32+^--^-18 = 13
29. a = -2, b = 2;

f(x)-g(x) = 2-(x 2 -2) = 4-x 2

l2
v 3
=> A = (4-x2 )dx = 4x-£- +!
-2
ix
3
• -2
-in
1
3 ~37 _ Y

y
30. Limits of integration: — 2 - 2x =x => x2 = 3x f(x) = -x
2
-2x ^^gs 1 L

=}• x(x + 3) = => a = -3 and b =

f(x) - g(x) = (-x 2 - 2x) - x = -x2 - 3x ~3 -2.5 /fZ;a$r0^ :

2
x3
M -1
^A= ,-x2 -3x)dx = -3x
-3 - -3 '&^g(x)=x
-2

=«-l-f + f)=l
-3

2 2
31. Limits of integration: x = -x + 4x =>•
2
2x - 4x =
=> 2x(x - 2) = => a = and b = 2;

f(x) - g(x) = (-x + 4x) - x = -2x 2 + 4x

2 2

l2
3 2
=^A = (-2x 2 + 4x)dx = -2x + 4x
3 2
o

- 16 16_ -32 + 48 _8
2 ~
,

3 6 ~ 3

32. Limits of integration: 7 - 2x2 = x 2 + 4 =s> 3x

2
-3 =
=> 3(x - l)(x + 1) = => a = -1 and b = 1;
y-7-2x2
f(x) - g(x) = (7 - 2x2 ) - (x2 + 4) = 3 - 3x
2

,1

=> A= 3-3x' )dx = i

3 x-^
x
3
-l
-l

-.iii-l)-(-i + l)]=t(|).4
 Section 4.6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 353

33. Limits of integration: x4 — 4x2 + 4 = x2

=>x 4 -5x 2 + 4 = =>(x 2 -4)(x 2 -l) = »»*' \
=> (x + 2)(x - 2)(x + l)(x - 1) = => x = -2, -1, 1, 2;

f(x) - g(x) = (x 4 - 4x 2 + 4) - x2 = x4 - 5x2 + 4 and

g(x) - f(x) = x 2 - (x4 - 4x2 + 4) = -x4 + 5x 2 - 4

-l
A= f (-x4 + 5x 2 -4)dx+ [
(x
4
-5x 2 + 4)dx+ [
(-x4 + 5x2 -4) dx
-2

2
3
x5 5x
^+
,

-^4x|_ + x!_52d +
+4X
4x + l=# + ^-4*
2
5 3 J
l
-(H+«)-ff-1M+(H+«)

x2 -4, x<-2orx>2
34. Limits of integration: y= I x — 41 =
2
4-x , -2<x<2
V-^/2 + 4
foTX<-2 andx>2: x3 -4 = y+4
=* 2x2 - 8 = x2 + 8 => x2 = 16 => x = ±4;
2
for -2 < x < 2: 4 -x
2
= X|- + 4 => 8 - 2x2 = x2 +1
^x z
= =*• x = 0; by symmetry of the graph,
2 4
2
A=2 '(^ + 4)-(4-x 2
)]dx + 2 [(£ + 4 )~(x -4)]dx
|
2

2 4
i r 3i
= 2 + 2 8x-|- =2(|-0)+2(32-^-16 + |) = 40-^ = 3

35. a = 0, b = 7r; f(x) — g(x) = 2 sin x — sin 2x

=> A= (2 sin x — sin 2x) dx = —2 cos X + cos 2x y»2s!n*

o

= [-2(-l) + i]-(-2-l+I) = 4
354 Chapter 4 Integration

36. a = -J, b = f, f(x) - g(x) = 8 cos x - sec 2 x -6cosx

ir/3

=> A= (8 cos x — sec x) dx = [8 sin x — tan x] _ tt/3 -(secx) 2

—ir/3

= (8.^-V3)-(-8-^+^) = 6 v /'3

37. A = A1 + A2
&i
= —1, bj = and a2 = 0, b 2 = 1;
flW-g!(x) = x-sin(^)and f (x)
2
- g 2 (x) = Bin(^)-x
by symmetry about the origin, y-sn(nx/2) —
A 1 + A Z = 2A 1
=> A=2 sin^-xldx
o

= *l -I -(?)-*], = » (-l.o-I)-(-J.i-o)

=2 (HH(^) = ^
38. a =- b = J; f(x) - g(x) = sec 2 x - tan 2 x
J,
r/4 W /4

=> A= (sec x — tan x) dx = .a, — r

sec x isec 2-_i)]dx
x-
-*r/4 -*/4
ir/4

- W /4
1-dx —
= r-vi""/
J
4
-ir/4
— ""
4 HH
/^ t\ _ jt

39. A = AX + A2
Limits of integration: y = x and y = 4*=>x = 4j, x^O
x x
=^x = 3
l^x = l, ^(x) -g 1
(x) =X- = X 2 y = lfa?
1
- 11

= |;f2 (x)-g2 (x) = i-°

r
=>A 1 = x dx= 4

l2
-2
=x 2
=!>A 2 = x dx = |^ = -I2 + l=I-
2'
jj

A = A 1 + A2 = I + I = 1
 Section 4,6 Substitution in Definite Integrals 35o

40. Limits of integration: sin x = cos x =>x = ?^a =

and b = ?; f(x) — g(x) = cos x — sin x
ir/4

^A= (cos x — sin x) dx = [sin x + cos x\"'

,ir/4

= (^+^)-(o + i) = V2-i

41. Limits of integration: y = 3 — x2 and y = — 1

=> 3 -x2 = -1 =* x2 =4 => a = -2 and b = 2;

2 2
f(x)~g(x)=(3-x )-(-l) = 4~x
2
r r ii
=^A= ( 4 -x 2 )dx = |4x-^
-2
~2

= (8 _|)_ _ 8+ = _
| ( )
16
¥=f V--1

42. Limits of integration: = 1 + y/x and y = -4= y

Vx y-2/^/x
=» 1 + ^/x^-^, x^O => ^/x + x = 2 =?-x = (2-x) 2

=>x = 4-4x + x 2 =»x 2 -5x + 4=0

^ (x — 4)(x — 1) = => x = 1, 4 (but x = 4 does not

satisfy the equation); = —4= and y = ? => —4= = j

y
Vx vx
= 8 = x^/x = 3
64 = x =» x = 4 since x > 0;

Therefore, AREA = A + A 2 x
: fj(x) -gj(x) = (l+x 1/2 )-|

^A^|(2 + x^-f)dx=[x + §x3 /2

-^ = (l + |-i)-0 = || ; f2 (x)-- g2( x) = 2x-/ 2 -|

, A2= -i/.-}) (U= .2-^)-(4-l) =

| (
fc
[^.fl (4
=
4-f = £
Therefore, AREA = Al +A 2 = g + ^ = 2Z + *1 = 88 = U

43-46. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

p:=x"2*cos(x);
q:=x"3-x;
plot({p,q}, x=-2..2,-2..2);
mtptl:=fsolve(p=q,x=— 2..0);
356 Chapter 4 Integration

intpt2:=fsolve(p=q,x=0..2);
intone:=Int(q—p,x=intpt 1 .0) .

inttwo:=Int(p— q,x=0..intpt2);
evalf(mtone+inttwo);

Mathematica :

Clear[x]
f[x_] = x"2 Cos[x]
g(x_] = x"3 -x
Plot[ {f[x],g[x]}, {x,-4,4} ]

Here, need to use FindRoot for each crossing; can do all together using Map
over initial guesses.

pts = x /. Map[
FindRoot[ f[x] == g[x], {x,#} ]&,
{-1.0,1} ]
11 = NIntegrate[ f[x]-g[x], {x,pts[[l]],pts[[2]]}]
i2 = NIntegrate[ g[x]-f[x], {x,pts[[2]],pts[[3]]}]
il+i2

4.7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

2

1. x dx

I. (a)Forn = 4,h = ^ra = 2 f l=!=*! = i; xi f(x; ) ra mf( Xi )

xo 1 1 I 1

^mf(x = 12=>T=I(12)=|; i
) xl 5/4 5/4 2 5/2

X2 3/2 3/2 2 3

f(x) =x =*• f (x) = l=>f" = 0=>M = X3 7/4 7/4 2 7/2

=>
f
ET = |
x4 2 2 1 2

,2
r __ 2
(b) xdx = = 2-I = §=*|ET = |
x dx -T =
• 1
1 i

lEn
(c) x 100 = 0%
True Value

= = b-a _2-l_l
_ S^s _ h_
- f^_± = ±^,-± = 1 X m
II. (a) For n 4, h ~4^3~12 4
.
, i
f(x
i)
mf(x ) ;

x 1 1 1 1

*£ mf(Xi) = 18=*S=^(18) = §; xl 5/4 5/4 4 5

x2 3/2 3/2 2 3

4
f< )(x) = 0=»M = 0^|Bgl = X3 7/4 7/4 4 7

X4 2 2 1 2
 Section 4.7 Numerical Integration 357

(b) xdx = |=>|Es |

= f xdx-S = |-| =
J

lEe
W x 100 = 0%
True Value

2. |
(2x - 1) dx

f„, „ - 4,
= -
hh = b-a- _
— 3-1 _ 2 _ _, h -
_1 1
m
!r = —3— -^-^jj
t
I. f,\
(a) For n a mf(Xi)
?' "i f(*i)

xo 1 1 1 1

£mf(x = 24^T = |(24) = 6;

i
) xl 3/2 2 2 4

x2 2 3 2 6

= 2x- 1
f(x) => f (x) = 2=>f" = 0=>M = x3 5/2 4 2 8

=*|ET = |
x4 3 5 1 5

(b) (2x-l)dx = [x2 -x]j = (9-3)-(l-l)=6=>|ET (= f (2x-l)dx-T s 6-6 = '

I
En
00 True Value x 100 = 0%

II.
(
a)Forn = 4,h = V = afi = l = ^|-J;
*0
Xi
1
f(

1
xi) m
1
mf( Xi )

5^ mf(xi) = 36 =» S = J (36) - 6 xl 3/2 2 4 8

x2 2 3 2 6

4
f< )(x) = 0=>M = 0=>|Es = |
x3 5/2 4 4 16

x4 3 5 1 5

3 3

(b) (2x-l)dx = 6=>|Es |= f (2x-l)dx-S = 6-6 =

f

lEc
(•0 x 100 = 0%
True Value

2
3. (x + l)dx

I. (a) Fom = -
=
4,h•- b-a
d —^-^ -= 2 -I
^^ _=- Izk^l 4
^ h - 1.
= ^2-4.~4~r
| Xi f( x
i)
m mf(Xi)

^ -1 2 1 2

5]mf(x ) = ll=*T = i(ll) =

i 2.75i xl -1/2 5/4 2 5/2

x2 1 2 2

f(x) = x2 + 1 = f(x) = 2x => f"(x) = 2 => M » 2 x3 1/2 5/4 2 5/2

X4 1 2 1 2
358 Chapter 4 Integration

l-(-l)/l =
&r < °- 08333
=>
'TI^^TT (i)
(2)
A or
i l

X3
(b) | (x
-1
2
+l)dX:
J
-l
{l^H-l^>i^r = (x
2
+ l)dx-T = |-^ 12

=>|ET :
0.08333
| 12

WTr#?aTiIi Xl00 -|Tl Xl00w3%

II. (a)Forn = 4,h = ^ = 3-fi = | = i^| = l;

x -1
X i
f(x

2
i)
rn

1
mf(Xi)

53 mf(xi) = 16 => S = A (16) = | = 2.66667 xl -1/2 5/4 4 5

x2 1 2 2

f<
3
)(x) = =» f<
4)
(x) = => M= => |ES |= x3 1/2 5/4 4 5

*4 1 2 1 2

J
-ii

(b) (x2 + l)dx = -

+x |E S |= (x
2
+ l)dx-S = |-| =
-1 f
-1

|E«
00 True Value x 100 = 0%

2
4. (x -l)dx

xi f(*i) m mf(Xi)

Xo -2 3 1 3

53mf(x ) = ;
3^T = |(3)=|; xl -3/2 5/4 2 5/2

X2 -1 2

f(x) = x2 - 1 =J> f (x) = 2x + 1 => f '(x) = 2 => M=2 X3 -1/2 -3/4 2 -3/2

x4 -1 1 -1

=> I T <
T|^ I
o-(~2)
if"
m
(Jfa
_2
i
12
0.08333

°"

(b) (x
2
-l)dx = [^--x]° =0-(-| + 2) = |^ET = j
(x
2
-l)dx-T = |-| :
_L
12
~2
-2 -2

=> IE.
Tl-12
 Section 4,7 Numerical Integration 359

(c
)T
J^ X 100=(f|xlOO,13%

II. (a)Fom = 4,h=^ = 5~4il = | = l=,h = l;

Xi f(Xi) m mf(Xi)

*0 -2 3 1 3

£mf( Xi = 4=>S = i(4)=§; ) xl -3/2 5/4 4 5

x2 -1 2

f<
3)
(x) = => f<
4)
(x) = => M= => lEglas x3 -1/2 -3/4 4 -3
x4 -1 1 _1

(b) (x
2
-l)dx = f =>|ES = |
f
(x2 -l)dx-S = f~|=0
3 3
-2

Ec
(c) x 100 = 0%
True Value

3
5. (t +t)dt

= b-a
- -jj- _
2-0 _
_2__ 1 _, h _ 1
? 5 =^- ?
i
I.
r»i
(a) v n
For = 4,<
h
t.
= —%- , *i
f(t 5 ) m raf(ti)

1
*o

^mf(t ) = 25=>T = i(25) = f;

i h 1/2 5/8 2 5/4

*a 1 2 2 4

f(t) = t3 +t => f(t) = 3t2 + 1 a» f'(t) == 6t => M = 12 t

3 3/2 39/8 2 39/4

*4 2 10 1 10
2
= f"(2)=>|E T |<^0(l) (12)=i

3
t)d t -T = 25__Il_i.1T — *
+ t)dt = | + fj^($ + f)-0 = 6=>|ET |=}(t 6-f =
3
(b)
j
(t + 4

En
xl00 =
I

(c) x 100 « 4%
True Value

II. (a) For 11 = 4,0 = b-a_

= ^^ 2-0 _2_l
4
_7=
= __ h_l.
_ 2^3~6
=>-«t-*>
4
!

*0
fc
i
f(ti) ra

1
mf(ti)

J) mf(ti) = 36 => S = |(36) = 6 tl 1/2 5/8 4 5/2

h 1 2 2 4

f(
3
)(t) = 6 => f<
4)
(t) = 0=>M = 0^|Es |=0 t
3 3/2 39/8 4 39/2

t
4
2 10 1 10
360 Chapter 4 Integration

3 3
(b) {t + t)dt = 6=>|Es |=: f (t + t)dt-S = 6-6 =
J

Es
(c)
True Value
x 100 = 0%

3
6. (t + l)dt

I U) Forn =4 h = ^ = ~ <-*) = 2 - 1 ^ h_
l
1.
*i
f(t )
;
ra mf( ti )

*0 -1 1

J]mf(t ) = 8=>T=i(8)=2;i
fc
l
-1/2 7/8 2 7/4

t2 1 2 2

f(t) = t3 + 1 => f(t) = 3t 2 => f'(t) = 6t => M=6 t

3 1/2 9/8 2 9/4

t
4 1 2 1 2

= r(l)=>|E r |<- 1I
K17«)-i
1
'f . . . 1,4
00 (* + !)«. [£ + .]' .(^ + l)-(^+(-l)j-.*|B I
.|- (t
3
+ l)dt-T = 2-2 =
X
-1 -1

IE.
(C)
True Value
x 100 = 0%

*i Kh) m mf( ti )

to -1 1

]P mf(ti ) = 12=>S = i(12) = 2; H -1/2 7/8 4 7/2

*2 1 2 2
3
i< )(t) =6 => f<
4)
(t) =0=>M = 0^|ES |=0 *3 1/2 9/8 4 9/2

*4 1 2 1 2

= 2=» |E S = 3
(b) (t
d
+ l)dt |
(t + l)dt~S = 2-2 =
-l -1

Ec
(c)
True Value
x 100 = 0%
 Section 4.7 Numerical Integration 361

7. ds
l

I. (a) For n = 4, n = -^— - ~^~ - ? => 5 -g 1

si %i) m mf(Si )

s 1 1 1 1

^ ^* _~ _
Y-s „ 179,573 i/ !79,573 A 179,573
2^ mH«iJ -.

44,100
.^
8^ 44,100 )
~ 352,800
8
1
5/4 16/25 2 32/25

s 3/2 4/9 2 8/9

2

a 0.50899; f(s) = 4 =» f'(s) = ~| =* *"(') = 4 83 7/4 16/49 2 32/49

s4 2 1/4 1 1/4
2
^ M = 6 = f'(l) => |E T |<^-(i) (6) =jjj= 0. 03125

4ds = 2
ds=|- i ds - T = i - 0.50899 = -0.00899
(b) s~
-[-*];-1-H)-1*«t-
I
ET =0.00899
I

II. (a) Forn = 4,h=^a = 2^i = i=>| = i; S

i *W m mffo)

s 1 1 1 1

^ „
2^ m Ha - iJ
, 264,821
44,100 ^ & _~ 1 ^ 264,821 ^
12^ 44,100 )
_
~
264,821
529,200
sl 5/4 16/25 4 64/25

s2 3/2 4/9 2 8/9

» 0.50042; f<3 >(s) = -2* => f< 4

>(s) = if =» M S
3 7/4 16/49 4 64/49
s s
S
4
2 1/4 1 1/4
4
= 120 = fW(l) =>
J
E s < 2_r^(I)
I
(120) = 3^ * 0.002604

(b) ids = l=>E s = \ ds - S = \ - 0.050041 = -0.00041 => I Es =

I 0.00041

lEc
(e)
i^l xl00 ^O^fi x 100 ^ 0.08%
v ' True Value 0.5

(s-1) 2
2

I. (a)
b—
/\tFor n = 4, hu = —g—a _
=—
a3 — 1 _ 1 _i h _
- 2 =^ 2 ~ 4 — 1 s
i f(*i) m. mf(Si )

s 2 1 1 1

- 1269 _> T _ / 1269 \ _

= 150" 1 1269 _ °- 7n
z nn . 2
mf 8
E™«„ ^
~4 ~ n 70500 sl 5/2 4/9 8/9
( i)
=*" ~ IwJ 1800
'

s
2 3 1/4 2 1/2

f( s) = (s-ir 2 ^f(s) = s
3 7/2 4/25 2 8/25
( -If
s4 4 1/9 1 1/9
362 Chapter 4 Integration

=**'() = —^^M =
(•-I)
6 = f"(2)=»|E T |<if^(!)
2
(6)

:I = 0.25
4 4
4
(b)
I (^ ds =
[(^i)] =(4^T)-(f^T) = §^
ET=| ^ld S -T = §-0.705. -0.03833

r=> |E T |
?» 0.03833

E
(c)
v
'
— -L-Tl
True Value
n
x lOO = °4P1 xlOOw6%
(2\

II. (a) Forn = 4,h=^ = a^i = I=>| = i s

i f(*i) m mf(sj)

s 2 1 1 1

E mf (gi)
1813
450
^ 0_ i(1813\
_.
6U50
6
c
J
1813 w0 67148-
2700~ u,oaw ' sl 5/2 4/9 4 16/9

s2 3 1/4 2 1/2

f«(,) = --24 ^ f(
4)
(s) = U20 ^ M = 120 = <«) (2 ) s3 7/2 4/25 4 16/25
(s-1) (s-1)
s
4
4 1/9 1 1/9

=> |
Es |
<
^(5) (120) = i » 0.08333
(b) ds =4 =$ Eo = -
1
- ds - S « I3 - 0.67148 = -0.00481 =* Eo I I w 0.00481
(s-1)* (s-1) 2 I *»l

Ec
(c) „,.J,"fr '.,„, x 100 = °4Pix 100 » 1%
True Value
(I)
7T

sin t dt
'I
~
I. W
iWl Porn
ror " = *,«—
— = ~°
4 h= bn a— 4
= S »hjr.
4^28' 7r
=
*i f(ti) m mf(ti)

fc 1

£ mf(ti) = 2 + 2 V2 js 4.8284 => T =

J(2
+ 2^/5) '1 tt/4 v/2/2 2 V5
h ir/2 1 2 2

rj 1.89612; f(t) = sin t => f(t) = cos t =» f"(t) = -sin t

h 3t/4 >/5/2 2 v^
*4 7T 1

2
^M = l=|f'(0)|^jET |<^(f) (l) =
f^«0.16149
7T

(b) in t dt
sin = [-cos t]* = (-cos it) - (-cos 0) =2 ^ |ET j
= sin t dt -T ss 2 - 1. 89612 = 0.10388

IE,

tSI L
00 True Value> xlOQ = ^PSxlOQ W 5%
 Section 4.7 Numerical Integration 363

tt
II.
/„\ For
(a) tt„„ .,
n — 4,
= a u
h —
=b
— _
——„— __- tr—4— - ir
4 ^ h3 _- H'
_> ir ,
h m m mf(ti)

to 1

Y, mf(ts) = 2 + 40 w 7.6569 =» S = ^(2 + 40) h tt/4 0/2 4 20

h tt/2 1 2 2

w 2.00456; f
(3)
(t) = -cos t = f<
4)
(t) = sin t t
3
3tt/4 0/2 4 20
h IT 1

4
4)
=> M= = 1 f< (0) =>|Es
|<^(f) (D « 0.00664

(b) sin t dt =2 => Es = sin t dt - S « 2 - 2.00456 = -0.00456 => |

E s » 0.00456
|

f f

E si
(C '
v
)
l

xl0 o = M0456 xlo0w0-2 3Q/o

True Value 2

10. sin irt dt

t
I. (a) Forn„
(~\ i?„„
= /i
4,
u
h =
— a _ 1 — „ 1 _v.
_ b^j—
=— ^-
h_ 1
? =J- 2~8' k f(ti) m mf(ti)

1
'o

£ mf(tj) = 2 + 20 w 4.828 => T = |(2 + 20) tl 1/4 0/2 2

t
2 1/2 1 2 2

f« 0.60355; f(t) = sin xt => f'(t) =* cos irt *3 3/4 0/2 2

u 1 1

=> f"(t) = -tt 2 sin »t =* M= tt

2
= |f (0) ' I

^|ET |<I^(i)V)*0.05140

(b) sin irtdt = [-i cos irt]J=(-± cos »)-(-* cos o) = J« 0.63662 =>|E T |= [
sin7rtdt-T
f

I- 0.60355 =0.03307

En
l^l
(c)
I

xl0O = 0^03301 xlQOw5%

^ ' True Value f jjN

—
tt
II.
/\r^
(a)Forn = 4, a
h
1
= b~a
-H- = -
1
3
- _= 51 _.=t-3-
h_ 1
I 2;
,
*i
f(t;) m mf(ti)

to 1

53 mf(t;) = 2 + 40 fc 7.65685 =*• S = jL(2 + 40) *1 1/4 0/2 4 20

*2 1/2 1 2 2

« 0.63807; f^
3)
(t) = -it3 cos irt => f
(4)
(t) = tt
4
sin jrt *3 3/4 0/2 4 20
*4 1 1
364 Chapter 4 Integration

4
M= 7r
4
= f<
4
)(0)^|E s j<l=^(I) (7r
4
)«0.00211

A J.

(b) sin irt dt = f *s 0.63662 => Es = sin ?rt dt -S sw | - 0.63807 = -0.00145 = |

Es w 0.00145
]

lEc
(c)
<jM
x 100= 3,0^8 x ioo «0%
True Value / 2 ]

11. (a) n = 8^h=i=>| = i;

Y^ mf(x;) = + 2(0.12402) + 2(0.24206) + 2(0.34763) + 2(0.43301) + 2(0.48789) + 2(0.49608)

1(0.0)

+ 2(0.42361) + 1(0) = 5.1086 =}- T = ^(5.1086) = 0.31929

(b)n =8 ^h= l
=,h = l_.

52 mf(xj) = + 4(0.12402) + 2(0.24206) + 4(0.34763) + 2(0.43301) + 4(0.48789) + 2(0.49608)

1(0-0)

+ 4(0.42361) + 1(0) = 7.8749 => S =^(7.8749) = 0.32812

(c) Let u = 1 — x2 ^ du = — 2x dx =» - i du = x dx; x = =» u = 1, x = 1 ^> u =

^
yr^ dx= f
v5(-j«h)=j u 1 / 2 du = In
3/2^
21 3
U^ ="3UVif-HVof = b
3" J

\ 2 -
o

ET = x\/l - x 2 dx - T »* i ~ 0.31929 = 0.01404; Es = f x\/l - x 2 dx - S as | - 0.32812 = 0.00521

J

12. (a)n = 8^h=|^| = A ;

J2 mf(05 ) = + 2(0.09334) + 2(0.18429) + 2(0.27075) + 2(0.35112) + 2(0.42443) + 2(0.49026)

1(0)

+ 2(0.58466) + 1(0.6) = 5.3977 =*• T = ^(5.3977) = 1.01207

(b)n = 8=*h=|hH ;

]T mftflj) = 1(0) + 4(0.09334) + 2(0.18429) + 4(0.27075) + 2(0.35112) + 4(0.42443) + 2(0.49026)

+ 4(0.58466) + 1(0.6) = 8.14406 => S =1 (8. 14406) = 1.01801
(c) Let u = 16 + 92 => du = 26 Ad => i du =6 dfl; = =J- u = 16, =3 => u = 16 + 3 2 = 25
25 25
i/a>
i25
1 /2
= 1/U
u" du = V55-v^6 =
V16+F J
16
aA V2 ; 2
16
2
U -
16
i;

Erp — d0 -T s» 1 - 1.01207 = -0.01207; Es = &6-Sxi\~ 0.01801 = -0.01801

Vl6 + ^
:
\7l6~+?
 Section 4.7 Numerical Integration 365

13. (a) n = 8^h = |=j.| = ^;

J2 mf(t; ) = 1(0.0) + 2(0.99138) + 2(1.26906) + 2(1.05961) + 2(0.75) + 2(0.48821) + 2(0.28946) + 2(0.13429)
+ 1(0) = 9.96402 => T = ^(9.96402) ps 1.95643
(b)n = 8^h = f^| = £;
£ mf(t;) = + 4(0.99138) + 2(1.26906) + 4(1.05961) + 2(0.75) + 4(0.48821) + 2(0.28946) + 4(0.13429)
1(0.0)

+ 1(0) = 15.311 = S » ^(15.311) as 2.00421

(c) Let u = 2 + sin t = du = cos t dt; t = -f =» u = 2+sinf-|) = 1, t = | =>• u = 2 + sin| = 3

ir/2 3 3

-*/2
(2
3 cos
+ sin
t

t)
:
dt =
u
u
-2
du =
°W -BHHH
ir/2 ir/2

— 3 cos -T = 0.04357; Es = 3cost - dt-S

E>p
t
dt ss 2 - 1.95643
(2 + sin t)
:
(2 + sin ty
-w/2 -w/l

2-2.00421 = -0.00421

14. (a) n = 8=>h=§=>| = ^;

^ mf(y.) = + 2(1.51606) + 2(1.18237) + 2(0.93998) + 2(0.75402) + 2(0.60145) + 2(0.46364)
1(2.0)

+ 2(0.31688) + 1(0) = 13.5488 =* T sa |j (13.5488) = 0.66508

Y, mf(yj) = + 4(1.51606) + 2(1.18237) + 4(0.93988) + 2(0.75402) + 4(0.60145) + 2(0.46364)

1(2.0)

+ 4(0.31688) + 1(0) = 20.29754 = S « ^(20.29754) = 0.66424

(c) Let u = cot y =>• du = -csc 2 y dy;y = ^=»u = l,y=^=>u =

w/2 1
3 3
(csc
2
y),/cot y dy = v/u(-du)
= u
i/a
'
,

du = r.,3/2-' = |(yi) -|(v^) =

3 i;
ir/4 2 J

ir/2 .r/2

2
E.
'T
(csc
2
y) v/coT7dy-T as \~ 0.66508 = 0.00159; Es = (csc y) y'cot y dy -S
ir/4 7T/4

rj -0.66424 = 0.00243
I

3
15. § (6.0 + 2(8.2) + 2(9.1 + . . . + 2(12.7) + 13.0)(30) = 15,990 ft
366 Chapter 4 Integration

16. (a) Using the Trapezoid Rule, h = 200 =*> | = ?|0 = lOQ; xi f( x
i)
rn mf( Xi )

x 1

53 mf(Xj) = 13,180 => Area s» 100(13,180) xl 200 520 2 1040

x2 400 800 2 1600

= 1,318,000 ft 2 . Since the average depth = 20 ft x3 600 1000 2 2000

we obtain Volume w 20 (Area) * 26,360,000 ft 3

. x4 800 1140 2 2280

(b) The number of fish = V °'™e = 26,360 (to the nearest x4 1000 1160 2 2320

fish) => Maximum to be caught = 75% of 26,360 = 19,770 *6 1200 1110 2 2220

=> Number of licenses = —sa— = 988

19 770
x7 1400 860 2 1720

x8 1600 1

17. Use the conversion 30 mph = 44 fps (ft per

sec) since time is measured in seconds. The

distance traveled as the car accelerates from,

Bay, 40 mph = 58.67 fps to 50 mph = 73.33 fps

in (4.5 — 3.2) = 1.3 sec is the area of the

trapezoid (see figure) associated with that time

interval: |(58.67 + 73.33)(1.3) = 85.8 ft. The

total distance traveled by the Ford Mustang
t (sec)
Cobra is the sum of all these eleven trapezoids

(using -=- and the table below);

s = (44)(1.1) + (102.67)(0.5) + (132)(0.65) + (161.33)(0.7) + (190.67)(0.95) + (220)(1.2) + (249.33)(1.25)

+ (278.67)(1.65) + (308)(2.3) + (337.33)(2.8) + (366.67)(5.45) = 5166.35 ft « 0.980 mi

v (mph) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

v (fps) 44 58.67 73.33 88 102.67 117.33 132 146.67 161.33 176 190.67

t (sec) 2.2 3.2 4.5 5.9 7.8 10.2 12.7 16 20.6 26.2 37.1

At/2 1.1 0.5 0.65 0.7 0.95 1.2 1.25 1.65 2.3 2.8 5.45

18. Using Simpson's Rule, h = ^^ = ^z^- = ^ = 4; Xi Vi m myj

x 1

J2 ™Yi = 350 => S = |(350) = ±4M « 468.7 i n . xl 4 18.75 4 75

x2 8 24 2 48

x3 12 26 4 104

x4 16 24 2 48

x5 20 18.75 4 75

x6 24 1
 Section 4.7 Numerical Integration 367

19. Using Simpson's Rule, h = 1 = -^ = »; Xi y-, m my;

xo 1.5 1 1.5

£ my; = 33.6 =$• Cross Section Area « |(33.6) = 11.2 ft

2
xl 1 1.6 4 6.4

Let x be the length of the tank. Then the Volume V x2 2 1.8 2 3.6

= (Cross Sectional Area)x = 11.2x. Now 5000 lb of x3 3 1.9 4 7.6

gasoline at 42 lb/ft
3
=> V = ^M = 119.05 ft
3
x4 4 2.0 2 4.0

=* 119.05 = 11. 2x =5- x m 10.63 ft x5 5 2.1 4 8.4

x6 6 2.1 1 2.1

20. 3£ [0.019 + 2(0.020) + 2(0.021) + . . . + 2(0.031) + 0.035] = 4.2 L

21. n = 2=»h=^=^=l=>^ = i; Xi f(*i) m mf(Xi)

x 1

^mf(x = i
) 12=^S = i(12)=4; xl 1 1 4 4

x2 2 8 1 8

3 = 2l_0l
x dx
4 4

£-0 4
. (a)|E s |<^{h 4 )M ;n = 4^h = 2^ = |;|^)|<l^M = l^|E s |<^g^(|) (l) 0.00021

w h =l*h& ^ f( x
i)
m mf(xj)

1 1 1
"o

J2 mf(x;) = 10.472087048 xl tt/8 0.974495358 4 3.897981432

x2 tt/4 0.900316316 2 1.800632632

=> S =i (10.472087048) « 1.37079 x3 3ff/8 0.784213303 4 3.136853212

X4 t/2 0.636619772 1 0.636619772

W Kot#) x100rs0 015% -

'

23. (a) h = ^p = ijjjfi = 0.1 => erf(l) = Jj«(^)(y + 4y + 2y + 4y 3 + : 2

. . . + 4y 9 + y 10 )

= 2=( eo + 4e -o.oi + 2e -o.04 + 4e -o.09 + # % + 4e -o.8i + e -i) w . 84 3

30 y 5T

1-0,
(b)|Es |<^(0.1) 4 (12)«6.7xlO"
.~6

24. The average of the 13 discrete temperatures gives equal weight to the low values at the end.
368 Chapter 4 Integration

Exercises 25-28 were done using a graphing calculator.

25. 3.1415927 26. 1.0894294 27. 1.3707622 28. 0.82811633

29. (a) T 10 « 1.983523538

Ti„o » 1.999835504
T 100 o M 1-999998355

(b) n ET =2-Tn
10 0.016476462 = 1.6476462 x 10~ 2
4
100 1.64496 x 10~
-6
1000 1.645 x 10

_2
(c) |ET |«10 |ET

(d) b-a = 7r,h 2 = ^, M = l

!£•
JT \<JL(4) = .^
nl-m^ 12n^

=10 _2
|ET !< |En
I0n|~ 12(10nf

30. (a) S 10 « 2.000109517

S 100 rs 2.000000011

Siooo w 2.000000000

(b) n Es =2-Sn
10 1.09517 xlO -4
100 1.1 x 10~8
1000

(c) |E S |«10- 4 |E<, I

(d) b-a=jr, h 4 = 4»M = l

ES
| n Pl80l^J-IBn^

|Ec <
'i0n|~180(10n) 4
= 10- 4 |Ec
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 369

31. (a) f (x) = 2x cos(x 2 )

f"(x) = 2x -2x sin(x2 ) + 2 cos(x2 ) = -4x 2 sin(x2 ) + 2 cos(x 2 )

(b)
y * -it1 stoCi3) + 2 «![«*)
y

(c) The graph shows that -3 < f"(x) < 2 so f"(x)

I I <3 for -1 < x < 1.

(d)|ET |<±^(h
12 /w_ 2
v )(3)=^ '
2

9
(e) For < h < |ET < ^ < 2^~ = 0.005 < 0.01
0.1, |

(f) n >i4^>^- = 20

32. (a) f "(x) = -4x2 -2x cos(x2 )- 8x sin(x2 )-4x sin(x 2 ) = -8x3 cos(x2 )- 12x sin(x2 )
4 3 2 2 2 2
f< )(x) = -8x --2x sin(x )-24x cos(x )- 12x-2x cos(x )- 12 sin (x
2
)

= (l6x4 - 12) sin(x2 )- 48x2 cos(x2 )

(b)

[-1, l)byt-30. 10]

4)
(c) The graph shows that -30 < f* 4) (x) < so |f< (x) j
< 30 for -1 <x< 1.

(d)|E T |<i^t^(h 4 )(30) =

^
(e) For <h< 0.4, |
E s < ^- < ^- « 0.00853 <
|
0.01

CHAPTER 4 PRACTICE EXERCISES

3
1. (x + 5x-7)dx = ^ + §|^-7x + C
f
370 Chapter 4 Integration

2. 8t
3
-^ + tJdt=^-^ + ^+C = 2t4 -^ + £ + C

3. 3^ + 4\ dt= |( 3t
l/2
+ 4t -2) dt= ^! + 4li + C:=2t 3/ !._4
+c

4.
2v/t t
4
l
t -^-3t-)dt = l^V^ + C=^ + ^C
5. Let u = r
2
4- 5 => du = 2r dr =>• A du = t dr

i'ldu -1
r dr
u- 2 du = i'^i-1
2\
C = -iu~ 1 +C = - 2
+C
!

+sr 2(r + 5)

6. Let u = i 3 - y/2 =*• du = 3r 2 dr = 2 du = 6r 2 dr

2 ,-2
f 6r dr 2 du -2 u- 3 du = 2(y-j) + C = -u- z + C = +C
r

-v^r
i

7. Let u = 2 - 92 => du = -29 dd => -i du = d$

">

,3/2 ,3/2
WV% - S 2 dd = u(-|du)=-| 1
u /'du = -|[^] + C = -u3 / a + C = -(2-e 2 r +C

i. Let u = 73 + 3 =>
du = 30 2 d0 => i du = ^- dfl

9^73 + 3
d0 =
[;MA
v^
d
")=M
~
u 1/!d" =
A(y) +c= A" 1/2+c= A^^ +c
9. Let u = 1+ x4 => du = 4x 3 dx =» 7 du = x3 dx

x 3(i+x
4
r 1/4 dx= -,/4
(H-i U -V4 du= i
,3/4^
nqi + c=iu 3 / 4 + c = i(i+x 4 r+c
,3/4

10. Let u = 2-x=>du=-dx=* — du = dx

(2-x) 3/5 dx = u
3/5
(-du) =- u
3/S
du = _U^! + C = _| u8 /5 + C:= _5 (2 _ x) 8/5 + c

11. Let u = Ar =}• du = jk ds =>• 10 du = ds

c ^d,= 2
8ec u)(10 du) = 10 sec
2
u du = 10 tan u +C = 10 tan A+C
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 371

12. Let u = its ^ du = -n ds => ^ du = ds

esc its ds = I.CSC

!

u)^iduj = ^ csc
2
udu = -|rcot u + C = -y cot irs +C

13. Let u = s/26 => du = y/2 d6 =*> -\= du = dd

V2
esc y/28 cot y/26 dO = (esc u cot u)( ~v/2
du \
Jy/2
_ -±=(-csc
= 1
u) + C = --j= esc y/26 +C

14. Let u =|
3
^ = 4 d0 => 3 du =
du -
=» „„
3
d<?

sec f tan | d0 = (sec u tan u)(3 du) =3 sec u+C = 3 sec | + C

15. Let u = £4 = du = I4 dx => 4 du = dx

~ c s2u
sin
2
| dx = <sin
2
u)(4du) = 4(
1
)du = 2 (1 -cos 2u) du = 2(u ~§^2u) +
|

= 2u-sin 2u + C = 2(|"j-sin 2(|) + C = |-sin | + C

16. Let u = | => du =i dx => 2 du = dx

cos
2
| dx = (cos u)(2 du)
2
= f 2
1 + c°s2u du = (1 +cos 2u) du = U +J™2u + C
[
( ) j
f

= | + | sin x +C

17. Let u = cos x => du = —sin x dx ^ — du = sin x dx

_1/2
2(cos x) sin x dx = 2u~ 1/2 (-du) = -2 u" 1 ' 2 du = +C = ~4u 1/2 +C
[ [ [
-rf^ j

1 /2
= -4(cos x) +C

18. Let u = tan x => du = sec x dx

_3/2 -1 / 2
(tan xr 3 ' 2 sec
2
x dx = u du = f-^ + C = -2u +C = ^-r^
1 2
+C
J (-i) (tanx) '

^I(t-f)(t + ?)dt=J(t -A)dt=}(t^4t-)dt4-4(^) +

2
c4 + f+C

(*+i) a -* \*±*M-
20. dt -
f^ l(^) dt= dt
=J
(t
"2
+ 2t_3)dt =
R) + 2 (^) +c
= -t^ +c
372 Chapter 4 Integration

21. (a) Each time subinterval is of length At = 0,4 sec. The distance traveled over each subinterval, using the

midpoint rule, is Ah = A(Vj + vj+1 )At, where V; is the velocity at the left, and v i+1 the velocity at the

right, endpoint of the subinterval. We then add Ah to the height attained so far at the left endpoint v; to
arrive at the height associated with velocity v ;+1 at the right endpoint. Using this methodology we build

the following table based on the figure in the text:

t (sec) 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.0

v (fps) 10 25 55 100 190 180 170 155 140 130 120 105 90 80 65

h (ft) 2 9 25 56 114 188 258 323 382 436 486 531 570 604 633

t (sec) 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.6 8.0

v (fps) 52 40 30 15

h (ft) 656 674 688 697 700

NOTE: Your table values may vary slightly from ours depending on the v-values you read from the graph.

Remember that some shifting of the graph occurs in the printing process.

The total height attained is about 700 ft.

(b) The graph is based on the table in part (a).

h (feet)

7(H) .

600 -

500 -

400 -

300 -

-
200
100 -
/i i i
((see)
2 4 6 8

22. (a) Each time subinterval is of length At = 1 sec. The distance traveled over each subinterval, using the

midpoint rule, is As =r^(vj + v^ . j")At, where Vj is the velocity at the left, and Vj .
^ the velocity at the

right, endpoint of the subinterval. We then add As to the distance attained so far at the left endpoint v;

to arrive at the distance associated with velocity v^ at the right endpoint. Using this methodology we

build the table given below based on the figure in the text, obtaining approximately 26 m for the total

distance traveled:

t (sec) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

v (m/sec) 0.5 1.0 2 3.5 4.5 4.8 4.5 3.5 2

s(m) 0.25 1.00 2.5 5.25 9.25 13.9 18.55 22.55 25.3 26.3
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 373

(b) The graph shows the distance traveled by the

moving body as a function of time for

< t < 10.

B W

23. Let u = 2x - 1 => du = 2 dx ^ i du = dx; x = 1 =» u = 1, x =5 => u =9

_1/2 "
(2x-l) dx = u 1/2 du ) = [ul/2] i = 3-l=2
(l

24. Let u = x2 - 1 =» du = 2x dx => A du = x dx; x =1 => a = 0, x =3 => u =

•j a
1/3
j
x(x 2 -l) dx= j
u^(idu) = U4 /^ = | (16 _ 0) = 6
[|

25. Let u =| =>• 2 du = dx; x = -it => u = -|, x = ^u=

u

cos (f)dx= [ (cosu}(2du) = [2sinu]° w/2 = 2sm0-2sm(-^ = 2(0-(-l)) = 2

—rr/2

26. Let u ~ sin x =* du = cos x dx; x = =*• u = 0, x = ? =» u = 1

n/2 -il

(sin x)(cos x) dx = u du =
o

27. (a) f(x) dx =i f(x) dx = ±(12) = 4 (b) f(x) dx = f(x) dx f(x) dx = 6-4 = 2
f3 -2 -2
_2 -2 2

-2 5 5 S

(C) g(x) dx =- g(x) dx = ~2 (d) j

(-7T g(x)) dx = -* j
g(x) dx = -ir(2) = -2ir
f I -2
-2

(•)
(Si^)dx=i «,)dx + l g (x)dx = i(6) + i( 2 )=|
J J
-2 -2 -2

28. (a)

00
j
g(x) dx =i j
7 g(x) dx = 1(7) = 1 (b)
j

1
g(x) dx = g(x) dx- g(x) dx = l-2 = -l
374 Chapter 4 integration

2 2 2

f(x) dx =- f f(x) dx = -x (d) f y/2 f(x) dx = s/2 \ f(x) dx = V5(ir) = ?r\/2

2 2

(«) [g(x) - 3 f(x)] dx = g(x) dx - 3 f(x) dx = 1 - 3tt

1
29. (3x'
2
-4x + 7)dx = [x3 -2x2 + 7x] _ 1 =[l 3 -2(l) 2 + 7(l)]-[(-l) 3 -2(-l) 2 + 7(-l)] = 6-(-10) = 16
-l

3
30. (8s - 12s 2 + 5) ds = [2s 4 - 4s3 + 5s]J = [2(1) 4 - 4(1) 3 + 5(1)]- = 3

2 2

31. 4dv = 4v- 2 dv=[-4v- 1 ]'=(^)-(^)=2

27
7
32. [ x- 4/3 dx = [-3x- j/3 ]J = -3(27)~ 1/3 -(-3(l) _1/3 )=-3(i) + 3(l) = 2

4 4 4
4
33.
dt .
dt _ r3 / 2 dt = U 2t- 1 /2] 1 = ^2_hH) = 1
.3/2 f
tVt y/i y/i

1 I2
34. Let x = 1 + y/n => dx = iu du => 2 dx = -^L; u = 1 => x = 2, u =4 =*• x =3
>'
:>+»1/2 du = 1 2 3 2
x / (2dx)=[2(|)x /
3
=|(3
3/2
)-|(2
3^2
) = 4^-1^ = 1(3^-2^2)
]

35. Let u = 2x + 1 =>• du = 2 dx ^ 18 du = 36 dx; x = => u = 1, x = 1 => u =3

-2 t3
36 dx -3 18u -9 l3 -9\ [-9
18u du = -2 2
(2x + l)
3
- 1
1
3 \l 2

36. Let u = 7 - 5r => du = -5 dr =J> -^ du = dr; r = => u = 7, i = 1 => u =2

dr
(7-5r)- 2 / 3 dr= u~ 2 / 3 (-I du) = -ifSu 1 / 3 ]; = |( V?- 3^)
s
I V(7-5e)

,2/3
37. Let u = 1 - x
2/3
=> du = ~§x _1/3 dx =» -| du = x~ 1/3 dx; x =
J
=u= 1 -(|) = |,
2/3
x = 1 =* u = l-l =
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 375

lO 5/2
B/2
-h
5 •3/4
=-|M"M-iX*)'
1/8 3/4 V 2 /. 3/4

27^/3
160

38. Let u = + 9x4 1 => du = 36x3 dx=»Xdu = x3 dx;x = 0=>u = l,x = i=>u = H- 9f |) = ||
25/16 25/16 25/16
-f
= l„-l/2l
U
-T8
|

1/2
__if25r „/_l. ar i/2^_i

39. Let u = 5r =s> du = 5 dr =>• i du = dr; r = =>• u = 0, r = jr = u= 5ir

57r
tfl Hn \_l[u
a ;„2 u^dul-^
0\_ r
3in2u
3—^ _/7r
-i-an-j,- f fUra sin 10tt \ sin
j
f sin5rdr=j 11
-jj l

20 >?
(a
1° ^rJ-2

40. Let u = 4t-£

4
du = 4dt =»idu = dt; t = => u = -|, t =|=* u =^
*/4

V4. ^* Tu^uViduVn^-H
f cos^4t-|jdt=
J
j
lc« «^3<i«J = ?5 + — 4-._
3 ^4
ir/4
-^^ —
-4VT + 4^>/"iV"F +
H)
8111

^ if « ,
sin

_£ J.-L — 2t
L+
~8 16 16~8

tt/3
3
41. f sec
2
d0 = [tan 8]^ = tan J - tan = -\/3

3*74

42. CSC X dx = [-cot x]J{* = (-cot f )-(-cot J) = 2

ir/4

43. Let u =I^

=> du = I dx =}> 6 du = dx; x = it => u =£ , x = 3ff =>• u =f
6 6
*/2 ir/2
3*
2
Cof fdx = 6cot 2
udu = 6 (csc
2
u~l)du = [6(-cot u-u)]^ = 6(-cot |-|)-6(~cot J-f)
* ir/6 ff/6

= 6y 3-25r
/

44. Let u = | => du = i d0 =J> 3 du = d0; = =>• u = 0, 9 = ir => u =|

2
| 69 = 2
dO = 3(sec
2
u - l) du = [3 tan u - 3u£ /3
[
tan
[
(sec
J- l) J
376 Chapter 4 Integration

= [3 tan - 3(|]1 - (3 tan - 0) = 3 ^3 - v

J

45. sec x tan x dx = [sec x]_ ,„ = sec — sec — ? = 1 — 2 = — 1

f j

-ir/3

3ir/4

Cl =(- csc T)-(- C3C f)=-V/2+^ =

4
46. esc z cot z dz = [—esc z

x/4

47. Let u = sin x => du = cos x dx; x = =$• u = 0, x = ? =* u = 1

*/2 1
1
3'2 3'2
5(sin x) cos x dx = [
5u du = [s^u5 ' 2 = [2u 5 / 2 ]J = 2(1) 5 / 2 - 2(0) 5 / 2 = 2
]

48. Let n = 1 - x" 5

=* du = -2x dx =» ~ du = 2x dx; x = -1 ^u= 0, x = 1 => u =
1

1 2x sin( 1 —x ) dx = j
— sin u du =
-1

49. Let u= 1 + 3 sin 2 x => du = 6 sin x cos x dx => i du =3 sin x cos x dx; x = => u = 1, x =?
^
=> u = 1 + 3 sin 2 j = 4

?r/2
4
3 sin x cos x -^(i au) = [i(^)l - [.«/»]; = 4 «/» _ ,«. = ,
dx = j.-* a.
V 1 + 3 sin x J = -

50. Let u= 1 + 7 tan x du = 7 sec 2 x dx ^ ^ du = sec2 x dx; x =

=$• ^u= 1 + 7 tan = 1,
x=|=^u = l + 7tan| = .

*/4
sec x dx. Jp(iau )=}iu- J ^- 1 u
l/3> 18
1 3
u /
8
= f(8)V3_| (1) i/ 3:= 3
j
(l + 7tanx) 2/3 7
U 1
f ]

51. Let u = sec 9 => du = sec 9 tan 9 d0; = => u = sec = 1, 9 = | =>• u = sec ? = 2
ir/3 r/3 w/3
tan 8
dtf = [
sec fl tang d$ = f ,ec tan fl

3'2
dg =
2

[
_l^ u= 3/2
1
2

[ u
- •3/2
du
y/2 sec 5 , sec 9 V2 sec J ^(sec*) J v/2u \ZS J
(
Q

2
2
_ 1 2
=
f 1 -v/2~l
v/2(2) I ^2(1)
[B)j 1
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 377

52, Let u ~ sin y/t => du = (cos v^tjfg*"

1 '2
)
dt
_
= ^
COS 1/t
)- dt => 2 du _>£*..-*
= ^-^ dt; t = £jr=>
36
u = sin?6~2
= i,
r

t =~^ u = sin | = 1

.2/4

-fL^=dt= J= (2du) = 2 u- 1 / 2 dU =[4 vA]; = 4 NA-4 = 2(2- v^)

f f /2 v/|
2
»r /36

53. x
2
-4x + 3 = =» (x~3)(x-l) = 0=»x = 3 or x = 1;
l 3
2 2
Area = (x -4x + 3)dx- (x -4x + 3)dx f(x)-x -4x + 3
i

*--2x*+3x _ i— 2x J
+ 3x

= [(^-2(l) 2 + 3(l))-0]

3)
2
+ 3(3))-(^-2(l) 2 + 3(l))] = (I + l)-[0-(i + l)] =
-f(f-2( |

54. l-*-- = 0=>4~x2 -0=>x = ±2;

,¥
2 »M-i-(x*/4)
Area =
-2
d- *vf M) 2
dx

=
12. -2 I2J 2

= (»-£)-(— (

3
- |t3 13
-S ~( 2 ~fi =[f-(-!)]-(i-i)= 4

55. 5 - 5x2/3 = => 1 - x2/3 = => x = ± 1; 2/3

f(x}-5~5x

Area =
1

f (5-5x 2/3
)dx-
8

(5-5x 2/3 )dx A.

-1
-5

= [5x-3x5 ^3^-{5 X -3x 5

^ -10
5'3 5/3
= [(5(1) - 3(1) )
- (5(-l) - 3(-l)
)] -15
s/3
-[(5(8)~3(8) )-(5(l)-3(l) 5/3 )]=[2-(-2)]-[(40-96)-2]=62
378 Chapter 4 Integration

56. l-y£=0=*-x=l;
4

Area — (l-Vx)dx-j (1-V^) dx

J(x)-1-Vx
l
= L_2 -|xy _2
ix-gXY3/2] _f -£xy 3/2
'
I

-H(«-¥H1-
b

57. f(x) = x, g(x) =J5 ia =l,b = 2=>A=j [f(x) - g(x)] dx

a

x-^ldx = 2 +3t -(HH1+0- 1

58. f(x) = x, g(x) = -L, a = 1, b =2 => A= f

[f(x) - g(x)] dx

7-4^

59. f(x) = (1 - y/iy %

g(x) = 0, a = 0,b = l=>A = [f(x) - g(x)] dx = (l - yfif dx = (l - 2^ + x) dx

;i-2x1 / 2 +x)dx= x-|x 3 / 2 + 6- 8+3 )=i

f 1
-i + i=
:
i(

60. f(x) = (l - x3 ) ,
g(x) = 0, a = 0,b = l=^A= [f(x) - g(x)] dx = (l - x3 ) dx = (l - 2x3 + x6 ) dx
a

4 7
y —x
x —2 + x?
-4-5- ~ x
2
+ 7~14
o

61. f(x) = x, g(x) = sin x, a = 0, b =?

ir/4

=* A= (f(x) — g(x)] dx = j (x — sin x) dx

o
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 379

W4
4r + cos x
o
=&4h
62. f(x) = l, g(x)=|sinx|, a=-|,b = |
b */ 2

=> A= f (f(x) - g(x)] dx = J

(l -I sin x|) dx
a. -w/2

«/2 - X

(1 + sin x) dx + (1 — sin x) dx
-1T/2

ir/2

= 2 (l-sinx)dx = 2[x + cosx]* /2 = 2(|-l)=?r~2

J

63. a = 0, b = ir, f(x) - g(x) = 2 sin x - sin 2x y-2alnx

cos 2x
=>A = (2 sin x — sin 2x) dx = —2 cos x +
o

_2 .
(
_1 ) + 1]_(_ 2 .1 + 1) = 4

64. a = -f,
3* —=
b f,
3 1
f(x) - g(x) = 8 cos x -sec x
2

-Scosx
tt/3

=> A= (8 cos x - sec2 x) dx = [8 sin x - tan x}*^

/3

-tt/3

=
(
8 .^_V3)-(~8-#+^) = 6V3

65. f(x) = x3 - 3x2 = x 2 (x - 3) => f (x) = 3x2 - 6x = 3x(x - 2) => f = +++ |

|
+++

=> f(0) = is a maximum and f(2) = -4 is a minimum. Then A=- (x

3
- 3x2 ) dx = - ^-x
4
x
3

27
-<*-«) 4

l i
3
1 /3
(l-3xl / 3 + 3x3 /3 _x)dx = _9 x4/3,9
+ 5/3_xi
66. . A= (l-x ) dx= x
4 5 2 20

67 . y= *i+i dx= |(i + x - 2 )dx = x-x- 1

+C = x-i + C;y -1 when x = 1 => 1 - j + C = -1
J
=^C = -1 =>y=x- x--l
380 Chapter 4 Integration

2
. y= (x + |) dx= |
f x2 + 2+-Udx = |
(x
2
+2 + x- 2 )dx=^ + 2x-x- 1 + C = ^ + 2x~i + C;
J

y = l whenx=l=^i + 2-i + C = l => C = -± => y = ^ + 2x-±-|

69
"l = A5- /t+4=]dt=
s
[
1
(l5t /
2
+ 3r 1/2 )dt = 3 2
10t ^ + 6t 1
^ + C; ^ = 8 when t = 1

=> 10(1) 3 / 2 + 6(1)^ 2 + C = 8 => C= -8. Thus ^ = lOt 3 '' 2

+ 6t^ 2 - 8 => r = 3 2
(lOt ' + et 1 ' 2 - 8) dt
dt f

= 4t 5/2 + 4t 3 / 2 - 8t + C; r = when t = 1 => 4(1) 5 ' 2 + 4(1) 3 / 2 - 8(1) + Cj = => Cx = 0. Therefore,

5/2 3/2
r = 4t + 4t -8t

70. ^§2 = -cos t dt = -sin t + C; r" = when t = => -sin + C = 0=J>C = 0. Thus, ^-| = -sin t
dt

=>4l -sin t dt = cos t + C x ; r' = when t = =^ 1 + Cx = ^ C, = -1. Then ^ = cos t -1

=> r = (cos t - 1) dt = sin t - 1 + C,; r = -1 when t = =* - + C 2 = -1. Therefore, r ~ sin t - 1 - 1

71.y=xa + l
d t^g=:2x
M " ~"
dx
+ I^^4 = 2-i;y(l) = l + { dt = 1 and y'(l) = 2 + 1=3
dx z
|

72. y = (l + 2 v/secl)dt ^-g^ = 1 + 2-^/sec x => —| = 2^) (sec x)~ 1/2 (sec x tan x) = ^/secx (tan x);

_
x = =3-y = (l + 2 v/sec t) dt = and x = =>• ~p = 1 + 2\/sec = 3

dy f
73. y= sinj dt _ 3=> = ginx. x = 5=>y= sin_t
dt _ 3 = _3
f dx~ x

-l

74. y = |
\/2-siii2 t dt + 2 so that -^ = \/2-sin 2 x; x = -1 => y = a/2 - sin 2 1 dt +2=2
-l -l

-ii
3
mx m(l) m(-l)
75. (a) ay(f)=
I
-j-_
f
(mx + b)dx = i -bx ^+b(l)!-l-^ + b(~l)l = £(2b) = b
-1
-l
k

(b)av(f) = -l
::
- (mx+b) dx = i mx + bx i_ E«! + b(k) )_Mz^ + b( _ k)
ir k)J •
-k
2k
-k
= 1 (2bk)=b
2k
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 381

3 3

0»)y» = i±iF V^dx=I } ^ X 1/2 dx = ^[| X3/2 ]^ = ^(|(a) 3/2 -|(0) 3 / 2 ) = ^(|a^) ;

-ff(b) - f(a)j = -M — — so
f(b)-f(a)
77
"' f» —
x 1 f (x) dx = =-1— [f(x)£^ = |— the average value of f over (a, b] is the
b-a r>*~a d—a D a

slope of the secant line joining the points (a, f(a)) and (b,f(b)).

78 Yes, because the average value of f on [a, b] is t-^- f(x) dx. If the length of the interval is 2, then b—a=2
D—
.

and the average value of the function is jj f(x) dx.

79. 9^=
dx
\/2 + cosT
J
x

80.
jj^
= yji + cos3 (7x 2 ) -i(7x2 ) = 14x yfi + cos3 (7x2 )

«-£=£'- dt =- 4
3 + t" 3 + x

82. ^- = -i
dx dx
i_dt = --f
+ 1 ^ J
V—
t+ 2
l
dt = 1

l+sec 2 xax
d
(secx)
v
= „sec_>Ltanx
l + sec 2 x

an — _» , h
b — a --6~~ m
06. n-^j—
u 7r

tJ^2~12'
ir .
Xi f( X i) mf(x;)

*0 1

T = (012) =
J mfft) = 12 => ir ; xl tt/6 1/2 2 1

X2 tt/3 3/2 2 3

x3 tt/2 2 2 4

x4 2tt/3 3/2 2 3

x5 5tt/6 1/2 2 1

x6 7T 1
382 Chapter 4 Integration

x i
f( X
i)
m mf( Xi )

x 1

J2 mf(Xj) = 18 and | = j| => S = (§)(18) = * xl tt/6 1/2 4 2

i=0 * '
x2 w/3 3/2 2 3

x3 tt/2 2 4 8

x4 2s-/ 3/2 2 3

X5 5tt/6 1/2 4 2

x6 7T 1

84. (a) Each interval is 5 min = ™ hour.

i [2.5 + 2(2.4) + 2(2.3) + . . . + 2(2.4) + 2.3] = g ss 2.42 gal

(b) (60 mph)Q| hours/gal] sa 24.83 mi/gal

365
t365
- -
85 -^ = 36jfco J i
378i
Kfe(x 101
))
+ 25
]
dx
= 34[- 37 (^ CO<fe( x 101
))
+ 25x
)r
= 3o5[(- 37 (lr) C0S [H 365 - 101 >] + 25(365))-(-37( 3
(
f) cos [|j(0- 101)] + 25(0))]
= 01))-g(ccs(|(264))-cos(|(-101))) + 25
-I-(I^)) + 25 + l tO8 (I(~ 1

37 -
-^(0.16705 0.16705) + 25 = 25°F

675
i67S
_5
86. av(Cv ) =
g^^O
20
[8.27 + 10 (26T - 1.87T 2 )] dT =
^ o 0'7 rp <i_ 13 fp2
10°
u.6t£3oo np3
10
a
•
20

^
655
[(5582.25 + 59.23125 - 1917.03194) - (165.4 + 0.052 - 0.04987)] fts 5.434;

26 + v /676 + 4(1.87)(283,600)
8.27 + 10 _o (26T - 1.87T" = 5.434 J = 1.87T' ~ 26T - 283,600 = = T
2(1.87)
m 396.45° C

87. Using the trapezoidal rule, h = 15 => U= 7.5; xi f(*i) m mfft)

X 1

]T mf( Xi ) = 794.8 =* Area « (794.8)(7.5) = 5961 ft

2
;
xl 15 36 2 72

x2 30 54 2 108
2 2 2
The cost is Area-($2.10/ft ) ss(5961 ft )($2.10/ft ) x3 45 51 2 102

= $12,518.10 =$• the job cannot be done for $11,000. x4 60 49.5 2 99

x5 75 54 2 108

x6 90 64.4 2 128.8

x7 105 67.5 2 135

x8 120 42 1 42
 Chapter 4 Practice Exercises 383

88. (a) Upper estimate:

3(5.30 + 5.25 + 5.04 + . . . + 1.11) = 103.05 ft
Lower estimate:
3(5.25 + 5.04 + 4.71 + + 0) = 87.15 ft . . .

(b) [5.30 + 2(5.25) + 2(5.04) + ... + 2( 1.1 1) + 0]= 95. 1ft

|

89. Yes. The being differentiable on [a, b], is then continuous on [a, b]. The Fundamental Theorem of
function f,

Calculus says that every continuous function on [a,b] is the derivative of a function on [a,b].

90. The second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) on
b

[a,b], then f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a). In particular, if F(x) is an antiderivative of yl+? on [0, 1], then

f
vTTx? dx = F(l)-F(0).
o

91. y(x)= f Me-*dt + 3

5

92. y' = cos x — -r- I cos 2t dt = cos x — cos 2x

y" = —sin x + 2 sin 2x

Thus, it satisfies condition i.

IT

y(jr) = sin + ir cos 2t dt +1 = 1

y'(ir) = cos ~ cos 2tt = —2

it

Thus, it satisfies condition ii.

. (a) g(l) = f(t) dt =

J
1

3
(b)g(3)=|f(t)dt=-i(2)(l) = -l
l

(c) g(-l) = | f(t) dt =- f(t) dt « -Jt(2) 2 = -it

J
l -i

(d) g'(x) = f(x); Since f(x) > for —3 < x < 1 and f(x) < for 1 < x < 3, g(x) has a relative maximum at
x = l.
(e) g'(-l)=f(-l) =2
The equation of the tangent line is y — (— it) = 2(x + l)ory = 2x +2— it
384 Chapter 4 Integration

(f) g"W = f'( x)> f'(x) = at x = -1 and f is not defined at x = 2. The inflection points are at x = -1 and
x = 2. Note that g"(x) = f'(x) is undefined at x = 1 as well, but since g"(x) = f'(x) is negative on both

sides of x = 1, x = 1 is not an inflection point.

(g) Note that the absolute maximum is g(l) = and the absolute minimum is
-3 1

g(-3) = f(t) dt =- f(t) dt = -iir(2) 2 = -27r.

-3

The range of g is [— 2tt, 0].

94. (a) Before the chute opens for A, a = —32 ft/sec

2
. Since the helicopter is hovering, v = ft/sec

=*• v = -32 dt = -32t +v = -32t. Then s = 6400 ft = s = -32t dt = -16t 2 + s = -16t

2
+ 6400.
At t =4 sec, s = -16(4) 2 + 6400 = 6144 ft when A's chute opens;

2
(b) For B, s = 7000 ft, v = 0, a = -32 ft/sec => v = [
-32 dt = -32t + v = -32t =$ s = [ -32t dt

2 2
= -16t +s = -16t + 7000. At t = 13 sec, s = -16(13) 2 + 7000 = 4296 ft when B's chute opens;

(c) After the chutes open, v = — 16 ft/sec =^ s -16 dt = -16t +s . For A, s = 6144 ft and for B,

s = 4296 ft. Therefore, for A, s = -16t + 6144 and for B, s = -16t +4296. When they hit the ground,

= = = 6144 4296
s => for A, -16t + 6144 => t
16
= 384 seconds, and for B, = -16t + 4296 =* t =
16

= 268.5 seconds to hit the ground after the chutes open. Since B's chute opens 54 seconds after A's opens
=> B hits the ground first.

30

95. av(I) = X (1200 - 40t) dt = *Ul200t - 20t 2 £° = i[((1200(30) - 20(30) 2 ) - (1200(0) - 20(0)
2
)]

= X (18,000) = 600; Average Daily Holding Cost = (600)($0.03) = $18

30

14

av(I) = X
4
96. (600 + 600t) dt = ^[600t + 300t 2 J = ^[600(14) + 300(14) 2 - 0] = 4800; Average Daily

Holding Cost = (4800)($0.04) = $192

30 n30

97. av(I)=^ («0-Vj dt =

OT
450t- t
J

-o
-X
30
30
450(30)-^ —
d
= 300; Average Daily Holding Cost
o

= (300)($0.02) = $6

60 60

=X
6°
1 /2
98. av(I)=i
60
600 - 20-vAot)
v '
dt
o0
600 - 20x/l5 ) dt = ^[600t - 20 N/l5(|)t3/3
]
 Chapter 4 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 385

x
'60 [600(60)
- 4 °^ 15 (60) 3/2 - = ^(36,000 ~(^p)l5 2 ) - 200; Average Daily Holding Cost

= (200)($0.005) = $1.00

CHAPTER 4 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

l l

1. (a) Yes, because f(x) dx =i [ 7f(x) dx = A(7) = 1

f

1 1
-\i

4^3/2 _ fl3/2)

^
(b) No. For example, 8x dx = [4x 2
]
Q
= 4, but ^/8x dx 2v^/ =
2 , -
o

l 5

2. (a) True: f(x) dx = - [

f(x) dx = -3
5

(b) True: [f(x) + g(x)j dx = f(x)dx+ g(x)dx = f(x) dx + f(x)dx+ g(x)dx

f I
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2

=4+3+2=9
5

(c) False: f f(x) dx =4+3=7 > 2 = I g(x) dx => f [f(x) - g(x)] dx > => f [g(x) - f(x)] dx < 0.

-2 -2 -2 -2

XXX
5

On the other hand, f(x) < g(x) = [g(x) - f(x)] > = [g(x) - f(x)] dx > which would be a

contradiction.

3. y =g I f(t) sin a(x — t) dt =g f(t) sin ax cos at dt — § j

f(t) cos ax sin at dt

dy
_ §in_ax f
f(t) cos at dt
_ cos_ax f
f(t) sin at dt ^ _ cqs &x f(t) cos at dt

+ sinaax f d
dx
f(t) cos at dt ]
+ sin ax [ f(t) sin at dt
- ^^ ^ f f(t) sin at dt

= cos ax f(t) cos at dt + ?1Daax (f(x) cos ax) + sin ax f(t) sin at dt - cosa ax (f(x) sin ax)

X
dy_
=> = cos ax
-j^- f(t) cos at dt + sin ax
}f(t)
[ f(t) sin at dt. Next,
386 Chapter 4 Integration

2
d y
dx 2
= —a sm ax f(t) cos at dt + (cos ax)
j
^ f(t) cos at dt
j
+ a cos ax f(t) sin at dt

+ (sin ax)
|
^ f(t) sin at dt j
= -a sin ax f(t) cos at dt + (cos ax)f(x) cos ax

+a cos ax f(t) sin at dt + (sin ax)f(x) sin ax = —a sin ax f(t) cos at dt + a cos ax f(t) sin at dt + f(x).
o

X
Therefore, y" +a 2
y = a cos ax f(t) sin at dt — a sin ax f(t) cos at dt + f(x)
o

+» j
§iI
^ I
f(t) cos at dt
-£2|ajc i
f( t ) gin at dt |
_ f x)-
( Note algo that y /( Q ) _ y ^j = Q

4. x = 1 dt^d (x) = 1
dt= d dt j— from the chain rule
vi + 4t 2 d *K ' dx yrrit 5 dy
j
.
v/l 4- 4t"

=» 1 = 1 fdy\^dy

—* = 4y, and the constant of

dx

proportionality is 4.

5. (a) f(t) dt =x cos ttx => ^ f(t) dt = cos irx - ttx sin ttx =*• f(x2 )(2x) = cos 7rx - ttx sin itx

f(x2 ) = cos irx - ?rx sin ix _ - cos 2ir - 2tt sin 2ir _ 1
_ Thug x 2 ^, fa)
Zx 4 4
f(x)
,r(x)

(b) [ t
2
dt = — iff/VlV33
= i(f(x)) => I
-^ Mv^v*3
±(f(x)) —
= x cos irx => (f(x)) 3 = 3x cos ttx => f(x) = V3x cos ttx

=> f(4) = V 3 ( 4 ) cos 47r = Vl2

6. [ f(x) dx = ^ + 1 sin a + 1 cos a and let F(a) = f f(t) dt => f(a) = F'(a). Now F(a) = ^+ 1 sin a + 1 cos a

^f(a)=F'(a) = a + isina + |cosa-f sma^f(|) = | + isin? r -^cos^-5sm5

2° ,u 2 + 2
=?T
*~"2 2°'"2^2 + i-? = i r2-2
 Chapter 4 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 387

b b

"
X "
ur "1

8. The derivative of the left side of the equation is: -r- f(t)dt du = S f(t) dt; the derivative of the right
J
.0 .0 .
o

side of the equation is: t— f(u)(x - u) du __d_ f(u) x du - jjl f u f(u) du

~dx [

_d_
f(u) du •A f uf(u)du = f f(u)du + x _d_
f(u) du - xf(x) = f f(u) du + xf(x) - xf(x)
dx dx

= I f(u) du. Since each side has the same derivative, they differ by a constant, and since both sides equal

x r u "i x

when x = 0, the constant must be 0. Therefore, f(t) dt du = f(u)(x — u) du.

9. g
dx
= 3x 2
+ 2=>y = (3x2 + 2) dx = x3 + 2x + C. Then (1,-1) on the curve => l
3
+ 2(1) + C = -1 => C = -4
y = x3 + 2x-4

10. The acceleration due to gravity downward is —32 ft/sec => v = |

—32 dt = — 32t +v , where v is the initial

velocity => v = -32t + 32 => s = (— 32t + 32) dt = -16t 2 + 32t + C. If the release point is s = 0, then C=

=> s = -16t 2 + 32t. Then s = 17 =J- 17 = -16t2 -f 32t => 16t 2 - 32t + 17 = 0. The discriminant of this

quadratic equation is —64 which says there is no real time when s = 17 ft. You had better duck.

2/3
11. f(x)dx= [ x dx + -4 dx
f
-8 -8

s/3
=[f* + [-4x]
-8

= (o-|(-8) 5 / 3 )+(-4(3)-0)=^-12
-36
~ 5

2
12. \ f(x) dx = [ ,/=x dx + [
(x -4) dx
-4 -4

^-4x
3
388 Chapter 4 Integration

= [l)-(-§(4) 3 / 2 )] + (^-4(3))-0
16 o_7
J-
3 3

2 1 2

13. f(t) dt = t dt + [
sin Trt dt
1

.-il
2
I
t'
— jj: COS 7ft
1

—= cos 2tt —( —= cos

-i_2
~2 ff

14. f(z) dz = ^1-z dz + (7z - 6) -1 ^ 3 dz

n 1

= [-|(l- z yV^ + [^(7z-6) 2 /^

= [-2(i_i)»/a_(_2 (1 _o)3/^

2/3
+ 3 (7(2)
14
-6) -^
14"(7(1) -6)
2'3

-2 ,
('6_ J_\_55
3 "^7 14J~42

-i
15. f(x) dx = dx + ,l-x2 }dx + 2dx
-2 -2 -1

K
-il

= w:5+ ~* -l

= -l-(-2)+(l-^)-(-l-Lil!) + 2 (2)-2 (1) -2 -I

= 1+ §-H) +4 - 2 =t
l

16. h(r) dr = r dr + ,1-H dr- dr

,
,
v-1
—1 -1
r i0 r i!
/. .3
1

2
-l
+ -T J
+ [

+1 _7
= _1^2 +
2 '
3 6
 Chapter 4 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 389

17, Ave. value = ^-^

b
f(x) dx = ^q
2

f(x) dx =|
12 x dx + (x - 1) dx
-,1

+1 x
l2

| j | | 2
1
a .0 1

-#-«+(*-0-(*-0M
b 3 j" 1 2 3

18. Ave. value = r~

a
j
f(x) dx = j^ f(x) dx =
|
.0
|
dx +
12 dx + dx :J[l-0+0 + 3-2]«|

19.

1/x ^x '

20. w
f(x)=
.
f
-JL^ dt=>^x)=f-4^-V4( Sinx))-f -
1-t2 U-sin 2 xA dx '
L

U~cos 2 xA d x
, Y * (co8 x)
V
U <^ + smx
cos x
2
sin
2
x

1
ria Y ~ _;_
+ sm
J x

21. g(y) =
>V~*

[
sin t
2
dt * g'(y) =
(
8i n(2
^) )(A (2 ^_( 8in{ ^ )^ {
2 2
) ^ am y
= !H|l_|
V^

x+3
22. f(x) = | t(5-t)dt=>f(x) = (x + 3)(5-(x + 3))(| E
(x + 3))-x(5-x)(g) = (x + 3)(2-x)-x(5-x)
X

= 6 -x-x2 -5x + x2 = 6 -6x. Thus f*(x) = => 6-6x = =5> x = 1. Also, f"(x) = -6<0=>x = l gives a

maximum.
390 Chapter 4 Integration

NOTES:
 CHAPTER 5 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

5.1 VOLUMES BY SLICING AND ROTATION ABOUT AN AXIS

1. (a) A = ir(radius) and radius = V I — x =>• A(x) = tt(1 — x )

(b) A = width height, width = height = 2\/l-x2 => A(x) = 4(l - x 2
• )

(c) A= (side)
2
and diagonal = \/2(side) => A = Ll5g^LX ; diagonal = 2^1 - x2 => A(x) = 2(l -x 2 )

(d) A = ^(side) 2 and side = 2i/l-x2 => A(x) = yfih - x 2 )

2. (a) A = ir(radius) 2 and radius = y^c => A(x) = irx

(b) A = width -height, width = height =2 1>
/x => A(x) = 4x

(c) A = (side) 2 and diagonal = v^(side) => A=- —^— > diagonal = 2^/x =*• A(x) = 2x

(d) A = ^p(side) 2 and side = 2^/x =f> A(x) = y/iyL

2
(dia6 na' )2 = (v^-(-V^)) =
3. A (x) = 2x (see Exercise lc); a = 0( b =4 .

V= A(x) dx = 2xdx = Un =18

4. A(x)
2 2
= <<"""««)' = 4(2 -x )-x f = 42(1 - x )f = y(l _ 2x2 + x4)
2
,
a = ^ b = 1;

V= = 7r(l-2x2 + x4 )dx = _2 x3,x!

+ =2
A(x) dx 7r x
3 5
-i
*|>-H)=t
-l

5. A(x) = (edge) 2 = ^1 - x2 - (- Vl - x2 )] = (2"\/l-x 2 ) = 4(l -x 2 );

[ a = -1, b = 1;

V= A(x)dx = 4(l-x 2 )dx = 4 -0-1)= 16

3
-1
-l

2
— _(_VT^?)f — = J,"
.
6.
..
A(x)
,
=- —^2 — = [y/T~?
(diagonal)
V- ""— =- (2y/T^?f
2
2(1 -
2
y
ri x.
2\,
) (see
P
Exercise
•

lc);
,v
a = -1,
, u
b = ,
1;

b 1 r „il
V= f A(x)dx = 2 f (l-x )dx 2
=2 x— :

=«»-lH
a -1
_i
392 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

7. (a) STEP 1) A(x) = ± (side) (side) -(sin

f)
= i-(2Vsln^)-(2 %/sin^)( Sin {) = >/3 sii

STEP 2) a = 0, b = ir

STEP 3) V= A(x) dx = ^3 sin x dx = f-,/3 cos x]^ = v^(l + 1) = 2\/3

(b) STEP 1) A(x) = (side) 2 = {2Vs^)(2 v/sinx) = 4 sin x

STEP 2) a = 0, b =v
b jr

STEP 3) V= A(x) dx = [ 4 sin x dx = [-4 cos xj£ =

f
a o

8. (a) STEP 1) A(x) = *( diaj "« tCT )

2
= » (sec x _ tan x) 2 = W 2
x + tan 2 x _ 2 sec x tan x )

sec
2
x+(sec2 x-l)-2-5iiL^
COS X

STEP2)a = -},b =
}
ir/3
fr/3
STEP 3) V= A(x)dx=
f(2
sec
2
x-l-^)dx = |[2tanx-x + 2(- E5^)]_' -ir/3
-jr/3

2v/5
"
f+2 2y5+f+2 =f(4 ^" f)
("(i))i" ("5)))]

(b) STEP 1) A(x) = (edge) 2 = (sec x - tan x)

2
= (2 sec 2 x - 1 - 2
\
^]
cos^x/
STBP2)a = -},b =
J
»/3
,

STEP 3) V= A(x) dx = f (2 sec

2
x_ 1
_2_sinx \dx = 2(2v^-f) = 4V3- 2
[
COS X J f
a -*/3 ^

9. A(y) = f (diameter) 2 = f ( V5y 2 - of = ^y 4 ;

c = 0, d = 2; V = A(y) dy = 4
dy
fy

4(¥)(t)I=^ -«)=^
5
 Section 5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 393

10. A(y) = i(leg)(leg) = I[Vr^-(-v/i^7)f=i(2v^?) =2(l-y 2 );c=-l,d = l|

V= A(y) dy = 2(l-y 2 )dy = 2 y- y = 4 1 UU8

3j/~3
-1
-1

11. (a) It follows from Cavalieri's Theorem that the volume of a column is the same as the volume of a right

prism with a square base of side length s and altitude h. Thus, STEP 1) A(x) == (side length)
2 = s2 ;

STEP 2) a = 0, b = h; STEP 3) V= A(x) dx = j

s
2
dx = s2h

(b) From Cavalieri's Theorem we conclude that the volume of the column is the same as the volume of the
2
prism described above, regardless of the number of turns =» V=s h

12. 1) The solid and the cone have the same altitude of 12.

2) The cross sections of the solid are disks of diameter

x—(£J= £. If we place the vertex of the cone at the

origin of the coordinate system and make its axis of

symmetry coincide with the x-axis then the cone's cross

sections will be circular disks of diameter ? — ( — ? }

=£
(see accompanying figure).

3) The solid and the cone have equal altitudes and identical

parallel cross sections. From Cavalieri's Theorem we

conclude that the solid and the cone have the same volume.

l2
13. R(x) = y = 1 - j => V = j
ir[R(x)]
2
dx =* (l
-fj i dx =f 1 - x + 4- dx = ) ff x-^
2
+ *?
12

-„(i 4,8 \_2?r

2 2.-2 t2
3 3
14. R(y) = x =
?f
=> V = 7r[R(y)]
2
dy = x [ \&\ dy =v 2
|y dy = ir Y
4y 0
= ir«4-8 = 6ir
f
o o

15. R(x) = tanf |y

J;
u = Jy ^ du = J dy = 4 du = ir dy; y = =S> u = 0, y = 1 => u = J;
1 1 t/4 */4
'
4
V= j
x[R(y)]
J
dy =x tan
(sor*- tan u du
2
=4 (-l+sec 2 u)du = 4[-u + tanu]* /
o o

= 4(-f+l_0) = 4-T
394 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

ir/2

16. R(x) = sin x cos x; R(x) = => a = and b = ^ are the limits of integration; V = tt[R(x)]
2
dx

w/2 ir/2
2
2 (sin 2x)
(sin x cos x) dx = ir dx; u = 2x=>du = 2dx=>.^ -
= ^;x = 0=>u = 0,
8 4
o

X — * => U = V= |sin
2
udu =
9T tt
| [t-?-H *=f[(f-»)-«]=K
o

I i
2
17. R(x) =x 2
=> V= [
?r[R(x)]
2
dx =* [
(x 2 ) dx J
n2
= ir x dx = 7T
_ 32tt
5

2
18. R(x)=x3 =* V= tt[R(x)]
2
dx = ir f (x
3
) dx

l2
b 1287T
X dx = TT

19. R(x) = y/9-x 2 => V= [ tt[R(x)]

2
dx = tt
[
(9 - x 2 ) dx
-3 -3
l3
v3 271 -
= IT 9x
"T = 2tt 9(3)-^-] = 2-7r-18 = 36ff
- -3

1
2
20. R(x)=x-x 2
=}.V = 7T[R(X)]
2
dx = TT [ (x-X 2 ) dx

y=x-x 2
(x
2
-2x3 + x4 )dx = x *!_2x>
4^5*! 3

- 15 + 6 )=3%
K|-5 + 5) = S( 10
 Section 5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 395

ir/2 ir/2

21. R(x) = v/coTx =V= f tt[R(x)]

2
dx =* f cosxdx
1/2
y-(cosx)

/2
= ff{sinx]J =r7r(l-0) = jr

tt/4 */4

22. R(x) = sec x =>• V= ff[R(x)r dx = ff sec x dx

—KJA -ir/4

= jrltan xj*4% = f [1 - (-1)] = 2*

r/4

23. R(x) = ^-sec x tan x => V :

ir(R(x)]
2
dx

*/4
= it
j (v2 — sec x tan x) dx
o

= it I (2 — 2\/2 sec x tan x + sec 2 x tan 2 x) dx

o

y =»Bec^tan!t
w/4
'ir/4

— 2y2
*-/4 ir/4

2
\ 02
m^^—
2 dx sec x tan x dx + (tan x) sec x dx oF -
oa ~B3 o:< '

^
J

n n n / T

4 3 W^
=T [2x]^ -2 v/2[Secx]^ 4 + tan x
= ir (|-0)-2V2(^-2) + i(l 3 -0)]=,r(f+2y2-^)
•
o

./a

24. R(x) = 2 - 2 sin x = 2(1 - sin x) =* V= tt[R(x)]

3
dx

ir/2 ir/2

k 4(1— sin x)
2
dx = 47r (l +sin 2 x-2 sin x) dx
o o
*/2

Ait 1 +i(l - cos 2x) -2 sin xj dx

x/2
W/2
= 4?r
j
Q_<^_ 2 sinx) = 47r[§x-^ + 2cosx] = 4*[(^-0 + 0^
396 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

25. R(y) = VS-y 2 =>V = 7r[R(y)]

2
dy = 7T 5y
4
dy 1
-1

1
= J r[y
5
] _ 1 =7r[l-(-l)] = 2w

26. R(y) = y3 ' 2 => V= 7r[R(y)]

2
dy = tt I y
3
dy V

o 2

,n2
= 7T = 4tt
•
o

ir/2 ir/2

27. R(y) = ^/2 sin 2y => V= f ff[R(y)]

2
dy = ir [ 2 sin 2y dy y

iir/2
ir[-a»2y]* / =«[!- (-1)] = 2»

28 . R(y) = ^/cos^ => V= x[R(y)]

2
dy =r cos dy
f (x)
-2 -2

o
. 7ry
= = 4[0-(-l)] =
4 8m
T •
-2
4

C«(xy/4)

= -2^ 2 = 4n
29. R(y) => V= ir[R(y)] dy dy y
(y+l)-

n3
= 4?r = 4tt -l-(-l) = 3tt
y +i -

r = 2/(v + l)
 Section 5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 397

l, l
2 2
2
30. R(y)=-^=>V = T[R(y)] dy =* 2y(y + dy;
* = VE/<v* + D

[11 = y2 + 1 => du = 2y dy; y = =u= 1, y = 1 = u = 2]

7T
V= 5T u 2
du = ir
-tfl
= 7r
-i-(-D 2
5

31. For the sketch given, a = -f2' , b = $; R(x) = 1, r(x) = ^/cosx; V= T ([R(x)) 3 -[r(x)] 2 )dx
2'

•ir/2 T /2

jt(1 — cos x) dx = 2x (1 - cos x) dx = 27r[x - sin x)* /2 = 2ir(| - 1

) = tt
2
- 2jr
- W /2

2 2
32. For the sketch given, c = 0, d = |; R(y) = 1, r(y) = tan y; V = *([R(y)] -[r(y)] )dy

r/4 */4

= ff
f
(l-tan2 y)dy = 7r (2-sec2 y) dy = *r[2y-tan y]* /4 = *(f - l) = |— *

33. r(x) =x and R(x) = 1 =» V= *([R(x)]

2
- [r(x)] 2 ) dx
i

= 7r(l-x 2 )dx = x— =
7r
:
It
[(»-tM-¥

34. r(x) = 2^ and R(x) =2 =* V= *([R(x)]

2
- [r(x)] 2 ) dx y

= 1T (4 - 4x) dx = 4ir -* = 47r(l-i)=27r

398 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

35. r(x) = x
2
+ 1 and R(x) =x+3 ^ V = f tt((R(x)]
2
- [r(x)] 2 ) dx

(x + 3) 2 -(x2 + lf dx

(x
2
+ 6x + 9) - (x4 + 2x 2 + l)] dx
-1
2

" J
(-*•-* + *+•)* = .[-$-$+*+•.]
_1
=,[(-f-| +
M + 16 )_(l + .
+ |. 01
-1

= (_^„ 3 + 28 _ 3 + 8 =7r (5^i3) = in2

ir
r

36. r(x) = 2-xand R(x) = 4-x 2 => V= [ tt([R(x)] 2 - [r(x)]

2
) dx
-l
2 y-4-x2
2
= t\ [(4-x2 ) -(2-x) 2 ]dx
-l
2

=n [
[(l6-8x 2 + x 4 )-(4~4x + x2 )]dx
-l
2

= tt I" (l2 + 4x-9x2 +x4 )dx = jr 12x + 2x

2
-3x 3 + ^ = jt[(24 + 8 -24 + y)-(-12 + 2 + 3 -±)|
-1
-i

w/4

37. r(x) = sec x and R(x) = V^ => V = [ w ([R(x)] 2 - [r(x)] )

2
dx
-ir/4
r/4
r/4
= TT ^2 — sec x) dx = ir[2x — tan x]_ ,. y-eecx
-r/4

«/4 «/4
= -[(!- 1 )-(-f +1 )] ==,r(,r - 2)

38. R(x) = sec x and r(x) = tan x => V = x([R(x)] 2 - [r(x)] 2 ) dx

= ir I (sec
2
x — tan x) dx = it 1 dx = *"[X] D = ""
 Section 5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 399

39. r(y) = 1 and R(y) = 1+y =>• V= 3 2

T([R(y)] -[r(y)] )dy y

i
i i

= tt
2
((l+y) -l]dy = 7r (l+2y + y 2 -l)dy
| |

X~1

» X

=* (2y +y 2
)dy = ir y
2
+^- = ^(l + i) = f
J o

2 2
40. R(y) = 1 and r(y) = 1 ~y => V= ^([R(y)] -[r(y)] )dy

=K l-(l-y) 2 ]dy = 7r [l_(l-2y + y 2 )]dy

1
31
(2y-y )dy = :r
2
=t j
-(»-*)-*
o

2
41. R(y) -2 and r(y) = ^/y => V = T(|R(y)] 2 ~Wy)] )dy

Ti

= 7T (4 - y) dy = 5T 4y-^ = 7r(16-8) = 8ff

o

vA
42. R(y) = y/l and r(y) = x/3-y 2
=* V= | 7r([R(y)]
2
- [*(y)] 2 ) dy

1V^
= 7T [3-(3-y 2 )]dy = 7r y
2
dy = tt = Wy/i
J ^3 J0
o

2 2
43. R(y) =2 and r(y) = + y/y
1 => V= W[R(y)] ~[r(y)] )dy
o

4-(l + ^f dy = 7r I (4-l-2 v^-y)dy

o
r all
= tt
j
(3-2 v ^- y )dy = 7r[3y-|y 3/2 - y2-

= 'r
l
3 -3"2j- ,r
V 6 )-T
400 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

44. R(y) = 2 - y1 '3 and r(y) = 1 =* V= *([R(y)]

2
- [r(y)] 2 ) dy

I
2
(2-y
1 '3
)
-! dy = ir 4_4y 1 /3
+ y 2 /3_ 1 ) dy

1 ll

=K (
3 -4y 1 / 3 +y 2 / 3 )dy = 7r
m^jUl
3y-3y^ +

= x 3-3 + £ \_ 3jr
>/" 5

45. (a) r(x) = ^/x and R(x) = 2 =3- V= tt([R(x)]

2 - (r(x)] 2 ) dx

4 r .14
(4 — x) dx = 7r 4x_2L. = w(16 - 8) = 8ff

(b) r(y) = and R(y) = y2 => V= -([R(y)]

2
-[t(y)]
2
)dy

l2
32tt
= ir y dy = ir
5
o

(c) r(x) = and R(x) = 2 - ^/x => V= tt([R(x)]

2 - [r(x)] 2 ) dx = tt (2-y/xfdx

n 4

= ir (4 - 4,^/x + x) dx = ir ix
3
+
2
t
(
u -t + t)-t

(d) r(y) = 4 -y 2 and R(y) =4 => V= T([R(y)] 2 -Ky)] )dy =

2
7r i6-(4- y 2 ) dy
o

c t2
;i6 - 16 + 8y 2 - y 4 ) dy = » (8y
2 - y4 ) dy = tt s
v 3_y_
_V64
" T 32 \ 224a;
3y 5 o
l3 5 J" 15
D

2
46. (a) r(y) = and R(y) = 1 - J => V = I 7r([R(y)] - [r(y)] 2 ) dy

l_|f dy = ,r (l-y + ^jdy

f

+ 12 = *{ 2 -? + 2jl
2
-o
T2 3
 Section 5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 401

(b) r(y) = 1 and R(y) = 2 -\ => V= j

7r([R(y)]
2
- [r(y)] 2 ) dy
o
2
l
2
= tt f(2-|) -l|dy=^ ^4-2y + ^-lJdy = 7r \Z -2y + \) dy = * 3y_y2 +
j j T2 o
J

= K 6 - 4+
nM 2+ §) = T

47. (a) r(x) = and R(x) = 1 - x2 => V= 7r([R(x)j

2
~[r(x)j
2
)dx
-l
l 1
2
= v (l-x 2 ) dx = 7 r I (l-2x 2 + x4 )dx
-l -1

_ T i

v 2x3 ,x5
-l
-"(i-HM *^) 1

16ff
15

(b) r(x) = 1 and R(x) = 2 - x2 => V= jr

( [R(x))
2 - [r(x)] 2 ) dx = tt 2-x2 ) -1 dx
-l -l

1 l
1 r ->l
$
2 4 3 = 2*(3-j +
= w (4-4x +2
x
4
-l)dx = 7r (3-4x + x )dx = 7r 3x-fx +|- J)
f -1
-1 -i
= 2» (45_20 +
15
3) = ^
(c) r(x) = 1 + x2 and R(x) =2 => V= 7r([R(x)]
2
-[r(x)3
2
)dx=7T 4-(l + x 2 ))dx
-1 -l
-ii

2„3J - X B
= ?r (4-l-2x -x )dx =2 4
7r (3-2x -x )dx =
2 4
7r 3x-#x *(»-H)
-l
-l -l

= |{(46-10-3) = ^
b
48. (a) r(x) = and R(x) = -£x + h=>V=j *r([R(x)]
2
- [r(x)] 2 ) dx
o

y—(h/b)x+h
402 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

(b) r(y) = and R(y) = b(l - jj) =c V = *([R(y)]

2
- [r(y)] 2 ) dy = ,rb
2
[
(l ~lj dy
f

= irb2 y2yj u2
1-f + JjJdy-rb
.
-
\

h 3h
2
= 7 rb
2
(h-h+§) = ^
•49. R(y) = b + x/a 2 - y 2 and r(y) = b - Va 5"^
2
—
2
=*V= j
ir([R(y)] ~[r(y)]
2
)dy

a
2
[(b + V?37) -(b-v^r7)- Jdy
a

4b\/a2 - y2 dy = 4bjr [ s/a? - y 2 dy

= 4b?r • area of semicircle of radius a = 4W • —~— = 2a b?r

50. (a) A cross section has radius r = y/2y and area irr = 27ry. The volume is 2?ry dy = *rly 2 = 25?r.
j:

(b) V(h) A(h)dh, oS=A(h).

S
dh
Therefore ^ = ^.§ = A(h)-f so§ = ^.$
dt dh dt

For h = 4, the area is 2?r(4) = 8tt, so ^ ~= J-- 3 ^"^

sec
= X -^£
scc ~~
dt 8jt 8?r

h-a -ih~a

51. (a) R(y) = \/a 2

-y 2
=>• V= tt (a
2
-y 2
) dy = tt
2
ay-g- y = 7T a h
2 _ a3_(h^L_(_ a3,a^

^_7rh 2 (3a-h)
a2 h - i(h3 - 3h 2 a + 3ha2 - a3 ) - i- = 7r[a2 h-V + h Z a~haz 2
] =

(b) Given ^= 0.2 m 3 /sec and a = 5 m, find ^ . From part (a), V(h) = ^ ^~ h ^
= 57r h
2
- Sj?

dV = ,n.i ~ ,1,2 _, dV _ dV dh _ „ um - h)
M ^^^
dhdh _. 0.2 1 1

dh
10 'rh ,rh
^dT-dh"dt- xh (
1(,
dt
~"
dt
h=4 4tt(10-4) (20jt)(6) 120tt
m/sec.

52. Partition the appropriate interval in the axis of revolution and measure the radius r(x) of the shadow region at
b

these points. Then use an approximation such as the trapezoidal rule to estimate the integral (x) dx.

53. The cross section of a solid right circular cylinder with a cone removed is a disk with radius R from which a

disk of radius h has been removed (figure provided). Thus its area is A 1 = irR — ?rh = 7r(R — h ). The
2 2
cross section of the hemisphere is a disk of radius vR —h (figure provided). Therefore its area is
 Section 5.1 Volumes by Slicing and Rotation About an Axis 403

A 2 = 7r(vR,2 — h 2 = tt(R2 — h 2 ). We can

) see that Aj = A2 . The altitudes of both solids are R, Applying

Cavalieri's Theorem we find Volume of Hemisphere = (Volume of Cylinder) — (Volume of Cone)

= (irR2 )R- ±?t(r2 )r = | *R3 .

2x-^
54. (a) R(x) = %/a2 -x3 =>• V = f
ir[R(x)]
2
dx =w j
(a2 -x2 ) dx = it ax
a
3

J \
= ~K *-*)-{-* + $ = 27rl J
= 4_„3
—2a|- ;~3 I -ra , the volume of a sphere of radius a
3

h h

(b) R(x)=^=>V = 2
£^dx
2
h

— 2
=
(^)(t) = iiri volume
2TI_ [] h, the of
" h2
a cone of radius r and height h

R(y) = 2
\/256 - y => V= ;r[R(y)]
2
dy = (256 - y2 dy = 256y -
55. f tt
[
) tt
^ _16
-16 -16

=x (256)(-7) + y - ( (256)(-16) + ^M = 4 y + 256(16 - 7) - if = 1053* cm 3 w 3308 cm3

J

6 6 6

56. R(x) = ^\/36-x 2

=> V= w[R(x)]
2
dx = tt ^(36-x 2
) dx =
1 J_ J
(36x
2
-x4 )dx
f J

12x3 -^ ¥) = (IfX^f*) " T «=' Th « » lumb "»* ""

7T

144 [ = *(
12 '
6*
4) = *I#( 12 "

weigh about W = (8.5)(^|^)« 192 gm, to the nearest gram

57. (a) R(x) = | c - sin x |, so V= ir [R(x)]

2
dx = TT (c — sin x) dx = tt j
(c — 2c sin x + sin x) dx

IT
- c os2x 2 - ^|2x) dx
= tt (c2 -2csmx + 1 )dx = 7r (c +\ 2c sin x
| 2 j

= ff [(c
2
+ i)x + 2ccosx~§i^] = 7r[(c 2 r+|-2c-0)-(0+2c-0)]=7r(c2 ;r+§-4c).
5 Let

V(c) = it (c
2
tt
+ 1 - 4c V We find the extreme values of V(c): ^= 7r(2cir -4) = 0=>c = fisa critical

point, and V (|) = n (4 + 1 - 1) = JT

(| - 1) = y- 4; Evaluate V at the endpoints: V(0) = ^- and
V(l) = ir(s7r — 4) = ^k-~(4 — 7r)7r. Now we see that the function's absolute minimum value is \— 4,
taken on at the critical point c = %. (See also the accompanying graph.)
404 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

(b) From the discussion in part (a) we conclude that the function's absolute maximum value is 3j-, taken on at

the endpoint c = 0.
(c) The graph of the solid's volume as a function of c for

< c < 1 is given at the right. As c moves away from

V = *(c * +* -4c)
[0, 1] the volume of the solid increases without bound.

If we approximate the solid as a set of solid disks, we

can see that the radius of a typical disk increases without

bounds as c moves away from [0, 1],

4 4

58. (a) R(x) = 1 -^ => V= t[R(x)]

2
dx = tt 1-
16
dx
-4 -4
4
4 -i-(x2/ie)
v2 v -1 , x3 x5 l
X-WT + "

24 '
5-16 2 -4
-4

\ 24 5.I6 3 / V, 3 o

= ^|(60-40+12)=^ft 3

(b) The helicopter will be able to fly (§p£)(7.481)(2) sa 201 additional miles.

59. (a) Using d

c
= -^, and A = ff( df _ c2
~] =j- yields the following areas (in square inches, rounded to the nearest

tenth: 2.3, 1.6, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3, 10.7, 10.7, 9.3, 6.4, 3.2.

(b) If C(y) is the circumference as a function of y, then the area of a cross section is

A(y)
_Jc(y)/A —_c —
= tt
(y)l
2
an<j [, ne volume is -7—
1
C 2 (y) dy.
47T ' 4-7T

A(y) dy = ^_ |
C 2 (y) dy « ^:(^p) [5-4 2 + 2(4.5 2 + 4.4 2 + 5.1 2 + 6.3 2 + 7.8 2 + 9.4 2 + 10.8
s

1 1.6
2
4- 1 1 .6
2
+ 10.8 2 + 9.0 2 + 6.3 2 a 34.7
) ] in.
3

(d)
4ir
C2 (y)dy «^F (^l)[5.4 2 + 4(4.5 2 ) + 2(4.4 2 ) + 4(5.1 2 )4-2(6.3 2 ) + 4(7.8 2 + 2(9.4 2 )
K )

3
+ 4(l0.8 2 ) + 2(ll.6 2 ) + 4(11.6 2 ) + 2(10.8 2 ) + 4(9.0 2 ) + 6.3 2 =34.792 in.

by Simpson's rule. The Simpson's rule estimate should be more accurate than the trapezoid estimate.

The error in the Simpson's estimate is proportional to h = 0.0625 whereas the error in the trapezoid

estimate is proportional to h
2
= 0.25, a larger number when h = 0.5 in.
 Section 5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 405

60. (a) Displacement Volume V rs | (y + 4yj + 2y 2 + 4y3 + . . . + 2y„_ 2 + 4yn _ 1 + yn), x = 0, x^ = 10 - h,

2.54
h = 2.54, n = 10 =?» V= A(x) dx » ^p [0 + 4(1.07) + 2(3.84) + 4(7.82) + 2(12.20) + 4(15.18)

2.54
+ 2(16.14) + 4(14.00) + 2(9.21) + 4(3.24) + 0] = ^p (4.28 + 7.68 + 31.28 + 24.4 + 60.72 + 32..28

3
+ 56 + 18.42 + 12.96) = ^(248.02) = 209.99 sw 210 ft

(b) The weight of water displaced is approximately 64-210 = 13,440 lb

3
(c) The volume of a prism = (25.4) -(16.14) = 409.96 » 410 ft . Thus, the prismatic coefficient is
3
210 ft
re 0.51
,

3
410 ft

5.2 MODELING VOLUME USING CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

1. For the sketch given, a = 0, b = 2;

b 2

V= 2irxj 1+^- )dx-2ir x + 4- dx = 2* 2 "''le -*(*+»)

\ radius f\ height /
v '
o

= 2?r • 3 = 6ir

2. For the sketch given, a = 0, b = 2;

!«»(»-*)*- (2x-^Jdx = 27r 2 = - 1) = 6jt

v-NcxXdft)-" 2tt f

o
-fJ
2ir(4

3. For the sketch given, c = 0, d = y 2;

3
10
V= 2ir (
she 1
} )(
shell
dy = 2 7ry(y )dy
2
= 27r
j y dy = 2tt -2tt
\radius/l height
c o

4. For the sketch given, c = 0, d = v 3;

d V3 1^3
»T-[«-(l-i11«r = *
9jr
V= fc
3
y dy = 2jt
tJl£J(lift)*- I o
2

5. For the sketch given, a = 0, b = y3;

v=
i x /

[u =x +1 2
= du = 2x dx; x = =$• u = 1, x = y/z => u = 4]

V= 1 /2
= u 3/2 - 3^2
- = (f ) (8 - 1) = Mr
=> jt u du
*[f f f (4 l)
3
406 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

6. For the sketch given, a = 0, b = 3;

b 3

—
=l -(7fc) -
dX 2 d
j -(rS )(hSt)
\raams/\ neignt S ;
b
3
u =x +9 => du = 2
3x dx => 3 du = 9x 2 dx; x = => u = 9, x = 3 =5- u = 36]
36
t36
V= 2?r 3u" 1/2 du = 6jr[2u 1 ^ 2 ]
9
= 12n-(\/36 - yfi) = 36tt

7. a = 0, b = 2;

b
V= 2
'(£s)(htM) dx =lH X
-(-l)]
dX

2?rx
2
-|dx = ?r 3x2 dx = 7rlx3 ]
= 87r
o

i. a = 0, b = l;

27rx(2x~|)dx

,1
2 |3xl|dx = ^ 3x dx = 5r[x L = it

9. a = 0, b = 1;

V= 2.x[(2-x)-x2 ]dx
Vradius/l height I

il
3
= 2x |
(2x-x -x 2
)dx = 2. x
2
-^-^
o

"(»-l-l)-"(
a
12-4-3^
^= 1)- 10ir„5x
12 ~ 6

10. a=0,b = l;

b
V= f
2 ff f s heU
)f height
\radius/\
shell
Vx=
J
f
2.x[(2-x 2 )-x 2 3 dx
y-2-x 2

= 2?r x(2-2x 2 )dx = 4?r (x-x3 )dx

-il

= 4tt = 4.(1-1)=.
2 4
 Section 5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 407

11. a = 0, b = l;

b
V=
v /
o

5/2 3
= 2* f (x
3 /2
-2x 2 +x)dx = 2 ff [lx
5~ -lx
g- -r+ 2lx -
2

12-20+15A_7x 1

2*
2
K§-H)= 30 "J -15

12. a=l, b = 4;

b
- l/2
V =
f^(Ss)(St) dx
=lKl X
)
dx

= 3tt x
1 'a
dx = 3*gx3 / a = 2*(4 3 / 2 -l)
0.5

= 2w(8 - 1) = Htt

jx-^^*-, 0<x<x sinx, 0<x<ir _

13. fa) xf(x) =< =* xf(x) =4 ; since sin = we have

^
x, x = \ °» x =

sin x, <x< it
xf(x) ={ => xf(x) = sin x, <x< w
sin x, x =

(b) V= 2ff dx - 2ttx f(x) dx and x • f(x) = sin x, < x < it by part (a)
(radfus)(h2ght)

V=2jt sm
in x dx = 2w{- cos x]* = 2ir(- cos + cos 0) = 4* tt

2
tan
^-i.
X
x < x <% tan x,
2
< x < w/4
14. (a) xg(x)=< . .
4 =5»xg(x) = ; since tan = we have
x-0, x = 0, x =
2
tan x, <x< jt/4
xg(x) = xg(x) = tan 2 x, <X< tt/4
,
tan x,
2
x =

(b) V=
f
27rf
adlDf height)
dx =
f
2?rX *
B ^ ^ a"d X g^ = ^ X * ' ° ~ X
~ *^ by P ™ t ^
ir/4 r/4

=> V= 2ir tan x dx = 2ir (sec X

2
-l)dx = 2 ir [t anx-x]; /4 = 2^^1-f) = ^
408 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

15. c = 0, d = 2;

V= h 2 *y
Mrl d?i)(ht£.)M V '
!^-(-y)Hy
l2
3/2 2 2y" 2 .y 3
= 2tt y +y )dy = 2 5r +
5 3

= 2jt l(^f+t =^¥ + !)-(fl

= ^(3^
15
+ 5]

16. c = 0, d = 2;

V 2 dy
=I 'US)(htht)' =Io ^
MiM-dl*
c

2
= 2, j( y 3 + y2 ) dy = 2
^ +
^]
°
= 16ir
(|
+ l)

-l«-^_40ir
- 18
'UJ-"r

17. c = 0, d = 2;
d

V - y2)dy
=Ic
2
KrS)teM) d,= I x '
o
2 'y(2y
x=2y-y 2

2
= 2, { (
2y2 _ y 3 )dy = 2ir [2y!_/] =
°
2
^_^
_,o^^l n_32ir_8ff

18. c = 0, d =1
d
V= *»<*-»'-')*
••(.S^iSSO*- J

= 2tt y(y-y 2 )dy = 2T (y

2
-y 3 )d y

-4f-£t-*(H)-»
 Section 5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 409

19. c = 0, d = 1;

c * '

= 27r 2y2dy = ^[y3 ];=f

j
1— x

20. c = 0, d = 2;

V= to
CSS.)(iSg.)*=W('-fl*
v 7
o

21. c = 0, d = 2;
d

V=
c
x '

2 2
3 4
r r i
= 2* (2y + y
2
-y 3 )dy = 27r[y 2 + ^— \
J
o

= 2ff (4 + |-^) = f(48 + 32-48) = ^

22. c = 0, d = 1;

c x '

= 2*} (2y-y 2 -y 3 )dy = 2 r[y 2 -^-^] 3

o
o

1 1

»MV- K S,)(heig.)
I
V '
dj
=J
2iry •
2
12 (y -y 3
) dy = 24;r
o
(y
3 - y4 ) dy = 24*
4 5 o
c C

_ 9 A,a n_24ff_6ff

1
d 1

W V= 2 ** a M* "^(y'-y 3
)] dy = 24x (1 -y)(y
2
-y 3 ) dy
i Kradil!S )(height) J
_
410 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

.3 „4 „5 il
= 24t
u

c) V=
f
2
KrSs)(hSt) d ^ )
^(!-y)[l2(y 2 -y 3 )]dy.24.
)
(§-,)<»»-,») d,

^24. [(§y a -^y 8 + y«)dy = 24,r A

15
v
y
3_i3 v
20 y
4
+,r
5
24
KA-i + i) = l L
( 32
- 39
+ 12 )
24tt
= 2tt
12

y + |)(y
2
-y 3 )dy
K /
o u

3
= 24tt -y 4 + |y 2 -|y 3 )<iy = 24. 2
(§y + fy
3
~y 4 )dy = 24* +
;y
J 15 y 20
y
5
o
b o

2
V= y /V_y_2 = 2 3
24. (a)
Vradius/l height
J
2?ry
4 2
dy 2»yly -xi d y = 2 * y -Vi dy

y!_y!
= 2tt
4 24 o
_Z7r|
4 24
= 32,(I-
A) = 32.(I-1),32,(A) = ¥
(b) V=

3 l2
= 2jt 2v ^-i!_v3 + y^)dv-27r '^.-C-E + Hl
.,5
-07rfH_32_16 ,
MV 87r

,4

-I ^- y).V--(¥
y2
W V=
fKrS )(ht"t) S
d 2 dy = 2 y
2*(5-y)ly'-^-]dy

„4
= 27 2 5 4
V -y
-|y J3.y_ yay-^
+V4 d 2
&y__By__y. .5

+ 2T r _ r
40_i60_i6 + 64U
5y
4y y + 3 2Q 4+24^-^13 (
20 4 24/
-8,r
aff

2 2
V= y /y_y_ =
(d)
K^)(i3S0*«M y+ 4 2
dy
^+§)(/-w*
b J l2
- J,r y 5y 5y
= 2tt
4
+8y 32
y
;
dy
L4 24+24
,

160. ^^U 24
+ 24 IM ~ J
4*
 Section 5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 411

3/2
25. (a) About the x-axis: V= dy = 2.y(^-y) dy = 2, (y -y 2 )dy
} 2'(rffi(l£$t)
* ' J J
c

About they-™.: V= j
2-( r'i)( h
!g ) * = 2™U - **) d* = 2*
t ]
J
(x"-^)dx

= "l*-^
:0
b 1

(b) About the x-axis: R(x) = x and r(x) = x2 => V= tt[R(x)

2 - r(x) 2 ] dx = j
tt[x
2
- x4 dx]

ff,
T_T
About the y-axis: R(y) = y/y and r(y) =y => V= 7f[R(y)
2
- r(y) 2 dy =
] »[y-y 2 dy

2 3
„ d y y
y=0
^GrB-f
b 4
2
V= = ^| + 2^-x
2 2 dx
26. (a) 7r[R (x)-r (x)]dx 7r
f

= ir -|x 2 + 2x + 4]dx =ir - xr- + x 2 + 4x

i — x

= tt(-16 + 16 + 16) = 16?r

^(| + 2-x)dx=| (2-|)dx=2. 2x- xj- |dx

(b) V = 2
KrSs)(hS) dX= l
2 7r X

= 2jt ..2 X" = h(l 6

-f)
=
f
b
fcl V= 2ir(4-x)(| + 2-x)dx = 2*- (4-x)(2-|)dx
\r adms / \ height I
o

4
l
64"\_64jr
=
= 2tt 1 - 4x + ^ 1 dx = 2tt 8x - 2x
2
+ 1- = 27^32-32+^) 3
D

2
(d) V= 7r[R
2
(x)-r 2 (x)]dx = (8-x) 2 -(6-X.) ldx

t4
= 2
(|x - lOx + 28) dx = xj--5x 2 + 28x
f (64-16x + x
2
)-(36-6x+^j dx 5r f rr
412 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

tt[16 - (5)(16) + (7)(16)] = tt(3)(16) = 48*

27. (a) V=
lK/adfi)tel!t)/ d> =I
h
v
2 ^- 1 '^ y
l
2

2
-y)dy = 2*
:2tt
j
1
(y
[ffl= *[(HHH)l 2 1

00 v
a 1 1
*

(c) V

= 2tt x x + 3x
3 3 i;=-[(f-f4)-(f-!4)]=Ki)=-
t2
h (y-i) 3 2x
d> V =| d 2x(y-l)(y-l)dy = 2, (y-l)^2.[
<
Kra dil!S )(hSt) y=I }
1
3

28. (a) V, j

2
2x(
r £^ r 4-» 2
t
)
dy =
J
2.y(y
2
-0)dy

2?r y3
J a..
dy _ 2w
= o_ y_ = 2^(^1 = 8^
4

b
4
(b) V x2 ~§x 5 / 2 I

a V 7 •o

27rU6-^J = 27r(l6-^) = ^(80 -64)=^

b

V= h
(c) 2
K ldt)teht) dX -l
r
M4-x)(2-^)dx = 2, }
(8 ~4x^-2x x
3 '2
) dx

= 2n 8x -§*3/2 -x 2 +|x 5/2 ]

= 2^32-^- 16 +^) = ff (240 -320 + 192) = ff (112) = 224tt
15

(d) V= |
2
Kradl!!s)(htSt)
d ^ j M2-y)(y
2
)dy =2*
J
(2y
2
-y3)dy =2, },»-£

- A6 16N327T/, ,\_8sr
 Section 5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 413

29 v- dy= 2-y(y-y 3 )dy

. (.)
J K»dt)(heig«)
v J
c

15

(
b) V= 2
Krfdiu%eight)
dy = Ml-y)(y-y3 )dy = 2.| (y-y 2 -y3 + y4 )dy
J J
c ^ '

3 5
_ 2 jy 2 y yV = ^(i-i-i + i) = M< 30 - 20 - 15 + 12) = 13L
30

30. (a) V= | 2,( r

c
^j( ht x g i; t '
)dy= j
2,y[l-(y-y3)]dy

= 2.} (y~y 2 + y4 )dy = *[£-£+£] o

o

- w + B)
=>'(l-i+i)=ft< i8
_lbr
~ 15
(b) Use the washer method:
d .,3 „7
2
V=| ir[R
2
(y)-t 8 (y)]dy« j
* l
2
-(y-y 3 ) dy = *r (l
2 6 4
-y -y + 2y ) dy = tt y
-^--^-f
- 15+42
=K 4-7 + i)=ife( 105 "
1 35
)=iuf
(c) Use the washer method:

2
V = x[R2 (y)-r 2 (y)]dy= tt[[1 ~(y-y 3 )f -o] dy = * j
1 -2(y -y 3 ) + (y -y3 ) dy
J

ii
„3 „7 4 5
2y
2
= 7T (l
2
+ y + y -2y + 6
2y
3 -2y 4 )dy = ^y + y -+ y
3 f -y
2
+y - r f ^^(l+i + l-l+i-f)
o

= 97fi(
210
70 + 30 + 105 - 2

d
* 42 ) = W
V= 2-(i-y)[i-(y-y3 )l<iy 2x (l-y)(l-y+y3 )dy
(d)
*{£&){*&)* = I

-.3 „4 „5
(l-y+y 3 -y + y 2 -y 4 )dy = 27r + y 3 -y 4 ) dy = 2tt -y 2 + ^- + \-\
2
= 2tt (l -2y + y y
j j ^
o

= 2ir 1 _ 1 + l + l_l) = 2j (20 + 15-12) =

_23jr
( 30
414 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

31. (a) V=
f *(i£J('-30* "J ,

M^-^h
l2

-1-K 2V2y
3/2 3
-y )dy = 2ir As/2 5/2 _L

=4^M =-(¥-¥ *—
. fc .«(j-l).fr<.-»>.ijl

l4

c» V 2 dx= »-(>-$)*- x
3/2 -*r |dx = 2,r 25/2_x!
X
=Ia -CrSS.)(i5S0' v J
o g
5 32

8S
_ 9£ _^2-2
~
5
4 4 ^_ 9 _(2 6 2 \_7r-2
_
7
/o 9 "~ ?n x _ tt -2 9 -3 _ ?r -2 4 -3 _ 48*
\ 5 32^-^5 32 // T6T l iiUJ ~ 160 ~ 5 ~~T

32. (a) V=
[
2
"(/aS)(hSt) dX = 1
^(( 2 x-^)-x]dx A

= 2* x(x-x 2 )dx = 27r f

(x
2
-x3 )dx

= 2tt
3 4 =KHM
i i

M V=
I
2
S
<r adt)(ht"t) dx = I
2w(l-*)[(2x-**)-*]dx = 2,r
J
(1 -x)(x-x 2 ) dx

£_2 X 3 +,x4 ]* =
= 2tt (x - 2x 2 + x3 ) dx = 2?r
2 3 4 KH+?)==i!( 6 ~ 8+3 > =f

33. (a) V= [
7r[R
2
(x)-r2 (x)]dx = 7r I" (x'^-ljdx
1/16
y-i
= T [2x 1 /2
-xf1/16 = 7r[(2-l)-(2-i-i 0.3

T TM"»a - W I
1 "*

l2

-H(-H)-(-l-A)]="(l+A)=*<'+ 1
)=ft
 Section 5.2 Modeling Volume Using Cylindrical Shells 415

y
d 1

34. (a) V= |
7r[R
2
(y)-r (y)]dy=2
J
x^-^dy '
2

c 1/16 ^
1

«[-l^-ft];--[(-4-i)-(-i-4)]
= ^(-2-6+16 + 3)=^ .25

-* )dx = 2tt 2 Y 3/2_x^

<
b> v =! 2 '(
t S,)(htS«)
V 7
dx =
1/4
i H^r VV
1
)"" 2 *
/
1/4
t
(xl/2
3 2 J 1/4

-«- 8 + 3 >=^
=M(§-i)-(!i-A)]=KI- l -l + A)=*( 4 16
-

35. (a) Disc: V = V 1 -V 2

Vi = TrfR^x)]
2
dx and V2 = R2 X )] 2 w5th _./«+!
R i( x ) = and R 2( x ) = V«i
*[ ( V HT^

at = —2, bj = 1; a2 = 0, b2 = 1 ^ two integrals are required

(b) WosAer: V = Vj - V 2
"i ,

2 a
R i(x = IiW = = ~2 and b i = °!
v hh
Vj = [
^([RjCx)] - hW] )
dx with )
and °; ai
a
i

b
2 ,

V2 = [
ff([R2 (x)]
2 - [r
2
(x)]
2
) dx with R2 (x)
= J^l and r 2 (x) = y/x"; a2 = and b 2 = 1

two integrals are required

a
d «
where shell height = y 2 -(3y - 2y 2
2ir(^)( h
5g )dy=| **(**) dy
2
(c) Shell: V= j t
-2) = 2 ;

c= and d = 1. Only one integral is required. It is, therefore preferable to use the shell method.
However, whichever method you use, you will get V = it.

36. (a) Disc: V = V1 -V 2 -V 3

V = i
7r[R (y)] ;
2
dy, i = 1, 2, 3 with R^y) =1 and c, = -1, dj = 1; R2 (y) = y/y and c 2 = and d 2 = 1;

R3 (y) = (-y) 1 ' 4 and c 3 = — 1, d3 = ^ three integrals are required

(b) Washer: V = V 2 + V 2
d:
1

Vi = ^[Ri(y)]
2
- Hv)} 2 ) dy> l = i. 2 with Ri(y) = *. *i(y) = \A> ci =° and d i = 1;
}
c
i

R 2 (y) = 1, r
2 (y)
= (— y) 1 , c2 = -1 and d 2 = => two integrals are required
416 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

fc) Shell: V= 27r

(radius)f heThtl
dX WhCrC shdl radlUS = X shdl hdght ' ~ ** ~^~ x
4
) = x 2 + x4 ,
[

a = and b = 1 ^ only one integral is required. It is, therefore preferable to use the shell method.
5jr
However, whichever method you use, you will get V= 6
"

5.3 LENGTHS OF PLANE CURVES

2
1/2
L ^ = H(* + 2) .2x = V^)-:

2
L = / 2
y l+(x + 2)x dx= |
\/l + 2x 2 + x dx

l3
2
l+x2 ) dx = .l + x i )dx = *+$

3+^=12

2.*H^L
V^=>L = 0+|xdx;[u = l+|x

=$> du = | dx => ^ du = dx; x = =>• u = 1; x =4

10
nlO
= ->L =
=> u 101
'"(H-lIK* '1

Kio^io-i;
27

3.
dx=y 2 -^ =>!&! =yy 4_l + _J_
dy cly^4y 2 2 ^
i 6y
^

=> L = i
4
+ y -^ + T~^dy
4
=
2 16y

3
^ +
ii*
dy

l3

^47> d ^ y2
+^Hy = y
3
y- 1
1

_,'27
_l
1W1 n_,
_a 1
3^4 = s+
1
J
.l (-l-4 + 3) _
~*+
(-2)_53
~
3 12 J U 4J 12
,

12 12 6
 Section 5.3 Lengths of Plane Curves 417

1/, 1/,
4.
fH' -i'- =>(£)'-t(*-*+*)
9 9 .

^ L 1+ H*- 2+ F) dy y+2+ y-) dy

=I vi
=I yK i

"
+ dy (,1/2+y l/2)dy
iW(^ ^T -!
,i9 3/2
y +zy +' w, +, +1 )- u -l-¥
L3 Jx L 3 I-(* )-ft

&
-
dy~ y 4y
3
^Uy/ " 2 16y
6
4
y 1
x- 4-+-=-^
24 4 By?_
=»L = 1+ '6
4+i^^=J V
s6+ J +
^ dy
l

i i

4 2
_Jy y~ l _.Yl6 1 \ n n„j 1 1
4*1"8~
, 1 _ 128- 1-8 + 4 _
~
123
".4 8 Jj~^4 (16)(2)J
U 8j~* 32 32 32

6 dx-Z!
dy~ 2 2y
L^f&A -lM-2
2 ~4
W
+ v -1 )

=^L=| /l+I(y4 -2 + y- 4 )dy=| + 2 +y" 4 ) dy

v V/J(?

l3
2
= i] \/(y
2
+ y- 2 ) <i y = i
} (y
2
+ y- 2 )dy = i[^-y^]
2
2 2

= =
M(t~37 \W)] Kt~3 + 27 = K 6 + 27
=
T
!
-2/3
7 .^ = x ./3 4x -V3^(|) = x2 /3_l + ;

=*L = I
Jl+X^-i+^dx: x^ + ^dx 15
'-i —
3**'» 3x"3 .
+5

= }^4*-''*)V=j(^ + i*->/s)dx
12345*78 9

8
99
4
3
X4/3
x + 83 X 2/3
,

= |[2x^ 3 + x 2 / 3 ]J = |[(2-2 + 2 2 )~(2 + l)] = |(32 + 4-3) = T

4
418 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

—+
*•£ = x2 + 2x + 1 - -(4x 4—-^ = x 2 + 2x + 1 - 4
4) (1+x) 2
1

= V+#-iah'*$)-W-b 4 1 .

16(1
1

+x) 4

=*L = l+(l + x) 4 -l+^f^dx

-2 -i2 2 r
(1+x) (1+x ,-2
l +x) 4
+ + (i+^! dx =
l
(1+x) dx = (l+x) 2 + dx;

[u = 1 +x => du = dx; x = => u = 1, x =2 =» u = 3]

l3
L = u
2
+ l u -2) du =
3 4
U _f
"'
n
12]
(1
13
n_ 108-1-4 + 3 - 106 _ 53
4j" 12
_
12 6
2

» %=rfZ^i*(igf = ~V-i
_ t,H, x= J Jsec 4 t -1 dt
ir/4 ir/4
a —
=>L = ^/l+(sec 4 y-l)dy = sec y dy -— x
-*/4 -ir/4
.1
-*/4
= [^y]! / =2
;/4 = i -(-!)

I0 .* = ,/i7^(*) = .„<-!

-1 -]
=*L = y/l+(3x -l)dx= 4
V^x 2 dx y=JV3M~idt
[ [ -2
-2

T-i
= ^3
-2
= ^[-l-(-2) 3 = ^(-l +8 ] )=^ -2 -1

11. -jt = — a sin t and -— = a cos t =$ + (df) = y(-asint) 2 + (acos~t)

2
= ya2 (sin 2 t + cos 2 t) = |f
dt dt <3t)

2rr 2tt

Length = I
a dt
I = I a I dt = 2w|a|.

12. tt = - sin t and -£- = 1 + cos t =*• + (dl) = \/(- sin t)

2
+ (1 + cos t) 2 = y/2 + 2 cos t
dt dt dt)

= = sm t
v(jlcost)^ + °0S
Length i/2 +2 cos t dt a/2 dt = \/2 dt
*)
1 — cos t
 Section 5.3 Lengths of Plane Curves 419

_ y/2 sin *
dt (since sin t > on [0,t]); [u = 1 - cos t => du = sin t dt; t = =* u = 0,
, vl— cost
1 /2
t = 7r=i>u = 2]^V^ U_I/2 dn = V5 [2u ] = 4
f

and^=3t^y(^) +(|) = }/{it 2 f + (3t) 2 = y^T^ = 3tx/?TT

2
13. = 3t
2 (since t > on [O, v^])
^f

=> Length = f
3t\/t
2
+l dt; [u = t2 + I ^ § du = 3t dt; t = => u = 1, t = \/3 =*u =4

lu^du^U^l^CS-l)^?

2+ =\/t'2 +(2t + l)=^(t +

2
=|t + l|=t + 0<t<4
-S = tand S =
since
14 (2t + 1)1/2 (^)
l) l

^V(S)
t4
Length = (t + 1) dt = *+« = (8 + 4) = 12
-
o

15. ^= (2t + 3)^and^=l + t=> J{gf +{^j = ^/(2t + 3) + (1 + t) 2 = Vt 2 + 4t + 4 = |t + 2| = t + 2

-21
since < t < 3 =*• Length = (t + 2)dt = y + 2t 2
o

= 8t cos and = 8t sin t J(te^ + (*L\ = ^/(8t cos t)

2
+ (8t sin t)
2
= \/64t 2 cos 2 1 + G4t 2 sin
2
1
16. 4r
dt
t -jt
at

jt/2
,it/2
= 1
8t | = 8t since < t <| =» Length = 8t dt = [4t 2 ]Q = ir

17. x/2a=| Jl + (^) dx,a>0^v^=yi+(g) => g= ± ^y= 1 f(x) = ±x + C where C is any

real number.
420 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

>«/W.
18. (a) From the accompanying figure and definition of the

differential (change along the tangent line) we see that

TangeiUfla
dy = f'(xj _ 1 Axk =>
t ) length of kth tangent fin is
<*t~v&t-

J(
A xk 2 + (dy) 2 = y/( A xk 2 + [f (xn) A xk 2
) ) ]
.

+*
**-!

(b) Length of curve = lim £ (length of kth tangent fin) = lirn £ */( A x k 2 + [f(x k _ A xk 2
) 1 ) ]

^iiSo £ \/l + [f'(x

k _ 1 ))
2
Ax k =| ^TlfWdx
k
a

(. -j-
2

corresponds to j- here, so take -p as —7=. Then y = y^c + C, and since (1, 1) lies on the curve,
j

C = 0. So y = y'x" from (1, 1) to (4,2).

(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x.

20. (a) {
-p J
corresponds to —^ here, so take 4*- as -=g. Then x = —4+C and, since (0, 1) lies on the curve, C= 1.

So y = 1

1-x'
(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x.

2 Ma)^ = 2x.(g)^4x 2
^L=|^(iJ dx (b)

\A + 4x 2 dx
-l

(c) Las 6.13

4
sec x (b)
-l S*l 41 4>A JU

=> L= v 1 + sec4 x dx

(c) L«2.06
 Section 5.3 Lengths of Plane Curves 421

dxV-= cos
23. (a)
^ = cosy y (b)

L = I
v 1 + cos y dy

(c) L«3.82

24.
d W "i-y
W*y"= - v^7,*.'*?= y >"
2
(b)

*-va-y'
1/2 1/2

'1+; dy = dy
(l-y
V
2
' ' ) j w
V i-y
-1/2 ' -1/2

1/2
V2
= } (i-y 2 r dy
-1/2 NOT TO SCALE

(c) I, a 1.05

d
25. (a) 2y +2= 2 = + l)
2
(b)
|^^J (y

=L= |
^/l+ly + l)
2
dy
-l y» + 2y-2*+l

(c) L«9.29

S) =* «» *
2 2
26. (a) t— = cos x - cos x + x sin x (b)

=>L = V 1 +x sin x dx

(c) L as 4.70
422 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

27. (a)^=tanx^(a£) =tarrx (b)

?r/6 ir/6

n x + cos 2 x
=> L = >/l +tan xdx =
2 'si
dx
cos x

w/6
dx
COS X sec x dx

(c) La* 0.55

sec y — 1 (b)
y
10.4
ir/4

=>L = /l+(sec 2 y-l)dy -0.7 •«.« -0.5 -0,4 -OJ •« 4),)

1l
B— X
-ir/3

r/4 Jr/4 *-/ j'st&t-ldt

I sec y I dy = sec y dy
-x/3 -jr/3

(c) L«2.20

20 ~
/ 7?
dy
= sin = dx-^-2£
V + l^)
29. The length of the curve y ( §£x)
*;from to 20 is: L t/l dX _ COS x
20 ^dx^ 'dx 20 |j |

dx

20

~~
4M cosZ V20"x
400""" ( )
=> L = \/l+ im
400 — V20T
coss?x 2
( ) dx. Using numerical integration we find L as 21.07 in

25 ( ~ T2
30. First, we'll find the length of the cosine curve: L = [ i/l +( ^ )
dx; ^ = -^ sin (f£)
-25
2S

3f)=^^@)- L 1 + t- sin 2 f ^ J
dx. Using a numerical integrator we find
-25

L ss 73.1848 Surface area is: A = length width « (73.1848)(300) = 21,955.44

ft. •
ft.

Cost = 1.75A = (1.75)(21,955.44) = $38,422.02. Answers may vary slightly, depending on the numerical
integration used.

31-36. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

xi:=(i,n) -> (a+ (b— a)*i/n);

digits := 6:
f:= x-> sqrt(l-x"2); a:= -1: b:= 1:

n:=8;
scgs := [seq([xi(i,n),f(xi(i,n))], i = 0..n)];i:= 'i':

plot({f(x),segs}, x=a..b);
 Section 5.4 Springs, Pumping and Lifting 423

approx:= sum(sqrt((xi(j,n) -xi(j-l,n))"2 + (f(xi(j,n))-f(xi(j-l,n)))"2),j=i..n);

evalf(approx);
int(sqrt(l+D(f)(x)"2), x = a..b);
evalf(%);

Mathematica:
Clearfx]
{a,b} = {-1,1}; f[x_] = Sqrt[ 1 - x2 }

pi = Plot[ fix], {x,a,b} ]

n = 8;
pts = Table[ {xn,f[xn]}, {xn,a,b,(b-a)/n} ] // N
Show[{ pi, GTaphics[{Line[pts]}] }]
Sum[ Sqrt[
(pts[[i+l,l]]-pts[[i,l]]r2 +
(pte[p+l,2]]- P t8[[i,2)))-2 ] ,

P.1,"} ]
Nlntegrate( Sqrt[l+f [x]"2], {x,a,b}]

5.4 SPRINGS, PUMPING AND LIFTING

1. The force required to lift the water is equal to the water's weight, which varies steadily from 40 lb to lb over

the 20-ft lift. When the bucket is x ft off the ground, the water weighs: F(x) = 4f/ 2j'~ x = 40 ( 1 - ^\
)

20

= 40-2xlb. The work done is: W= F(x) dx = J

(40 - 2x) dx = [40x - x2 ]* = (40)(20) - 20

= 800 -400 = 400 ft -lb

2. The water's weight varies steadily from 16 lb to 8 lb over the 20-ft lift. When the bucket is x ft off the ground,

b
40 ~ x
the water weighs: F(x) = 16f )= 16^1 -|^) = 16 - ^ lb. The work done is: W= )
F(x) dx
a
20 ..20
r
= [ (l6-|^dx = 16x-if =(16)(20)-^ = 320-^ = 320-80 = 240ft-lb
°
o

3. The force required to haul up the rope is equal to the rope's weight, which varies steadily and is proportional to
50 50

x, the length of the rope still hanging: F(x) = 0.624x. The work done is: W= F(x)dx= 0.624xdx
o
50

= 0.624 = 780 J
o

4. The weight of sand varies steadily from 144 lb to 72 lb over the 18 ft length. When the bag is x ft off the

ground, the sand weighs: F(x) = 144f2^_J£ \ = 144 A -^V The work done is: W= Ffx) dx
424 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

18
144 ' 18 ' 3
144^1 -5g)<k = W4 x-^J =144f 18-^^j=144(l8-y)= = 36-18-3 = 1944ft- lb
4

5. The force required to lift the cable is equal to the weight of the cable paid out: F(x) = (4.5)(180 — x) where x
180 ISO

is the position of the car off the first floor. The work done is: W= F(x) dx = 4.5 (180-x)dx

-1I8O

= 4.5 180x-^- 4.5 [ ISO

2 - if? ) = i^80! = 72 9oo , ft .
lb

6. Since the force is acting toward the origin, it acts opposite to the positive x-direction. Thus F(x) = —-%. The

work done is W 4dx = k -i dx = k (tf = k (H) = ab

7. The force against the piston is F = pA. If V = Ax, where x is the height of the cylinder, then dV = A dx
(P2' V2)

=» Work = Fdx = PA dx = f p dV.

(*i.
v i)

3
8. pV 1,4 = c, a constant => p = cV" 1 4 '
. If V t = 243 in
J
and P] = 50 lb/in , then c = (50)(243) 1 "4
= 109,350 lb.

32
t32
Thus W = 109,350V- 1 ' 4
dV
109,350 JW(_Li
109,350/ 1 \_ 109,350 (i n
0.4V
0.4
•4
V32
" 4
243°- 4 j~ 0-4 U~9j
243 243

(109,350)(5)
- = —37,968.75 in • lb. Note that when a system is compressed, the work done is negative.
(0.4)(36)

9. The force required to stretch the spring from its natural length of 2 m to a length of 5 m is F(x) = kx. The
3 3

work done by F is W= F(x) dx = k xdx = |[x2 ] = t£. This work is equal to 1800 J => 9u_
Ik 1800

=> k = 400 N/m

10. (a) We find the force constant from Hooke's Law: F = kx^-k=£^-k = 2800
|^ = 200 lb/in

(b) The work done to stretch the spring 2 inches beyond its natural length is W= j
kx dx

l2
200 x dx = 200 = 200(2 - 0) = 400 in • lb = 33.3 ft -lb
o
(c) We substitute F = 1600 into the equation F = 200x to find 1600 = 200x ^ x = 8 in
11. We find the force constant from Hooke's law: F = kx. A force of 2 N stretches the spring to 0.02 m
=> 2 =k - (0.02) => k = 100 ^. The force of 4 N will stretch the rubber band y m, where F = ky =t- y =~
 Section 5.4 Springs, Pumping and Lifting 425

0.04
4Neg-
y =
inn -ft
=> y = 0.04 m = 4 cm. The work done to stretch the rubber band 0.04 mis W= kx d>
100ffi-

0.04 -,0.04
2
(100)(0.04)
= 100 x dx = 100 = 0.08 J

12. We find the force constant from Hooke's law: F = kx=j>k = £=»k = 22=>k = 90 m -.
The work done to

5
I
stretch the spring 5 m beyond its natural length is W= J
kx dx = 90 x dx = 90 = (90)(^)=U25 J
o

13. (a) We find the spring's constant from Hooke's law: F=kx=^k = | = ^~ = ^LJii => k = 7238
jj
0.5 0.5

(b) The work done to compress the assembly the first half inch is W= kx dx = 7238 x dx
o o
_t0.5
= 7238 = (7238)i°^: ^ f 7238 25 >
!
905 in • lb. The work done to compress the assembly the
o

1.0 1,0 i 1.0

second half inch is: W= kx dx = 7238 x dx = 7238 == m8 [l _ (0 5)2]=

.
(723 8 )(D.75)
•
0.5
0.5 0.5

« 2714 in -lb

14. First, we find the force constant from Hooke's law: F = kx=>k = £* = ~~ = 16 • 150 = 2,400 Ik If someone
( 1 \ in
U6J
compresses the scale x =i in, he/she must weigh F = kx = 2,400 f 5 j
= 300 lb. The work done to compress the

1/8 ,1/8
scale this far is W= |
kx dx = 2400 = |400 = 18 . 751b . in . = 25 ft . lb

15. We will use the coordinate system given.

(a) The typical slab between the planes at y and y
3
+ Ay has 0^
hv
10

a volume of AV = (10)(12) Ay = 120 Ay ft . The force ei

F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:

F = 62.4 AV = 62.4 • 120 Ay lb. The distance through
which F must act is about y ft, so the work done lifting
the slab about
is AW = force x distance
= 62.4 • 120 • y • Ay ft - lb. The work it takes to lift all
20
the water is approximately W f»
J^ AW
20
= £ 62.4 • 120y Ay ft • lb. This is a Riemann sum for

the function 62.4 • 120y over the interval < y < 20.
426 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

20

The work of pumping the tank empty is the limit of these sums: W= 62.4 120y dy

-,20

= (62.4)(120) = (62.4)(120)(40&) = (62.4)(120)(200) = 1,497,600 ft -lb

(b) The time t it takes to empty the full tank with (X

\iJ
Vhp motor
-/
is t =
ocn
^ -lb„ = M37,600ft.Ib
ft 250^"^
250 sec sec

= 5990.4 sec = 1.664 hr =*• t ss 1 hr and 40 min

(c) Following all the steps of part (a), we find that the work it takes to lower the water level 10 ft is

10 r „,10
W= 62.4- 120y dy = (62.4)(120) = (62.4)(120)(i|fl)= 374,400 ft -lb and the time it

t = W = 1497.6 sec = 0.416 hr sw 25 min

ft -lb
250

lb.
(d) In a location where water weighs 62.26 ^%
It

a) W = (62.26) (24,000) = 1,494,240 ft -lb.

1 4Q4 ?4n
u
b) t = '
»*j^ = 5976.96 sec m 1.660 hr => t 1 hr and 40 min

In a location where water weighs

6 62.59 ^%
3
ft

a) W = (62.59)(24,000) = 1,502,160 ft -lb

1,5 16°
b) t =
25Q
= 6008.64 sec ss 1.669 hr => t re 1 hr and 40.1 min

16. We will use the coordinate system given.

(a) The typical slab between the planes at y and y + Ay has Ground level
a volume of AV = (20)(12) Ay = 240 Ay ft 3 The force .

F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:

F= 62.4 AV = 62.4 -240 Ay lb. The distance through
which F must act is about y ft, so the work done lifting
the slab is about = force x distance AW
= 62.4 240 y - Ay ft • lb. The work it takes to lift all
• •

20
the water is approximately W » £ AW
10
20
= 22 62.4 240y - • Ay ft - lb. This is a Riemann sum for the function 62.4 - 240y over the interval
10
20

10 <y< 20. The work it takes to empty the cistern is the limit of these sums: W= 62.4 240y dy

10
r o-|20

= (62.4)(240) = (62.4)(240)(200 - 50) = (62.4)(240)(150) = 2,246,400 ft -lb

J io

(b) t = -
W 2,246,400 ft -lb
8168.73 sec sw 2.27 hours as 2 hr and 16.1 min
ft-lb 275
275 sec
 Section 5.4 Springs, Pumping and Lifting 427

(c) Following all the steps of part (a), we find that the work it takes to empty the tank halfway is

1 15
? r 2i
W= 62.4 • 240y dy = (62.4)(240) \ = (62.4)(240)(^ ~™) = (62.4) ( 240 )(±§^) = 936,000 ft.
10
10

93
Then the time is t = S-„- = »lS°° w 3403.64 sec « 56.7 min
ft -lb
275 sec

(d) In a location where water weighs 62.26 *%:

a) W = (62.26) (240) (150) = 2,241,360 ft -lb.

2,2 36 °
b) t =
275
= 8150.40 sec = 2.264 hours w2 hr and 15.8 min

c) W = (62.26)(240) (¥f) = 933,900 ft -lb; t = 93^°° = 3396 sec s* 0.94 hours « 56.6 min

In a location where water weighs 62.59 Jb

r 3 3
ft

a) W = (62.59)(240)(150) = 2,253,240 ft -lb.

2 2 24-
b) t = '
°^' = 8193.60 sec = 2.276 hours w 2 hr and 16.61 min

c) W = (62.59) (240) (^) = 938,850 ft -lb; t = 93|}g50 as 3414 sec w 0.95 hours mm
« 56.9 mi

17. Using exactly the same procedure as done in Example 6 we change only the distance through which F must act:

10 10
distance as (10 - y) m. Then AW = 245,000^(10 - y) Ay J => W « £ AW = £ 245,000*(10 - y) Ay
o o
10 10 10

=> W= 245,000*(10 - y) dy = 245,000* (10 -y)dy = 245,000* 10,-^- = 245,000*1100 i-W 2 ;

o
o
m (245,000*)(50) a 38,484,510 J
5
18. Exactly as done in Example 6 with the change in the upper limit of the sums and the integral: W « J^ AW
5
l

= £ 245,000*(14-y)Ay J=!>W = 245,000*(14 -y) dy = 245,000* 14y-£ = 245,000* (70

-^j

= (245,000*) ( ±j£\ ~ 44,257,186.5 J

19. The typical slab between the planes at y and and y + Ay has a volume of AV = *(radius) 2 (thickness)
3
— ir(-S) Ay = * • 100 Ay ft . The force F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:

F= 51.2 AV = 51.2 • 100* Ay lb => F = 5120* Ay lb. The distance through which F must act is about
30
(30 — y) ft. The work it takes to lift all the kerosene is approximately W« £3 ^^
30
= 5^ 5120*(30 - y) Ay ft -lb which is a Riemann sum. The work to pump the tank dry is the limit of
30 ,30

these sums: W= 5120*(30-y)dy = 5120* 3

°y-T J
= 5120*(^) = (5120)(450*)
o

:7,238,229.47 ft -lb
428 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

20. For both ways of filling the tank, the typical slab between the planes at y and y + Ay has a volume of

AV = Tr(radius) (thickness) = jt(2) Ay. The force F required to lift this slab is equal to its weight:

F = 62.4 AV = x(4)(62.4) Ay. The distance through which F must act does depend on the way of filling.

(a) If we pump the water through a hose attached to a valve in the bottom, the distance is (15 + y) so the

work done lifting the slab is about AW 3

= (62.4)(4tt)(15 + y) Ay. The work done lifting all the slabs is

W, « £o (62.4)(4ir)(15 +y) Ay and taking the limit we get W, =

J
(62.4)(4ir)(15 +y) dy
6
r 21
= (62.4)(4tt) 15y + ^- = (62.4)(4x)(l5 -6 + ^)- (62.4)(4tt)(90 + 18) = (62.4)(4»)(108)

ss 84,687.3 ft -lb

(b) If we attach the hose to the rim of the tank and let the water pour in, the distance is (15 + 6), so the work

done by the pump on one slab is AW 2 = (62.4)(4ir)(15 + 6) Ay. The work done lifting all the slabs is:

6
6 f
W 2
« T, (62.4)(4tt)(15 + 6) Ay and taking the limit we get W 2
= (62.4)(4tt)(15 + 6) dy
o J

= (62.4)(4ir)(21) dy = (62.4)(4x)(126) « 98,801.8 ft -lb. We see that W 2

> W x
and if we assume
o
that the pump produces a constant amount of work per hour then it takes more time to do work W 2
.

lb lb
21. (a) Follow all the steps of Example 7 but make the substitution of 64.5 -^ for 57 ^. Then,
It It

lS
3 4
10y y 64.5tt[10-8 3 4
W = 3pi(10-y)y"dy = 2^ 8
)<*w> ;3)(^_ 2
)
o

3
64.57T.8 3
= 21.5jr-8 « 34,583 ft -lb

(b) Exactly as done in Example 7 but change the distance through which F acts to distance s» (13 — y) ft.

8 ,
3 4 4s
W 13y y _57W 13 -8 3 \_f577rV s 3^13 o^_ 57tt-8
3 -:
Then
^f(13-y)y
2
dy = ^ -^~V~3
8
T)-{^r) {8 j lT- 2 J- 3-4

= (19jr)(8 2 )(7)(2) « 53,482 ft -lb

22. The typical slab between the planes of y and y+Ay has a volume of about AV = ir(radius) 2 (thickness)

= *(y/yf Ay = Try Ay m3 . The force F(y) is equal to the slab's weight: F(y) = 10,000 -^ AV •

= 7rl0,000y Ay N. The height of the tank is 42 = 16 m. The distance through which F(y) must act to lift

the slab to the level of the top of the tank is about ( 16 — y) m, so the work done lifting the slab is about

AW = 10,000-!ry(16 — y) AyN-m. The work done lifting all the slabs from y = to y = 16 to the top is

16
approximately W« ^ lO,OQ07ry(l6 — y)Ay. Taking the limit of these Riemann sums, we get
 Section 5,4 Springs, Pumping and Lifting 429

16 16 -,16
2 3 3 3
16y y 16 16
W = 10,00Cbry(16-y) dy = IO.OOOtt (l6y-y 2 )dy = 10,000tt = 1O,000ttI^-±|
o
3
=—
10,000 16 ..„ „„, n ,
• ?r • ,..
j- fa 21,446,605.9 J

23. The typical slab between the planes at y and y+Ay has a volume of about AV = 7r(radius) 2 (thickness)
= ^(v^S-y 2 ) Ay m 3 . The force F(y) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight: F(y) = 9800 -AV

= 9800tt(v 25
/
-y 2 ) Ay = 98007r(25 -y 2 )Ay N. The distance through which F(y) must act to lift the

slab to the level of 4 m above the top of the reservoir is about (4 — y) m, so the work done is approximately

AW « 98007r(25 — y 2 )(4 — y) Ay N -m. The work done lifting all the slabs from y = — 5 m to y = m is
approximately W sa £ 9800fr(25 -y )(4-y) Ay N -m. Taking the limit of these Riemann sums, we get
-s
-i0

s
W = 98007r(25-y 2 )(4-y) dy = 9800tt - 25y - 4y 2 + y3 ) dy = 9800a- 3
100j,-fy -fy +^-
'
100
• -5
-s ^5

= -98007F f -500 _2S^2S + 4. 125 + 6|5^ ~ 15,073,100 J

24. The typical slab between the planes at y and y+Ay has a volume of about AV = 7r(radius) 2 (thickness)
= 7r(yi00-y 2 ) Ay =
2
7r(l00-y 2 )Ay ft
3
. The force is F(y) =^-AV = 56*r(lOO-y
It
2
)Ay lb. The

distance through which F(y) must act to lift the slab to the level of 2 ft above the top of the tank is about

(12 - y) ft, so the work done is AW w 56tt(100 — 2

)(12 - y) Ay lb -ft. The work done lifting all the slabs

10 .
9.
from y = ft to y = 10 ft is approximately W» £ 567r(100-y' )(12~y) :
Ay lb -ft. Taking the limit of these

10 10

Riemann sums, we get W = 567r(l00-y )(12-y)dy 2 = 567T (100 -y 2 )(12 - y) dy

10 -,10
3 4
= 56tt '1200 - lOOy - 12y + y 2 3
) dy = 56?r 1200y _^-^ y

= 567r(l2,000-^£ 4 - 1000 +^3™0) = (56ir)(l2-6-4 + |)(1000)« 967,611 ft -lb.

It would cost (0.5)(967.611) = 483,805* = $4838.05. Yes, we can afford to hire the firm.

25. F = m 4?
dt
= m ^-4r
dx at
= mv t^ by
dx
the- chain rule = W= mv -t—
dx
dx =m v ^
dx
! dx = m Hx)
i

= Imv 2 (Xj) - v 2 (x x ) = imv 2 - ^mv 2 , , as claimed.

26. weight =2 t. os
u* =&
- lb;
yg iui
mass
uidHi = ^#*
- -4
-^g— = slugs; W
= 256 ""^
35 - 4«
= U)(±r slugs) (160
" ~ ft/sec)
2
« 50 ft -lb
V2 A256
 430 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

27. 90 mph = M- iJl^.lpa.§»^=

1 mm
hr s
60 min 60 sec
oO 1 mi
132 ft/sec;
' m _= 0.3125 lb
32 ft/sec
2
_ 0.3125
32
slugs;

W
<m ^32 ft/sec
T .(132 ft/sec)
2
a 85.1 ft -lb

28. weight = 1.6 o» = 0.1 lb =*• m= 0.11b

32 ft/sec
2
= g|g slugs; W = (5X350 slugs j(280 ft/sec) 2
= 122.5 ft -lb

29. weight = = il lb =>

2 oz == m = ^ slugs = 5i1
^m=^slugs= ^ slugs; 124 mph =
^/^ff^
* 181.87 ft/sec;

W = (5X2M slugs Vl81.87 ft/sec)

2
» 64.6 ft -lb

30. weight = 14.5 oz = 1^ lb => m= slu s

pjp) S !
W = (s)( (l6)(32) slu S s
)(
88 ft /sec)
2
* 109 - 7 ft "
lb

31. weight = 6.5 02 = £| lb =» m = tjM^ slugs; W = (lV-J^5- slugs Vl32 ft/sec) 2 w 110.6 ft -lb

1/4
4
32. F = (18 lb/ft)x =S> W= f 18xdx = [9x2 ]J =^ft-lb. Now W = |mv 2
-±mv 2 , where W =^ ft • lb,

m = ^ = gig slugs and v-y = ft/sec. Thus, ^ ft -lb. = (JfYgig slugs^v 2 => v = 12-y/2 ft/sec. With v =

at the top of the bearing's path and v = 12^/2 — 32t =*• t = -^— sec when the bearing is at the top of its path.

o fey

The height the bearing reaches is s = 12\/2 1 — 16t 2 ^ at t =— - the bearing reaches a height of

33. (a) From the diagram,

rO>)=60-x = 60-V50 2 -{y-325f

for 325 ^^^375 ft.
.y-325
(b) The volume of a horizontal slice of the funnel

is AV ax[r(y)jAy
= flT60-V25Q0-(y-325)2 T &y
(c) The work required to lift the single slice of
water is AW * 62.4 AF(375 -y)
= 62.4(375 y)J 60 - V2500 (y - 32S)
2
7 Ay.
The total work to pump out the funnel is
 Section 5.4 Springs, Pumping and Lifting 431

375 . -,2
p 7
w= J
62.4(375 -y)A 60-^J2500~(y-325f dy = 6.3358 10 ft- lb.
'"
325

34. (a) From the result in Example 8, the work to pump out the throat is 1,353,869,354 ft -lb. Therefore,

the total work required to pump out the throat and the funnel is 1,353,869,354 + 63,358,000
= 1,417,227,354 ft -lb.

(b) In horsepower-hours, the work required to pump out the glory hole is
1
'
417 227 354
' '
6
—
i..yo * j.u

7 5
= 7158. Therefore, it would take
\ QL u = 0.7158 hours « 43 minutes.

35. We imagine the milkshake divided into thin slabs by planes perpendicular to the y-axis at the points of a
partition of the interval [0,7]. The typical slab between the planes at y and y + Ay has a volume of about

- 3
AV = x(radius) 2 (thickness) = 7rf .. I Ay in . The force F(y) required to lift this slab is equal to its

weight: F(y) = i AV = 4f( -"w/ ) Ay oz. The distance through which F(y) must act to lift this slab to

the level of 1 inch above the top is about (8 — y) in. The work done lifting the slab is about

y+1 5)
AW = (4p) (
^ (8 - y) Ay in • oz. The work done lifting all the slabs from y = to y = 7 is

approximately W= £ —- ^ (y
9- 14^
-

+ 17.5) 2 (8 — y) Ay in -oz which is a Riemann sum. The work is the limit of

o

these sums as the norm of the partition goes to zero: W= 7TT72 ( v + 17.5) (8 — y) dy
o
7
4ir
(2450 - 26.25y - 27y - y ) dy = -&L
2 3 .y__ 9 y 3 -26 2iy 2 + 2450y
9-142 J 9-14' i J

4ir _7i_ 9 . 7 3_26^25. 7 2 + 245Q.7 91.32 in-oz

9-14 2 .
4 2

36. We fill the pipe and the tank.

(a) To find the work required to fill the tank follow Example 6 with radius = 10 ft. Then AV = it - 100 Ay ft3 .

The force required will be F = 62.4 AV = 62.4 100w Ay = 6240* Ay lb. The distance through which
• •

F must act is y so the work done lifting the slab is about AW X = 6240* -y • Ay lb -ft. The work it takes to

38S 385
lift all the water into the tank is: W &£1
360
AWj = £
360
6240* -y - Ay lb -ft. Taking the limit we end up

385 t385
§240jr[385 2 _ 36u 2] «
with W l
= 6240*y dy = 6240* = 182,557,949 ft -lb
360
360

(b) To find the work required to fill the pipe, do as in part (a), but take the radius to be s in = ? ft.

3 = 62.4 AV = ^|^ Ay.

Then AV = w -J* Ay ft and F
36
• Also take different limits of summation and

360 60

integration: W a^ AW
2
360

o
2
=> W 2
= 62.4 _., ^ 62.4tt y_\ _/ 62.47r ^360 2
( 36 )\ 2
V :352,864 ft -lb.
432 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

The total W = MV + W « 182,557,949 + 352,864 182,910,813

work is
1 2
ss ft -lb. The time it takes to fill the

Time — W
182,910,813
tank and the pipe is « 110,855 sec « 31 hr
1650
'

165 q

35,780,000 35,780,000
35,780,000
37. Work = lM0MG dr = i000MG ^= 1000 MG 6,370,000
6,370,000 6,370,000

= (1000)(5.975 • 10
24
)(6.672 • 10" ir 1 1
;
5.144 xlO 10 J
6,370,000 35,780,000

38. (a) Let p be the x-coordinate of the second electron. Then r = (/»—!) =>• W= F(p) dp
-l

(23xl<r 29 K 23 x 10~
29
= (23 x 10- 29 )(l -I) = 11.5 x 10- 29
p-\
-l -l

(b) W=W 1
4- W 2
where W 1
is the work done against the field of the first electron and W 2 is the
work done

against the field of the second electron. Let p be the x-coordinate of the third electron. Then rf = (p — 1)

" 29 1-5

= + !)> 23xHT3! dp; 23xl0 = -23xl0- 29 p-\

and r2
f („ =* Wl =[ dp

= (-23 x 10" 29 )(I-I) = f x lO" 29 , and W 2

23xi r
rl
29
dp=[ 23x 10-f dp
3 d

-23 x 10 -29 23x 1 °" 29

-23xl0^9 )(l-I)= (3-2)^fjxl0-
29
. Therefore
p+1
:

12

W = W +W t 2
= (^ x 10~ 29 ) + (j| x 10 -29 ) = ^ x 10" 29 » 7.67 x 10~ 29 J

5.5 FLUID FORCES

1. To find the width of the plate at a typical depth y, we first find an equation for the line of the plate's
right-hand edge: y = x — 5. If we let x denote the width of the right-hand half of the triangle at depth y, then

x =5+y and the total width is L(y) = 2x = 2(5 + y). The depth of the strip is (— y). The force exerted by the
-2 -2

water against one side of the plate is therefore F = w(-y) L(y) dy

• = 62.4 •
(-y) • 2(5 + y) dy
-5 -5
-2
= 124.8 ,-5y-y 2 )dy = 124i 5
5y
2 - 1 y 3]
3
-2
= 124 J(_jL 4 + l 8 W5. 25 +1 125
-5

= (124.8)
'V
m -m) 2
= (124.8) (315^234) = i 684 8 lb .
 Section 5.5 Fluid Forces 433

2. An equation for the line of the plate's right-hand edge isy = x — 3 ^> x = y + 3. Thus the total width is

L(y) = 2x = 2(y + 3). The depth of the strip is (2 -y). The force exerted by the water is
2 3 1°
= y v
F w(2 - y)L(y) dy = 62.4 -(2 -y) -2(3 + y) dy = 124.8 (6-y-y 2 )dy=124.8
• -3
-3 -3 -3

= (-124.8) (—18 - 1 + 9) = (-124.8) (~ ^) = 1684.8 lb

3.

=>F =
00
Using the coordinate system of Exercise 2, we find the equation for the line of the plate's right-hand edge is
y = x-3=>x = y + 3. Thus the total width is L(y) = 2x = 2(y + 3). The depth of the strip changes to (4 - y)

-3
w (4 - y)L(y) dy =
-3
[
62.4 -(4 -y) -2(y + 3) dy = 124.8 [

-3
(l2 + y-y 2 )dy

lO
2 3
v v
= 124,8 = (-124.8} (-36 +1 + 9) = (-124.8) (~y) = 2808 lb
• -3

4. Using the coordinate system of Exercise 2, we see that the equation for the line of the plate's right-hand edge
remains the same: y=x
— 3^»x = 3 + y and L(y) = 2x = 2(y + 3), The depth of the strip changes to (—y)

2
=>F= f w(-y)L(y)dy= f 62.4- (-y) -2(y + 3) dy = 124.8 [
2
(-y -3y) dy = 124.8
-y-fy -3
-3 -3 -3

= (- 12 =
'- m - 8 3
' = 561.6
4.8>(f -f )
'f'"- lb

5.

(a) F=
-4
00
Using the coordinate system of Exercise

= 2x-4=^x = ^-4^ and

[ w(l-y)L(y)dy =
L(y)

-4
f
2,

= 2x = y + 4.

62.4 -(1
we

-y)(y +
find the equation for the line of the plate's right-hand edge to be

The depth of the

4) dy = 62.4
-4
strip is (1

f
- y).

(4-3y-y 2 ) dy = 62.4
r

4y-^--
2
lO

• ~4

= _4 )(4 )-Wp + \
= (~62.4)(-16-24 + 64 =
(-62.4)(-120 + 64) =
(-62.4) (
f f) 1164.8 lb

=
(-64.0)(-120 + fl4)
(b) F= (-64.0) MX4 )-ffi£fi + ¥ fttn94<71b

6. Using the coordinate system given, we find an equation for

the line of the plate's right-hand edge to be y = — 2x + 4 y(ft)

^x = 4-y and L(y) = 2x = 4 - y. The depth of the

strip is (1 - y) => F = w(l - y)(4 - y) dy

= 62.4 (y
^5 y + 4)dy = 62.4[^-^ + 4y]^ = (62.4)(l-f + 4)=(62.4)(^I|±24)
J

= ( 62
fH
6
> = 114.4 lb
434 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

7. Using the coordinate system given in the accompanying figure, y(in)

we see that the total width is L(y) = 63 and the depth of the 33.51 surface
33.i
33

strip is (33.5 -y) => F ;(33.5-y)L(y)dy

x(in)
33 33 -31. S 31.5
^.(33.5-y).63dy = M|)( 6 3) (33.5 -y)dy

-,33
64-63 _ (64)(63)(33)(67-33) _
= lftK 63 33.5y-^- > 3 (33.5)(33)-^f-
1309 lb
o 12 (2)(l2 3 )

8. (a) Use the coordinate system given in the accompanying

figure. The depth of the strip is ( t—y ) ft

y(«)
11/6
surface
=$• F = wf^-yVwidth) dy
o
11/6
x(ft)
= (62.4)(width) ^-y]dy

11/6
ny r =
2
F
(62.4)(width)
6 2
o
(62.4)(width)
(t) "J =* ««d = ( 62 - 4 )( 2
)(W)(y * 2 ° 9 73 lb and -

F side = (62.4)(4)(W(i)« 419.47 lb

36 A2,
(b) Use the coordinate system given in the accompanying

figure. Find Y from the condition that the entire volume

surface
of the water is conserved (no spilling): -s- • 2•4 =2 - 2 - Y
=>- Y = ^ ft. The depth of a typical strip is ( U- -y] ft x{fc)

and the total width is L(y) = 2 ft. Thus,

11/3 11/3 11 /3
I

F=
f
w(^--y)L(y)dy= [ (62.4)(^-y)-2 dy = (62.4) (2) 11,
o
= (62.4)(2)
am
(62.4)(121)
838.93 lb => the fluid force doubles.
9

9. Using the coordinate system given in the accompanying

figure, we see that the right-hand edge is x = y1—y for

x(ft)
-1 <y< so the total width is L(y) = 2x = 2i/l-y 2
and

the depth of the strip is (— y). The force exerted by the

o

water is therefore F = w • (— y) - 2 y 1 —y dy
-l
 Section 5.5 Fluid Forces 435

/2
= 62.4 ^l-y z d(l - y
2
) = 62.4 |(l - y 2 f = (62,4)(|)(1 - 0) = 41.6 lb
f

10. Using the same coordinate system as in Exercise 9, the right-hand edge is x = y/Z 2 — y 2 and the total width is

2
L(y) = 2x = 2\/9 - y . The depth of the strip is (— y). The force exerted by the milk is therefore

- -o
/2
F= w-(-y)-2 v/9-y'i dy = 64.5 I
v/9 -y 2
d(9 -y 2
) = 64.5 |(9-y 2 f = (64.5) (|)(27 - 0)
-3 -3 • -3

= (64.5)(18) = 1161 lb

11. The coordinate system is given in the text. The right-hand edge is x = ,/y and the total width is L(y) = 2x

(a) The depth of the strip is (2 — y) so the force exerted by the liquid on the gate is F = w(2-y)L(y)dy

= 50(2-y)-2 v/ydy = 100 (2-y)^ dy = 100 j"

(2y
1/2
-y3 ' 2 ) dy = 10o[|y
3'2 5 /2
]'
| [
-fy

= 100(| -|) = (i^) (20 - 6) = 93.33 lb

(b) Suppose that H is the maximum height to which the container can be filled without exceeding its design
l

limitation. The depth of a typical strip is (H — y) and the force is F = w(H — y)L(y) dy = Fmax where ,

l l

F max = 160lb. Therefore, F max =w (H-y) -2^ dy = 100

j
(H-yJ^dy
J
o o

1
= 100 (Hy 1 / 2 -y3 / 2 )dy = 100[|Hy3 / 2 -|y 5 / 2 = 100(f -|) = (^)(10H-6). When
j ]
o

F max = 16 ° lb we have 160 = (ir)( 10H ~ 6) =^ 10H -6 = 24 =!> H= 3 ft

12. Use the coordinate system given in the accompanying figure. The total width is L(y) = 1.
(a) The depth of the strip is (3 — 1) — y = (2 — y) ft. The force exerted by the fluid in the window is

(62
F=j w(2-y)L(y)dy = 62.4 (2 - y) - 1 dy = (62.4) 2y-^- = (62.4) (2 - 1) = '^ ( 3) = 93.6 lb
j
°

(b) Suppose that H is the maximum height to which the

tank can be without exceeding its design
filled

limitation. This means that the depth of a typical

strip is (H — 1) — y and the force is
x(ft)
i

F = j w[(H
- 1) - y]L(y) dy = F max where
,
bottom
436 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

F max = 312 lb. Thus, F max =w [(H - 1) - y] 1 dy = (62.4) (H-l)y-V !

=(62.4)(H-|)
J
o

=
(^) (211 - 3) = -93.6 + 62.4H. Then Fmax = -93.6 + 62.411 => 312 = -93.6 + 62.4H => H =
^
= 6.5 ft

13. (a) The equation of the ellipse for the

N2 / « \2
penstock gate is
(| J +(^4)
= 1 or

- 16
49x^16^ = 3136 ^x = ^31367 ^
where y is measured from the center of the ellipse.

(b) L(y) = 2x = | >/3136-16y a

(c) A F s» 62.4 [ 389 -(y + 115)] (2x A y) = 124.8(274 -y)

V 3136 ~ 16v Ay. Therefore,

14
6 = 3008
F= 17.829(274 - y) ^3136 - 16y a dy = 6.0159 10 lb tons.

-14

14. (a) After 9 hours of filling there arc V = 1000-9 = 9000 cubic feet of water in the poo!. The level of the water

is h = -r^— , where Area = 50-30 = 1500 =>• h = P|0 _ 6 ft. The depth of the typical horizontal strip at
Area' loOO
level y is then (6 — y) where y is measured up from the bottom of the pool. An equation for the drain

plate's right-hand edge is y =x =$• total width is L(y) = 2x = 2y. Thus the force against the drain plate is

2 3
6y y
F = w(6-y)L(y)dy = 62.4 (6 -y) -2y dy = (62.4)(2) (6y-y 2 ) = (62.4)(2)

= (124.8) (3 - i) = (124.8) (|) = 332.8 lb

(b) Suppose that h is the maximum height. Then, the depth of a typical strip is (h — y) and the force

1 1

F= w(h - y)L(y) dy = F max where F max

,
= 520 lb. Hence, F max = (62.4) (h - y) 2y dy

ii
2 3
hy y 520
= 124.8
2
(hy-y )dy=(124.£ = (124.8)(|~i)=(20.8)(3h-2) 20.8
= 3h-2

=>h = ^= 9 ft
 Section 5.5 Fluid Forces 437

15. (a) The pressure at level y is p(y) = wy => the average

b h -|b

pressure is
_1
p= P(y) dy =^ w-y dy = ±w

= (?)( y ) = If "
This ls the Pressure at level
| whlch
>

is the pressure at the middle of the plate.

b

(b) The force exerted by the fluid is F= w(depth)(length) dy = w -y «a dy

b
l / 2\
= (wa) y dy = (w - a) ~ w(
TT"
= (t» )(*'*) =P • Area, where p is the average value of the

pressure (see part (a)).

16. When the water reaches the top of the tank the force on the movable side is (62.4) (2 \/4 — y a ) (— y) dy
-2

r
-o
2 1/2 2 /2 3/2
= (62.4) f (4 - y ) (-2y) dy = (62.4) |(4 - y f = (62.4) (|)(4 ) = 332.8 ft • lb. The force

compressing the spring is F = lOOx, so when the tank is full we have 332.8 = lOOx =£• x ss 3.33 ft. Therefore
the movable end does not reach the required 5 ft to allow drainage => the tank will overflow.

O
= 4v
<y

17. (a) An equation of the right-hand edge is y = £x => x = #y and L(y) = 2x -4-. The depth of the strip

3 3 3

is(3-y)^F= |w(3-y)L(y)dy= (62.4)(3~y)(|y)dy = (62.4) -( (3y~y 2 )dy

J j) J

= (62.4)(§) 3
v 2_y_
y = (82 = 3 74.41b
2 3 ]] .4,(|)[f-fj= ( 62.4)(|)(f)

(b) We want to find a new water level Y such that Fy = i (374.4) = 187.2 lb. The new depth of the strip is

Y
(Y — y), and Y is the new upper limit of integration. Thus, FY = w(Y-y)L(y)dy

Y Y
= 62.4
|
(Y-y)(|y)dy = (W) = <«.4)(|)[y.£-£ = (^ (£)(£-£)
(62.4)(|)
j
dy
q

= (6 2 ,)(|)Y3 Therefore Y3^ = i2^.Y = ^^=V^-.38n ft. So,

AY = 3-Y«s3- 2.381 1 fti 0.6189 ft » 7.5 in to the nearest half inch

(c) No, it does not matter how long the trough is. The fluid pressure and the resulting force depend only on
depth of the water.
438 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

18. (a) Using the given coordinate system we see that the total
width is L(y) = 3 and the depth of the strip is (3 — y).
3 3

Thus, F= w(3 - y)L(y) dy = (62.4)(3-y)-3dy

3
I
*(tt)
= (62.4)(3) (3-y)dy=(62.4)(3) iy-\ -1.5
o 1.5

= (62.4)(3)(9 -|) = (62.4)(3)(|) = 842.4 lb

(b) Find a new water level Y such that F Y = (0.75)(842.4 lb) = 631.8 lb. The new depth of the strip is

Y
(Y — y) and Y is the new upper limit of integration. Thus, Fy = w(Y — y)L(y) dy
o

Y Y . r „nY
= 62.4 (Y-y)-3dy = (Y-y)dy = Yy-^ ,1 Y'
= (62.4)(3)lY'--^
(62.4)(3) (62.4)(3)
-o

= (62.4)(3) \^f) . Therefore, Y= XJSy = \/WI = ^™ ~ 2 ' 598 ft So, AY = 3 - Y

« 3 - 2.598 « 0.402 ft « 4.8 in

19. Use the same coordinate system as in Exercise 20 with L(y) = 3.75 and the depth of a typical strip being

7.75 7.75 r ~l7.75

(7.75 -y). ThenF = w(7.75-y)L(y)dy=[ S^|(3.75) (7.75-y)dy=:[^)(3.75) 7.75y-^-
o

ft^l(3.75)i^«4.2 1b

20. The force against the base is F base = pA = whA = w -h • (length) (width) = -^ ( |(10)(5.75)(3.5) w 6.64 lb.

To find the fluid force against each side, use the coordinate system described in Exercise 10 with the depth of a
10 r „-|10

typical strip being (10 — y): F = l^"-^&^>-{§)&^ 10y- =

= (#)(S ts1id°ef )( ir) => F «i = (§)^^ M 5 773 lb

" and F -U- =
(S>)(
5 °)(5-75) « 9-484 lb

21. Suppose that h is the maximum height. Using the coordinate system given in the text, we find an equation for

the line of the end plate's Tight-hand edge is y = rx => x = s-y. The total width is L(y) = 2x = ^y and the
/> o o

depth of the typical horizontal strip at level y is (h — y). Then the force is F= w(h-y)L(y)dy = F max ,
 Section 5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 439

n
where F„ :
6667 lb. Hence, Fraax =w (h-y)-|ydy = (62.4)(|)|(hy-y 2 )dy

= ?!
(f ){jyf )
» 9 288
- ft - The volume of water which the tank can hold is V = |(Base)(Height) -30, where

= h and i(Base) = |h V = (|h 2 )(30) = 3

Height => 12h 2 as 12(9.288)
2
ss 1035 ft .

5.6 MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS

1. Because the children are balanced, the moment of the system about the origin must be equal to zero:
5-80 = x - 100 => x = 4 ft, the distance of the 100-lb child from the fulcrum.

2. Suppose the log has length 2a. Align the log along the x-axis so the 100-lb end is placed at x = —a and the
200-lb end at x = a. Then the center of mass x satisfies x = —^> — => x = fr. That is, x is located

at a distance a — i = -# = o (2a) which is w of the length of the log from the 200-lb (heavier) end (see figure)

or -s of the way from the lighter end toward the heavier end.

;(2a)

100 lbs. *- 200 lbs

s=a/3

3. The center of mass of each rod is in its center (see Example 1). The rod system is equivalent to two point

masses located at the centers of the rods at coordinates f -x,

J
and ( 0, -k ) Therefore x = jjf

- x l m l + x 2 m 2 _ 2' m + Q _ L m x _ yim 2 + y 2 m 2 _ +r m ~_ L =* (1 L\
~ mi + m - m+m ~4 anr1 v
and _
y ~ ^T - ^n +m ~ m+m 4
_,
[.V 4 )
1S tll-
the mt „ nf
centei of
2 1 2

mass location.

4. Let the rods have lengths x = L and y = 2L. The center of mass of each rod is in its center (see Example 1).

The rod system is equivalent to two point masses located at the centers of the rods at coordinates ( U, ) and

2" m + 0-2m
(0, L). Therefore x = -« — =% a-y = 0-m
L and ^-7-75
m —
+ L-2m = 2L_
2m +
/'L2L\. the
nr =>i ¥ =& is tu [ , 1
«
center e
of mass i *•
location.

l2
V
= *2
2 r
= 4.2 = 8=»x = 1^=l
M
5. M = x-4 dx = 4-| = 8;M 4dx=[4x]J

n3 3

6. Mn x • 4 dx = * 2
Jl
= |(9~1) = 16;M =
1
4dx = [4x]5 = 12-4 = 8=»x = ^=^= 2
440 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

l3
M = x(l+|}dx = x + ^- dx = + :
7. !
2 9 l=(Wih¥.*=\M)**=[*+
M o_V2;_15_5
-,i +,9_9^=r_
_ >
6~2^ M ~ ~ 9 ~3 m
8. M x(2-|)dx 2x - *j- dx = | -?
-fiL=(«-»)-»-¥-«-f-*
=J

i4
M= 2-? 16 _ ^ _M _ 32 _ 16
-!) dx = 2x-4r 8
fi ?
M ~3-6~ 9

. M =
j
.(l + £)dx= } U + ^)d* = £ + *£? (
8+¥ )_(l + |) = ¥+ H = 45^8 =f ;

i=

M
M= j
(l+x- 1 ^ z )dx=[x + 2x1 / 2 ]
1
= (4 + 4)-(l+2) = 5^x = ^ =
1
n
-^^ M
I 73
6 )

-,1

10. M = x.3(x-
3/2
+ x- 5 / 2 )dx = 3 j (x-
1 /2
+ x- 3 / 2 )dx = 3 2x
i/ 2 2_ = 3 P - 2) 2
-(
1/4 1/4 •1/4
[ --(f
1
-ii
-2
= 3(4-1) =9; M=3 (x~ 3/3 + x~
5 '' 2
) dx =3 l/2 3/2
= 3 -2
-§H-<-¥ = 3 2 + 14
c 3x
1/4 1/4

Mn Q
= 6 +H= 20^x=^ =
^
nl
2x 2._x^
(2x - x ) dx +
2
M = = 2
=
11. x(2-x) dx + x-x dx
l
x dx
2 3
o
+
E-O-IMH
= a = 3; M = (2 - x) dx x dx = 2x
~T + 'I'-M-l)-""-*' 1
j i

12. M = x(x + I) dx + 2x dx = (x2 + x) dx + 2x dx = 3^2 + ^ = (l + l)+(*-D

1
r l
= 3+| = ^;M= |
(x + l)dx+
f
2dx= ^Ux +12x1? = (± + l)+ (4 - 2) = 2 +|3-2
=
2

^ x_ M ~\6 A7/~21
 Section 5,6 Moments and Centers of Mass 441

13. Since the plate is symmetric about the y-axis and its density is
constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric about the y-axis
and the center of mass lies on the y-axis. This means that x = 0.
= ~. We
M
It remains to find y model the distribution of mass

with vertical strips. The typical strip has center of mass;

( x y , ) = f x, £-±4 , length: 4 - x2 , width: dx, area:

J

dA = (4 - x2 ) dx, mass: dm = S dA = 5 (4 - x2 ) dx. The moment

of the strip about the x-axis is y dm = f — ^M gU - x2 ) dx = |( 16 - x 4 ) dx. The moment of the plate about

t2

the x-axis is M„ = y dm = |(l6-x 4 )dx = f 16x

-T 16-2-' -16-2+^-
-2
-2
2
I
2 326
= l£(z2 -W) = ^tt^ The mass of the Plate is M= <?(4 - x ) dx = <5 4x
-T = 25(8-|
3
'

2 5 \ 5 / • -2

Therefore y = W = \£c>r = y- ("1")

The plate's center of mass is the point (x, y) = (o,-g-J •

14. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one in

M
Exercise 13, we find x = 0. To find y = -j-p we use the

vertical strips technique. The typical strip has center of

y=25-x2
2
mass: (x ,y) =fx I

^^ J, length: 25 -x , width: dx,

area; .: dA=(25-x 2 )dx, mass: dm = 6 dA = 5(25 -x 2 ) dx.

The moment of the strip about the x-axis is

y dm = (— X Mfi(25 - x 2 ) dx = |(25 - x2 f dx. The moment of the plate about the x-axis i

5 5
2
M x = [ydm= |(25-x 2
) dx=| (625 -50x2 + x4 ) dx = 625x-^x3 +4-
f J | -5
-5 -5

= 2-|(625-5-^-53 + ^) = ^-625(5-^ + l) = 5-625-(|). The mass of the plate is

M=fdm= f <$(25-x 2 )dx = <5 25x-V = 26 [ 53 - =U

£3 y~3'
) • 5
3
. Therefore y =
^
-5
-5

5-5 4 -

(!) = The plate's center of mass is the point (x,y) = (0, 10).
10.
5-5 3 (A
442 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

15. Intersection points: x — x2 = —x =>• 2x — x2 =

=> x(2 - x) = =* x = or x = 2. The typical vertical

(x-x 2 )+(-x)
strip has center of mass: (x ,y ) = y x,

= fx,-^- length: (x -x 2 )- (-x) = 2x-x2 , width: dx,

J,

area: dA = (2x - x 2 ) dx, mass: dm = 6 dA = 6\2x - x 2 ) dx.

The moment of the strip about the x-axis is y dm = I - y l5(2x - x2 ) dx; about the y-axis it is

2 2

xdm = x-6(2x-x )dx. Thus, 2

Mx = j
? dm = - f
(|x2 )(2x-x z ) dx =
-| (2x3 -x4 )dx
f
o o
n2 2
xl_x!
2 5
= _£ 2
3 -£=-£
TJ
~
5
-2 3
(l-|)=~^;M y = (xdm=( x-5(2x-x 2 )dx
-

=6 2x
2
-x ) = 6 3
3 4
l2
= 6(2.^-$) =
\
^ = $; M= f
dm =
2

f
i(2x-x2 )dx

2
= <5 (2x-x2 )dx = x 2 -£-
3
•I
= 6 *-!)=¥• ™— -«-5-(¥X4)=>-*=£
= (_
~I ^ ts>y) =(l,-|)isthe
= center of mass.
t)(47)

16. Intersection points: = -2x2 => 3x 2 - 3 =

x2 ~ 3
=>• 3(x - l)(x + 1) = => x = -1 or x = 1. Applying the
y«-2x2
symmetry argument analogous to the one in Exercise 13, we find

x = 0. The typical vertical strip has center of mass:

~2x 2 + (x 2 - S" -x'-3

(x,y)=^x
y-x2-3
length: -2x 2 -(x 2 -3) = 3(l -x 2 ), width: dx,
2
area: dA = 3(1 -x ) dx, mass: dm = 8 dA = 35 (l -x2 ) dx. The moment of the strip about the x-axis is

ydm = |(5(-x 2 -3)(l-x2 )dx=:|5(x4 -l-3x 2 -x 2 -3)dx = |6(x 4 + 2x 2 -3)dx;M x = f ydm

il
-3c6 4
+ 2x a -3)dx = £ + 2X33 * 3 + 10-45\__32i.
~2
-1
(x §a
5
,

6Xx
-1
=jf-'-
2
(H- 81 = 3*
15 )- 5 *

il
- 1) = 46. _
M= dm = 3(5

-1
(l-x 2 )dx = 3<5

-l
= 3<S - 2
f
1 Therefore, y =
^ (5-32
5-S-4
- 8
5

(x, y) = ( 0, — p j is the center o f :

 Section 5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 443

17. The typical horizontal strip has center of mass:

(x,y) = 5
^,y ), length: y-y 3 , width: dy, x*=y~y-
(
area: dA = (y - y 3 ) dy, mass: dm = <5dA = <$(y -y3 ) dy.
The moment of the strip about the y-axis is

x dm = *(^!)(y - Y 3 ) dy = f (y - y 3 f dy

= |( y
2 _ 2y 4 + y 6 ) dy; the moment about the x-axis is y dm = 6y (y - y3 ) dy = 8 (y 2 - y4 ) dy. Thus,

3 5
-a
2
4 y y dm = -2y 4 + y 6 )dy
Mx = y dm = 6 (y
2
-y )dy = *
-
-«iW)=!K- x sy (y

y
3
2y
5
,y
7
_.6(1 2
+ , lW/ 35-42 + 15 >"105'
48 M _~ \ .
ra dm = S (y-y3 )dy
3 5 7J 2U 5 7J^2V 3-5-7
o

2 4 M„
=6 y y
_-«(l-j)-f*— «-5-(*Xl)-A-'-*-(»X8-ft
(x,y) = f ,ijL JL J is the center of mass.

18. Intersection points: y = y2 - y => y

2
- 2y = => y(y - 2)

= 0=^y = 0ory = 2. The typical horizontal strip has

2 ,2
, /- -x
(x ,y =\ (yi -y)+y „ /i-f
—\ y „
center ot mass: ) ^ ,y -<j-,y
2~*-

2
y - (y - y ) =
2
length: 2y - y width: dy,
,

area: dA = (2y - y 2 ) dy,dm = 6 dA = 6 (2y - y 2 ) dy. mass:

The moment about the y-axis is x dm = s y (2y — y ) dy

2

= |(2y 3 - y4 ) dy; the moment about the x-axis is y dm = 6y (2y - y 2 ) dy = 8 (2y 2 - y 3 ) dy. Thus,

-yJ )dy = 6 |V_y!l _ 6 (M_ 1^-1^(4-3) = ^-,M

My =
M„ = \
ydm=
o
5(2y
z
T.„'°l3 T
4 J ~ 12 ^ ^-3 ,
xdm

4 5
= 3
-y4 )dy=§ y y dm = 5(2y-y 2 )dy
S(2y
-0 -K'-fl-K**")-*"-

=6 ,
a
-fl-'0-l)-¥-' -^'=*=(1fi(4)=l-»=T?=(10(4)-»
x, y) = ( ^, 1 ) is the center of mass.
444 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

19. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used

in Exercise 13, = 0. The typical vertical strip has

we find x
center of mass: x ,y ) = (x, -^k x length: cos x, width: dx,
( -
),
y«eos x

area: dA = cos x dx, mass: dm = 6 dA = 6 cos x dx. The

co x
moment of the strip about the x-axis is y dm = 5 • » • cos x dx
-«/2 */2
1 + cos 2x
S (4
= 6
S-
2
cos' x dx = £
„i ,-, . dx = j (1 + cos 2x) dx; thus,
(

«/2

M = ?*» = j
|(
1 + cos 2l)dx = |[x + ^]"—/a
;
=
/

tt |[( f
+ 0)-(-|)] = f 1
M dm
~*/2
ir/2

=6 cos x dx = <5[sin x]*^.

2
= 26. Therefore, y = -^ = ^S, = J => (x,y) = (o,|) is the center of
-rr/2

20. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used

in Exercise 13, we find x = 0. The typical vertical strip has

2
center of mass: (x ,y = ! x, ——
secs x\I, length:
,,1, 2 i
sec x, width: dx,
)

area: dA = sec x dx, mass: dm = 6 dA = 6 sec x dx. The

~x/4
moment about the x-axis is y dm = i
ssL x H g sec x) dx

w/4 */4 w/4

= £ sec4 x dx. M„ = ydm = 5 sec x dx =§ (tan x+l)(sec x) dx

-jr/4 -jt/4 -ir/4

r/4 r/4
(tan x)
a W4
2 2 it/4
(tanx) (sec x)dx + | sec xdx = H + |[ta J-jt/4
-*/4 -»/4
-W4
ff/4

|[|-(-i)] + |[l-(-l)]=|+6 = ^;M= [dm =

4
5 [ sec
2
x dx = 6[tan x]^4/4
-ir/4

= 5[1 - (-1)] = 26. Therefore, y = ^ = (y)(^) = § => (x, y) = (o, |) is the center of mass.

21. Since the plate is symmetric about the line x = 1 and its

density is constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric

about this line and the center of mass lies on it. This means
that x = 1. The typical vertical strip has center of mass:

(2x-x 2 -) + (2x 2 -4x, = x'*-2x

(x ,y ) =^x, j -, x,
-v,
2 2

length: (2x-x )-(2x -4x) = -3x + 6x = 3(2x-x2 ),

2 2 2

width: dx, area: dA = 3(2x — x ) dx, mass: dm = 6 dA y-2**-4a

= 36 (2x —x ) dx. The moment about the x-axis is

y dm = |$(x - 2x)(2x - xa 2
) dx = - |«(x 2
- 2xf dx == - |<$(x
4
- 4x 3 + 4x2 ) dx. Thus, Mx = y dm
 Section 5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 445

|i( x 4 -4x 3 + 4x 2 )dx = -§6 f-* 4 +f* 3 ~i«Hf-*+i-** — i«-»*(l-'+!)

= _3,. 24( ^±iO )

= _ ¥;M= din = 36(2x~x 2 )dx = 35 x 2 -*-
3l
3
= 3«5f4-|l=4<5.
j o

Therefore, y = ^ = (~f )(i) = "H M = (

1' _
?)
is the Center °f :

22. (a) Since the plate is symmetric about the x = y and line

its density is constant, the distribution of mass is

symmetric about this line. This means that x = y. The
typical vertical strip has center of mass:

(3r,5r) = ^x,^^ .length: V9-x2 , width: dx,

J

area: dA = V9 — x2 dx, mass: dm = 6 dA = 6v9 — x 2 dx.

2
The moment about the x-axis is y dm — /V9-x
a
\ / — x2
<5iV9 dx

1-3

= |(9-x 2 )dx. Mx = ydm = f(9-x )dx=|

2
9x = |(27-9) = M;
Thus, 1

"T

M= dm = <5dA =6 dA = {(Area of a quarter of a circle of radius 3) = 8 ($jf\ - 9jf£ , Therefore

"
the center of ma8S
M = 00 foil)
= ^r =4 => fry) = (LI) 1S -
y 9-K6J

(b) Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one

used in Exercise 13, we find that x = 0. The typical
vertical strip has the same parameters as in part (a). Thus, 2+y2=9
3 3

Mx = ydm= |(9-x2 )dx = 2

2
f(9-x )dx
[
-3

= 2(9*) = 186; M= dm S dA = 6 dA

6(Area of a semi-circle of radius 3) = f(%f) = ^. Therefore, y = -^ = (186) (gjj) = J, the same y

as in part (a) => (x,y) = (

0,^J
is the center of mass.

23. Since the plate symmetric about the line x = y and its density
is

is constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric about this

line. This means that x = y. The typical vertical strip has

,~ ~, 3+ \/9-x2
(x,y)=lx,
i

center ot mass: <j

length: 3 - -s/iT-x
2
, width: dx, area: dA = (3 - V9-x 2 ) dx,

mass : dm = 6 dA = 6(3 - -\/9 -x 2

) dx. The moment about the

x-axis is y dm = S ( 3 +^^?)(3-virn?; dx
446 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

-|[9-(9-x 2 )]dx = ^dx. Thu B ,M x = Sx

~2~ ^ X
_
= fi^
v 3l
6f x
3
_ 95
^o = if - ^ e area ecl ua ' s the area °f a square

with side length 3 minus one quarter the area of a disk with radius 3=^A = 3 2 -^ = |(4-7r)=>M = (SA

=
f(4-*).
Therefore, Y = ^ = (f 95(4 - it) 4-7T
E,y) =
4-ir'4-7r
is the center of mass.

24. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used in

Exercise 13, we find that y = 0. The typical vertical strip has

„3 „3
center of mass: (x,y) = lx,= '
= M),

length: i-|--Lj = -^, width: dx, area: dA = \ dx,

A V X / X X
rye
mass: dm = 6 dA = -~ dx. The moment about the y-axis is

x dm = x M5
x"
dx = % dx.
x
Thus, M vy = x dm =
J
2| dx
X
= 26 =«(-l + 0=«^,
1

2
11 \_fi(a -l) 25(a-l)
M= dm = 2|dx
d
=6 =* -i+1 1
= . Therefore, x =
M
x 2
.6(a -l).
l

= iTT => ^)=(sTT> )'

Also
'al% * = 2 -

2 l\
25. Mx = y dm =

M? ,dx= dx =2 I x
_2
dx

= 2[-x-Mj = 2 -*]-<-ll =
-.(iH
My = x dm = x-5-|-%)dx

xU 2 )l-^ldx = 2 | x dx = = 2 = 2(2-±)=4-l = 3;M = dm = 5(4)dx

-

M M„
xa Mjldx = 2 dx = 2[xj; = 2(2 - 1) =2. So x = -^ = | and y = -g? = * => (x,y) = (|i) is the

center of mass.
 Section 5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 447

26. We use the vertical strip approach:

M = j>dm= ll+iEL)( x _ x 2). 5dx = 1

(x
*_ x4). 12x dx
j j

j(x3 ~x 5 ) dx = 6 x^_xf L
4 6 °U 6>l 4 2'

tf
y
= [xdm = [x(x-x 2 )-6dx = [(x2 -x3 ). 12xdx = 12 (x
3
~x 4 )dx=12^-f =12(1-1)

1 x 1
r i
= = |;M=|dm=|(x-x 2
)-tfdx = 12 (x
2_ x3) ax=12 ^_^ = i|=
i f
=12(J-J) 1. So

y S
M - * ,
M
* = -M =5 andy== M- k => ( Fiw) > s the center of mass.

27. (a) We use the shell method:

b
4
V
j
a
vradius/l height J
2ttx
("*)] dx
4 4
4
2 3/2 l
= 16ir [ -£= dx = 16*r I x 1 ' 2 dx = 16* X
3 1
v
1 1

224*
= 16.(|-8-|) = ME(8-l)

(b) Since the plate is symmetric about the x-axis and its density fi(x) = 1 :.
x is a function of x alone, the

distribution of its mass is symmetric about the x-axis. This means that y = 0. We use the vertical strip

4 4 4

approach to find x: M yv = xdm = x- -%= — {

0c ^
—%=j-<5dx= j x--4=-4dx =8 x~ ' dx
j j v*/ { V* j

4 4 4

%[^ M= 4 ~W dx
= 2
]
1
= 8(2-2-2) = 16; dm
l
#«*-*( fts)^ 8
(

M,.
= 81-2X -1 / 2 ]! = 8(-l - (-2)] =8. So x = -^ = ^ = 2 = (x,y) = (2,0) is the center of mass.

(c)
y
y=4/A

y— A/Jx
448 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

28. (a) We use the disk method:

b 4
-2
V= 2
irR (x) dx = Tf -tj I dx = 4w x dx

= W-4 -i

i 2
(b) We model the distribution of mass with vertical strips: M = y dm = ¥'{i)- 6ix = -^•y/xdx

Ti
=2 x- 3 / 2 dx = 2 =-- 2[-l - (-2)] = 2; Mv = x dm = x-|-5dx = 2 x
1 '2
dx
J
i

t4
2x 3/2
r
_ 9 16 2
dm = |-<5dx = = x- 1 / 2 dx = 2[2x 1 / 2 ]J
J
~ |

"3 3 3 '
2 dx 2
l

28
M y_W_7 M
= 2(4- 2) = 4. So x = ^ = HJ- = I and y•

=^ =f=i=
M ~4~2 (x,y) = (Z3'2I) is the center of mass.

(c) y
4

29. The mass of a horizontal strip is dm = 6 dA = 6L, where L is the width of the triangle at a distance of y above

its base on the x-axis as shown in the figure in the text. Also, by similar triangles we have U = —?—
-ih

=>L = 2(h-y). Thus, Mx = y dm = 6y(jj)(h-y)dy =^ (hy-y 2 )dy 6b hy^y3

2 3 -0

lh
(5b f h3 h3 i(\ \\ <5bh
M= dm = 5®(h-y)dy =
= TflT-tJ = ^U-tJ= 6
•
:
f (h-y)dy =
£ hy-^
-o

t( h2 ~~ T = ^T = =(
= So ^ = ^ thc center of mass lles above the baae of the
• TvT ^T~ )(jSh) \
triangle one-third of the way toward the opposite vertex. Similarly the other two sides of the triangle can be
placed on the x-axis and the same results will occur. Therefore the centroid does lie at the intersection of the
medians, as claimed.
 Section 5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 449

30. From the symmetry about the y-axis it follows that x = 0.

also follows that the line through the points (0,0)
(0,3)
It and

(0,3) is a median =* y = i(3 - 0) = 1 => (5c, y) = (0, 1).

t-1,0) i+UO)

31. From the symmetry about the line x = y it follows that

x = y. It also follows that the line through the points (0,0)

andf^.gjis a median ^ y = x = |-fi~0J = i

(1,0)

32. From the symmetry about the line x =y it follows that

x = y. It also follows that the line through the point (0, 0)

and (|,f ) is a median = y = x = 4f^~0j = A a

(a,0)

33. The point of intersection of the median from the vertex (0,b)
tO,b|
to the opposite side has coordinates ( 0,f J
=*• y = (b — 0) -^

= |andx = (|-0).| = |^(^,y ) = (|,|).

(0,0)
<«,o>

34. From the symmetry about the line x =# it follows that

x =% It also follows that the line through the points

f|,oWd(|,b}is a median =>y = A(b-0)=|

=* fry) =(§,§)• (0,0) (a.O)

= x1 '3 = I X - 1/2 2
. y => dy dx => ds = y/(dx) + (dy) 2 = Jl +
J dx M x = ; 5
J
x^/l+idx

« I ~^=¥Wt=¥Mf -ar]4(!f-af]=¥(¥4)=f
3 2
36. y = x => dy = 3x 2 dx => dx = y/(dx) 2 +(3x2 dx) = \/l+9x4 dx; Mx = 6 f
xVl + 9x4 dx;
o
4 3
u = 1 + 9x => du = 36x dx => ^ du = x 3
dx; x = =* u = 1, x = 1 =j- u = 10
450 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

10
10
Mx = * A"
1/8
*-A[P /8
=^(io-/»-i;

M
37. From Example 6 we have == i(a sin 0)(k sin 6) d0 = a2 k sin
2
0d<? =
^ Jl -cos 21?) dO

a^kL sin 20 a b ;My = a(a cos f?)(k sin 0) d0 = a2 k sin cos d6 a'kLt-2
= ^[siri #J = 0;
i!

2 '

M= ak sin d0 = ak[- cos 0]

J
= 2ak. Therefore, x = -jr^ = 0andy = ^M = (
V
a!^E
2
V^")
A2aW~
= *E
4
=> u '
^
4

is the center of mass,

38. M = y dm = (a sin 5) $• a d# = (a
2
sin e)( l + k| cos o\) A9
o

r/2

2
= a (sin 0)(1 +k cos (?) d(? + a2 (sin 0)(]- k cos 0) do

x/2

ir/2 w/2

= a2 sin 6 dO + 2
a k sin 6 cos 9 d9 + a2 sin d0 ~ a2 k sin cos # d#
o
*/2 ir/2

*/ 2 _l
= a'[-coBflJ*'"+ 2
,2,,
a k
sin
, W 2

[-cos^ /2 -a2 k sin

r/2
w/2
= a 2 [0-(-l)]+a2 k(i-0) + a2 [-(-l)-0]-a 2 k(0-±) = a2 + ^ + a2 +i^ = 2a2 + a2 k = a 2 (2
-it ?r

M y = xdm = |
(acos0)-$-ad0 = j
(a2 cos fl)(l +k|cos 0|) d0

*/ 2
=a (cos &)(!+ k cos 0) d0 + a2 (cos tf)(l -k cos 9) d6

r/2
tt/2 r/2

=a cos 6 dO + a k 2
cos d0 - a2 k
1 + cos 20 d0

r/2 r/2

= a2 [sin^ 2 + if 1

+ ^] W % 2
a [siriC/2 _a^ + M- sin_

r/2

= a2(l_0) +
^f(f-0)-(0 + 0)] + a
2
(0-l)-a!k[( T +
0)-(f + 0)l
= a2 + ^2:-a 2 -^ = 0;

r/2

M= S-a.6.9 = (1 +k |
cos 0|d0 =a (1 +k cos 0) d6» +a (1-k cos 6) 69

7T/2
 Section 5.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 451

= a[e + ksin^ /2 + a[0-ksm^ /2 = a[(| + kVo]+a[(7r + O)-/|-k)]

= f + ak + a(f + k) = ax + 2ak =
I
^a + ka\
=Yn0, 2a ka A.
r-xr- is 1 the center of mass.
a( 1r-r 2k). So S = §= and y = § = i^ = ^
39. Consider the curve as an infinite number of line segments joined together. From the derivation of arc

length we have that the length of a particular segment is ds = \/(dx) + (dy) . This implies that

Mv x ds i x ds
Mx = | *y ds, My = Sx ds and M = 8 ds. If 8 is constant, then x = -=-p =
length
and
ds

y ds y ds
__Mx_~
y~ M length
ds

40. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used in Exercise 13, we find that x = 0. The typical

.+£
vertical strip has center of mass: (x ,y ) = I x, —s— — j, length: a — 4-, width: dx, area: dA = { a — j- j dx,

2y^
mass: dm = 6 dA = 8\ a — j- j dx. Thus, Mx = y dm =
-2y^
^ + 4U -4V' a dx

2^/pi

a>-*V)dx = f 3
x- x
-,2y/p*
=»* a x- 2 x5 1
2
V^ = 7
2a2
„ _ 2^^^
a
2
<5l
v^S-- 2
16p< 80P
-2^ 8 °P
-o
80p
~2yfiZ
2^/pa

= «a^(i -I) = i.'^ 88 ^) 2«

2
^(l) = ^. 2
a <5./pa
x = dm = 8
-2y^
H) dx

2^ •,2^
I
3
2 pa</pa
12-4
= 6 ax — = 2-6 ax — I
= 4a6.y/paY 1 - ^ j = 4a6y pa\ — /

12p 12p jg

_8a5 v/pa
boy ~
_ _ M x _ f Sa'gy/paA/ 3 ^ _3
- 3 • TT-V 5 y^Sa^pj-I^ as claimed.

jr/2 +a
**
41. A generalization of Example 6 yields Mx = y dm = a sin d# =a [—cos C]
/2 _
jr/2-o
ir/2 +«
2 +u
= a — cos( ? + a + cosl ? — a = a
2
J
j
(sin a + sin a) = 2a 2
sin a; M= j
dm = ad0 = a[0r'
7r/2 -a L J

5r/2->

_M
= a(| + aW|-a)l = 5T
2aa. Thus, y = -^x _
= 2a ^ sin a_ sin a
= a^-°-. Now s = a(2a) and a sin a=
|
452 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

=>• c = «2a sin •

a.
m ,_ a(2a sin
Then y = -i—=
a)
i
ar
= S=. . .
as claimed.
2aa a

= (distance from origin a s = a cos a + d a(sin a—a cos a)

42. (a) First, we note that y to AB) +d => ffi— =*• d =
J a(sin or —a cos or)
m a __ a COg Q
Moreover, h = a — a cos a => ?= ~
g
""
n-Qcos a The graphs below suggest that
a(a - a cos a)
'•
h
& — a cos a ^
lim
4
sin
a — a cos a ~ 23-
o->0 f

0.7
tina-aeosa

" iing — trcoiar

zoom /(*)-
M o — ncoia
VIEH
0.3

O.J

0.1

43 J».f !— 05
53~ a

(b) Equation (9): |U jj^agMa

a 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

f(«) 0.666222 0.664879 0.662615 0.659389 0.655145

CHAPTER 5 PRACTICE EXERCTSES

1. A(x) =
I
(diameter)
2
=|(^x-x2 J = j(x- 2^-x 2 + x 4 ];
y~Jx

a = 0, b = 1 => V= A(x) dx = (x-2x 5/2 +x 4 )dx y-x*

I
|

-rl
2
_ 4 y T/2 + X5
= fft-| + ,) = 4^)( 35 - 40 +
X ,

' ]4 )
2 7 J
o

9tt
280

= I (side) 2 (sin = ^-(2^- X f =

^( 4 x - 4x^ + x
2
2. A(x)
f) );

b 4

a = 0, b = 4=>V = A(x)dx=Y (4x-4x 3/2 + x 2 )dx

2x 2-| x
5/2
+ xf V 3 /<w 8-32,64
4

s^O-H)-^-"^-^
 Chapter 5 Practice Exercises 453

3. A(x) = (diameter)
2
= |(2 sin x-2 cos x)
2
|
~£-4(sin 2 x-2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x)== ?r(l-sin 2x); a = ~,
5?r/4

b = |^V = A(x) dx = ir (1 —sin 2x) dx

*/4

,5f/4 ;Off cos^ *

COS
f
= IT X + cos 2x = 7T +
j l_ = ,r
3

ir/4 ,4 2 ,

2
4. A(x) = (edge) 2 = f(V6-^) =(>/5 - ^)" = 36-24^6 v/x + 36x- 4 v/6x3 / 2 + x2 ;

-0J
h 6

a= 0, b =6 =>-V = A(x)dx= f (36-24\/6Vx + 36x ~ 4 V^ x3/2 + x2 ) dx

l6
5 2 x
36x-24 N/6-|x3 / 2 + 18x2 -4 V/6-|x / + r = 216 - 16 •
^V /
6'6 + 18 -6
2 2
-|x/6 v/6-6 + |

1728 _ 1800-1728 _ 72
= 216-576 + 648- 1728
5- + 72 = 360 -^

A(x)=f (diameter)
2
2 ^-^) = f(4x~x 5 / 2 + xi);
5.
=f

a = 0, b =4 => V= A(x)dx = 4x-x5 ' 2 + fJ|dx

f

a
_ f oJ
zx 2^7/2
x + 5 X 16 :

f(
32-32 '7 + §" 32
4 T . )
4 x

32ir
4 (i-H)-ft(»-*+")-»

6. A(x) =I (edge ) 2 sin(|) = ^[2 v^-(-2^)f A

= ^( 4 V*)* = 4s/3x; a = 0, b = 1
'-4x
b l

=> V= f
A(x) dx = f
4^/3 x dx = [2x/3x2 ]o

= 2-v/3
454 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

7. (a) disk method:

b
V= 2
ttR (x) dx = jt(3x
4
) dx = 9x8 dx
-l -l

(b) shell method:

h ti
V= 2
/8hdlVshdl\ dx = 27rx(3x4 )dx = 27r-3 x
&
dx = 2*r 3
V, radius A height JD

Note: The lower limit of integration is rather than —1.

(c) shell method:

V= 3x!_x!
2
KrS )(St) dx = B
2ir
f
d-)(3x4 )dx = 2
5 2
-l
-miHF-i- 2jJ- 5
-l

(d) washer method:

b
R(x) = 3, r(x) = 3-3x = 3(l-x 4 4
)=>- V= [ tt[R (x)
2
-r 2 (x)] dx = ir 9-911 -x") dx
-i
-ii

= 97 [l-(l-2x4 + x8 )]dx = 97r 2x4 -x 8 )dx = 97r 2xi_x! = 18tt

2 3 1 _ 2tt - 13 26?r
5 9 L5 9j 5 5
-i -l -l

8. (a) washer method:

a
R(x)=44rir ( x ) = I =>V =
a
[R 2 (x)-r 2 (x)]dx=
1
*r
V -' p3 dx = w _16 x -s
o
x
4

= •16 1 16_1 = 1__1 + ^

-^-£ 16 r _
4) = ,£(-2-10 + 64 + 5) =
57a-
*[ 2~*~ 5~+~4j~2Q'
, ,
7T ]
\5 • 32 2 5 4 10 20

(b) shell method:

2 i2
V = 2tt x(4-ildx
3 2
= 27r -4x- x -^ = 2 ,|,_4_ 1 )_ _ 4 _1)] = ^(5 =
( ) ¥
J
i
i

(c) shell method:

V = 2*r f / shell V
shell
dx = 2?r (2-x)f4-|l dx = 2 ^ ^-i+fid.
\radius /I height

= 2w +x x + = 2*-| (_ + 2 - 2 + 1) -
1 -4 + A - 1 + 1)1 = *g.
x2
(

4
1

(d) disfc method:

b 2 r

V= [R2 (x)-r 2 (x)]dx = = 4

;i-2x- 3 + x~ 6 )dx
5r

l
* -f4-4 dx
f _i 6lr
 Chapter 5 Practice Exercises 455
y
V-4
.49tt
-16jt x + x" 2 -*

9. (a) disk method:

V=w 7T (Vx-lfdx: (x — 1) dx = 7T

'
.2

= ir
(¥-0-(i-0 x(^- 4 ) = &r

(b) tuasfter method:

d 2

R(y) = 5,r(y)=y + l^V= 2

f
7r[R (y)
2
-r2 (y)]dy = ir 25-(y 2 + if] dy
-2
2

4 2 3 =
= ir '25-y4 -2y -l)dy = 2
7r (24-y -2y ) dy = ir 24y-^-|y 2.(24-
2-f-|-8)
J -2
-2 -2

- '- 11088tt *
-^(•-H)-*^- 8 6

(c) dtsJ; method:

d 2 2

R(y ) = 5-(y + l)=4-y =^V=

2 2
7rR
2
(y)dy= *(4-y f dy =
3
it f (l6- 8y 2 + y4 ) dy
f f
-2 -2

= It *-¥£ - -2
= 2r
(
32
-f + f) = 64,(l-| +
I) = ^(15- 1
_512jr
+ 3 )=il|

-2

10. (a) s/»e/J method:

d

V= *GX)(.2S.)H 2iryly-Yi dy

y _o_/64 64
=
V My =
2
2x |
^y 2*
3 16
o
o
456 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

~12 °*~ 3

(b) shell method:

l4
4 x5/2_£
v
=Ksj(hSh=* 27rx(2
v^c-x)dx = 2ff (2x
3/2
-x 2 )dx = 27r

(c) shell method:

v= s
^u
1 tafV radius /l height
J y
V^L V = 2ir(4 -x)(2jx-x) dx = 2* (8x
1/2 - 4x- 2x3 ' 2 -f x 2 ) dx
o

n 4

2tt = 2tt
3

(d) shell method:

d
v= 2ir(4-y)ly-* r Jdy = 4y-y 2 ~y 2 + *
r Jdy
2,r
\ radius /I height I

l4
= 2?r 4y-2y 2 + ^Jdy = 27r 2y
2
-|y 3 + ^ = 2x(32-|-64 + 16) = 32tt(2-| + l) = 3|E

11. disk method:

*/3 */3

R(x) = tanx, a = 0, b = |=^ V = jt

[
tan 2
xdx = x [ (sec
2
x- l) dx = 7r[tan x - x]* /3 = *W$ - *

12. disk method:

- c082x
V=x (2 - sin x)
2
dx = 7r (4 —4 sin x + sin x) dx = it 4-4sinx+ 1
)dx
2

4x+4cosx + x -^ 2x =n 4tt - 4 +|- o)~ (0 + 4 + - 0)1 = tt(^ - 8) = |(9tt - 16)

13. (a) disk method:

2

V= 7T (x
2
-2x) dx = ff (x
4
-4x3 + 4x2 )dx = x
V-^+J^ =*(f-"+f)
16,r
~ 15
-(6-15 + 10)=^
(b) disk method:

V = 2tt - [l+(x 2 -2x)j dx = 2T-x [l + 2(x 2 -2x) + (x2 -2x) dx

o
 Chapter 5 Practice Exercises 457

2 2

= 2ir-ir (l + 2x2 -4x + x 4 ~4x3 + 4x2 )dx = 27r-7r \ (x

4
-4x3 + 6x2 ~4x + l) dx
J

o o

n2
= 2ir-JT *r--x4 + 2x 3 ~2x2 + x = 2jt - sr(^ - 16 + 16 - 8 + 2) = 2*r -
J (32
- 30) = 2* - ^=^
(c) shell method;
h
V= 2
*(rSSs)(lSght)
d3C = 2' (2-x)t-(x 2 -2x)]dx = 2, j
(2-x)( 2 x - x
2
) dx
f I

= - 2x 2 - 2x 2 + x3 ) dx = 3 - 4x 2 + 4x) dx =
2* (4x 2ir (x 2w
T 3
X +2x
£ = 2»(4-£ + 8)

4^(36-32) = ^
(d) ffisA method:
2

V= 7T 2-(x 2 -2x)] dx-7r 2

2
dx = ?r 4-4(x 2 ~2x) + (x2 -2x) dx-87r

= 7T (4 - 4x 2 + 8x + x 4 - 4x3 + 4x2 ) dx- 8?r = it (x4 - 4x3 + 8x + 4) dx - 8t

= 7T
X
5r
-x4 + 4x 2 + 4x 8?r = ,r(32__ 16 + 16 + 8)- 8ir =
J(32
+ 40) - 8* = I^- ^= 32tt

14. disfc method:

x/4 r/4

V = 2?r 4 tan x
2
dx = 8ir (sec
2
x- 1) dx = 8*"[tan x - x]£ /4 = 2tt(4 - ir)

15. The volume cut out is equivalent to the volume of the solid
generated by revolving the region shown here about the
x-axis. Using the shell method:

x /
c x»+y2-4

= 2tt f
2
2yx/4-y dy = -27r f y/4 -y 2 d(4-y 2 )

-2 -1 1 2
2 3/2
1^ o\ _ 287T
= (-2,)fl)[(4-y ) — 4Tfl
g-(l-8)--g-
458 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

16. We rotate the region enclosed by the curve y = 4 /l2 ( 1 - and the x-axis around the x-axis. To find the
||y j

11/2 11/2

volume we use the disk method: V= j

2
ttR (x) dx = n t/12 1- 4xf dx =n 12(l-||l)dx
121
-11/2 -11/2
11/2
11/2
s
= 12tt l-gj-ldx = 127r 4xf = 24tt ll_f_4_VU\ = 132tt
'363
-11/2
2 U63A2; V363A 4
-11/2

= 132»(l - 1) = ^L = s8tt « 276 3

in

x^-^^^=l x-V^l /^(dj)2 = l(l_ 2 x)=>L=

17 . y = xl
+ 1 + l ( l_ 2+x)dx
j ^/

=* L=
J V3tt +
2+X ) dx=
J \/l^"
1/2
+x1 / 2 ) dx = I

lU-^+x^dx^x^+fx3 /2

1 1 1

=*+H-( 2
+§)H( 2 +¥)=¥

18. x = y 2 /3 ^ = 2 ~l/3^d^ =
dy~3-x dyj
4x^^ L= J 1+ f ^dy;
dy== ^^^
V9x^ + 4
dx =i \/9x
2/3
+4(x- 1
/ 3 )dx; u = 9x 2/3 + 4 ^ du = 6y _1/3 dy; x = 1 = u - 13,
3x 1/3 j

40
n 40
x = 8=*u = 40]-»L=4>
lo
."do -A 132 U 3/2 = i[403 / 2 -13 3/2 ]» 7.634
13
13

l9 .y=A^-f^^| = l^/'-Ix-/^(^ = |y/»- 2 + x-^)

32 32

I( x 2/5_ 2 -2 /5)
^l + +x dx ^ L= ^/I( x 2/S +2 + x -2/5 )dx = Ux^ + x" 1/5
) dx
|
i 1

= i(l 2 60 + 450) = m0 = 285

 Chapter 5 Practice Exercises 459

9ft v-iv 3 +Iri^-Iv 2 -l^ (4z — iv 4 ) 1 a. 1 -s. I — '!+/***-*

y + dy
I6 2
y y 4J
2

Jy
2
+iHy = i**+£w = Li2 y y

U2 2J U2 1
i
/~12 + 2~12

2
21. -T- = —5 sin t + 5 sin 5t and Hr = 5 cos t — 5 cos 5t
at at te) +fe
= y(5 sin 5t -5 sin t)
2
+ (5 cos t - 5 cos 5t)
2

= 5 v sin 5t — 2 sin t sin 5fe + sin t + cos t — 2 cos t cos 5t + cos 5t = 5->
v
/2 — 2(sin t sin 5t + cos t cos 5t)

= 5-^2(1 - cos 4t) = 5«/4f|Vl - cos 4t) = 10\/sin 2t

2
= 10|sin 2t| = 10 sin 2t (since <t< x/2)

ir/2

=* Length = [ 10 sin 2t dt = (-5 cos 2t) f/ Z = (-5)(-l) - (-5)(1) = 10

g = » and | = » v^TT
22. 2
faf + (|J = fitfTtf - 2

2
=> Length = 2>/t +l dt = V^ + In (V^+ 1 ) ss 2.29559 (Integral evaluated on TI-92 Plus calculator.)
o

23. = -3 sin and = 3 cos =* + = \A~ 3 sin e)

2
+ ( 3 cos ^) 2 = 32 ( sin2
+ cos2 9 ) = 3
J| gj \j(l$) (g|) \/

3w/2 3«/2

Length = 3d<? = 3 d^ = 3(^-0) = ^

f

vs
24. x = t
2
and y = ^.-t, -y/S<t<y/Z =>i| = 2t and ^= t
2
~l => Length = \J(2t)
2
+(t 2 - if dt
f

2
2
Vt 4 + 2t 2 + 1 dt = VAt
2
+ l) dt= f (t +l)dt +t 4^3
-y/l -y/i
f

~y/i
-^

25. The equipment alone: the force required to lift the equipment is equal to its weight =^F 1 (x) = 100 N.
b 40
The work done is Wj = [
Fj(x) dx = 100 dx = (100x]*° = 4000 J; the rope alone: the force required
460 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

to lift the rope is equal to the weight of the rope paid out at elevation x => F 2 (x) = 0.8(40 - x). The work
40 -40 .

done is W 2
= F 2 (x) dx = 0.8(40 - x) dx = 0.8 40x - £ = 0.8 (4O 2 - J = M^OO) = m J;
J *°?

the total work is W=W 1

+ W 2
= 4000 + 640 = 4640 J

26. The force required to lift the water is equal to the water's weight, which varies steadily from 8 -800 lb to
8 400
• lb over the 4750 ft elevation. When the truck is x ft off the base of Mt. Washington, the water weight is

b
F(x) =8-800 •( 2 '247 5
4 7°5o
X
)
= (6400) (l -5555) lb. The work done is W F(x) d>

4750 4750
6m { -9m) dx=6m
l X —
2-9500
= 6400 4750-
4750^
4-4750
= (|) (6400)(4750)

= 22,800,000 ft • lb

27. Force constant: F = kx => 20 =k • 1 => k = 20 lb/ft; the work to stretch the spring 1 ft is

1 1 - .il
W= kx dx =k x dx = 2R
T = 10 ft -lb; the work to stretch the spring an additional foot is
-

l2
W= kx dx =k x dx = 20 -20(|-i)=20(|)=30ft-Ib
1
1

28. Force constant: F = kx => 200 = k(0.8) => k = 250 N/m; the 300 N force stretches the spring x =
£
1.2 1.2

= ocny = 1.2 m; the work required to stretch the spring that far is then W= F(x) dx = j
250x dx

= [nbx^
„2il.2
= 125(1.2)'* = 180 J

29. We imagine the water divided into thin slabs by planes

perpendicular to the y-axis at the points of a partition of the
interval [0,8]. The typical slab between the planes at y and

y + Ay has a volume of about AV = ir(radius) 2 (thickness)

= ir(|y) = 2
^y
Ay ft 3 The force F(y) required to lift .

-10 10
this slab is equal to its weight: F(y) = 62.4 AV
Reservoir's Cross Section
°'
= - '-/} Try
2
Ay lb. The distance through which F(y)

must act to lift this slab to the level 6 ft above the top is about (6 + 8 — y) ft, so the work done lifting the slab

is about AW = - '-— — -?ry (14

2 - y) Ay ft -lb. The work done lifting all the slabs from y = to y =8 to the

level 6 ft above the top is approximately W« £ '~~

iD
— -7ry
2
(14 -y) Ay ft -lb so the work to pump the

water is the limit of these Riemann sums as the norm of the partition goes to zero:
 Chapter 5 Practice Exercises 461

W= (62.4)(25) 2
-xy"X14-y) dy
_
=
(62.4)(2S)tt
:i4y
2
-y 3 )dy = (62,4)(^) h 3
s_y_
(16) 16 3 4 o

(62.4)(^)f^-8 3 -^Jw 418,208.81 ft- lb

30. The same as in Exercise 29, but change the distance through which F(y) must act to (8 — y) rather than
(6 + — y).
8 Also change the upper limit of integration from 8 to 5. The integral is:

5 5 -.5

W= ^^)£ y2(8 _ y)dy = (62 .4)(^) (8y*-y>)dy = (62.4)(^)[§y* ,.3 £

[
J
4
o 6
o

= (62.4)(^)f|-5 3 -^)w 54,241.56 ft -lb

c
y
31. The tank's cross section looks like the figure in Exercise 29 with right edge given by x = -™y = ^. A typical

horizontal slab has volume AV = 7r(radius) 2

(thickness) = ""( 2 ) ^ = Ty Ay- 2
The force required to lift this

slab is its weight: F(y) = 60 -?y 2 Ay. The distance through which F(y) must act is (2 + 10 — y) ft, so the
\o iiD
12/_y4
work to pump the liquid is W = 60 ir(12-y)[^-ldy = 15»
3 4
= 22,500tt ft • lb; the time needed

to
,
empty the tank
... . •
is
22,500*-
Liu
,
it
.,
ft

'lu/sec
.
— -lb
s=s
0R>7
lot sec

32. A typical horizontal slab has volume about AV = (20)(2x)Ay = (20)(2\/l6 ~y 2 )Ay and the force required to

lift this slab is its weight F(y) = (57)(20)(2\/l6 -y 2 )Ay. The distance through which F(y) must act is

(6 + 4 — y) ft, so the work to pump the olive oil from the half-full tank is

W = 57 - y)(20) ~ 2
dy = 2880 10^16 2
dy + 1140 (l6-y 2 )'
\'/2,
(-2y) dy
(10 (2-^/16 y ) -y I

-4 -4 -4

= 22,800 • (area of a quarter circle having radius 4) +|(1140) (l6 -y 2 ) _4

= (22,800)(4tt) + 48,640
= 334,153.25 ft -lb

b
y
33. F = *(££)-*>*'-* (62.4)(2-y)(2y) dy = 249.6 (2y-y 2 )dy = 249.6
.2

= (249.6) (4 - 1) = (249.6)
(|)
= 332.8 lb

8/6 5/6

^^^{Sh}^*^^ 75(|-y)(2y + 4)dy = 75 [ (|y +^-2y 2 -4y) dy

5
/6
= 75 f(f-l y -V)^ = 76[f y -l^-^]" = (7 5 )P-(|)(i)-(fXl)]
462 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

35. F=
J
W {deptPh)- L W
S
d ^ F = 62 - 4
|
(9-y)(2-^)dy = 62.4
{
1 '2
(gy -y3 ' 2 ) dy

= 62.4[6y
3/2
-§y
5
^^
36. F = 62.4 < M -*-iM£)]*

62.4
y-6x
(240-34y + y 2 )dy

62.4
240y-17y 2 4-^-
6
-o
l6
= ^ d
(1440 -612 + 72)

= 18,720 lb.

37. Intersection points: 3 - x 2 = 2x 2 => 3x 2 - 3 =

=> 3(x - l)(x + 1) = =* x = -1 or x = 1. Applying the
symmetry argument analogous to the one used in Exercise
5.6.13, we find that x = 0. The typical vertical strip has
2 2 )"\
, f
center of mass: ,~ (
(x,y)=lx,
~, 2x +(3-x
'-±
2
+-3
= ( x,-x -? '-
1 1

length: (3 -x2 )-2x2 = 3(l -x 2 width: dx, ),

area: dA = 3(l -x2 ) dx, and mass: dm = <5-dA = 36(l - x

2
) dx
=> the moment about the x-axis is y dm = §<$(x + 3)(l -x 2 2
) dx = §<$(-x4 - 2x2 + 3) dx
-ii

=> M 7dm =|« (-x 4 -2x2 + 3)dx = |s _x!_2xi

5
-~3~ + oJxx ,

' = «(-i-| + 8)
f
-l -l

= ff(-3- 10 + 45) =^;M = J

dm = 36 j (l -x 2 ) dx = 3fi[x-^l = 6*(l-J) = 46
_1
-l

* y = TT = ffis = f Therefore the centroid >

is (x,y) =(o,|).

38. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used

in Exercise 5.6.13, we find that x = 0. The typical vertical

strip has center of mass: (x,y)=(x, Xy-j, length: x2 ,

width: dx, area: dA = x 2

dx, mass: dm = 5 -dA = 6x dx
2

=> the moment about the x-axis is y dm = 4x 2

-x
2
dx = £x 4 dx

2
=>M X = ydm = § x4 dx ix j_ 2 -M(
= -Mx 5
ax- - u2 5)-32i.
I- l
,
1() 1() 5
-2
 Chapter 5 Practice Exercises 463

M= dm = 6
2

x dx =6
r n22
I = ^( 2 3) = M ^ = ^ = |2_^3 = y 6 . Thereforei the centroid is

-2

Cfl = (»!)

39. The typical vertical strip has: center of mass: (x ,y ) = I x,

4 +
&
f
length: 4 — 4-, width: dx, area: dA = i 4 — 4- 1 dx,

mass: dm = 6 -dA = 5(4 — 2^- I dx => the moment about the x-axis is

4 + x!
y dm = 6 —— 5
( 4 - 4- ) dx = |( 16 - yg ) dx; the moment about

the y-axis is x dm = S( 4 -4- j-x dx = $( 4x- Xj- ) dx. Thus, Mx = 5?dm =| (l6-f£|dx
o
l4

16x
-Ae 64-f
iM ;My = |xdm = « 4x-S_]dx =6" 2x 2 -£*
16

4-£- |dx = fM« 64\_32S

= <5(32 - 16) = 165; M= dm = 6 <S 4x
~T5

=»
„_ M y_16-6.3_3
*=rf = =§ W ...
and y
-
M x_ 128-6-3_12
-rf = tHW = T Thereforc
>
*•«*"* <*« = (§>¥
12
is
3

40. A typical horizontal strip has:

=
y' + 2y
center of mass: ( x , y ) y 1, length: 2y-y%

width: dy, area: dA = (2y - y 2 ) dy, mass: dm = 6 dA •

= 6(2y — y z ) dy; the moment about the x-axis is

3
¥ dm = 6-y-(2y — y 2
) dy = S{'2y — y 2
); the moment about the

dsis2dm
y-axis = 6 .ly!+^).( 2y - y 2 )dy = |(4y 2 - y 4 )d y

Mx = y dm = 8 (2y
2
-y3 )dy = « 3
y 4

->i

v 3_y_
2 4 4
My = x dm = k (4y -y )dy = § 3
y 5 o

= 6 y'-\
o
6
(
4 " I) = T =* * = W = 1B?H = I
and y = $ = 1*1 = * Therefore > the centroid

is(x,y)=(|,l).
464 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

41. A typical horizontal strip has: center of mass: ( x ,y ) =1 — s

,y i,

length: 2y - y2 , width: dy, area: dA = (2y -y 2 ) dy,

mass: dm = 6 dA = (1 + y) (2y — y 2 dy = the moment about the
•
)

4
x-axis is y dm = y(l + y) (2y - y
2
dy = (2y2 + 2y 3 ~y3 - y ) dy )

— (2y 2 + y3 — y4 ) dy; the moment about the y-axis is

S? dm=(^+iy)(l + y)(2 y - y 2 )dy = I(4 y 2 -y 4 )(l-fy)d y

i2

= i(4y 2 + 4y3 - y4 - y 5 ) dy => Mx = y dm = 2y

2
+ y 3 -y 4 )dy = 2
3
y + /_y!
3+
4 5 -

-ff+*-f)-»(H-l)-»("+»- M >-4« u )=«>"»- x dr

l2
6
= 2
+4y 3 - y 4 - y 5 )d y = i +y _i(4-2 3 ,
94 2
5
2
| |(4y 3
y
5 6

2 2

dm= (l+y)(2y-y )dy= j(2y + y 2 -y 3 )dy

2
='(l+»-HMH)-¥""- |
o o

3 4
_f v 2,y y l _( A ,8 16V 8 =^v-^~f24V3V5 an d v-^-f^V^-^-ii Therefore

the center of mass is (x,y) = ( k<i7j

42, A typical vertical strip has: center of mass: (x ,y ) = ( x, jttt;

3
1, length: -ttt, width: dx,
V 2x 'V *'
area: .: dA = -^-t=
3/2
""' mass: dm = 6 -dA
dx, ~"~" -" =
- 6
" —^r
3/2
dx => the moment about the x-axis is
x x

y dm = —
n 3/2 —3/2
4-777 T77C dx =
ili -
-^» dx; the moment about the y-axis
Ov**
is x dm = x —„^>/^
^75 dx = -—7^
,,-1/^
dx,
2x x 2X

9 9
,-2 l9 N

Mx = -205. M _
= x('^ jdx = 35[2x 1/2 ]i = 125;
(a) 6
K*h-¥ 1
5 f

M„ (M\
M=§ ^3/2
dx = - 6 6[x-^ = 4^x = ^ = ^ = 3a„dy=^^ • '-«
M _ 45 ~9
9

(b) Mx = i J «-§[-*< = 4; M v = \x
dx
J \x /

= 6(^i:=l^, = ^ = f»dy = ^4
 Chapter 5 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 465

CHAPTER 5 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

a x ,^_^_
2
1. V= k I" [f(x)]
2
dx = a
2
+ a => tv f [f(t)] dt = x 2 +x for all x > a => ir[f(x)]
2
= 2x + 1 => f(x) = \/^P

b x

2. By the shell method we have 2?rb3 = 2?r xf(x) dx ^x 3

= tf(t) dt, where x > 0. By the Fundamental
o o

Theorem of Calculus we have 3x 2

= xf(x) => f(x) = 3x.

3. s(x) = Cx =*- f i/l + ff'(t)] 2 dt = Cx => y/l + [f'(x)] 2 = C => f'(x) = VC 2 -lfor C > 1

X X
=*f(x) = f VC - 12
dt + k. Then f(0) = a => a = + k =» f(x) = f Vc 2 -! dt +a =$• f(x) = x VC 2 ~ 1 + a,
o

where C> 1.

a
4. (a) The graph of f(x) = sin x traces out a path from (0,0) to (a, sin a) whose length is L = \/l + cos2 6 68.
a

The line segment from (0,0) to (a, sin a) has length y (a — 0) + (sin a — 0) = y/o? + sin 2 a. Since the

shortest distance between two points is the length of the straight line segment joining them, we have
a
immediately that y/l + coa 2 6 d0 > \/a
2
+ sm 2 a if < a < |.
o

= f(x) = l+[f(t)] 2 dt> /a 2 +f2 (a)

/
(b) In general, if y is continuously differentiable and f(0) 0, then
V v

for a> 0.

1/2

5. Converting to pounds and feet, 2 lb/in = |4^ l£Jp =

i. in
-

i tu
24 lb/ft. Thus, F = 24x => W= 24xdx
o

= [l2x2 ]J = 3 ft -lb.
2
Since W = |mvg -imvf, where W = 3 ft -lb, m = (Jfo IbV — ^ ^\

= wij? slugs, and v l = ft/sec, we have 3 = f h jfonn yo ) =* v o =^ " 340. ^ or *ke projectile height,

s = -16t2 + v t (since s = 0att=:0)=>4| = v = -32t +v . At the top of the ball's path, v = =3> t =
^|
2 2
and the height is s = -16 Q§) + v (g) = jjj a ^^ = 30 ft.
466 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

6. The submerged triangular plate is depicted in the figure

at the right. The hypotenuse of the triangle has slope —1

=> y — (-2) = — (x - 0) ^ x = — (y + 2) is an equation of

the hypotenuse. Using a typical horizontal strip, the fluid

»-(y + Z)
pressure is F =
(•">-(JSiXiS0*
-2 -2
2
(62.4)(-y)[-(y + 2)]dy = 62.4 [y + 2y)dy {4.-6)

-6 -6
1-2
3
(62 112)
= 62.4
y 2
(62 .4)[(-| + 4 )-(-^ + 36)] = (
6
2.4)(gf- 2)=
3
-f
« 2329.6 lb
-6

7. Consider a rectangular plate of length £ and width w.

The length is parallel with the surface of the fluid of
weight density w. The force on one side of the plate is
-|0

F=w (-y)(«) dy = -«« = <4?<Z. The

average force on one side of the plate is F av = ^ (-y) dy

-|0

= ^ 2
.
"
Therefore" the force ^ 2
= (*f) («w)
~V 2
= (the average pressure up and down) • (the area of the plate).

8. For y measured downward from the fluid's surface the width of a horizontal strip is 2(y — 2) when
2 < y < 8 and it is 12 — 2(y — 8) when 8 <y < 14. Using the hint given in the Exercise, the fluid force on the
14

plate is: F =2 w x y(y - 2) dy + 2 [8wj + w 2 (y - 8)] (14 - y) dy = (216w x + (288w x + 72w 2

) )

= 504w, + 72w,.

9. From the symmetry of y = 1 —x 11

, n even, about the y-axis for —1 < x < 1, we have x = 0. To find y = -rr, we

use the vertical strips technique. The typical strip has center of mass: ( x ,y ) = (x, ~^ x length: 1 — x11 ,
J,

width: dx, area: dA = (l — xn ) dx, mass: dm = 1 -dA = (l — xn ) dx. The moment of the strip about the

v2 1 . „J 1
r „ .,il
-X n+l 2n+l
x-axis is y dm =
(
-
—
1
s dx => Mx = f (1-x-f
dx =2 |(l-2x n + x 2n )dx = 2x
n+l T
x
+ 2a +l -
o
-l o

(n + l)(2n + - 2(2n + + (n + 2n 2 + 3n + 1 - 4n - 2 + n + 1 2
~ L 2_ + 1 _ ,
1) 1) 1) 2n
n+l 2n + l" (n+l)(2n + l) (n + l)(2n+l) (n + l)(2n + 1)
 Chapter 5 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 467

I l -tl
„n+l
Also, M= f dA = (l-xn )dx = 2 (l~xn )dx = 2
n +
= 2(l 7-t1
n+
= ^TT-
n+1
Therefore,
1 V 1)
Q
-l -i o

M (n+1)
y
v
~ M "(n + l)(2
l^n + l)
'^-2 = 2r7+T =* (°'2H+t)
is the l0Cati °n ° f the Centrold> As n - oo, -y -4I so
the limiting position of the centroid is f 0, «j ).

10. Align the telephone pole along the x-axis as shown in the
accompanying figure. The slope of the top length of pole
'^»*
is
\ i«HQ
( 14JS
\&v
9
6w)
\
_ 1 1 . v_ 5.5 _ 11
H) *•*
"Sir 40
, f14
(14,5 yj - 87^40 -8tt- 80- Th
ibUS '
40
M9
y = 8l + 8lrT80 x = 8i( 9+ IO X ) isaiiequationofthe
b 40

line representing the top of the pole. Then, My — x-iry dx=i i(9 + |ix)fdx

40 40

= 64lfI x
(
9+ M x ) dx '
M= wy dx2
= ir
i(9+Sx)fdx = ? J i f
(9+^xfdx. Thus,

M 1 0Q 70(1
x = -jf fa
M
! — « 23.06
=- (using a calculator to compute the integrals). By symmetry about the x-axis, y =
5623.3

so the center of mass is about 23 ft from the top of the pole.

11. (a) Consider a single vertical strip with center of mass (x ,y ). If the plate lies to the right of the line, then

the moment of this strip about the line x = b is (x — b) dm = (x — b) 8 dA ={> the plate's first moment

about x = b is the integral (x - b)6 dA = Sx dA - <5b dA = M y - b<5A.

(b) If the plate lies to the left of the line, the moment of a vertical strip about the line x =b is

(b - x ) dm = (b - x )S dA =* the plate's first moment about x = b is (b - x.)6 dA = \ b6 dA - 5xdA

= b<5A-M y .

12. (a) By symmetry of the plate about the x-axis, y = 0. A typical vertical strip has center of mass:

(x ,y) = (x,0), length: 4 ^/ax, width: dx, area: 4y/ ax dx, mass: dm = 8 dA = kx-4-y/ax dx, for some
a

proportionality constant k. The moment of the strip about the y-axis is M = x dm = I 4kx ^/ax dx
o

= 4k v/a c
5 '2
dx = 4k v/aj|x 7/2 7/a
= 8ka
= 4V*»/a.2|a'^=2^. fc Also, M = dm = 4kx-< /ax dx
0 o
v

= 4k^| x
3/2
dx = 4k v^[fx 5 ^= 4ka
I /2
.|a^ = ^. Thus, x = £ = S^.JL, = =a
-4
f
468 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

5a
(x, y) = ( -s-,
J
is the center of mass.

(b) A typical horizontal strip has center of mass: (x ,y ) = ^n \ — , / =

Bir
—,0
J,
length: a-^

width: dy, area: \ a — 7— 1 dy, mass: dm = 8 dA = j y |

i a — j- I dy. Thus, Mx = y dm

2a 2a
2
Y\y\\*-4g) dy = -y (a-fcjdy + y'l-feJ*
-2a -2a
2a nO i2a

-fe)d y =
2 2
-ay + fc)dy + ay y + 20a y 20a
3
-2a 3
-2a a
2a

3
"*"
20a
+ 3 20a ~ "'
y
~ x dm =
-2a
^Uk-ii*
2a 2a

-2a
|yKy
2
+ W^!) 4a
dy = *

32a2 J
~2a
4
Iy|(l6a -y' )dy
,

2a lO 2a

,-16a4y + y°)dy- :i6a

4
-y 5 )dy=-i 2
-»aV + ^ + -

2 faV-fr >0
32a-* 32a" 32a 6 32a
.

--2a .

-2a

?a4. 4a
2_64a! + ?a4. 4a
2_64a!
32a^ . 32a
2
lt(
32a6
-^) = ^-I (32a6)
= i a4;
2a /
. 2a
2
M= dm = |y|(4a -y 2 )dy
-2a -2a
2a i2a
1°
[-4a 2
y+y 3
)dy + i (4a 2
y-y 3
)dy = i -2a 2
+\ 1_
2»V-V -0
4a 4a
--2a
-2a

= ..£(*» - 4a> - Ifl) = i(8^ - V) = 2a'. Therefor,, * - tf - (J.*)(il) " ¥ » d

IvI

y = -r-p = is the center of mass.

/ T~^ + v/a2T^2
13. (a) On [0,a] a typical vertical strip has center of mass: (x ,y ) = I x,
x

2 - x 2 - Va2 -JC 2
length; \/h , width: dx, area: dA = ( \/b 2 - x2 - \/a2 - x2 ) dx, mass: dm = b dA
= 6\vb — x — va — x / dx. On [a, b] a typical vertical strip has center of mass:

~ X
(x ,y ) =f x,
2 )> IenS tli: Vb 2 - 2
, width: dx, area: dA = >/b 2 -x2 dx,

mass : dm = 6 dA = <5 vV - x 2
dx. Thus, Mx = y dm
 Chapter 5 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 469

I(^/bT ^+\/aT^)^(^/bT^-V^:^)dx+ |v^^6V^^dx

b2_ x 2)_( a2_ x 2)] dx + 6 b2_ x 2) dx =| b 2_ a2) b 2_ x 2) dx

f 6 (
[(
(
( dx+

= |[(b 2 2
b2 x-^ = 2
-a2 )a] + § .3 b3 u2„ a^
LX " -a
1 (

2
)xC + |
* /"jo '
2
~2^
3j a f[(b
b
*-tM b^-T
5/„u2
«i(^-.')+«^-^+*
^ , ^2 k 3
=¥-¥=K^j^ y
=

x5(VbT^?-v/ aT^?)dx+ xfiN/b^^dx

1/2 1/2 1/2

= 6
j
x(b 2 -x 2 ) dx-5 j xU2 -x 2 ) dx +^ j
x(b 2 -x 2 ) dx

lb
a/a 3/2 ,3/2
2 2 2 2 2
-5 2(b 2
-x ) 2(a -x ) 2(b -x J
2 Jo
-
o

2 2 3
\ /2
3/2 3 3
_ ^(b
3
-a3 ) = M
b 2_
s 5b fa
<5

L ( a 2f _( b 2f +3 -la-
3
0-(b 2 -a2 )"

3" 3
X ;
3 3

We calculate the mass geometrically: M = SA = M 2*2

J-^f
2
^ ) = ^(b
2
-a2 ). Thus, x
=-jf

- *(b3 -a3 ) 4 (b-a)(a2 + ab +

_ 4 fbL^ _ 4 b
2
) _ 4 (a2 + ab+b 2 ) ,
_ ~ ilKCW1Se
_
^( b 2_ a8)-3Hb 2 -aV"3ir (b-a)(b + a) 3^(a + b) '

__M x = 4(a2 +ab + b2 )

y ~ M 3?r(a+b) '

« a ^( ?!

position of the centroid as a

^ i!
)=(A)(
— » b.
kL

This
^ is
!
)=(A)(f)=t-(«)=(f,t)
the centroid of a circle of radius a (and
is ^w
we note the two
i „g

circles
coincide when a = b).

14. Assume that the x and y intercepts of the triangular corner are a and b, respectively. Then the equation of the

sloped edge of the triangle isy=b — f|]x. The x-coordinate of the centroid must be greater than 6 in. because

the triangular cutout will shift the centroid to the right of the center of the square. Therefore, we assume that
2
x = 7 in, Using vertical strips of area and noting that Aab = 36 in , we calculate x as follows:

12

x(l2-(b-|x))dx + 12xdx 2_b|! +

x =7 in. = 144-36
6a
^ +12
108
(
72 _^

6a2 -(iab)a + |(iab)a + 864-6a2

36a + 24a + 864
108 108
470 Chapter 5 Applications of Integrals

Solving for a and b gives a =9 in. and b =8 in. Next we calculate y using horizontal strips of area, but first

we express the equation of the sloped edge in terms of y as x =9— I § ly.

12

y(12-{9-|y]Jdy + 6(8
2
)-
2 3(8) V 2 j
= 64
7= *-
144-36 m T in.
„
« 7.11m.

Therefore, the centroid is -=- in. from the bottom of the square.

y
I

12 L

b "v.--';;-;'u-.
:
:;'i::i':;.|.l •::•::&-}. :.t

y=?
~'^wm Wfp^m^m ^Liii!'.;:;,:'!;:^!-;
h

j%
^=* X
a
Pills
7 a 12

NOTES:
 CHAPTER 6 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS AND
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

6.1 LOGARITHMS

1. y = ln3x^y' = ^(3)=i 2. , = !»(*)*£ = (£)(»)

5. y = lnx^| = (i)(3^) = l 6. y = (la x)^ *= 3(1„ x)».£(ln x) = ^

7. y = t(In t) 2 => ~| = (In t)
2
+ 2t(ln t) -^(ln t) = (In t)
2
+2LJSU = (l n t)
2
+2 In t

8. y = W^ = 1
t(lnt) /
2
^! = (lnt)*/
2
+^
,
1 '' 2
= (lnt) + 1/2
2(In t)

q y — x4 i
n „ x4 ^ dy _ „3 i
n „ |
x4 , 1 4x3 _ „3 ;„ „

'(t)-g»OW _l. In
10
1U. y- Int,d
y
t
=>
y-
dt
, t

t2 t

(1 + '"
lDt)(1)
"•"^
11
"• v
y
-
- l+i°J
t
-»
=> SlZ
A,
- "yt; ^
dy_Ki)"
- _i-i~]
- - 1 - In t -
_ _ '
1
2
In t
2
t dt fc2 fc t

,y y
l + lnx^ (1 + lnx)
2
(1+lnx) 2 x(l+lnx) 2

x4)-(xlnx)(|)
i, .._ xlnx ^„y / _ (l+lnx)(lnx + _ (lH lnx) 2_i nx _
.
In x
"* y -l+lnx^ ~ (1 + lnx)
2 ~ (1+lnx) 3 " (1+lnxV

14.y = ln inx)=,/ = ^)(l) = -i_

(
(I

15. y = In (in (In ,)) ^ / = ^--^(Mln x)) a j-gL^.-jLpn ,) = ^

^ ^ x)
472 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

16. y = 0[sin (In 0) + cos (In 0)] => g| = [sin (In 0) + cos (In 9)} + 9 [cos (In 9) i - sin (In 0) - i

= sin (In 8) + cos (In 9) + cos (In 9) - sin (In 0) =2 cos (In 0)

17. „
it
y
J = i

v
„ a
In c(sec 9 + tan„
, t a\ -^
)
'
=>
dy
-nr
aV
= s^ ^ tan -
s-r :
sec 9 + tan
sec
n
+ —= 2 sec 0(tan
,.
tan $
n
+ sec
,
+ sec—0) = sec
n
"

u -'=-^Tr-'»-i-^')-''=-l-ifcii)- !

1-^
^ -i^ s

19. y = 1+ ln t
1 - In t
""
dy
dt
(l-lnt)(i)-(l + lnt)(=l)
(l-lnt) i
(1-lnt) 2
+ ^ t(l-lnt)^

20. y =
v^ = <» ***?* =>
I = V* ^
1/2 )"
1/2
-id- '
1/2
> - id- ^
1/2 )"
1/2
-^ A('
1/a
)

.lt-U* = —l
1/2
= i(lnt 1 / 2 )" . JL
1/2 2
4t \/M
Sl.y^ec^))^^.^^

x)

23. y = In v^ dt => g= (ln v^)-^(x2 )-(ln ^)-^^= 2x In |x|-x In

1x1

x*/2

24. y= [
lntdt^| = (lnV^)-i( 3V^)-(^ yfi)-&^) = (* &)§****)-{* &{i*- lft )

_ In %/x. In ,/x

-2

= [In |x|]JJ = In 2 - In = In j^r 2dx = [ln|3x-2|]° 1 =ln2-ln5 = ln|

25. i dx 3 26.
| [

-3 -l

2y 8r
27.
2
dy = ln y
2
-25 +C 28.
z -5
dr = lnUr 2 -5|+C
ir -25 4r
 Section 6.1 Logarithms 473

29.
sin
—
t
dt = [in 1
2 - cos 1 1]
= In 3 - In 1 = In 3; or let u = 2 - cos t => du = sin t dt with t =
2 cos t

=> u = 1 and t = fr=>u = 3=> sin t

— cos dt= [
idu = [ln|u|]* = ln3-ln 1 = In 3
2 t

ir/3
/3
30. -
4 *iD 6
A0 - [lull— 4 cos 0\}* = In 1 -2| = -In 3 = In ±; or let u = 1 -4 cos => du = 4 sin 9 &6
1 -4 cos l o
1
a

ir/3 -1
4 sin 6 idu = [ln|u|]_l = -to
with = O^»u = -3and0=f=*u=-l:^- 66 = 3 = In A
1—4 cos
-3

31. Let u = In x => du = \ dx; x =1 =u= and x =2 => u = In 2;

2 In 2
In 2
2Jnjc dx = 2udu = [u
2
]
=(ln2)

32. Let u = In x =J- du = \ dx; x =2 =>• u = In 2 and x = 4 =* u = In 4;

In 2

33. Let u = in x =» du = 1 dx; x = 2 ^ u = In 2 and x = 4 =» u = In 4;

In 4
Tin. 4
dx _ u- 2 du = *- T
+ 1
+ -l 1 , 1 ^ 1 _ 1

•In 2
~ In 4
*
In 2
~ In 2
2[ in 2
~ 2 In 2 ^ In 2 2 In 2 In 4
v
2 ln2

34. Let u = In x => du = A dx; x =2 => u = In 2 and x = 16 =4- u = In 16;

16 In 16
d* - 1
f
u
_1/2
du =[u 1/2 £" = v^rTl6 - Vln~2 = ^4 In 2 - ^/h^2 = 2s/in~2 - V^n2 = \^n~2
2x \/ln
v x ^ J
In 2

2
35. Let u =6+3 tan t =* du = 3 sec 1 dt;

2
3 sec 1
dt = 4r=ln|u| + C = ln]6 + 3tant| + C
6 + 3 tan t

36. Let u = 2 + sec y ^ du = sec y tan y dy

sec
2
y tan y
+ sec y
dy = ^ = ln|u| + C = ln|2 + secy| + C
474 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

37. Let u = cos | => du = - i sin £ dx => -2 du = sin *: dx; x = => u = 1 and x =f =» u = -i=
V^'
w/2 x/2 .
x l/\A
sm
tan | dx =
2
dx = -2 ^ = [-2 1n|u|];
lV^_
/^ 2
= -2 1ii-^ = 2 1n v/2=In2
cos j
|

38. Let u = sin t =>• du = cos t dt; t =~ => u = -K= and = £ => t u = 1;
V2
*/2 -tt/2

COt t dt = COS
sin t
t
dt = ^= [ln,u,];
/
^=-l„ 1 =lnv^
,r/4 7T/4
1/V2

39. Let u = sin | => du = i cos | d<? = 6 du = 2 cos | d0; 9 = | = u = | and 6 = x => u = ^;
V^/2
2 cos£
2 cot
I
d<3 = 3
d0 = 6
du
= 6[]n|u|]V 3/2
l\/3/
2
2
-«L^
= 6(lnY~lnIJ=61nv 3=ln27 /

sm £ J
*/2 tr/2 3 1/2

40. Let u = cos 3x => du = -3 sin 3x dx => -2 du =6 sin 3x dx; x = => u = and x - £r => u — -4=;
ff/12 jt/12
, r
1

^
6 sin 3x
£ = -2[ln J' V = _2
,i/xA_
2
6 tan 3x dx = ,
cos ox
dx = -2 u |]
In 4=~ h 1 = 2 In yfi = In 2
o
1
^2

41.
dx
2^ + 2x ,
dx
2 V 6(1 + V fi)'
;
let u = 1+ »/x => du = -^L_ dx;
2^ ' . 2^x(l + v^)
dx
^ = ln|u|+C
= ln|l + v^| + C = ln(l + v/x) + C

42. Let u = sec x + tan x => du = (sec x tan x 4- sec x J dx = (sec x)(tan x 4- sec x) dx => sec xdx = du.
^°-;

sec x dx du = (In
ri/2.L„_
u)- ' 1 2
i- du = 2(ln u) 1' 2
+C = 2^/ln (sec x + tan x) +C
Y^n (sec x + tan x) uvln u

1 /2
43. y = yx(x + l) = (x(x + l)) =i.lny = Iln(x(x+l))^2 1ny=ln(x) + ln(x+l)=>^ = I +
7^T
x x+1 )( 2x
^ , f -( 1 )./^TTi( 1
x ^ x+1 x+ 1 \- V + 1 ) _ 2x+l
(
=>y -UK x + iJ- H
\

2x(x + l) -
2v^Ti)

44
^v m=(tTT) /
1/
^ ^=5P 1 nt - ln (t+1
)^ydf=KT-tTi:
«y_l /~T~ n _ /~r~
i_\_i
dt 2Vt+lU t +l 2Vt + l
>
l t(t + 1) 2xA(t + l) 3/2
 Section 6.1 Logarithms 475

dy_= i cos 9
+K
45. y = v^+3(sin 8) = (0 + 3) 1/2 sin 6 =>• In y = ± In (9 + 3) + In (sin 6)=>IJL
y d9 2(9 + 3) sin 9
1

=>%=y/e + 3(An0) 1

+ 3)
•cot 8
2(8

46. y = (tan 9) y/W+T = (tan *)(20 + 1)

1/2
=> In y = In (tan 9) +i In (20 + 1) => ±- = g^j + (J) (§5^1
gf

wVT) = c^)^TI + x/2^ +

tan
|= V^TT(|^| +
fl
tan.)
(
(se
1

47. y = t(t + l)(t + 2)^lny = lnt+ln(t + l) + ln(t + 2)^i^ = i + ^T + rL_

(t + l)(t + 2) + t(t + 2) + t(t + 1) = 3t2 + 6t + 2
=>
at
= t(t + ij(t+2) (i + trr + rb) = t(t 1)(t + 2) t(t + l)(t + 2)

48
-^/cS^ lny=ln
+ 5
( (,+5 )- ln ^ In(cose)
3 dy
^ydl=rt5-t + foli
_ ^ 1 sin fl

-S=(^)(^-»+- J

dy cos 6 Qec g )( tan 9)

= 6 in6 => = In + ln(sin -i ln(sec =* i
1 1 ,

49. y f In y 0) fl)
dfl 9
"•"
sin 2 sec

^dy =
d#
i ^n
^sec 5 ^ e
+coti9 i

2
tanf?

5
0'y=r^^
+
lny = lnx+
(x l)
5
ln(x2+l)
-i ln(x+1) ^^^ + A"3Fno
=>y / = XN/?+T 1+
2/3 x
x
(x+l) x2 +l 3(x+l)

3/x(x - 2) , 1
In x + ln(x-2)-ln(x
2
+ l J 44U:
y- lx- _ 3 x
1
2 x2
2x
+ 1

^ P; - 1
3
Pxrr 2) (1 1 2x_

52 . y y^L±Ifc^^ lny =
2
l
3LL
In x + In (x + 1) + In (x - 2) - ln(x2 + l)- ln(2x + 3)
V(x + l)(2x + 3)

3/ x (x+l)(x-2) (1 1 2x 2
y
,

=q1 £+ x +1
X
,
+x~ 2x +
x' + l)(2x +
:
3)V
1 2 x2 + l 3

dy_ l
=>y = + ln|xl + C; =3 = => C=2 => y = x + ln |x! +2
53. ] + at (1,3) x y at x 1
476 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

2
54. —
d
dx
y =
~
z
sec x => -j—
dy
dx
= tan x + C and 1 = tan +C =>
dy
-A —
dx
tan x +1 => 3
v = (tan x + 1) dx

= In |
sec x + x + C x and
| = In |sec | + + Cj =>• Cj = => y = In |
sec x | +x

55.
^ <*=((»)«* u = In x =J> du = j£ dx

_Qn*) 2
(in loJU/
dx
lino r du
~Un- y(H- '
c
-2~hrro
+0
r ,

4 4
In 2 log x
56.
2
dx=
j (¥)(fef)
dx = {
^dx = [l(]nx)^ = l[(l„4) 2
-(lnl)^] = I(]n4)

_1|(2 1n2)' =2(ln2)'

i

2 t2 2 2
'og 2 (* + 2) _ 1 (In (x + (In 4) (In 2)
+ 2)]( FL)dx =
, 2))
57. f

x+2
ax_ ln2
[ln(x
^) ~Un2j
(I .

2 2
4(In 2) (In 2)
= £ln 2
~(ln 2).

2 2
2 logio (x + 1) .
= 2 (In (x+1)) 2
=
(In 10) (In l)
58.
x+ 1
d c
In 10 ^^(x-Tlh In 10 .
llr7Toj.

= ln 10

feXi) dx; h = *"=*= 4 dx]

dx =
59. I

x log10 X f
^r)(i) dx = (in 10)
{

(In 10) (j™)(x) dx = (In 10) ± du = (In 10)ln |u| + C= (In 10)ln |ln x] +C

dx dx 2 ( ln
*)~ 2 ^„ _ (^ x)-
1
60.
s2
= = (ln8) dx = ,,„
(In
ox2
8)^
>-—f-
x(log8 x) 2
,
J /ln_x\
2
'
In x

«.»-!*, ^fcM-WjXMm-rii
y
62. J = |!LX + !n^ = |ni + 2}nx = 3}ni ^ y
J
/
= _3
In 4 In 4 In 4 In 4 In 4 x In 4

63.y = log2 r4o g4r =(j

H )(^) = ^L =>£
dr
= 1

(In 2)(ln 4)
(
2
"")W=F(snfe
(In 2)(ln 4)
 Section 6.1 Logarithms 477

*,.*(^)-^.±*$®-*m-w-*»-*
_^dy_ 1 1 _
dx x+ 1 x-1 (x + l)(x-l)

= = 9 sin ( JlJ) => g = sin (&*) + *[cos(}E-f

65. y sin (Iog7 9)
J]^) = sin (log
7 9) + rjfy cos (log 7 8)

31n
66. y =3 log8 (log2 t) =
3 1n(log 2 t)'
,; ^ = — (hT2)^dy ~Un8)
jji
dt (In t)/(ln 2) U In 2/ 1

t)(m 8)
t(ln t)(In

_
~
1
t(ln t)(ln 2)

sin x
67. (a) f(x) = In (cos x) =* f'(x) = - cos x -tan x = => x = 0; f (x) > for
-f < x < and f(x) < for

< x <~ => there is a relative maximum at x = with f(0) = In (cos 0) = In 1 = 0; ff-f) = ln(cos(-^Y\
= ln( —j= — — k- In ]
2 and ff ? =
J
ln( cosf ? J J
= In * = — In 2. Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at

x = ? with ff ? = — In ) 2 and the absolute maximum occurs at x = with f(0) = 0.

~ S'" lnX^
(b) f(x) =s cos (In x) =>
/
f (x) = 3j
= => x = I; f(x) > for i < x < 1 and f'(x) < for 1< x < 2

=> there is a relative maximum at x = 1 with f(l) = cos (In 1) = cos = 1; ff k} = cosfln(A) J

= cos(— 3n 2) = cos (In 2) and f(2) = cos (In 2). Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at x = A and

x =: 2 with ff A| = f(2) = cos (In 2), and the absolute maximum occurs at x = 1 with f(l) = 1.

68. (a) f(x) = x — In x => f'(x) = 1 — ^; if x > 1, then f'(x) > which means that f(x) is increasing
(b) f(l) = 1 - In 1 = 1 =*• f(x) = x- In x > 0, if x > 1 by part (a) => x > In x if x > 1

69. (In 2x - In x) dx as
|
(-In x + ln 2 + ln x) dx = (In 2) dx = (In 2)(5 - 1) = In 2
4
= In 16
J

l 1

jt/3 o ir/3
— sm x ir/3
70. A= -
tan x dx + Ij tan x dx = |
cos x dx - cos x dx =[ln | cos x|l ,, — [in |cos x|]„
1 '—it I A L J

-*/4 -tt/4

= An l-ln^=V(lni-lnl) = ln V2 + ln2 = |ln2

3 3

71. V= tt
f
( .
2 \ dy = 4ir j —j-ydy = 4ff[ln|y + l|]^ = 47r(ln4~in 1) = 4ir In 4

^ '
478 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

n/2
72. V= 7T cot x dx = TT
cos
sin
g^dx = 7 r[ln(sinx)]^ = (lnl-lnl) =
ff 7rln2
7T/6 r/6

73. V= 2ir ijdx = 2ir idx = 2ir[ln|x|]J =27r^ln2-lni) = 2T(2 1n2) = ir]n24 = xln 16
J

1/2 1/2

2
2
74.( a)y =^-lnx^l + (y
2
= l + (f4) = l+(4^)^(^) ^L=}7r^?d x
l8
xM-4 = (|+l)dx= = (8 + In 8) - (2 + In 4) = 6 + ln
4x
dx |. + ln|x 2
4

(
b )x=(|)
2

12
-21n(|).| = H.l + (|)
12
2
= 1+
2
( H )
2
= 1 + y*-i6l -fy + 16
8y 8y
12
y^ + 16 V 2
* (| + |)dy=|^+2 1ny
r i
= (9 + 2 In
=IV 1+ (^)H -tf dy= -(1 + 2
l I 12) In 4)
4 4 t

=8+ 2 In 3 = 8 + In 9

75. (a) L(x) = f(0) + f'(0) -x, and f(x) = ln(l +x) => f (x) = 1 => L(x) = In 1 + 1 -x => L(x) =x
x=0 1 +X x=0

(b) On [0,0.1], f(x) and L(x)are both increasing because f (x) = y-J— > and L'(x) =1> for <x< 0.1. In

addition 0<x<0.1=>l<l+x<l.l=>^< ^-=U- < 1 => L'(x) > f (x) =S> E(x) = f(x) - L(x) is non-

increasing on [0,0.1] because E'(x) =f(x) — L' < on the interval. Therefore, the largest error is

|f(0.1) - L(0.1) = | |
In (1.1) - 1.1 m 1
0.00469.

(c) The approximation y = x for In (1 +x) is best for smaller

positive values of x on the interval [0,0.1] as seen on the
graph. As x increases so does the magnitude of the
error in (x + 1) — x j. From the graph, an upper bound
j ,

for the magnitude of the error is In (1.1) - 0.1 ss 0.00469 |

1
" /'' *
' 1n {x * * J

which is consistent with the analytical result obtained

in part (b).

76. (a) Q(x) = b2 (x - a) 2 + \{x - a) + b Q In this case, a = and f(x) = In (1 + x).

^
.

Require: (i) Q(0) = f(0) =J> b = In (1) = 0. (ii) Q'(0) = f'(0) => b =x
= 1.
(iii) Q"(0) = f"(0) => 2b 2 =- =>b, = -i
1 + 0) J

Therefore, Q(x) = -y + x.
 Section 6.1 Logarithms 479

(b)

1
X
Q.5

ln(l+x)

x-(x A 2)/2

The approximation is best (exact) at x = and least good at x = 1. The closer x is to 0, the better the
approximation.

(c) In 1.1 as Q(0.1) = -^-

0.1
+ 0,1 = 0.095 compared to the calculator value of .0953102.

In 2 r; Q(l) _ -4p+
= 1
= 0.5 1 compared to the calculator value of 0.6931472.

1.2

77. In (1.2) = In (1+ .2) « 0.2, In (.8) = In (1 + (-0.2)) as -0.2; with Simpson's rule for n = 2, In (1.2) =
i*
0,8 0.2

;
0.182323232 and In (0.8) = j
I dt sv -0.223148148; alternatively, In (1.2) = In (1 + 0.2) = 1+t
dt

-0.2

« 0.182323232 and In (0.8) = dt« -0.223148148.

1+t

y j 10 11 »
78, Since — 1 < sin x < 1, y = In sin x|
I must

be nonpositive; y = when sin x = ±1 -0.S

AAAAAAA
=^ x = odd multiples of •?; y —>— oo when 1
1

•1
sin x — ^x— even multiples of 5.

To turn the arches upside down we would use the U

formula y = — In i sin x | = In ,-~— ,
2
sin x
y»1n (sinxj

79. (a)
480 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

(b) As a increases, the value of a + sin x gets closer

and closer to ail. Thus, In (a + sin x) looks more
and more like the constant value In a for larger
and larger values of a =* the curves flatten as a
increases.

80. (a) The graph of y =

y'x — In x appears to be concave 1.4

upward for all x >

0. However, by graphing y" it 12.

appears as though there is a value of x at which y" X

II
changes from being positive to being negative. v Jx • Inx
1.6
Zooming in shows this situation occurs at about 1.4

x = 16. Using trace or the "zero" function \2

I
verifies this expectation.
«.»

O.S

"ST x

Thus, y" > if <x< 16 and y" < if x > 16 so a point of inflection exists at x = 16. Even though the
graph of y = ^x - In x closely resembles a straight line for x> 10, it is possible to find the inflection

point by graphing.

6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

- 5x -5
1. y = e- Sx => y' = e
-f (-5x) =>
l
y' = -5e
dx

2. y = e
"-'«=
__5-7jt _, .y'
S
„/ =
__ -a~7x d
(5-7x)=>y' = -7c 5-7x
dx

3. y = e^^
+x2
^ y '=-.e^^
+x2
^ -(4 V^ + x
fi 2
j^y' = fJL+*.\£
'
/-^ + 2xjeV
4
^)
4. y =xa x -e x =>y' = (c x + xex )-e x = xe x

5. y = (x 2 - 2x + 2)ex => y' = (2x - 2)c x + (x 2 - 2x + 2)e x = xV

6. y = e"(sin 8 + cos 9) => y' = e e (sin 8 + cos 0) + e e (cos - sin 0) = 2e e cos

7. y = \n(s9c~°) - In 3 + In + In ct~° = In 3 + In 9 ~ 8 =* ^=\-

a.8 8
1
 Section 6.2 Exponential Functions 481

8. y
id

cos
9. y = ln(2e- 1
sin t) = In 2 + ln e _t + ln ain t = In 2 -t +ln sin t => ^= -1 + (if n~t) J[(
sin *) = - 1 +§ t

sin t

_ cos t — sin t
sin t

»,-l. ^|-l./-l.(l+^-#-l.(lV)*S-l-( r J 7 )4(l+^-l- I J 7 - r J;

I

1 V l \_(l + Vg)-V^_ L
l/2
v/flJUv^J ll + V^A 2 V^/ 2^(1 + v^) 20{l + y/d) 20(l +9 )

12. y = esint (ln t

2
+ l) => S=
dt
e
sin
'(cos t) (in t
2
+ l) + f esin = esta '
'
(in t
2
+ l)(cos t)+|

Inx
sm x
13. sin e
t
dt=>y'=(sinelnx )--i(hi
dx
X) v
= §i

_2x

14. y= lntdt^y'=(lne 2 x).^(

,-g^v e2
x)_( !ne^).^( e ^) = (2x) ( 2e2
x
)
_ (4
^ )(
^).^ (4 ^
e )

Ay/i
= 4xe 2x -4^e4 = 4xe 2x - 8e
^C^
15. In y = ey sin x =» = (y'ey )(sin x) +ey cos x => y'(y~e y sin x) = ey cos x
(J)y'

M-yey 8inx ^_^ _ yey cos x

y ./
= e yy cos x => y
,
=
I =-s I
1 — yey sin x

16. ln Xy = e^ y ^lnx + l n y = ex + y ^I + (I)y' = (l+y')ex+y ^y'(}-e x+y ) = ex + y -I

- ye x+y x+y -l)

/(± -^_,^ _ xe__ ^
xe*
1 =1 +y .,' _ y(*e
x(l-ye x+y )

17. e
2x

2x - cos (x + 3y)
^ 3/==
= sin(x + 3 y )^2e2 ^(l + 3y0co8 (x + 3y)^l+3y' = ^^^^3y'
2e
2x

^
.
2e
2*

T¥y
=>y'
,
= 2e
3 cos (x + 3y)

x 2
(xe + 1) cos y
18. tan y = e
x +ln x =>
i
(sec
9
2 \ x
y
y)y' = e + ± => y' = *
, 1 »
^
482 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

ln3
19. [c
1
" + 5e~*
^3x k„-jc ,
„3x
) dx = §* — 5e
_x + C
20. e
x I In 3
dx=[e x ]^ = elll3 -e,ri2 = 3-2 = 2

ln2

x+1
21. 8e( )dx = 8e( x+1 + C )

In 9
iln9
22. e'
£
/2 dx = [2e x / 2 ]^=:2[e( ln9 ^-e( ln4 )/ 2 = 2(eIn3 -e - 2 ) = 2(3-2) = 2 ]
1

In 4

23. Let u = -r 1 / 2 => du = - Jr _1/2 dr => -2 du = r" 1/2 dr;

l/a rl/2
dr - f
e"' -r 1 ' 3 dr = -2 f e
u
du = -2e" + C = -2e~^ + C

24. Let u = -t 2 = du = -2t dt => -du = 2t dt;

_t
=- u du = -eu + C =
2te dt e -e""
1
+C

25. Let u = i =>• du = - -^ dx => -du = X> dx;

S-5-dx
z
= -eu du = -eu + C = -e 1/x + C
x

26. Let u = -x" 2 = du = 2x~ 3 dx => | du = x-3 dx;

2 2
2-^—dx = e~ x -x- 3 dx=I e
u
du = Ieu + C = ie- x + C = ie-^ x2 + C

27. Let u = tan =* du = sec 2 0d0;0 = O=>u = O,0 = £=*-u = l;

ir/4 lr/4

tan8 2 u /4
J+e )sec 0d0 = 2
sec 6 d$ + e du=lta n ^]J + [e«]J=[tan(|)-ta n (0)] + (e -eo )1

= (l-0) + (e-l) = e

28. Let u = cot 9 => du = -esc 2 C | dM = | => u = 1, = | =J> u = 0;

ir/2 ir/2

l+e cotfl
)csc
2
0d£ = esc
2
dfl - c
u
du=[-cot0]^ 2 -[e u ]" = -cot(|) + cot(f)]-(e°-e 1 )
*/4 r/4

= (0 + l)-(l-e)=e
 Section 6,2 Exponential Functions 483

29. Let u = sec wt =^ du = ^ sec irt tan ret dt =*• ir du = sec jrt tan jrt dt;

e
8ec
(**W (»t) tan (*t) dt =I f
e
u du = $ + C = ^^- + C

2 2
30. Let u = ex => du = 2xex dx; x= => u = 1, x = xfinw =* u = e* w - 1
ir;

V
^ 2xe
x
cos^e*
\
J dx =
*
coa u du = [sin ulj = sin (ir) -sin (1) = -sin (1) sw -0.84147

31. Let u = 1 + er = du = er dr;

T ^ dr= F f idu = Jn|u! + C = ln(l + er ) + C

32. dx = x dx;
l + e> e" +l
let u =e X
+1 => du = -e x
dx ^ - du = e * dx;

jdx = - idu = -in|u| + C = -In(e~ x + l) +C

I e~* + :
J

33. y = 2X => y' = 2 X In 2

34. y = 2V^^g=2^(In2)(is- 1 /2) :

ln_2\ 9 ^
2^y
- 1)
35. y = x*=>y' = ?rx ( 'r

36. y = (cos 9)^ ^% = -yfi (cos fff^~ l \aD 6)

37. y = 7Bec " In 7 => gj = (7 sec<? In 7)(ln 7}(sec tan 0) = 7aecfl (ln 2
7) (sec tan 9)

38. y = 2 sin3t => ^= (2

sin3t
In 2)(cos 3t)(3) = (3 cos 3t)(2
sin 3t
)(ln 2)

39. y = t 1 - e =»^ = (l-e)t-

40. y = (In BY =,
J = ,(ln )(-»
(J)
=
^ (t-1)

41. y =^((^r>!^=^#i)= ta (^)=M« +1 ,- h ««- 1,

,
dy __1 1 _ -2
^dx~x + l x-l~(x + l)(x-l)
484 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

x
(ln5)/2
7x
n5 (l„5)/ a In In
7x 7x (33^) _nn5 3x + 2
42 - y = Io
«* Vl53cT2 J ^(STTa In 5 In 5 HA-2
7 (3x + 2) - 3x
= iln7x-iln(3x + 2)=^^~ 2-7x
dx 2-(3x + 2) 2x(3x + 2) x(3x + 2)

e
sin cos _ In (sin $) + In (cos g) - In e* - In 2 _ In (sin g) 4- In (cos 0) - -g In 2
43. y = log 7
fl

e 2*
1?

-> cos $ sin - " 2)

df? (sin 0)(ln 7) (cos 0)(ln 7) hTf-nTT^dnS)^^-^^
lr
1 1

_ x
2
+ 2 - 2- y/xTl _ 2 In x +2 - In 2 - i In (x + 1)
44. y = log 2 -
x2 e 2 \ In In e In In

2^x+T, In 2 In 2

4(x + l)-x 3x + 4
=>y _ 2 1
'

x In 2 2(ln2)(x + l) 2x(x+l)(ln2) 2x(x + l)ln2

= (x + l) x ^lny = ln(x + l) x = xln(x+l)^|- = ln(x+l)+x-^ = (x+l) x

45. y
T
,=^y' [
^T + ln(x + l)l
5r

1/2
46 .
y = t^ = t^ )^.ny = lnt(^ C^ 3 )(lnt)^l| = (It^)(lnt) + t^(I) = llLt+2
_ dy _f lnt + 2 \ t y/i
^ dt
'

2/t

47. y = (sin x)
x =>
In y = In (sin x)
x = x In (sin x) => y = In (sin x) + x/££S_xA
\,sm x
^y ' _ (s
; n x )xp n (s n x )
j + x cot x

\ _ sin x + x (In x)(cos x)

xsinx
1
J. y = xsinx => In y = In = (sin x)(ln x) => ^ = (cos x)(ln x) + (sin x) Vk

= y' = xsmx[sin x+ x(ln x)(cos x)

49. y = x>
In x
, x> =» In y = (lnx) 2 ^^ = 2(lnx)(i) '
=$ y _.( x
lnx^|ln x'

50. y = (In x) ln * => In y = (In x)ln(In x) =* ^ = (j)ln(ln x) + (In x)(^)^(ln x) =^%^ + I

51. Let u = x2 =* du = 2x dx => A du =x dx; x= 1 => u = 1, x = y2 => u = 2;

V^
2e
c2^
x
Mx = ^2«du = i[
2lln2j] \2
1

In 2
V-S")-,^

52. Let u = cos t => du = — sin t dt => - du = sin t dt; t = => u = 1, t =? => u — 0;
 Section 6.2 Exponential Functions 485

,
'f'-'-"'*-l'---[-ftC-teV)(' -T)-A

53. Let u = lnx=>du = idx;x = l=>-u=:0, x = 2=>n = ln2;

r>!nx
dx=
Ln

I
f
2
u
du =
>"M!yr=(A)
2
(2h2 - 20)
=^
54. 55. x'
\/2

,
3(^+0 h2 - e hta -l h ' i _2-l_
56. f U/S+Ox^dx- x(\A+i)f_ 57 f x
(ha)-i
d .-[» ]
1

^ 1 1

58. Let u = ln t => du = =1; u = when t = 1, and u =x when t = ex .

obi t f QV
3_dt=J3^u=X3 -A^- 1)

59. ^= e
t
si n (e
l
-2) =>y= I
t
e sin(e
t
-2)dt;

let u = e' - 2 => du = e' dt =}> y = sin u du = -cos u + C = -cos(e* - 2) + C; y(ln 2) =

bl2
=» -cos (e -2) + C = => -cos(2-2)+C = => C = cos = 1; thus, y= l~cos(et -2)

60. ^i
^1
dt
= e -t 2
sec (7re"*) => y = e~ l 2
sec (?re
_t
) dt;

let u = ire * =» du = -ire '

dt => - Jr du = e * dt =» y = -^ sec
2
u du = -^ tan u + C
= -± tanUe" + C; 1
) y(ln 4) =f => -± tan (ire-
111
) +C=| => -i tan (a- +C =J
-J)

=* - J(l) + C = J => C =}i thus, y = |-I tan(jre-*)

61. ^=
dx 2
2e
_x
=* ^
dx
= -2e~ x
+ C; x = and ^
dx
= 0^0 = -2e° + C => C = 2;' thus ^
dx
- _2 -* + 2
e

=>y = 2e~*+2x + Cj;x = 0andy=l => 1 = 2e° + C1 => Cj = -1 => y = 2e~ x + 2x - 1 = 2(e _x + x)- 1

62. ^4 = 1 - e2t =J. ^

dt
= t -ie
2
2t
+ C; t = 1 and ^=
dt
=> = 1 -fU
2
2
+ C => C = jU
2
2-
1; thus
dt~

^ = t-I e
2t +I e 2 -l^y = It2 -Ie2t +(ie2 -l)t + C,;t = landy=-l^-l=i-Ie 2 +ie2 -l+C 1
486 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

63. f(x) = e
x
- 2x => f (x) = ex - 2; f'(x) = =» ex = 2 => x = In 2; f(0) = 1, the absolute maximum;
f(ln 2) = 2 — 2 In 2 « 0.613706, the absolute minimum; f(l) =e—2 pb 0.71828, a relative or local maximum
since f"(x) = ex is always positive

x'
64. The function f(x) = 2esin '
' has a maximum whenever sin £= 1 and a minimum whenever sin £ = —1.
Therefore the maximums occur at x = + 2k(2?r)
it and the minimums occur at x = 3?r + 2k(27r), where k is any
n
integer. The maximum is 2e « 5.43656 and the minimum is g-w 0.73576

2 -
65. f(x) = x2 In i => f'(x) = 2x In J + x 2 (±-\(-x~
( ) 2x In i - x = -x(2 " In x+ 1); f'(x) = =*• x =
t)
x/
In x = — A. Since x = is not in the domain of f, x =e ' = —7=. Also, fYx) > for < x < —7= and

f'(x) < for x > ~K=. Therefore, f| — j= = ^ In

| y/& = ^lne '
= r~ In e = jy- is the absolute maximum value

of f assumed at x =

In 3 -1 In 3

66. e
2x
~e* dx ^-e
2
e
x =£-•>* -*-'=(!-• 2
— 2_9 — l9
A_ 1 )~2
1

67. Let x =f => k = \ and as k — 00, x -» => lim (l +f ") = lim (1 + x)r/x = Urn ( (1 + x) l/x
'
x x
= (lim (1 + x) 1 '
) , since ur is continuous. However, lim (1 +x) 1 =e (by Theorem 2), therefore,

limfl + ff = er .

68. L = l+^-dx=>^=±^=>y = ±e x/2 + C;y(0) = 0^0 = ±e° + C=*C=Tl=»y = '

,*/2

2
y = -e"/ +l

69. y = mx + b^x = ^-^ ^ l

(x) = ~x - j~; the graph of f
_1
(x) is a line with slope i and y-intercept -jfj

-a

70. A= 2^^ dx = 2 dx =2 ln2V2

£
)~\ ln2A 2/~ln2
ln[i
-1 -1
-1

71. Note that y = In x and ey = x are the same curve; In x dx = area under the curve between 1 and a;

In a

ey dy = area to the left of the curve. The sum of these areas is equal to the area of the rectangle
 Section 6.2 Exponential Functions 487

In a

In x dx + ey dy = a In a.

72. (a) y = e* => y" — ex > for all x = the graph of y = ex is always concave upward
Inb
x AEFD + CD)(ln b -
(b) area of the trapezoid A BCD < e dx < area of the trapezoid => ij(AB In a)

In a

Inb
< e
* dx < (
„ln
e.
a ,

±* —
.In b

J
(i n b - In a). Now i(AB + CD) is the height of the midpoint

In.

lna + hlb >/ 2

M = tQ*» + l*b)/2 gince the curve containing the points B and C is linear => e ( (In b - In a)

Inb
< e* dx < |
„ln
*
a ,

±* —
Jn b .

(In b - In a)

In a
In b

(c)
f
e
x
dx = [ex £ * = ]
^h - e
ln a = b - a, so part (b) implies that

In a

0" + lnb '/ 2

(In b - In a) < b -a < (^l^)(ln b -In a) ^ e^ a + In W 2
<
j^^fc < ^
ln( ab)/ 3< b^a_ < a+j>^ eln( ab) 1
hb-lna 2
/ :i
< In
b-a
b- In a
< a+b
2
^
v In
b-a
b - In a
<
a+b
2

x
73. f(x) = (x - 3) 2 e x => f'(x) = 2(x - 3) e + (x - 3) 2 e x
= (x-3)ex (2 +x -3) = (x- l)(x - 3)ex ; thus

f (x) > for x< 1 or x > 3, and f'(x) < for

1 <x< 3 => f(l) = 4e « 10.87 is a local maximum and

f(3) = is a local minimum. Since f(x) > for all x,

f(3) = is also an absolute minimum.

—in
f(x) = {x-i)(x-3)e'
-15

74.^(-^ + k)=-x an d^(lnx + c)=I

Since -x j = -1 for any x ^ 0, these two curves will have perpendicular tangent lines.

75. e
fex = x for x > and ln(e x ) = x for all x

76. Using Newton's Method: f(x) = ln(x) - 1 =^ f'(x) = | =* x^ = x„ - -

y^ t => xn+1 = xn [2 - In (x„)].
TO
Then x l = 2 => x 2 = 2.61370564, x3 = 2.71624393 and x s ~ 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used.
For example, graph y = In x — 1 and determine the zero of y.

77. (a) The point of tangency is (p,m p) and m tangent = |j

since ^= ^. The tangent line passes through (0,0)

=» the equation of the tangent line is y = p-x. The tangent line also passes through (p,ln p) => In p = pp
488 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

=1 => p = c, and the tangent line equation is y =^x.

2
(b)
d y
~—j = — 1

< ^^orx 7^" =>, y = ' Ilx 's concave downward over its domain. Therefore, y = In x lies below

the graph of y = g x for all x> 0, x ^e and In x < ^ for x > 0, x ^ e.

c
(c) Multiplying by e, e In x < x or In x < x.

x x
e"
e
(d) Exponentiating both sides of In x < x, we have 1
< e , or xc < e* for all positive x ^ e.
= e w
(e) Let x ir to see that ir <e . Therefore, e* is bigger,

78. (a) f(x) = ex => f (x) = e

x
; L(x) = f(0) + f (0)(x - 0) => L(x) = l+x
(b) On [0, 0.2], f(x) and L(x) are both increasing

because f'(x) = e* > and L'(x) =1> for

< x< 0.2. Also, f'(x) > L'(x) on the interval

x
[0,0.2] since e > 1 on the interval E(x) = f(x) - L(x)
is non-decreasing on [0,0.2] since E'(x) = f'(x) ~ L'(x)

> on [0, 0.2]. Therefore, the largest error is

|
E(0.2) |
= |
f(0.2) - L(0.2) = | |
e02 - 1.2 1 ft* 0.02141 on [0, 0.2].

(c) Since f(x) is concave upward for all x, the tangent line lies below the curve y = ex for all x

except at x = 0. Consequently, the linear approximation is never an overestimate.

79. (a) f(x) = 2X => f'(x) = 2X In 2; L(x) = (2° In 2)x + 2° = x In 2 + 1 at 0.69x + 1

(b)
: t

U
] / y-(ln2)xH
& = 2"
0.6
r V - (In 2)x -*-

0A

01

1 -4.S b w "i

80. (a)f(x)=log3 x^f'(x)=^,andf(3)=^|^LCx) = ^( x --3) + ^| = 3^- ^ + i

l

«0.30x + 0.09
00
 Section 6.2 Exponential Functions 489

81-88. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

identity: = z -> z;

eq:= y=(3*x + 2)/(2*x - 11);

solve(eq,y);
simplify(%): f:= unapply(%,x);
diff(f(x),x);
simplify(%): df:= unapply(%,x);
plot({f,df}, -5..5, -5..5);
solve(eq,x);
g:= unapply(%,y);
fmv:= y -> g(y);
plot({f,finv,identity}, -1..1, -2..1);
x0:= 1/2; y0:= f(xO):
ftan:= x -> f(xO) + df(xO)*(x - xO);
fmvtan:= y -> xO + (l/df)(xO)*(y -yO);
plot({f,finv,identity,ftan,finvtan,[xO,yO,yO,xO]}, — 1..1, — 1.5..1, scaling=constrained);

Mathematka
Clear[x,y]
{a,b} = {-2,2); xO = 1/2 ;

f[x_] = (3x + 2)/(2x-ll)

Plot[ {f[x],f[x]>, { X) a,b} ]
Solve[ y == f[x], x )

g[y_]=x /. First [%]

yO = f[xO]
ftan[x_] = yO + f [xO] (x - xO)
gtan[y_] = x0 + (1/f [xO]) (y-yO)
Plot[{f(x],ftan[x] ) g(x],gtan[x3,Identity[x]}, {x,a,b},
Epilog -> {Line[{{xO,yO},{yO,xO}}]},
PlotRange -> {{a,b}, {a,b}},
AspectRatio -> Automatic]

Remark
Other problems are similar to the example, except for adjusting plot ranges to
see both source and inverse points. (Note: functions involving cube roots
only show the positive branch.)

89-90. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
identity" z -> z;

e q:=y-(l/3)-l = (x + 2)-3;
soive(eq,y);
f:= unapply(%,x);
diff(f(x),x);
df:= unapply(%,x);
plot({f,df}, -2..0.-5..5);
solve(eq,x);
g:= unapply(%(l],y);
finv:= y -> if (K=y) then g(y) elif (0<=y) then -(1 -y'(l/3))"(l/3) -2 elif (-Ky) then -(
l+(-y)-(l/3))-(l/3) - 2 else -((-/(1/3) + l)*(l/3) - 2 ft;
plot({f,finv,identity}, -2.. 2, -5..5);
x0:= -3/2: y0:= f(x0):
ftan:= x -> f(x0) +df(x0)*(x-x0);
490 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

fmvtan:= y -> xO + (l/df)(xO)*(y -yO);

plot({f,finv,identity,ftan,finvtan,[xQ,y(i,yO,xO]}, -5. .5, -5. .5, scaling = constrained);

Mathematica :

Clear [x,y]
{a,b} = {-5,5}; xO = -3/2;
eqn = y-(l/3)-l ==(x + 2)"3
Solve[ eqn, y ]

f[x_] = y /. First[%]
Plot[ {f[x],f[x]}, {x,a,b} ]

Solve [ eqn, x ]

g[y_] = x /. First[%}
yO = f[xO]
ftan[x_] = yO+f'[xO] (x-xO)
gtan[y_] = xO + (1/f [xO]) (y - yO)
Plot[{f[x3,ftan[x],g(x],gtan[x],Identity[x]} 1 {x,a,b},
Epilog -> {Line[{{x0,y0},{y0 x0}}]}, >

PlotRange -> {{a,b}, {a,b}},

Aspect Ratio -> Automatic]

6.3 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS; INTEGRALS

1. y = cos- 1
(i) = sec-
1
x^^ = *= 2. y - -J--1 (i - ») -vjg - ,
-1 - -1

3. y = 1
sec- (2s + l)=> g-
d
2s- 1 1
2

^/(2s+l) 2 -l
^2^1 1
2s + 1 v 4s2 +4s
1
/
i
2s + 1 yV + s
1

4. y = csc
-i( x2
+ 1 )^ = dx
|x~
<
2
+1 v/( x +1 )
2x
2
2
_ 1
(x
2
-2x
+ l)vV + 2x 2
|

5. y - «,-im
= sec _ „„-i ^ dy _
T = cos t => -£ =
( ]
-1
VT^

(Mr 1 '2

6. y=cot- 1
N A = cot- 1
t
1 /2
=>
dy
dt
= -A2i
1+ t l/2)
,=
2
(
^^ +
2,/t(l t)

7. y = ln(tan- 1 x)^^ =
dx
^^
tan^x
=?
(tan" 1 x)(l
_k
+ x2 )

8. y = tan- 1 (lnx)^^=
dx l
™
+ (lnx) 2
-
x[l+(lnx)
1

y = cos" (.-*)=£
1
=- "•-* - «"'
9.
dt
Vi-V? ^^^
 Section 6,3 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions; Integrals 491

a/2 a/2 1,2

10 ,
y = sv^V-r co S - 1 s = s(l-s2 r'+co9 - 1
s^^ = (l-s r 2
+s(I){l--s>Y (-2s)- 1

v/r^?
= ^/rr?_ ;= yr^- 2 s* + l _i_ s -s -l_ 2 2
-2s
Vl-s 2
y/T^i \/i-s 2 vT^i Va^?

11. y = tan'1 \/x3 - 1 + esc -1 x = tan

-1
(x
2
- l) + esc" 1
x => -r| = ^— g-
l+(x 2
-l)'
/2 vV^T
= 0, for x > 1

x \/x2 - 1 lx I
\Zx 2 -l

12. y = cos- 1 (i)-tan- 1 x = |-tan- 1

(x- 1 )-tan- 1 x^^ = ~* '
— i^ i i
=
+ x
2
x2 + 1 1 + x
2
1 ~r \^ /

13. y =xsin
_1
x + \/l-x 2 = x sin
1
x+(l-x.22 ) V _^^2

dx
= fly
81 n-^ + xr^=i=^U(i)(l-x
W
2
)
\-V2,
'(-2x)
y/l=?l

= sm -1 x + x x
= sin 1
x
yr^ 2"
v/r^x2

14.y = ln(x2 + 4)-xtan-(|)=,g = -^-tan-(|)- 2x — tan" -l /x\ 2x

x2 +4 UJ 4+x
2
1+ i
(1).
= -tan- '(!)
fi i

15.
1
-i-- 1

\/l-(2x)
2
= dx
2 4 <*
\/l-u
du
:
=

i
, where u = 2x and du = 2 dx

= I sin" 1
u + C = i12 sin" 1 (2x) + C

16.
3^/5/4

J
dx
9 + 3x
2
_1
3
3i/2/4

J (^)2 +x2
^=4^ (ik
IAI
)t^ = 4[u»-i4)-^ }

V tan
\T 0.1057

du = 5x and du =
17. : , where u 5 dx
c\/25x
2
-2 • uvV - 2
1
sec"
1 u
-f C = -4= sec -1 ox + c
v/2 v^ V2 V2
492 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

3^/4 3-^/2/2
dx
18. „ ,
where u = 2x and du =2 dx: x = => u = 0, x = -^~ => u = —^~
V 9^4? 2
/
V9 - u 2 4 2

-ft--
i

C M-- £--- 0=«*- H

/5 , ,
,

2^/i
dt du where u = and du = = 0^>-u = 0, t = 2=>-u = 2 \J2
19. , \/2t \/2 dt;t
+ 2t 2
;

8 y/2 •
+ u
:

'_11 1_
! tan" 1 u ^-l^-
=
?
l2-^-Un-0) = i(tan-l-tan^0) = I(|-0) =
tan'
^2 y/i v/8
ft
o

-^ -2,/2
dy du
20.
2
:
, where u = 2y and du = 2 dy; y = —1 => u = —2, y = -\/2 => u = —1\ft.
-l
V4y -l -2„
uVu 2 -l

-z 2
= [sec -i
r ,

f u _2v ,i
|J
= sec -i -2^2 - sec" 1 -2 = cos"
|
|
| 1
1
(^)-

dr du
21.
3
where u = 2(r — 1) and du = 2 dr
^l-l(r-l) 2 2
' VT^
=| sin
-1
u + C = | sin -1 [2(r - 1)] + C

dx du = =3
22. where u 3x + 1 and du dx
l + (3x + l) 2 3 1 + u 2'

_1
=i tan- u
1
+ C = |tan (3x+l) + C

du
23. f

^7~ y rf y
2
\/l-u :
:, where u =y and du = 2y dy

= | sin" l
u + C = ^ sin" 1 y 2 + C

ir/2

24.
2 cos rifl _. n du , where u = sin and du = cos 6$
2
l+u
:

1 + (sin 0)
-l
:

-«/2
_1
= [2 tan^u]^ = 2(tan 1 - tan" 1 (-1)) = 2[|-(-|

In-y/i -y/3
x
e dx _ du = ex and = e x dx; x = =1 = = y3
25. , where u du => u , x In y3 =£• u
l+e2x l+u :
 Section 6.3 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions; Integrals 493

3
= [tan" 1 u] = tan" 1 y/i - tan" 1
1 = 5-f=^

ir/4 ir/4

4dt -ilL_ where u = to = il dt; t = 1 = 0, t = e*"/ 4 =>

26. t and du => u u =?
t(l+ln 2 t) J 1 +u 4

/4
[4
,-i,.r
tan' 1
ii = 4 (tan -1 J- tan -1 0) = 4 tan -1
J

dx dx
27.
dx
= sm _1 (x-2)+C
\/-x 2 + 4x-3 J
yi-(x -4x + 4) a J
yJl-{x-2)

7O
28.
6dt .=6 dt
=6 dt [»»-(i±i)]
] - , =
5
-1
N/3-2t-t 2
i >/
4 -(t a + 2t + l) J, ^-(t + l) 2 -1

= 6[sin _1 (i)- sin" 1

0] = 6(| - 0) = tt

dy dy
29.
y'-2y + 5 4 + y'-2y+l vTtv=^-i^ ]+c
2 2 1

30.
8 dx _o dx =8 [
ii--. = 8[tan- 1 (x-l)]J
l+(x2 -2x + (x-l) 2
L J v
x*-2x + 2 " J l) " J l + (x-l ' *

= 8 (tan -1 1 - tan -1 0) = 8(| - 0) = 2?r

dx dx dx
31.
(x+l)V rxa + 2x i (x+l)Vx 2 + 2x + l-l -=f J
(x + l)^/(x+l) 2 -l
du =x+ = dx
where u 1 and du
uvV~l
-11
sec
L
I u t + C = sec x+ 1 +C

32.
dx dx dx
(x-2)a/x 2 -4x-3 J (x~2)Vx 2 -4x + 4-7 .
( x -2)^/(x-2) 2 - s/l

:
du, where u = x — 2 and du = dx and a = y7
u\/uMv^f
-i=sec- 1 |HUc
,a| = -i=sec- x-2 + C 1

y/l y/l T?

..sin x
33. ;
dx = e
u
du, where u = sin x and du _
= dx
Vl-x 1
vT-x5
lx
= e u + C = esin +C
494 Chapter f> Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

\2
1
34. f
(sin x)
dx = u dit, where u = sin x and du _
= dx "

vT^T 2
vT^ 2

3
1
_ u3 + c
r_- (sin ,
x
"T T~

35.
+ y2
dy = zr\
—y dy = I rr du, where u = tan y and du = —+— ?
(tan-JyXl )
tan J 1 + vr

= ln|u| + C = ln tan
x
y +C

2 *7 3

36 . f
sec (sec xj
dx _
f
sec2 u du> where u ^ sec -l x and du _ <!*=,; x = Jl => u =£ , x =2 => u =£
4
>_ xVx -l 2 J xVx 2 -l i
*/ 4

= Itan ul^l = tan | - tan | = ^- 1

— tan x
ta
,-i.
x = (l+x 2 )
y = In x - 1 ln(l + x )- \
2 1 x
37. If + C, then dy x dx
l+x 2

2 3 1 2
1 x 1 tan" 1 x\
dx _ x(l+x )-x -x + (tan- x)(l + x ) ^ _ tan -i x dx
X T
2
l +x 2
x(l + x2 ) x 2 2
x (l+x )

which verifies the formula

5x + fx V
4 4
38. If y =\ 1
cos" 5x + 1 ,
x dx, then dy = x,-3^-u..
cos , -5 \ . 5/ x dx
4 4
Ay/T~2^} 4
4 J VI - 25x 2
Vn/T^5?
= (x cos" 1 5x) dx, which verifies the formula

39. Ify = x(sin~ 1

x) - 2x + 2"\/l - x2 sin" x
1
+ C, then

dy = ( sin
-i
x
)%2xUnJx)_ 2 ~2x .
sin
-l
x + 2\/l-x 2 '' 1
dx = (sin x) dx, which verifies
\f\^rr vT^ 2
v/l-x'

the formula

40. Ify = xln(a2 + x 2 )-2x + 2atan _1 (|) + C, then dy = ] n ( a2 +x2) + ^2xL _ 2+ 2r

2 dx
a2+ *
"i+r^

ln(a
2
+ x
2
) + 2'
a2 + x2 -2 dx = In (a
2
+x2 ) dx, which verifies the formula
2 2
a + x

41. -/ = .
*
n =» dy = ,
dx
o => y = sin -1 x + C;x = Oandy=0=>0 = sin -1 + C=>C = 0=>y = sin _1 x
dx VI -x 2 VI -x2
 Section 6.3 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions; Integrals 495

42. ^ =
dx -r^ 2
1 =»dy=( *-
, -Adx =*• y = tan^fx) -x + C; x = and y = 1 => l = tan _1 0-0 + C
x + 1
V 1+x /
=> C=1 => y = tan"" (x) -x + 1
1

= = dx = sec =2 = =» * = sec -l.2 + C=>C = ff-sec.-l 2

i x
43.^ => dy => y *
! x 1 + C; x and y 7r
dx
cv/x^l
= ^-|=2^=>y = sec' 1 (x) x > 1
+f,
dy_
44. =*- = 1
=> dy = dx = y = tan x — 2 sin -l.
1
x + C; x = and y =2
dx i +x2 v/fT x
-
"te
=> 2 = tan""
1
0-2 sin -1 + C=>C = 2=>y = tan -1 x - 2 sin -1 x + 2
du
45. cos- u
1
= |-sin- u=>^(cos- 1 1
u) = ^(|-sin- 1
u) = — dx
2
,)ul<

du du
di

4 6 .cct- u
1
= j-tan - 1 U ^A(cot- 1 u) = ^(|- tan - 1 u) = 0-^ =-
r^
du du
47. cSc-
1
u = f-seC -1
u=>^-(cSC
dx
-1
u) = A('^_ 8eC
dxV2
-l
u )^0 7== = x==,|u|>l
^ 2
2 I
|mv/u 2 -l |u!\/u -l

48. From the accompanying figure, a + ft + 9 = ir, cot a =j

-1 -1
and cot )3 = ^jj-*- ^- S = tt -cot x-cot (2 -x)

2 2
.dg_ l + (2-x) -(l+x )
1
2
=
1
dx l +x2 l + (2-x) (l +x2)[i + (2-x)
2
]

= - 4-4x ; solving ^=0=>x = l;

d^>0for0<x<land^<0forx>l
f dx
(l+x )[l + (2-x) 2 2 dx dx
]

=> at x = 1 there is a maximum $ = ir - cot -1 1 — cot" 1 (2 — l) = 7r —f~ 7 = §

dr 1
49. f(x) = sin x =*• f (x) = cos x = dr ^ ("V 1

1 !
dX cosCsin^x) ^.^(si^lx) ^/^^

W = tan x => f
50. f(x) (x)
K
= sec 2 x => $£- = 7
d*
——
(sec x)
2
^ dr _
= ^E-
d*
=
J

, /
2 1
sec (tan" x)
i
l
—ri = + tan 57
2 r^
(tan" 1 x)
= TT~-
1+*
_x 1
tan x

V^ sA
51. V= ir ( .... 1^_ -\ dx =w —^-sdx = ir[tan
,-1.1^
:
x] r —
/Zt->
_ it [tan" 1 V3- tan" 1 (~^)]
Vv
/
F+7y ._ 1 + x2 -V3/3
-\/3/ ;

=*[f-H)K
496 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

1/2
1/2 1/2 2 2
52. y = ^/^^7 = (l - **) => y> = (I)(l -x r 2
(-2x) =* 1 +(y') = ^_i L \/i+(y') dx
l) l-x z
-1/2
1/2
,1/2
=2 i— dx = 2[«n-
yfr^2""^"
L
^'
1
xl;°j
/

"u "j = if3

=2fj-0l

i2
jr_dx_
53. (a) A(x) =| (diameter) 2 =| V= A(x) dx =
>/l+x 2 I vT+ 1+X*
-1
1 + x2

= xLt ai,^xJ_,=( T )(2)

f
=^

&
2 = 4 dx
(b) A(x) = (edge) = V A(x) dx
Vi + x 2
V VT+x 1+x* 1+x2
-l

= 4[tan _1 x]^ = 4[tan _1 (I) - tan" 1 (-1)] = 4 |--f 1

= 2.

A(x) = 2
\ (diameter) = f(V-L=!
-0\ = ? => v= A(x) dx
54. (a)
\ Vl-x VT^J v^
dx = 7r sin x
y/2/2
= IT
„-l(J*\
sin
^-l(l—
-j- -sin l
l ^y = Tl
*-[-t
7T

2
vAT:
-y/»/2

V/2/2

(b) A (
x) = ( dia s;nal >
2
= y^^
2
Vl^x
4
3
_ oV = -^
yr^x 2
=» v = A(x) dx =
\/l-x :
dx

-v/2/2

.v-ljA
= 2lsin- xJ: ^/2 =
i
2
=^
v 2(f-2)
-
55. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields sin 0.6 w 0.643517104.

56. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields it as 3.1415925.

57. The values of f increase over the interval [—1,1] because ¥

{' > 0, and the graph of f steepens as the values of f

increase towards the ends of the interval. The graph of f

is concave down to the left of the origin where f" < 0,

and concave up to the right of the origin where f" > 0.

There is an inflection point at x = where f" = and

f' has a local minimum value.

 Section 6.4 First Order Separable Differential Equations 497

58. The values of f increase throughout the interval (—00,00)

because f' > 0, and they increase most rapidly near the

origin where the values of f' are relatively large. The

graph of f is concave up to the left of the origin where

f" > 0, and concave down to the right of the origin

where f" < 0. There is an inflection point at x =
where f" = and f has a local maximum value.

6.4 FIRST ORDER SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. (a) y = e- x =>y' = -e- x ^2y' + 3y = 2(-e- x ) + 3e~* = e-*

3x / 2
(b)y = e- x +e- 3x / 2 ^ y
' = -e- x --fe- =>2 y ' + 3y = 2(-e- x -|e- 35i / 2 )+3{e- x + e- 3x / 2 ) = e- x

2
2. ( a) y = -l=>y'=l =(-l) =y 2

W-XTS^O^T (x + 3)
=y

W y = xTc^^' =
(
x Tcp= x + C.
= y

2
3. y = (x-2)e-x =J.y' = e- x +-(-2xe- x2 )(x-2) y' = e-* - 2xy; y(2) = (2 - 2) e" 2* =

4. y = <™x ^ y/ = -x sin x-cos x ^ y >

= _iini_l(c«x)^y< = -BfL«- { => xy' = -sin x-y

1 /ir\
^xy' + y = -smx y(f) = .

;
-^i =
C0s(jr/2)

/2 3/2
5. 2^Ey" g= 1 => Sx^V /3 dy = dx 1 2
=> 2y / dy = x" 1 ' 3 dx => [ 2y
1
dy =
J
x" 1 ' 2 dx => 2(|y

= 2X 1 ' 2 + C 1=> |y3/2 - x 1/2 = C, where C = Jc x

6 .
g = X2^F ^ dy = x'y 1 '» 1 2
dx => y- ' dy - x 2 dx =>
|
y" 1 ' 2 dy = |
x
2
dx => 2y
1 '2
=
f+ C
^ 1 2
2y / -Ix 3 = C

7" = eX_y ^ dy = eXe_y dx ** eY dy = e* dx ^ eY dy = dx=>e>' = e x + C^e y -e x = C

5x I

= 2
3x e" y => dy = 3x 2e~y dx =$• ey dy = 3x 2 dx e y dy = 3x
2
dx => ey = x3 + C => ey -x3 = C
dx
498 Chapter fi Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

v^ ^ dy = ( v^ cos2 v^J dx =* —7T~ dy

/ \ sec /v sec2 \/y
9> =
V^ cos2 = dx = dy = dx. In the integral
dx

on the left-hand side, substitute u = -/y => du = — ss dy =^ 2 du = dy, and we have

2 sec u du = dx => 2 tan u = x + C=>--x + 2 tan ./y =C

10. J2xy ^
ax
= 1 => dt = -^= dx => ^./y
\/2xy v
dy = -i= dx => v^y
1/2
dy = x~ 1/2 dx

y
i
"dy -
1/2 ,K, = x-
J /2 dx =* S\ ^W^V^
i" J
=> %/2y
3/2
= 3^+lc,

=> yfi{y/*f ~ 3\A = C, where C = |c r

x
^dy dy y y vx -v e^* dx
,i
v dx = e
v
y+v^* = -J- - e e^
*> = e°-V
e
= £-^ =
^ j
e y dy
, .
=> e y
,

11. ,/xT- =» dy - dx dy => dx.

dx ^A v*

In the integral on the right-hand side, substitute u = y6c => du = —*y= dx => 2 du = —~= dx. and we have
2^/x

e
_y
dy =2 e
u du =*• -e _y = 2e
u
+ Cx => e" y + 2eV = C, where C = -C v

12. (sec x) p- = e y+sinx =>^-~ e y+sinx cos x => dy = (eV" 1

* cos x) dx => e~ y dy = (esillx cos x) dx
QX QX

_y
e y dy = cos x) dx => -e" y = esinx + C x => c + esinx = C, where C = -C l

dy dy
y dy
13. 21 = 2x-s/l - y 2 =>• dy = 2x\/l-y 2 dx =» . ,. = 2x dx =*• 2x dx => sin y = x +C
dx Vi-y 2 "
'
y^1?
since y I I < 1 =* y = sin (x + C).

,
14>
. dy
di
=e^^ 2x -y ,
dy =e
^2x_y
dX i
^ dy = eW'
j e j =
dX
2x _y
e
e^
x
j
dX ^ e 2v dy = ex dX ^i i
e
2y dy = s
x
dx

=> £= e
x
+ Cj =* e 2y - 2ex =C where C = 2C r

15. (a) fjP = kp => p = Po e

kh
where p = 1013; 90 = 1013e
2Ok =>
k = MM) -In (1013) ^ _ QU1
dh 20

(b) p = 1013c~ 6 05 « 2.389 '

millibars

(c) 900 = lOlSe*"

-" 1 *
=* -0.121h = In(f^) =* h = ^ (1 ° 13) ~ ln (9 ° 0) 0.977 km
0.121

dy _Obt - "'"
16. ^ = ~0.6y => y = y e ; y = 100 => y = 100e _u,w => y = lOOe at 54.88 grams when t = 1 hi
 Section 6.4 First Order Separable Differential Equations 499

In 8) ((!n(a8))/lo)
A=A kt = 1000e lok => k = A= \ where A amount of
17. e => 800
^ => 1000e represents the

sugar that remains after time t. Thus after another 14 hrs, A - lOOOe^0-8 ^ 10 14 sw 731.688 kg '

18. L(x) =L e-kx => ^ = L e~ 18k =>

In ± = -18k => k = ^« 0.0385 => L(x) =L e"
-0.0385X
; when the intensity

is one-tenth of the surface value, -rS

10
= L e _00385x = In 10 = 0.0385x = x ss 59.8 ft

t/4 ° t/4°
19. V(t) =V e~ => 0.1Vo =V e~ when the voltage is 10% of its original value =S- t = -40 In (0.1)
ft* 92.1 sec

20. 0.9P = P ek => k = In 0.9; when the well's output falls to one-fifth of its present value P = 0.2P
= 0.2P o = P e (ln0>9)t =* 0.2 = eP" 9 => In (0.2) = (in 0.9)t => = M 15.28 yr
-
)* t ^M
21. (a) -xp = ~kQ + r where k is a positive constant and Q = Q(t).
dQ
(b) dQ = (-kQ + r)dt=>dQ = -kfQ-l)dt^ 7-^-v:= -k dt => k dt

ta Q "^l Ci
=>]n|Q-j|=-kt + C 1 ^e l
= rkt+0 »=>|Q-{|-e- lrt
e =>. Q( t ) = I ± C 2 e~ kt

=> Q(t) = + Ce _kt where C 2 = eCl and C = ± C2 . Apply the initial condition Q(0) = Q = £ + Ce°
J
^C = Qo -I^Q(t) = J + (Qo -0e-kt
w & Q(t) = & (I
+ Qo-£-Kkt
( H + (Qo-f)w
=

2 2.(a)£ = -^ P ^=-^dx^lnp = -^x + ^^

p(100) = 20.09 => 20.09 = c x e (-o,olMl0O) => C^ = 20.09e m 54.61 => p(x) = 54.6 le -001 * (in dollars)

(-00:)(10> = (-001)(90)
(b) p(10) = 54.61e $49.41, and p(90) = 54.61e = $22.20
(c) r(x) = xp(x) => r'(x) = p(x) + xp'(x);
r
-.5461c- a01x =>
2000*
p'(x) = r'(x)

lioo
= (54.61 - .5461x)e-° >01x Thus, r'(x) = .

= 54.61 = .5461x => x = 100. Since r' > uoo

1400
for any x < 100 and r' < for x> 100, then

r(x) must be a maximum at x = 100. ST "73o "iSo BF

23. (a) A J a04 )5

=A e
- 2

(0 -04)t
(b) 2A =A e
(0 -04)t
=> In 2 = (0.04)t =» t = jfg| * 17.33 years; 3A Q =A e => In 3 = (0.04)t

=>* = 01^27.47 years

500 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

24. (a) The amount of money invested A after t years is A.(t) =A e

l

(b) If A(t) = 3A , then 3A =A e

l
= in 3 = t or t = 1.099 years
t+
(c) At the beginning of a year the account balance is Age1 while at the end of the year the balance
, is A e' '.

The amount earned is A e' ' — Age' = A t

e (e — 1) » 1.7 times the beginning amount.

-0
25. y = yoe
' 18t
represents the decay equation; solving (0.9)yo = yoe _0 18t '
=>• t = \ 'J *w 0.585 days

26. A=A e
kt
and \ A =A e
139k
=> I= e
I39k
=> k = ^^ » -0.00499; then 0.05Ao =A e-° 00499t

^ t
= ^fJTO ^ 600 da^ S

27. y =y e
_kt
=y e (
k X 3 /k >
= y e-
3
=^< & = (0.05)(yo ) => after three mean lifetimes less than 5% remains

28. fa) A = A n e-kt =» ±

2
= e" - 2 645k =»
-"
k
-
_
=
- In 2 •

0.262
2 <6 45

(b) i m 3.816 years

(c)(0.05)A = Aexp(-^Xt)^-l n = (-^)t=,t-2-645 1n20

20 11.431 years
In 2

29.
_k T = 90°C, T = 20°C, T = 60°C
T - Ts = (T - T ) e,-kt
\ s s
=> 60 _ 70e
- 20 = 7no -1Uk
-iok _.
=> |
4 _
= eo -i0k

^ =
"TIT ~
k 0.05596

(a) = 70e _OO5596t => t 27.5 min is the total time =» it will take 27.5 - 10 = 17.5 to reach
35 - 20 fts 35°C

(b) T ~TS = (T -Ts )e-kt T = 90°C, Ts = -15°C => 35 + 15 = 105e-° 05596t =* w 13.26 min
, t

30. T - 65° = (T - 65°) e _Kt =* 35° - 65" = (T - 65°) e~ 10k and 50° - 65° = (T - 65°)
,-20k
e~ ZOk
. Solving -30
10k „-20k
JUk 10k
(T - 65°) e~ and -15° = (T - 65°) e" simultaneously =f» (T - 65°) e~ = 2(T - 65°) e,-20k _x
=>•
„10k
1UK
e = 2

^ k =^and-30"
In 2
= i^=,-30' "(¥) :
t - 65° => T = 65° - 30°(e!n 2 ) = 65° - 60° = 5"

_kt -20k _. 39 T^
31. T - Ts = (T - Ts ) e.-kt => 39 - T, = (46 - T5) e~ lllk and 33 - T, = (46 - Ts ) e ^ 46 - T ~
__ 10k

33 -T, 20k 10k

2
46 -Ti
= e- = (e- ) => §-^ = (Ur^) => ( 33 ~ T,)(46 - TJ = (39 - Ts ) 2 => 15Z8 - 79TS + Ts2

= 1521 - 78TS + T| => -Ts = 3 => Ts = -3°C

32. Let x represent how above room temperature the silver will be 15 min from now, y how far above room
far
temperature the silver be 120 min from now, and t the time the silver will be 10°C above room
will
temperature. We then have the following time-temperature table:

time in min. 20 (Now) 35 140 to

temperature T. + 70* T, + 60° Ts + x Ts + y Ts + 10*

 Section 6.4 First Order Separable Differential Equations 501

-
T - Ts = (T - T s)
c~ kt => (60 + Ts ) - Ts = [(70 + Ts ) - Ts e 20k ]
=> 60 = 70e" 2Ok => k = (~i) ln(|)

ss 0.00771

(a) T - T. = (T - Ts)e-°- 0077u => (T, + x) -T. = [(70 + TJ - T,]e-< a00771 K 3B => x = 7 0e-°- 26985 s* 53.44°C >

- Ts)e-°- 00771t 000771 K 140 0794

(b) T -T, = (T => (T, + y) - Ts = [(70 + Ts - Ts ]e-( => y = TOe"
) a 23.79'C ) 1 '

- (a00771) _0 0077U
T - Ts = (T - T3 )e-°- 0077U => (T, + 10) -T. - [(70 + Ts _Ts e '° = 10 = 70e
"

(c) °
)
]

=>• ln(i) = -0.00771to =5- t = (— Q ln

(?)
= 252,39 =* 252 -39 - 20 w 232 minutes from now the
O077l )

silver will be 10°C above room temperature

k ( S70 °)
33. From Example 5, the half-life of carbon-14 is 5700 yr => ^c = c e => k = j^Jr as 0.0001216

0001216t
=» c =c e-°' = (0.445)c = c e-° 0001216t => t = Jg^g^ « 6658 years
34. From Exercise 33, k « 0.0001216 for carbon-14.

(a) c = Co e-°-
ooom6t =>(0.17)c = c oe ~°-ooom6t =* t « 14,571.44 years => 12,571 BC
= 0001216t =>
(b) (0.18)c c e-°' t sw 14,101.41 years => 12,101 BC
= _00001216t => « BC
(c) (0.16)co c e t 15,069.98 years => 13,070

35. From Exercise 33, k m 0.0001216 for carbon-14. Thus, c = coe-° OO0I216t => (0.995)c = c e-°-
0001216t

In (0.995)
t =
-0.0001216
" 41ye " sold

48
36. (a) Since there are 48 half-hour doubling times in 24 hours, there be 2 « 2.8 x 10 14 bacteria.
will

(b) The bacteria reproduce fast enough that even if many are destroyed there are still enough left to make the
person sick.

37. Note that the total mass is 66 + 7 = 73 kg, therefore, v =v e

(k/m)t
=» v = ge - 39t / 73

(a) s(t) = 9e-

3 9t / 73
-

dt = ~2190e- 3 9t / 73 -(-C -

Since s(0)
v '
= we have C = ?4P and Urn
13 t-»oo
s(t)
v
'
= lim
t-»oo
^(l
13
_e _3 9t/3 -

) = ^ 13
a 168.5

The cyclist will coast about 168.5 meters,

(b) 1 = 9e~
3 9t / 73
"
=> &$ = In 9 = t = I 3^- 9- « 41.13 sec

It will take about 41.13 seconds.

38. v = v e""
(k/m)t
=* v = ge-C 59 - 000 / 51 000 000 )'
' '
=> v = 9 e - 59t / 51 '
000

- 59t / 51 000 459,000 59t/5i, ooo

(a) s(t) [ 9e .
dt = c
.
c

„.
n
Since s(0)
, \
= n0, u
we have n
C= — —459,000
r*
.. ,.
and lim s(t)
,
= hm ..
^ \1
459,000 (,
— —
— e -sst/si.ooo}) = 459,00 „ oti m
^ « 7780 „ ' '
— —
oy t —^00 —*co
t oy oy

The ship will coast about 7780 m, or 7.78 km.

502 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

— 59t _ 51,000 In 9
= Q9e.-59t/5l,000 _. __ i_ _. -
t\,\ 11
(b) =>
gj^ - In q9 => t
t
59
1899.3 sec

It will take about 31.65 minutes.

39. The total distance traveled = ^ =J» ^

' J
j,
- = 4.91 =» k = 22.36. Therefore, the distance traveled is

given by the function s(t) = 4.91(1 - e -( 2236 / 39 92 -

)t
). The graphs shows s(t) and the data points.

m
40.
vn
-^- = coasting distance
. ,.

m = 1.61
=> ^
(0.80)(49.90)'-
^
„„
= 1.32 ,
=> k
.
= 998 ^
w
We know that —r—
,
., .
vo 09 and
anA 1 k
f^
_
— „.,..
998
..
_
— 20
<n>.

Using Equation 3, we have: s(t) = Ml - **»*) = 1.3 2 (l - e ~ 20t / 33 ) M 1.32(l - e""°»)

41. 42.
6- SSSSSSSSS/SSS S/S / S S
SySSSSSyysys Sy?' y s / s s y s
.' Ss
y
yy yy
yy yy
yy yyy
y yy y y y&
y y^yy yy y yy
y yy yyyyyyyyy
*

^ SS.S v^^-*-s.*N.*N,**^**%'^,^,^,^-^
"** **• *v. •**
^» ^s V ~* -X XTS- **.^^>,X.S.N.N. *^.^'S'V
V,
v^.
N
2- N N. V % "^ X. N, >sj^ N.V.N.VN.N.XNXS.%N
y SU'.NSSS \\ NS\S\NSN\\ \.

N%S\'>.V\NS\S.\s.\ v\VVN.NN. ,

r> \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\\ \,\\\S\\\

•OS 0.5

43. 44.

6-
\
K*
\
\ \
t

!>
>

\ V V V \ \ \ \\\
m
\\ \\ \\ \\ \ \ \ \\ \\ \ \ \ \
>

v\v\\v\\^\\\
>>
\ V V \ \ *\ \v\\\\\v\\\\
> > ! ! \ \ >
> > > >
\ V } J \ \ \ \ J
nm )r !•
mm !•
A-

7
f
t f
I

r///r///r/t
SSSS/SSSSS
yyyyyyyyy
'

/f

y y y •y^^y'^^y
'.

rtrfJTittTTTJrrtffifTt
1

-v'^
yy y y^£**yy
i
1 y fi
r f
l
g f
t
rfr / r / rfr / / r
Sy!1 / S Sj? S S S
y y-^jj^yy
y y~yyyy yy
yy y
yy
', '.
1
i1 f.
1
1
1
til

J-
'.
t
i f
t
'/'.
1
£

.'
l
1

4
s\\\.vv\}.Y\vvv\\).\\}.>.s
v\S\\\\\.V\\\\\\\\\S\\ y ~~**~y
r^~
y^£~* H*yZ-~~~^^~ y t*r**~***

\ \ \ \ \ V£, \i\\\\\\,\.\\\
\ \ --%•.
n.N s N% NVV%N.\NNV%
-v

^. ^.V.-^V.^.N.'^N. •sTV.V."V> >.

-vV.V.^.^-v.-S.V.X. - - ...^.... .._..._
^* *^»^-*^» ^% ^^, w ^,^^,^-,^."*ta~^^*'— — — — . ^^^~,^^ ,' , .
.

•^' '
.11 l.llA.i' t.UU.»f 'l lt> X, I'.M '' —
yyyyyyyyyyyyy
Illl '...
2 ,1 ' lllll .

-2 y y y y y*0
s /
y^yy
SSSS/S.'.'SSSSSSS
/ f /rr///r?r//rt/r/
—* -_-* —* _* , AJ^'^* ^ ^^-" -** _*.^* —J- >-.„! I'.lS*- —*• .' .-
.'/
? ?
1

f .'

1
*
/ fttrirrrr1 rr/rtft
>. '. P. ', 1. i '. >. '. >, '. '. I I 1, ', 1, '. 1.
-J 1 1 }/> f 1 1 t I I 1 1 i J t 1 t 1 1 1 I
l>
-as 0.5
 Section 6.5 Linear First Order Differential Equations 503

dy/dx=3y/x
45,

Ml / 1 1 r / /ss

46.
dy/dx=(xy)/(x*2+4)

6.5 LINEAR FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

! x ^ + =
dx y
eX

Stepl:
gJ
+ (i)y=^,P(x)=i,Q(x)=^

Step 2; P(x) dx = x dx = In | x |
= hi x, x>

P(x) dx
Step 3: v(x) = eJ =elnx = x

Step 4: y = ^_ v(x) Q(x) dx =I j

x(£) dx = I(ex + C) = e^±C

x
2. e $- + 2e xJy = l
dx

Step 1 : g + 2y = e- x
, P(x) = 2, Q(x) = t'
504 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

Step 2: P(x) dx = 2 dx = 2x

P(x)dx
Step 3: v(x)=eJ' =e 23 '

Step 4: y = -

,2x
,2x.„-x
e"-e dx _ 1
2x
dx = 4-(e x + C)=e- + Ce- 2 *
5C

3. Xy' + 3y=^,x>0
x

Stepl: | + (|)y = ^,P(x)4,Q(x),5!M

Step 2: §dx = 3 hi |x|= In x3 x
, >0
d
Step 3: v(x) = eIn x _ x3

-
Step4: y = 4j [ x'fs^dx =-^ f
sin x dx = ^(-cos x + C) = C c308 x , x >

4. y' + (tan x)y = cos2 x, -|<x <|

Step 1:
dy
-j
dx
— h (tan x) y = cos x, P(x) = tan x, Q(x) = cos x

x
^ dx = — In —? < x <
sin
Step 2: tan xdx = cos | cos x| = In (cos x) ,
f-

,-i
Step 3: v(x)
_ e In (cos x)
= r ™„\-l
_/(cos x)~

Step 4: y — —? (cos x)
x
- cos
2
xdx= (cos x) cos x dx = (cos x)(sin x + C) = sin x cos x + C cos x
(cos x) J J

dy
5. x g^^2y = l-i x>0 1

Stepl: g + (§) y= l_J_ X.

5
p (x) = 2
iQ(x)= l_l_
X

Step 2: | dx = 2 In |x| = In x2 , x>

Step 3: v(x) = eklx2 = x 2

Step 4: y =i fx'^-^dx _ I
(x-l)dx = if^-x + C -1_1
~1 X +
C.
+ X2' X>U
x>0

6. (l + x)y' + y= v /x
 Section 6,5 Linear First Order Differential Equations 505

Step 2: —— dx = In (1+ x), since x >

Step 3: v(x) = e ,n(1+x) = l+x

7-
s-2y = eX/2
=* p w=- 2' Q w= eX/2
=*
|
p w dx = ~ 5 X =* v M_ e
e
-*/2

=» y = ^L_ e-^ 2 (Ie^)dx = e^ 2 { I dx = e*/ 2 (Ix + c) = ixe*' 2 + Ce x / 2

f

J. ^
35 + 2y = 2xe~
2x =>
P(x) = 2, Q(x) = 2xe" 25C
=> P(X) dx :
2 dx = 2x =*• v(x) = e 2x

y = X |
e ^( 2xe -2x) dx = _1_ j 2x
dx = e -2x( x2 + c ) = x 22„-2x
e
-2x
+ r"„-2x
Ce ,

9. Ej?. -(I)y = 2 In x =» P(x) = -i, Q(x) = 2 In x =* |

P(x) dx =- ^ dx = — In x, x >

=> vf (x) = e~ ln x =| => y =x (|)(2 In x) dx = x[(ln x) 2 + C] = x (In x)

2
+ Cx
f

•
^ + (l)y = £2V^.x>0^PW=l'QW= £2¥t: => f P(*)dx=
j
|dx = 2Inlxl = lnx 2 ,x>0

=>v(x)=e!nx2 = x ^y = i [x (^W = -L 2 2
= i(sin sin x+C
cos x dx x + C)
J

11 + rr^^ p «=A-QW = (t-1)-

(A>= (t-ir 7rr^^ [p ( t)dt= [^dt=4ini t -ii=in(t-i) 4

-dT ?

= em
In (t-1
l*- 1 =(t-l) 4*-*.- __L (t-1) 4
t + 1
dt: -Odt
=> .
v (t) ' =J>
(t-1)4 (t-l) d (t-1) 4

3 3
_ 1 ft
x
t + r \_
i
t t
+ , C
~(t-l) V3 4
^y~3(t-l)4 (t-l) 4 (t-l) 4

12. (t + l)^ + 2s = 3( t + l) + ^^| + (^)s = 3 + ~i-3^P(t

(t + l)
d )
=
^T ,Q(t) =3 + (t + l)

P(t) dt = dt = 2 In |t + 1 = Jn(t + l) 2
1 => v(t) = eto(t+1>2 = (t + I) 2
t +T

=» s
_
= 1
(t + 1) 2 [3 + (t + I)" 3 ] dt = _L-j [3(t + l)
2
+ (t + l)-
1
] dt
(t+l) J . + ij
(_t .
f
506 Chapter 6 'J 'ranscen dental Functions and Differential Equations

__ 1
-2[(t+l) 3 + ln|t+l| + C] = (t + l) + (t + l)- 2 ln(t + l)+--C_^,t>-l
(t +

13. S|+ (cot 0)r = sec 9 => P(0) = cot 6, Q(9) = sec 6 =>• P(0) dfl = cot 6 69 = In | sin 9 | => v(0) = e
In I sit

= sin 6 because [)<9<^=i-i~ -r^- sin 0)(sec 9) d$ = -J~ tan A6 = -^(ln sec 9 + C)
2 sin sin
| 1

= (CSC 0)(ln|sec0|+C)

14 . tan^ + r = sin 2 ^g + ^ = gi!|^dr + (C ot^r = S m^cos^P(^) = cot^QW=sinffcos

= = = In (sin hl(™ n 0)
P(0) d0 cot d0 In |sin 9 1 0) since < <£ => v(0) = e = sisin

(sin 6) (sin cos 9) &9=-±-! , f sin 2 0cos 6 d0 = (^-*H ^^ + C I

= £n^0, £_

15.
^ + 2y = 3=>P(t) = 2, Q(t) = 3=* P(t) dt = |
2 dt = 2t => v(t) = e 2t => y = -L 3e
2t
dt

= 4t(i« 2t
atV2" + ^);y(o)
"ji'w-'-= i^l+c
- =
" ,_
2 '
i^c
J = -I^y
"* "~ = |-l
2^ J_ 2'
e
- 2t
e '
2

dv 2y _
16>
dt
+,

t
=ta2 =^P(t)=f,Q(t)=t 2 =» P(t)dt =2 1n|t|^v(t) = e
lnt
= t
2
=*. y =\ 2 2
(t )(t )dt

_ 1 4
- X2^ 5 + U
= t-+ CI- S- + C
W)x_
2 ~ 1=>
/ 8 C_, p-^12^ v _t
3
12
t dt
;~ 5 + 2' => 5 + 4 ~ L~
,

t
2
J t t
L 1 =* =* y ~ T J~^2

17 - S+(iV = M
¥ =* PW = 1. QW = ^ P(0) d0 = In | | =* v(0) = eln| fl
' =

y =< i'W)"=j Kt" d$ for jk => y =i sin 0d0=i(-cos + C)

= 4cOs0 + C ;y (|) =1 ^ C = |^ y = _I cos 7T

261

18. 33-(|)y
d9 \0
= ^ sec tan ^ ^ P(0) = -§, Q(0) = 2
sec 6 tan 6 =* ( P(0) d0 = -2 In => v(0) = e -2 In
3-2
=>y=^ (0~ 2 )(0 2 sec 9 tan #) d0 = 62 sec 9 tan d9 = 2
(sec + C) = 2
sec + C0 2 ;

2^2=^J(2) + C(^)^C = y-2^y =

2
y(f)
= S ec^ + f4-2^ 2

19.(. +
dy
l)g-2(^ + x)y = i T ^g-2 Jc(x-j-l)
x + 1 -rf^ — : + !)
=> P(x) = -2x,
 Section 6.5 Linear First Order Differential Equations 507

.2

QW = P(x) dx = -2x dx = —x 2 => v(x) =e x =£• y =—

+ 2
dx
(*+*r (x 1)

(x +
1
1

1
dx = e
x
2 fx + 1 ,-i
-1
C ^ + Ce x "; y(0) = 5 => - j±j + C = 5=>-l + C = 5

=*C = 6^y = „*
6e*
2
-^ e
x

dy .2/.
20. ^- + xy =x => P(x) = x, Q(x) =x => P(x) dx = x dx = \ => v{x) =_o*V2^
c* y -
=* v = *' z

«'/3
1
e^-xdx
B

= —\- (e X /2
+ cj==l+-^;y(0) = -6=>l+C = -6=>C = -7=>y = l~- 2
,
x2 /2 y/» ,x /2

21. ^~ky = => P(t) = -k, Q(t) = => P(t) dt = -k dt = -kt => v(t) =e -kt

=>y = i

-kt
(e"
kt
)(0) dt = ekt (0 + C) = Cekt ; y(0) =y => C=y => y = y nekt

22,^4v = 0^1'(t)4,Q(t) = fl=> P(t) dt = k. kt

= mt-M^v(t) _ M/m
=
ffid t
dt

=*-y = ,kt/m
e
kt/m
-0dt = C
= n^' v (°) = vo ™ = vO^C=,v =>v = k
v Q e-( /™)
t

23. x A dx = x(ln |x + C) —- x |
In !x| + Cx ^- (b) is correct

f.,i dx_ 1000

S*.= + 0.10x = 0.01(10,000 + =» dx = 0.1(10,000 + x) dt =»• = 0>1 dt
x v°q
24. (a) )
ffftfi

dx
O.ldt^lnjx + 10,000|=:0.1t + C 1 =S.c
ln
l
x+1O OOO
-
i
= eOU+C i
x+ 10,000

=> jx+ 10,000 |

= e°-"e ' => x + 10,000 = ± C 2 e°- n => x(t) = -10,000 + Ce - 11
, where C2 = e
Ci
and

C= ±C 2 . Apply the initial condition: x(0) = 1000 = -10,000 + Ce° => C= 11,000

c(t) = -10,000 + 11,000^ ,o.i t

(b) 100,000 = -10,000 + ll,000e°- u => e

Uilt
= 10 => t = 10 In (10) as 23.03 « 23 years and 11 days.

25. Let y(t) = the amount of salt in the container and V(t) = the total volume of liquid in the tank at time t.

y(t)
Then, the departure rate is -., . (the outflow rate).

(a)' Rate entering = 2Jfe .5j£i = 10 i b'/ min

* & gal mm
(b) Volume = V(t) = 100 gal + (5t gal - 4t gal) = (100 + 1) gal

(c) The volume at time t is (100 + t) gal. The amount of salt in the tank at time t is y lbs. So the

concentration at any time t is .-*,.

_^|
lbs/gal. Then, Rate leaving = nm , (lbs/gal) • 4 (gal/rnin)
508 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

= Tofj + t lbs/min

(djj-io-
loo +1 =*
dt
+ (ioo + t) y - 10 =* p
(*)- --W—
iW -_
Toon:,Q(t) = 10=>Jp(t)dt=| j i ^ TI
jooqn
T
dt

= 4 b(100 + t) => v(t) = e4ta(ioo+t) = (100 + 1) 4 ^y= — 1

(100 + t) 4 (10dt)

(100
10
+ t) 4
(fiS^ + C ) = J(100 + t) + _i-
+
(100 t)
li ,(0) =50 * 2(10 + 0) + —£-, = 50

4
=> G= -(150)(100)
4
=> y = 2(100 + 1) - (150)(100)4 y = 2(100 + t)- 150
(100 + t)
0+ik)
(e) y(25) = 2(100 + 25) - (
(
"°^ « 188.56 lbs =* concentration = ^g_ .Ig.i., Ib/gal
d
26. (a) ^=(5-3) = 2=^V = 100 + 2t

The tank is full when V = 200 = 100 + 2t = t = 50 min,

(b) Let y(t) be the amount of concentrate in the tank at time t,

$1
dt
= (l jb_ 5
^galj^min,/
SfL V (_X__
+
Jk M^ - 3
dy _
~ 2 _ 3(_^_
5 \
2U0 + 1) ^
.
dy
+ __3__ vy _
~2
5
^100 JV min/ 2t gal dt dt 2(t + 50)

Q(t) =|; P(t)

=|( r I S5 )=> j P(t) dt =| j 1^55 dt =|ln(t + 50) since t + 50 >
,p (t+60)
v(t)= e i (t ) dt
= e^ = (t + 50) 3 ^

w
(§)(t + 50) 3 ' 2 dt = (t + 50)" 3 / 2 [(t + 50) 5 ' 2 + Cl => y(t) = t + 50 + £—
l J
(t + 50) 3/2
Apply the initial condition (i.e., distilled water in the tank at t = 0):
5
y(0) = = 50 + --G~
3/2
5 2
=> C = -50 ' => y(t) = t + 50 5°
\ When the
.. . tank is full at t = 50,
50 (t + 50) 3 ' 2
y(50) = 100--^-r r.-»
3/2
83.22 pounds of concentrate.
100

= 1 -^ Jb— and
y be the amount of fertilizer
mm = 1 mm
27. Let in the tank at time t. Then rate entering • 1 -£?- the
gal

volume in the tank at time t is V(t) = 100 (gal) + [1 (gal /min) - 3 (gal/min)]t min = (100 - 2t) gal. Hence

rate ° Ut = ( wbt) 3 = lofejt lb8 /™n =>

I = (l - j^) lbs/min ^ + ( 100 - =>
2t
y = l

31n(1 " 2t)

=* PW = Wh>t <
Q« = J =*
j
P « dt = j Wht dt = -2 =* v(t) = e<"
31n <«°-*»/»

~ 2t) " 1/2

= (100 - 2t)~ 3 / 2 =* y = L_- f
(100 - 2t)" 3/2 dt = (100 - 2t) 3 ' 2 [~ 2(100
(100 ~2t)"

3
= (100 - 2t) + C(100 - 2t) ' 2 ; y(0) = => [100 - 2(0)] + C[100 - 2(0)] 3/2 => C(100) 3/2 = -100
 Section 6.5 Linear First Order Differential Equations 509

|)(100-2t) 1 / 2 (-2)
= -X
C= -(100)-
1 /2 *y = (100 - 2t) -
< 100
-f . Let|^g=-2-^ 10

2t
= -2 = =*• 20 = 3^/100 -2t =*> 400 = 9(100 - 2t) => 400 = 900 - 18t => -500 = -18t
Iq
=> t » 27.8 mm, the time to reach the maximum. The maximum amount is then

°~ 2 (
y(27.8) = [100- 2(27.8)] - [10 1q
7,8)]
w 14.8 lb

28. Let y = y(t) be the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in the room at time t. The amount of CO entering the

3 3/min.
room is x = j-^j ft /min, and the amount of CO leaving the room is = ft
\j^ ^J {-^q)[iq) 15 qq Q

y _ dy _ 12 _ pD /,n _ n/n _ 12 15 - 000

«=T5ioo' Q «
12 i i
=
Thus,S=
dt
~ 1000 15,000 dt ^
,
,

15,000
..
v
1000 1000
v(t) e'/

^ y = j7Ti; 000 1 _12_ e t/i5,ooo dt

m=>y-e
_. _ -t/15, OOo/ jj • 15,000 eot/150D + C)=e- t / 15 ' ooo t 1B ooo
(l80e / +c)i
'

1000 V 1000

y(0) = => = 1(180 + C) => C = -180 => y = 180 - 180e _t/15,oo°. When the concentration of CO is 0.01%

y 01 3
in the room, the amount of CO satisfies tfatj = taa => y = 0-45 ft , When the room contains this amount we
~ l / 15 000
have 0.45 = 180 - lSOe"^ 15 000 => '
X&J& = e =>
>
t = -15,000 In(^jf^) « 37.55 mm.

29 . Steady State =^ and we want i = Ig)^Ig) = ^(l-e- Rt / L )^i=l -e- Rl / L ^-i=-e- Rt / L

30. (a) g + ^i = => I di = -§ dt => In i = -^ + Ci => i = eC le~Rt/L = Ce-Rt / L ; 1(0) = 1 => I =C

= Rt/L
=> i Ie~ amp

(b)ll = Ie- Rt / L ^e- Rt / L =I=>-|t = ln I = _i n2 ^t = i-ln2

R.

(c) t = t=>i = le^R / L )^R = Ie- 1 amp >

(~ R/L X 3L/R >)

31. (a) t = 2£ => = J(l i - e = J(l -e~ 3 )« 0.9502 ¥ amp, or about 95% of the steady state value

(b) t = ^= i = 1 - e^ R/L M 2L/R = g( 1 - e -2 ) w 0.8647 ^ amp, or about 86% of the steady state value
J(

di R. = X^p
V R V =>
= ^,Q(t)=X R Rt =>v(t)=e-Rt/L
32. (a) fli + ^i,

( t) P( t )dt= *dt=f
=- Rt /L
W = _1 L eRt/Lf V^j c l
+ = V + Ce -(R/L)t
=> 1
,Rt/L f
\L
dt
„Rt/L f
.R w R
(b)i(0) = 0^V + c = ^ c== _V^ i = V_V e -R / L t
510 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

=s. di _ _ RC e -(R/L)t cH , R.1 _ RC e -(R/L)t + R( Ce -(R/L)t) = Q ^ .

= Ce -(R/ L )t
^dt~ L ^dt + L sati9fie9

di
+ K-
i
_
1_u
dt L

6.6 EULER'S METHOD; POPULATION MODELS

1.
yi =y +x (l-y )dx = 0+1(1-0)(0.2) = 0.2,

y2 = yi + Xl (1 - yx ) dx = 0.2 + 1.2(1 - 0.2)(0.2) = 0.392,

y3 = y 2 + x 2 (1 - y 2 ) dx = 0.392 + 1.4(1 - 0.392)(0.2) = 0.5622;

I ^= xdx=>-ln|l-y| = ^ + C;x = l,y = 0=>-lnl=I + C=>C = -I=*lnjl-y|=~^ + I

2
=> y = - e^ 1- * " 2
1 = y(1.2) at 0.1975, y(1.4) « 0.3812, y(1.6) « 0.5416

2- yi = y +(l - g) dx = -1 + (l -^)(0.5) = -0.25,

y2 = y, + (l -Jj) dx = -0.25 +(l-r||5) (0.5) = 0.3,

y3 = y2 + (l~x|)dx = 0.3+(l-^)(O.5) = 0.75;

gJ
+ (i)y = WP(x)=i,Q(x) = l P(x) dx = jdx = ln|x|=lnx,
1
x>0 ^- v(x) =e lnx =ix

^y = s x^
x-ldx = i1 I4- + C ;x = 2,y = -l^-l = l + ^C = -4=>y= x _2J>
-~f^y(2.5) = 2 ^~^ 2.5

_3 4 0.1667, y(3.5)=^-^
= -0.35; y(3.0)=|-|« _3.5 =.4.25
2^« 0.6071
3-
yi = y + (2x y + 2y ) dx = 3 + (2(0)(3) + 2(3)](0.2) = 4.2,
y2 =+ (2x x y! + 2y x
Yi ) dx = + [2(0.2)(4.2) + 2(4.2)](0.2) = 6.216,
4.2

y3 = y 2 + (2x2y2 + 2y 2 ) dx = 6.216 + [2(0.4)(6.216) + 2(6.216)](0.2) = 9.6970;

y
g ; = 2y(x + l)^^y- = 2(x + l)dx=>lri|y|=(x + l) 2 + C;x = 0, y = 3 => In 3 = +C
1 => C= In 3 - 1

= In y = (x + l)
2
+ In 3 - 1 => y
2
= e (*+l) +^-l = e>~ V+ 2
2*
= 3ex <* +2 > => y(0.2) * 4.6581,
y(0.4) » 7.8351, y(0.6) % 14.2765

4. Yi = y + yg(l + 2x ) dx = 1 + 1 2 [1 + 2(-l)](0.5) = 0.5,

y 2 = yi +y?(i + 2x i) dx = 0.5 + (o.5) 2 [i + 2(-o.5)](o.5) = 0.5,
y 3 = y 2 + y|(i + 2x2 ) dx = 0.5 + (o.5) 2 [i + 2(0)](o.5) = 0.625;
dy
^ = (H-2x)dx=^-y- = x + x
2
2
+ C;x = -l, y = 1 => -1 = ~1 + (-l) 2 + C^C = -!=>!= 1-x-:
y
=>y=- 1
^ => y(-0.5) = 0.8, y(0) = 1, y(0.5) =4
1 —x—
 Section 6.6 Euler's Method; Population Models 511

5.
yi = 1 + 1(.2) = 1.2,
y 2 = 1.2 + (1.2)(.2) = 1.44,

y3 = 1.44 + (1.44)(.2) = 1.728,

y4 « 1.728 + (1.728)(.2) = 2.0736,

y 5 = 2.0736 + (2.0736)(.2) = 2.48832;

^ = dx=Mny = x + C =>y = Cex 1 ; y(0) = l^l = Ce =5>C = l=*.y = ex =}> y(I) = e as 2.7183

6- y,=2 + (f)(.2)=2.4,

ya = 2.4 + (£$)(.2)=*2.8,

y3 = = 3.2,
2.8+(£f)(.2)

y4 = 3.2+(£§)(.2) = 3.6,

V5 = 3 .6 + = 4;
(f~§)(.2)

-
y
£ = ^£=>lny = mx + C=^y = kx; y(l) = 2=>2 = k=J'y = 2x=> y(2) = 4

7. Let zn = yB _ 1 + 2yn _ 1
(xn _ 1 + 1) dx and yn = yn _! + (y^ta^ + 1) + zn (xn + 1)) dx with Xq = 0, y = 3, and
x^
dx = 0.2. The exact solution is y = 3e '. Using a ptogrammable calculator or a spreadsheet (I used a

spreadsheet) gives the values in the following table.

X z y-approx y-exact Error

— 3 3
0.2 4.2 4.608 4.658122 0.050122
0.4 6.81984 7.623475 7.835089 0.211614
0.6 11.89262 13.56369 14.27646 0.712777

8. Let z n = y n _ + x^l
:
- y n _ : ) dx and y„ = y^ + ( %=& ^-l)+^ »,)
) dx with ^= lt yQ = 0> and

>' 2
dx = 0.2. The exact solution is y = 1 - e' 1 ""* . Using a programmable calculator or a spreadsheet (I used a
spreadsheet) gives the values in the following table.

x z y-approx y-exact Error

1 ...

1.2 0.2 0.196 0.197481 0.001481

1.4 0.38896 0.378026 0.381217 0.003191
1.6 0.552178 0.536753 0.541594 0.004841

9. (a)
dP_
^ _ ^P(M
= 0.0015P(150-P) = 0.225 P(150~ P) = k -P)
yj|f
Thus, k = 0.225 and M = 150, and P = M 150
l + Ae- k " l + Ae-°- 225t
Initial condition: P(0) = 6 => 6 = — ^- n =>-l + A = 25=>-A = 24
1 + Ae
512 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differentia) Equations

Formula: P= l50
1 + 24-°- 225t
5 - D -««
( b ) 10 ° = -o.225t =* l + 24e- 02225t = | =» 24e-°"
225t
= \ => e = ^ =» -0.225t = -In 48
x 2]e

=> t= Tr4l« 17.21 weeks

125 =
1
5
+ 2 4, -o.225t
=> 1 + 24e- 02225t = | => 24e-°"
225t
=I => e
-°- 22St
= ^ => -0.225t = -In 120

It will take about 17.21 weeks to reach 100 guppies, and about 21,28 weeks to reach 125 guppies.

10. (a)
g= 0.0004P(250 - P) = |gjjP(250 - P) = ^P(M - P)

= 0.1 and M = 250, and P = ^__^ = 250

Thus, k n„
l+Ae- kl l + Ae' 14 -

Initial condition: P(0) = 28, where t = represents the year 1970.

28 =
l|Ae n
,
Z5
P => 28(1 + A) = 250 => A= ^-
^a
1 = Ui m 7.9286
M
Formula: P(t) w= ].
2"Q
+ llle- u /H
nl '
, , ^
or approximately P(t)
2
w = l+7.9286e- ^
01t
-^°-

= 25 °
(b) The population P(l) will round to 250 when P(t) > 249.5 => 249.5
1 + llle _01t /14

+mP)yrmsjoiie^)
* (^•BiCllle—
-o.it
= ^ ,-o.it = 14 ^ _,.„ -= ]n ^4
-5M89^~ u lu m
,49.5 ( 1 -„.„-,„
-= 250
M J-*>U=» n , 5
5T3M
-

=> t = 10(ln 55,389 - In 14) w 82.8

It will take about 83 years.

11. (a) Using the general solution from Example 6, part (c),

7 M__ 7
8xl0 7
J = (0.08875 x 10"
dt V
7
)(8
>K x 10 - y)y => y(t) =
*»-?ni 1 + Ae -rMt
=
1 + Ae
g X 10
-(0.0887S)(8)t
=
l + Ae ~0.71t
Apply the initial condition:

y(0) = 1 .6 x 10 7 = 8T ^^ ^A = ^-l=4^ y(l) = 8xl

^ yi
« 2.69671 x 10 7 kg.

(b) y(t) = 4 x 10 7 =
i ^ 71t
=> 4e-"-^ = 1 =» t =
-^ffi » 1.95253 years.

12. (a) If is removed from the environment (e.g., a preserve or a region) each
a part of the population leaves or
year, then cwould represent the rate of reduction of the population due to this removal and/or migration.
When grizzly bears become a nuisance (e.g., feeding on livestock) or threaten human safety, they are often
relocated to other areas or even eliminated, but only after relocation efforts fail. In addition, bears are
sometimes accidentally and sometimes maliciously. For an environment that has a capacity of
killed,

about 100 bears, a realistic value for c would probably be between and 4.
 Section 6.6 Euler'e Method; Population Models 513

(b)
dP/dl=0.001(100-P)P-1

12D
WWNSNSW
10E

-)—>-.
10 20 t
30 4D 50

Equilibrium solutions: ^= = 0.001(100 - P)P - 1 => P 2 - 100P + 1000 = => P eq ss 11.27 (unstable)

and P w 88.73 (stable).

(c)
dP/dt=0.001(100-P)P-1

10 20 t 30 40 50

For < P(0) < 11, the bear population will eventually disappear, for 12 < P(0) < 88, the population will
grow to about 89, for P(0) = 89, the population will remain at about 89, and for P(0) > 89, the population
will decrease to about 89 bears.

13. (a) ^=l +y ^dy = (l+y)dt^ T^ r

= dt^ln|l+y|-t + C ^e k, !
l
1+y i
= et+C l=>|l+y|=e t
e
Cl

p
1 + y = ± 2 e ^ y = Ce' — 1, where C 2 =e '
l
and C= ± 2
. Apply the initial condition; y(0) =1
= Ce° - => C = 2 = y = 2e - 1.
1
4

(b) -£ = 0.5(400 -y)y => dy = 0.5(400 -y)y dt ^

dt
-. -

^—
y(400-y)
^ = 0.5 dt. Using the partial fraction

decomposition in Example 6, part (c), we obtain tAk( y + .aaj Jdy = 0.5dt=>-{4 + ^hriZ '~ ) ^
= 200dt^ [ (y-y- 40o) dy =
X
f
200 dt => ln|y|-lnjy -400 1 = 200t + C-l =*> In I
—^J = 200t +C 1

m |y-4(Kl _ 200t+C _ C!
^e e | 1
e
200t
e ^ y-400
= C 2 e 200t (where C 2 = «°i) => ^-^ = ± C2e™
514 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

=*
7^400 = Ce
y-400 ( where C = ± C 2) = y = Cc 200t y - 400Ce 2OOt =>(1 - Ce 200t )y = -400Ce 200t

2OOt
= 400Ce 400 400
y 20 Ot _
where A = — p. Apply the initial condition:
Ce-wut i l_l e
-200t i+Ae- 200C
400 = 400
y(0) = 2 = o
A= 199 =» y(t)
1+Ae' 1 + 199e- 200t-

U -
S= r^ M ~ P P ^ dP = M ~ P
^
r
( ^ P dt "*"
p(M - P)
= r dt - Uain 8 the Partial fraction decomposition in

Example 6, part (c), we obtain ±(± + jrj^p) dP = r dt => ^I + ^^I-^ dP = tM dt

1 1
dP
P P-M
P
rMdt^lnlPl-lnlP-MMrMJt + C! => In --£«. = (rM)t + C : => fP P ~ M = c (rM)t+C l
'

= ,w.° e * =>
p^| = C e 2
^ (where C 2 = .°l) ^^i C* <'«>' p_m
= 0e (where

C = ± C2) => P = Ce* rM P - MCc< rM >*

>l
=* (1 - Ce<rM >*)P = -MCe< rM >' => P = MCe^**
(rM)t _
Ce j

=» P = M M whereA =
l_l c -('M)t 7MH'
1 + Ae -(rM) ~i"

15-W^ = kP> P~ 2 dP = k dt => -P _1 = let +C => P = r^Tn

Kt> ~r v./

Initial condition: P(0) =P => PQ = --L => C= -^

Solution: P = -=- 1
kt-(l/P ) l-kP t

(b) There is a vertical asymptote at t = j~

16. (a) ££ = r(M - P)(P - m) => dP

<=£ = r(1200 - P)(P - 100) => 1 dP
dt (1200 -P)(P- 100) dt

uoo dp^
- 1100r =*
liuur
^ (p- loo) + (i2oo- P) d p 1100
IJUUr
_

(1200 -P)(P- 100) dt (1200 -P)(P- 100) dt~

=> ( 1 + __J \ dP _
- n00r
lluur
U200 - P P - 100/ dt

dP = 1100rdt ^ +^-ir^]dP =
1

HOOrdt
(l200^P + P^TOo) I U2DO-T-P^TOO
P-100
=> In (1200 - P) + In (P - 100) = 1 lOOrt + C^ 1200 -P = umt+c ^m^r
- l„
a=e
c i_noort _,
=r
P- 100 __ p„noort
1200 -P
c— where C = ±e
c
* => P - 100 = 1200Ce lloclrt - CPe llOOrt

llOOrt 1200+^e- lloOrl

P(l + Ce1100tl ) = 1200Ce
lloOrt
+ 100 => P = 1200CellOOrt 100
=>
Ce +1 1+^e-tioort
 Section 6.6 Euler's Method; Population Models 515

1200 + 100Ae- UOOrt 1

=* p
.
_^ P ,
A
= Where
1 + Ae -1100rt =t-
120 ° + ° 0A
(b) Apply the initial condition: 300 =
A
= 300 + 300A = 1200 + 100A => A =
|
"?4flf\ -4- Qfifl«» — 1
-
lOOrt
=* P ~ o n -llOOrf " •
(
Note that P -* 1200 aS * -* °°-)
,

(c)f = ,(M-P)(P-H*f = r(M-P)(P- m )* pr -^F^f = td;H ^fc _

T f
-<"->* <r™^£=<M - m>'*(ffVi^)i=<M -"*
^ |(M^P + F^75) dP= | M -m)rdt=!>-ln(M~P) + ln(P-m) = (M-m)rt + C ( 1

^ ln !P~m
IM-P = (M - m)rt + C x
=>
f^ = ± e °l e (
M -m ) rt
=> g^m = Ce
(M-m)rt
where c =± ^
(M - m
m = MCe( M ~ m rt - CPe( M -m >" =» + Ce( M m rt ) =
-
= P = MCe(M-m)rt +m
> rt
=> P- )
P(l )
MCe<
M-m > rt
+m
Ce +1
M m -(M-m)tt .

mAe-t M m ) rt
i
- ,

-^P
=> P = ^= Tyj r-— ->
=» o
P =M+ !
7,-= r-— where .
A=
. i
4,.
1 +£ e
-(M-m)rt
j + Ae -(M-m)rt C

Apply the initial condition P(0) =P :

1+A ° ° P ~m (P _m) + (M-P )e-(

M ~m rt )

(Note that P — • M as t— oo provided P > m.)

A 2
x
2 2
X2
17.
^ = 2xe x
, y(0) =2 => Yri+! = yn + 2x n e « dx = yn + 2x /»(0.1) =
I yn + 0.2xne »

On a TI-92 Plus calculator home screen, type the following commands:

2 STO> y: STO> x:y (enter)
y+0.2*x*e*(x*2) STO> y: x+0.1 STO>x: y (enter, 10 times)

The last value displayed gives

ygujei.(l) ss 3.45835
x
2 2 2
The
ae exact solution: dy = 2xe dx => y = ex + C; y(0) = 2 = e° + C =* C= 1 =*• y = 1 +ex
yexact (l) = l + e« 3.71828

18.
^=y+ e
x
-2, y(0) = 2^y n+1 =y n +(y n + eX«-2)dx = y n + 0.5(y n + exa-2)
On a TI-92 Plus calculator home screen, type the following commands:
2 STO> y: STO> x:y (enter)
x-
y+0.5*(y + e 2) STO> y: x+0.5 STO>x: y (enter, 4 times)

The last value displayed gives yEuler(2) RJ 9.8218?

The exact solution: ^-y = e x -2=> P(x) = -1, Q(x) = ex - 2 => P(x) dx = —x ^ v(x) = e~

=>y = 4x f e~ x (ex -2)dx = ex (x + 2e- x + C);y(0)=2^2 = 2 + C=»C =

 516 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

y = xe x + 2 => yexact (2) = 2e

2
+2* 16.7781

'
2
I)
19. y1 = -l + ;.5)=-.5,

2
f-5)
y2 = -.5 + '
5) = -.39794,

y3 = -.39794 (.5) = -.34195,

y4 = -.34195 + (.5) = -.30497,

y5 = -.27812, y6 = -.25745, y7 = -.24088, y 8 = -.2272;

^ = ^^-k = 2y/x + C,y{l) = -l=> 1=2 + C^C = -l=>y = -.2880

y v/x y
T=&~'®-T5fi-
20. y1 = l+(l-e°)(I)=l 1

y2 = 1 + (l - e2/3 )(i) = 0.68409,

y3 = 0.68409 + (0.68409 - e 4/3 )(|) = -0-35244,

y4 = -0.35244 + (-0.35244 - e6/3 )(±) = -2.93294,

y5 = -2.93294 + (-2.93294 -e 8/3 )(i)= -8.70789,

y6 = -8.70789 + (-8.70789 - e'° /3 )(|) = -20.95439;

y' - y = -e2x => P(x) = -I, Q(x) = -e 2x =* P(x) dx = -x =* v(x) = - + ,-£

e e-*(-e 2x )dx

x 2x
= e (-e x + C); y(0) = 1 => I = -1 + C => C= 2 => y = -e + 2e x => y(2) = -e4 + 2e 2 * -39.8200

21. (a)^=2y 2 (x-l)^ = 2(x-l)dx=> y-^dy (2x - 2) dx => -y- 1 = x^ - 2x + C

Initial value: y(2) = -i=>2 = 2 2 - 2(2) + C => C=2

Solution: -y
'
-1
= x 2 -2x + 2 y
or * = --*2 —
x -2x
i
+2
y(3)
K
=— 2 J- = -A = -0-2
3 -2(3) +2 5

(b) To find the approximation, set y x = 2y 2 (x — 1) and use EULERT with initial values x = 2 and y = — k and

step size 0.2 for 5 points. This gives y (3 ) rs -0.1851; error « 0.0149.
(c) Use step size 0.1 for 10 points. This gives y(3) «s -0.1929; error ss 0.0071.

(d) Use step size 0.05 for 20 points. This gives y(3) w -0.1965; error ss 0.0035.
 Section 6.6 Euler's Method; Population Models 517

.M £-,-!.>
=> y = Ae x + 1
{ & dx=>ln|y-l| = x + C=J>ly-l| = e.*+C^.„ _ ±e
x+ ^=>y-l= ce
j. „CLx i

Initial condition: y(0) = 3=3-3 = Ae° + l=>A = 2

Solution: = y 1 2ex +

y(l) = 2e + 1 « 6.4366

(b) To find the approximation, set = —

yl y 1 and use a graphing calculator or CAS with initial values x =
and y = 3 and step size 0.2 for 5 points. This gives y(l) fa 5.9766; error fa 0.4599.

(c) Use step size 0.1 for 10 points. This gives y(l) m 6.1875; error fa 0.2491.
(d) Use step size 0.05 for 20 points. This gives y(l) sw 6.3066; error fa 0.1300.

23. The exact solution is y = —^— , so y(3) = -0.2. To find the approximation, let

z
n = y n -i + 2yi-i(*n - l )
dx and yn = y n -i + (y£-x(*n-i ~ *) + z n(4 - l )) dx with initiai values x = 2

and y = — j. Use a spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS as indicated in parts (a) through (d).

(a) Use dx = 0.2 with 5 steps to obtain y(3) « -0.2024 = error fa 0.0024.

(b) Use dx = 0.1 with 10 steps to obtain y(3) w -0.2005 =*• error w 0.0005.

(c) Use dx = 0.05 with 20 steps to obtain y(3) fa -0.2001 => error « 0.0001.
(d) Each time the step size is cut in half, the error is reduced to approximately one-fourth of what it was
for the larger step size.

24. The exact solution is y = 2ex + 1, so y(l) = 2e + J

1 sa 6.4366. To find the approximate solution let

"~" 1
zn ~ vn-i + fan-i - 1) dx and yn = ya _ 1 +1 " ) ^x w ' tn ™*iaI value vn = 3. Use a spreadsheet,
2
graphing calculator, or CAS as indicated in parts (a) through (d).

(a) Use dx = 0.2 with 5 steps to obtain y(l) « 6.4054 => error « 0.0311.
(b) Use dx = 0.1 with 10 steps to obtain y(l) «s 6.4282 =>• error as 0.0084.

(c) Use dx = 0.05 with 20 steps to obtain y(l) as 6.4344 => error fa 0.0022.

(d) Each time the step size is cut in half, the error is reduced to approximately one-fourth of what it was
for the larger step size.

25-30. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(plots): with(DEtools):
a:=-4; b:=4;
eq:= D(y)(x) = +
x y;
plotl:= dfieklplot(eq,[x,y], x=a..b, y=-4..4, scaling=CONSTRAINED);
disptay({plotl});
gen_sol:= dsolve({eq},y(x));
tograph:= {seq(subs(_Cl=i, gen_sol), i = {-1,0,1,3,9})};
plot2:=implicitplot(tograph, x=a..b, y=-4..4, scaling^CONSTRAINED):
display({plotl,plot2}, title = Direction Field and Solution Curves*);
eulerapprox:= proc(f,x0,y0,n) local i,j,h;
x(0):= evalf(xO);
518 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

y(0):= evalf(yO);
h:= (b-a)/n;
for i from 1 to n do
y(i):= cvalf(y(i-l) +h*f(x(i-l),y(i-l))): x(i):= x(i-l) +h od;
[[x(j),y(j)] $j=0..n];

end;
rhs(eq);
f:= unapply(%,(x,y));
eulerapprox(f,0, —7/10,4);
,
plot3:= plot(%, style=LINE,scaling=COfV STRAINED, title= Euler Approximation);
display ({plotS});
y(o)-.= 'y(o)';
partsol:= dsolve({eq, y(0)=— 7/10}, y(x));
plot4: implicitplot(partsoI J x=-1..8 y=-3..40,scaling=CONSTRAINED):
1

s
display({plot3, plot4}, title= Actual Solution & Euler Approximation^);

Mathematica ;

Need package for plotting vector fields:

« "Graphics' PI ot.Fi el tV"
Also load package to improve solving of ODE's:
<< Calculus ^DSolve'
SetOptions[PlotVectorPield, PlotPoints -> 6];
Clear[x,y,yp,h]
Note: here we define "euler step" to find the next Fuler point, given the
current one, assuming that the variables "a" (initial point), "b" (final
point), and "n" (# of steps) have been defined, along with the function
"yp[x,y]" (which specifies the derivative). Then the whole Euler solution
is given as a list of points {x,y} by:
NestList[ euler step, N[{a,ya}l, n ]
where "ya" is the initial value,
euler step[{x_,y_}] := {x+h y+h*N[yp[x,y]] } ,

h := N[(b-a)/n]

yp[x_,y_] := x + y
{a,b} = {0,1}; ya = 1;

{xmin,xmax} =
{ymin,ymax} = {—4,4};
{—4,4};
pi = Plot Vector Field[{l yp(x,5']},{x,xmin,xmax},{y,ymin,ymax},
l

ScaleF unction -> (1&,) ]

ode = y'jx] == yp[x,y[x]]

DSolve[ ode, y[x], x ]
gensol = y[x] /. First [%]
sols = /. C[l] -> #)&, {-2,-1,0,1,2} ]
Map[ (gensol
p2 = Plot[ Evaluate(sols], {x,xmin,xmax} ]

Show[ {pi, p2}, PlotRange -> {Automatic, {ymin,ymax}} ]

DSolve[ {ode, y[a] == ya}, y[x], x ]

partsol = y[x] /. First [%]

p3 = Plot[ partsol, {x,a,b} ]

n = 10;
approxl = NestListf eulerstep, N[{a,ya}], n ];
p4 = ListPlotf approxl. Plot Joined -> True j
Show[{p4,p3)}]

Here's an alternate approach to plotting the two solutions (simpler but less
obvious)
 Section 6.6 Euler's Method; Population Models 519

Show[p3, Epilog -> {Line[approx]} ]

n = 25;
approx2 = NestListf eulerstep, N[{a,ya}], n ];

p4 = ListPiot[ approx2, Plotjoined -> True ]

Show[{p4,p3}]
n = 50;
apptox3 = NestList[ eulerstep, N[{a,ya}], n ];

p4 = ListPlot[ approxS, Plotjoined -> True ]

Show[{p4,p3}]
n = 100;
approx4 = NestListf eulerstep, N[{a,ya}}, n ];
p4 = ListPlot[ approx4, Plotjoined -> True j
Show[{p4,p3}]
yb = partsol /. x -> b // N
errl = Last[approxl][[2]] — yb
percent 1 = errl/yb * 100
err2 = Last[approx2][[2]] - yb
percent2 = err2/yb * 100
err3 = Last{approx3][[2]] — yb
percent3 = err3/yb * 100
ctt4 = Last[approx4][[2]] - yb
percent4 = err4/yb * 100

31. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(plots): with(DEtools):
eq:=D(y)(x) = f- yi
eql:= subs(f = 2*x, eq);
eq2:= subs(f=sin(2*x), eq);
eq3:= subs(f=3*exp(x/2), eq);
eq4:= subs(f=2*exp(— x/2)*cos(2*x), eq);
partsol 1:= dsolve({eql,y(0)=0}, y(x));
plotl:= implicitplot(partsoll, x=-2..6, y=-1..10, scaling=CONSTRAINED):
display(plotl);
partsol2:= dsolve({eq2, y(0)=0}, y(x));
plot2:= implicitplot(partsoI2, x=-2..6, y=-1..4, scaIing=CONSTRAINED):
display(plot2);
partsol3:= dsolve({eq3, y(0)=0}, y(x));
plot3:= implicitplot(partsol3, x=-2..6, y=-2..10, scaling=CONSTRAINED):
display (plot 3);
partsol4:= dsolve({eq4, y(0)=0}, y(x));
plot4:= implicitplot(partsol4, x=-2..6, y=-3..2, scaling=CONSTRAINED):
display(plot4);
display({plotl,plot2,plot3,plot4});

Mathematica :

Clear[x,y,f]
ode = y'[x] + y[x] == f[x]

a = 0; ya = 0;
{xrmn,xmax} = {—2,6};
f[x_] = 2x
DSolve[ {ode, y[a] == ya}, y[x], x ]

soil = y[x] /. First[%]

520 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

Plot[ soil, {x,xmm,xmax} j

f[x_] = Sin[2x]
DSolve[ {ode, y[a] == ya}, y[x], x ]

sol2 = y[x] /. First(%]

Plot[ so!2, {x,xmin,xmax} ]

f[x_] = 3 Exp[x/2]
D Solve [
{ode, y[a] == ya}, y[x], x ]

sol3 = y[x] /. First[%]

Plot[ sol3, {x,xmin,xmax} ]

f[x_] = 2Exp[-x/2] Cos[2x]

DSolve[ {ode, y[aj == ya}, y[x], x ]

sol4 = y[x] /. First [%}

Plot[ sol4, {x,xmin,xmax} ]

Plot[ {soil, 8ol2, sol3, sol4}, {x,xmin,xmax} ]

32. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

with(plots): with(DEtools):
a:=-3; b:=3;
eq:=D(y)(x)=(3*x'2+4*x+2)/(2*(y-l));
plotl:=dfieldplot(cq,[x,y],x=a..b,y=a..b,scalmg=CONSTRAINED):
display({plotl});
right:=int(numer(rhs(eq)),x);
left:=int(denom(rhs(eq)),y);
= right + C;
sol:=left
tograph:={seq(subs(C=i,sol),i={-6 -4,-2,0,2,4,6})};
plot2:=implicitplot(tograph,x=a..b,y=a..b, 9caling=CONSTRAINED):
display (plot2);
DEPlot(eq,y(x),x=a..b,{[0,-l]},y=a..b);
Mathematica :

yp[x_,y_] := (3x*2 + 4x + 2) / (2(y-l))

a = 0; ya = -1;
{xmin,xmax} = {—3,3}; {ymin,ymax} = {—3,3};
pi = PlotVectorField[{l,yp[x,y]}, {x,xmin,xmax}> {y,ymin,ymax},
ScaleFunction -> (1&) ]

impeqn =
Integrate[Denominator[yp[x,y]],y] ==
Integrate(Numerator[yp[x,y]],x] + C[l]
« Graphics ImplicitPlot
%

eqns = Map[ (impeqn /. C[l] -> #)&,

v

{-6,-4,-2,0,2,4,6} ];
p2 = ImplicitPlot[ Evaluate[eqns], {x.xmin.xmax} ]

Show[ {pi, p2} J

impeqn /, {x -> 0, y -> —1}

Solve[%,C[l]]
parteqn = impeqn /. First [%]
ImplicitPlot[ Evaluatefparteqn], {x,xmin,xmax} ]
 Section 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 521

6.7 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

1. sinh x =— ***=yfi+^=fi^=^= ffi=lt^*=^=^-l

:
}

coth x = — — = -«,
t =— —=
i
= — = —J sech x c r and csch x -i— i
tanh x x 3 cosh 5 i
sinn x o

2. sinh x = ^ =* c oshx = yi+sinh 2 x= ./l+M = /f = | tanhx = U; = 4

= sinhx _(*)_. , coth x = 1_ = J,
V y V y 6 cosh x (5 \ 5 tanh x 4

sech x —
= coshr—x — f5 > an <i csc h x = -i— r— =
sinh x 4
-r

3. cosh x = j5, x> => sinh x = vcosh 2 x — 1 = llf

iff* _ i - imr ~~,[W-$-
/M
V225
225 V225"15'
l
xtanhx
tanR x .

"
sinh x _
cosh x
\15/
= (a)
.15/ (17\
\15J
:^=, COth
17
X = , \ — -rr
tanh x 8
: , sech x — —x = t~i and
= cosh
-t
t
sh 17
csch x = -t—1
smb. x
— _15

4. cosh x
13
= -# ,
'
x> => sinh x :
V cosh x— 1
_ /169 i _ /IH 12
tanh -r —
,tanhx_ sulp x—
- ^ 5 /
~ _ 12 ,
5 coshx 13

coth x = t— 110
— = 12
t tit sech x = —— — 1

j TTj , and csch x = -r-ii __5

tanh x
i
cosh x 13 smh x 12

Jnx „—lnx\ . ( ,
5. 2 cosh (In x) = 2(5 +£
i

I = elnx + -jL = x + i

2 -2 iX2_iZ
.21m „-2]nx „lnx „lnx \ x } x4 -
6. sinh (2 In x) = I

2x*

—V —^_-5x =
«5j j. .-5i Q 5x _
7. cosh 5x + sinh 5x = - +- e

e
3x
+e -3x 3x_ e -3x ~3x
8. cosh 3x — sinh 3x = e
•
= e

9. (sinh x + cosh x)
4
=(^^ + Sl+e^) = ( e *) =
4
.
,4x

10. In (cosh x + sinh x) + In (cosh x — sinh x) = In (cosh x — sinh x) = In 1 =

11. (a) sinh 2x = sinh (x + x) = sinh x cosh x 4- cosh x sinh x = 2 sinh x cosh x

(b) cosh 2x = cosh (x + x) = cosh x cosh x + sinh x sin x = cosh x + sinh x

x
12. cosh2 x — sinh x = (
e +^ e-^2 — / e *~e-
^
xx2
=l[(ex +e- x ) + ( e '-e- x )|(ex + e-x )-(e-- e -
5
, .

= l(2e*)(2e-*) = !(4e°) = I(4) = l

522 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

13.y = 6 S mh|=.g=6(coshj)(|)=2cosh|

14. y = | sinh (2x + 1) = g| = | [cosh (2x + 1)](2) = cosh (2x + 1)

15. y = 2^ tanh ft = 2t^ 2 tanh t

1 '2
=> g » [sech^t'^r^^Mtanh t^Xt" 1 '*)

tanh ^/t
= sech vA + 2

"7T"
= 2
^=t [sech 2 (t^K-t^Xt 2 + (2t) (tanh _1
16.
. y t
2
tanh | = t tanh f* =*• ) t ) = -sech2 £ + 2t tanh
|

17. y = ln(sinh z) =* ^ = SgJL| = coth i 18. y = In (cosh z)=^ = gjh_| = tanh z

- In sech g| = (-
19. y = (sech 0)(1 0) => ^Sg&JjJgaki) (
sec h 0) + (- sech .0 tanh 0)(1 - In sech 9)

= sech tanh 5 - (sech 9 tanh 0)(1 - In sech 9) = (sech tanh 0)[1 - (1 - In sech 0)]

= (sech 9 tanh 0)(ln aech 9)

= (csch 0)(1 - In ""^"rt" g

- In
20. y csch <?) =>
g£ - (each 0) (- )
+ (1 csch 0)(-csch coth 0)

= csch coth - (1 - In csch 0)(csch 9 coth 6) = (csch 6 coth 0)(1 - 1 + in csch 0) = (csch coth 0)(ln csch 0)

21. y = In cosh v - \ 2
tanh v = gj = J^ - (J) (2 tanh v) (sech 2
v) = tanh v - (tanh v)(sech 2 v)

= (tanh v) (l - sech 2 v) = (tanh v)(tanh 2 v) = tanh3 v

22. y = In sinh v - \ coth 2 v => gj = gjj£ - (J^(2 coth v)(- csch v)

2
= coth v + (coth v) (csch 2 v)
= (coth v) ( 1+ csch2 v ) = (coth v) (coth2 v ) = coth 3 v

23. y = (x 2 + l)sech(ln*M* 2
^
24. ^(4x*~l)csoh(ln2*H4*>~l

= 4x=>^ = 4
^ 4x
z
4x ~l

dx

V = ^h" (x ' ) => ^

2)
25. y = sinh" 1 Jl 1 1 2
= -, = *
= *
dx )
y/ l+ ( x i/2f
ifVU^ 2^X(1+Xv

26. y = cosh -1 2^/x+l = cosh

-1
(2(x +
lx +3 V4X 2 + 7x + 3
 Section 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 523

27. y = (1 - 0) tanh" 1 $ => = (1 - 0)(-±J\ + (-1) tanh" 1 9 = ^-^ - tann" 1

$
g|

28. y = {e 2 + 20 ) tanh" 1
(9 + 1) =*• S
d0
= (# 2
+ 2ff' 1 -(* + !)"
+ (20 + 2) tanh" 1 (6 + 1)

= g' + 2tf + (20 + 2) tanh" 1 (0 + 1) = (20 + 2) tanh" 1 (0 + 1) - 1

—0 — 20

-1/2
l>->
29. y
_1
= (1 -t)coth Vt = (1 -t)coth _1
(t
1/2
) => §= (1 -t) + (-1) coth" 1 (t 1/2 ) = -i_ _ coth" 1 ^/t
2\/t
.i-GW.

-1 _1
30. y = (l -t 2 ) coth 1 => ^ = (l -t 2
)(—^-jV(-2t) coth t = 1 -2t coth" 1
1

= cos x — x sech -l.x ^ dy _

= _i _1
= 1
g+
l
-secb *x
31. y dx
-j—
vT3^ cn/T b) + (1) sech x 7
VI - x2
/

VI - x2
„

= — sech a
x

1/2
-1
32. y = In x + \/l-x 2 sech x = In x + (l - x2 ) sech
1
x =>
^
= , x sech"
,-1/2 -1 -1
- x2 ) x =|-^ x
i^-^tvfe)^* (-2x) sech t=£=s sech •
1 , ..

\/r^? y/T^?

~ ~
33. y-tsch
(2J ^d0- . / f
.
f /
i+ m 20 r~7
l+l»
28

a)V i+ te)] v ») v

= csch- 2 «=»* = - C" 2 ' 2"

- "W
34. y
d0
2
9
\/l+(2 e
)
2
^^
2 2 2
35. y = sinh (tan x) = dy -=
-s—
scc x _ sec x _ sec x _ |secx||secxl _
= I sec x
z 2 Isec x I sec x I

+ (tan x) y/isec x I

<Jl

, -,
, , dv (sec x)(tan x) (sec x)(tan x) (sec x)(tan x) ff

Vsec x -
2
1 v tan 2
x

37. (a) If y = tan -1 (sinh x) + C, then ^

dx
= cosh x = co
l+sinb'x cosh x
sfa
,
x = sech x, which verifies the formula

(b)
V ' If v
= sin -1 (tanh x) + C,
K '
then ^ = sech x ... - = mc \
x
x
= sech x, which verifies the formula
dx v/l-tanh 2
x sech

38. If y
II
= £ sech -1 x - i \/l-x 2 + C, then %
ax
=x sech
-1
x+ \( —^==A +
^xVl-xV 4Vl-x
2x
> „
z
= x sech -1 x,
524 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

which verifies the formula

39. If y = 5-g-i coth -1 x + 1 + C, then ^ = x coth -1

x + f 2L-fli )( — ^j ) + j = x coth -1 x, which verifies

the formula

40. If y = x tanhT 1 x +± In(l - x 2 ) + C, then ^ = tanh -1

x + x( —W)+ = tanh ~ lx which verifie
gf *^Tf)
>

the formula

41. I sinh 2x dx =k j
sinh u du, where u = 2x and du = 2 dx

__ cosh u q __ cosh 2x ,

42. sinh w dx =5 sinh u du, where u = 5 and du = i dx

= 5 cosh u+C = 5 cosh §+C

43. 6 coshf ;£ — In 3 j dx = 12 cosh u du, where u = £ — In 3 and du = i dx

= 12sinhu + C = 12sinh(|-ln3) + C

44. 4 cosh (3x - In 2) dx _4%

= cosh u du, where u = 3x - In 2 and du = 3 dx

= | sinh u +C = | sinh (3x - In 2) +C

45. tanh | dx = 7 ^%Ji du, where u = £7 and du = I7 dx

cosh u
7
=7 lnlcosh ul + Ci =7 + Cj = 7 In e*/ + e- x ' 7 + Cj = x 7
+ e-x / 7 [- 7
In I cosh ll 7 In |e / In 2 + CX
=7 In (e
x/7
+ e~ x / 7 ) + C, x 7
since e / + e _x / 7 > for all x,

46. coth X
y/i
d0 = y/z
.
[ ^r^
sinh u
du, where u = X
V3
and du = M.
v^
6/ S/i_ ~9/y/i
= v^ In I
sinh u| + Cx = \/Z In sinh + Cj = v^ In +c,
a/3

v ^In|.'^_ e -»/V5|_^i n2 + 1
= V5ln|e#/ ^ 5 -e-' / V^| + C

47. sech f x — g- j
dx = sech u du, where u = ( x — ^ ) and du = dx

= tanh u + C = tanfx-ij + C

48. csch (5 — x) dx = — I csch u du, where u = (5 — x) and du — — dx

 Section 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 525

- _(-coth u) + C = coth u + C = coth (5 - x) + C

sech y/t tanh yt _ dt

49. dt =2 sech u tanh u du, where u = yt = t ' and du
yfi 2i/t
= 2(-sech u) + C = -2 sech yft +C

csch (In t) coth (In t) dt

50. dt = j csch u coth u du, where u = In t and du

= -csch u + C = -csch (In t) + C

In 4 in 4 15/8
8 15
51. coth x dx :

smn x
idu=[ln,u|]^ =h 1 -In 3
4
= ln
15
8 "3|
4| = 1„§,
8
In 2 In 2 3/4

ln2_ e -In2 '-»)

where u = sinh x, du = cosh x dx, the lower limit is sinh (In 2) =e x =j and the upper
2 2

In 4 _ - In 4 ft). 15
limit is sinh (In 4) = k5

In 2 in 2 17/8
17 /8_ir,_/17 I 1"7
tanh2xdx= sinh2x dx= £ l
idu=ifln!u =
52. |

cosh 2x
l
A In (¥)-» ~ In -g~ , where

u = cosh 2x, du =2 sinh (2x) dx, the lower limit is cosh = 1 and the upper limit is cosh (2 In 2) = cosh (in 4)

+ (i)_
_ e
In4
+ e ~In4_4 17

-In 2 -In 2 -Ln2 n-ln2

53, 2z°iosh0d6 =
f
2e
9
(^2^Jd(? = j (e
2e
+l)dfl =

-ln4
-In 4 -ln4 -ln4

-2 In 4
^-ln2> <
e
In 4
) = (i-ln2)-(^-ln4) = ^-ln2 + 21n2 = | + l„2

In 2 In 2 -iln.2

54. 1 4e
- <?
smh0d0 = I
tffe#_e *
4e- j'e^e_i^ dS =2 j (i_ e -2e) d ^ = 2
L + eJ

= 2 (h2 + ^^)-(o+^J =2(ln2 + |-i) = 2 1n2 + i-l = ln4-

r/4

cosh (tan 9) sec2 d9 = cosh u<Jq = [sinh u] ^ = sinh (1) - sinh (-1) = S - ( £— !
55.
f
[ j
(
£ -

J 2
-*/4 -l

—^—i-£ = e — e _1 , where u = tan 0, du = sec 8 d9, the lower limit is tan( — ?

J
= —1 and the upper
526 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

limit is tanf? j =1

*/3
,-l
56. 2 sinh (sin 8} cos d0 =2 sinh u du = 21cosh ujj = 2(cosh 1 - cosh 0) =2 f £-±_? 1

= e + e - — 2, where u = sin 8, du — cos 8 dO, the lower limit is sin = and the upper limit is sin ( ? j = 1

2 lll2
2-1
= sinh (In 2) - sinh (0) = e "" ~ e "" - =
cosh :'" „ln2 -to. 2
57 j
(In t)
-/
-dt= I
cosh u du = [sinh uIq"
2
5-4 *-£
= 1, where

u = In t, du = r dt, the lower limit is In 1 = and the upper limit is In 2

4 , r- 2
8 cosh 2 —2 -l
58.
f
I
-v/x
7=^— dx = 16 cosh u du = 16 [sinh ul x = 16(sinh 2 — sinh 1) = 16 e — e —

= 8 (e
2
- e -2 - e + e _1 ) where u = ^/x = x1/2 du = ^x 1/2 = -^= the lower limit is i/l" = 1 and the upper
, ,

2^' ,

limit is y4 = 2

59. cosh
2
(|jdx = s dx = j>
(cosh x + 1) dx = ^[sinh x + x]
to 2

-to 2 -In 2 -to.2

= i [(sinh + 0) - (sinh (- In 2) - In 2)] =± (0 + 0)- ^ -^ 2 2

-l n 2
1H + ln 2

= 5 (l-I + ln2) = | + Iln2=| + lnv^

In 10 In 10 to. 10
cosh x -1
60. 4sinh 2 (|)dx= 4( )dx = 2 (cosh x - 1) dx = 2 [sinh x-xljj* 10
2

= 2[(sinh (In 10) - In 10) - (sinh - 0)] = e

1 " 10 - e" In 10 - 2 In 10 = 10 -2 In 10 = 9.9 - 2 In 10
—fo

61. sinh -l(^),ln(-^

+v/^T) = ln(|) 62. cosh^(§) = ln(§+ ^1) = !n 3

63. tanh"
I
m l-(l/^ = _!nj
-iLn = lJ
1) 2 + (l/2) / 2
64.coth^(|) = Iln([^) = lln9 = ln3
Vl (

-1
= ln(l±4^Wn3 _1
— = -^ +
(wy= h(v5+2)
65 . Sech 66. csch f 7=l ln
(f) / (3/5) (

2^3
-11 ,r1 2 \/i -1
67. (a)
dx
2
sinh | -
sinh -y/3 - sinh - sinh -1 y^
Vi + x
 Section 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 527

-1
(b) sinh \/3 = ln( y/i + y/i + l) = ln( ^3 + 2)

1/3 i

68. (a) .
6dx ~2 dx ., where u = 3x, du =3 dx, a =1
f ,

- \/l + 9x 2
J Va2 + u2

= [2 sinh" 1 u] = 2 (sinh. -1 1 - sinh -1 0) = 2 sin -1 1

-1
(b) 2 sinh 1 = 2 ln(l + \/l 2 + l) = 2 In(l + 1/2)

69, (a) —L-j dx = [coth

-1
x]
5/4
= coth -1 2 - coth" 1 |
5/4

-1 - coth -1
(b) coth 2
J
=i In 3 - In jtJ)] = \ In
5
(

1/2
1 /?
70. (a)
2
dx = [tanh -1 x]„ = tanh -1 i- tanh -1 = tanh -1 i
1-x

(
b)ta »h -.i = i ln (i±UZ|) = i
ln3

3/13 12/13

71. (a) f
J
— -M-
xVl-16x
.= ,
2
f
J
— t#—
uVa -u 2
=,
2
where u = 4x, du = 4dx, a=l
1/5 4/5

r 112/13 , Irt _1 4
= — sech~
1
1
uJa/e
J
4/5
=— sech r^ + sech
13
^

(b)
,-l 12 ,.„i.-l4_
- Sech-^ + 5ech-^ = -lnl
l
V^
+ ,/l-(12/13)M
L ln l
f
l
V^
+ t/l-(4/5) 2

= -ln( 13+ V^f^) + In

(
5 + V^ )= ln (^_^13^^ tn2 _ Iii
3

= ln(2.|) = ln|

2
72 (a)
dx
\-\ CSch
-1
= -I(csch -1 1 -CSch -1 i) zr^CSCh' 1 i-CSCh" 1 l)
'

i x^T7 |||J

(b)I(cSch-4-c8ch-l)4[ n(2 + i ^)-ln(l + ^)] = iln(^)

cos x = ~ du = [sinh l
= sinh — sinh = 0, where u = sin du = cos x dx
73. (a) dx -}..*- * uj n x,
V + 1 sin x VI + u2
528 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

-1
(b) sinn -sinh" 1 = ln(0 + A /0 + l)-ln(0 + ^O + l) =

dx du = In = A dx, =
74. fa : ,
'
where u x, du a 1

{ xy/l + (In x)
2 \/a2 + u2
I

= [sinh -1 uJ = sinh -1 1 — sinh" = sinh - 1

+ v/ T+T)-in(o + \/0 2 +l) = ln(l + \/2)

-1
(b) shiir 1 1 -sinh = ln(l l

U . (a) LetE(x) =
f
WY -X^ndO(x) = ^fal.
(
Then E(x) + W= »^ ^^ +

= HW = f(x) . Als0) E( _x) = f(-x) + f(-(-x)) = f(x) + f(-x) = E(x) ^ E(x) is eveni and

0(-x) = ,
'I/'v ~ l~^~ x " _
= __^LL__LJLi = _ 0(x) =*• 0(x) is odd. Consequently, f(x) can be written as
2 2
a sum of an even and an odd function.

f(x)+f(-x) k _f(x)-f(-x.) f(x)-f(-x)^ f(x)+f(-x)

0>)f(*)=^2 because = and f(x) = = 0; thus

f(x)= « + 0andf(x) = + «
-y
76. y = sinh -1 x => x = sinh y => x = e*y _
~e
' '
=> 2x = ey - \ => 2xey = e 2y - 1 =* e 2y - 2xe y -1 =

=>e : - 2x± y.4x + 4 => e y = x + \/x2 + l => sinh

-1
x = y = ln(x + \/x2 + l). Since ey > 0, we cannot

choose ey = x— v z
+1 because x — yx + 1 < 0.

dy ld\ /i(lv
/Jndv
77. (a) m^=mg- kv 2
=> dt _
= 1 =*. -i-^t, = 1 ^ dt
dt mg — kv i-fe
mg 1 —
i/v|
'-'.(AT l-M±
mg/r

As /kg,
gdt=* tanh-
1
(y%v)=V^t + C^v = tanh m + C );v(0) = 0=^C* =
-t
>

= »/t— tanh = =
(b) lim
t-»co
v lim
t-»oo V k
t -s-2
k
ljm
t->co
tanh t
«-v?
(c)
V^= V ^»= ^= 80^« / 4
178.89 ft/scc

78. v
(a) s(t)
x '
= a cos kt + b sin kt => 4i = -»k sin kt + bk cos kt => S_|
2
— - ak 2 cos kt - bk 2 sin kt
' dt dt
2
=— 2
(a cos kt + sin kt) =— s(t) =>- acceleration is proportional to s. The negative constant- —
implies that the acceleration is directed toward the origin.
 Section 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 529

ds cPs
(b) s(t) = a cosh kt + b sinh kt => 2§ = ak sinh kt + bk cosh kt =» S_| = 4
ak" cosh kt + bk^ sinh kt
df
= k (a cosh kt + sinh kt) = k s(t) => acceleration is proportional to s. The positive constant k implies

that the acceleration is directed away from the origin.

79
dy - -1 i
x _. _ A= dx + x dx => y = sech
-3
(x) - \/l-x2 + C; x = 1 and
xVT^ VT3
y = 0=>-C=:0=^y = sech -1 (x) - a/1-x 2

80. To find the length of the curve: y = g cosh ax => y' = sinh ax => s = y 1 + (sinh ax) dx

^ 8 = C08h ax dx = ^ sinh ax = ^ sinh ab. Then the area under the curve is A= 4 cosh ax dx
J

= \ sinh ax = -o
-4, sinh
a
sii ab = { g ]f g sinh ab ) which is the area of the rectangle of height g and length s
a
o
as claimed.

2 2

81. V=x ( cosh

2
x- sinh 2
x) dx = ir 1 dx = 2tt

82. V= 2ir
2
sech x dx = 2ir[tanh x] v = 2ir

\n.y/l In^/s
ilny/s
83. y = i cosh 2x => y' = sinh 2x => L = Jl + (sinh 2x)
2
dx = cosh 2x dx = i sinh 2x

84. (a) Let the point located at (cosh x,0) be called T. Then A(u) = area of the triangle AOTP minus the area
coshu

under the curve y = v xz — 1 from A to T => A(u) = s cosh u sinh u — v 2

—1 dx.

cosh u 1

(b) A(u) = | cosh u sinh u - Vx - 12

dx => A'(u) = i(cosh 2
u + sinh u) - ( >/cosh2 u-l) (sinh
2
u)

= cosh
2
u+A sinh u
2 - sinh 2 u = i(cosh2 u - sinh 2 u) = (3KI) =
I \
(c) A'(u) = A => A(u) = | + C, and from part (a) we have A(0) = => C= =)• A(u) = | => u = 2A
530 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

85. (a) y = | cosh(gx) => tan <f = = (|)[| sinh(§x)j = sinhgx'

gf

(b) The tension at P is given by T cos <t>

=H =^ T = II sec <f>
= IT\/l + tan 2 = H,/l+fsinhgx
.

=H cosh (fx )
H cosh fgx) = wy
= w{%)

3, s = 4 sinh ax =£ sinh ax = as => ax = sinh as => x = 4- sinh as; y = 4 cosh ax = y cosh

jjj- ax

= g Vsinh 2 ax + 1 = I v/a2 s2 + 1 = Js 2 -\-\

= and x = 15. From x 1 „;„u-l1 = sinh *

87. (a) Since the cable is 32 ft long, s 16 Exercise 88, =: £ sinh as .

=5> 15a 16a

sinh 15a = 16a.

0.69
0.60 y » 16 a

0.67

0.66
(b) The intersection is near (0.042,0.672).
0.65
"y • sinh 15 a
0.041 0.042 0.64*3

(c) Newton's method indicates that at a ft* 0.0417525 the curves y = 16a and y = sinh 15a intersect,

(d)T=wy ,(2 1b)(

ft ^)«,47.O0 1b
0:M
(e) The sag is about 4.8 ft.

22 y
- (23.95 1)cosh(0.4l7S x)

20

-is -io ~ -5
b —
CHAPTER 6 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. y = lOe-"/
5
=> g = (10)(-I)e-X /S = -2e-"/ 5

2. y = v^e^x ^g = (v^)(v /
2)e
V/ix
= 2eV/i>£
 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 531

3. y = ixe 4x -ie
16'
4
^^dx~4 = lfx(4e 4x ) + e 4x (l)]-i(4e
16'
4
) = xe
4x
+ i e 4x -Ie 4x =xe4x

4. y _ x'e
= - '' x _ Y z2 p -2x-
v 2„-2/x =x e
1
_ dy = x a
(2x- 2 )e- 2x + e" 2 *
,-i
(2x) = (2 + 2x)e- 2x
-i
^2e~ 2 / x (l+x)
dx

5. y = ] n U^)^^ = ^™^i^ = 2c^ =:2cot ,

de sin' sin

( i.\ dv 2(sec 0)(sec tan 0) ni „

6. y = ln(sec
, 2
^}=^^ = -^ ^-y-
a
i=2tan0
d0 sec

"(*
7. y = log 2
(*)- In 2 ^dx In 2| (In 2)x

.(*).

s. y ^^ n Jj^l^j. <Msh) (In 5)(3x-7)

9. y = 8-' => § = 8-
dt
l
(ln 8)(-l) = -8- l (ln 8) 10. y = 9
2t
=> ^= 9
2t
(ln 9)(2) = 9
2t
(2 In 9)

2 -6
11. y = 5x 3 6 '

=> g = 5(3.6)x = 18x 2 -6

l}
12. y = ^2x-V^ =* | = ^X-V5)^"^" ( - -2x(-^

13. y = (x + 2) lc+2 ^lny = In(x + 2) 5(+2 = (x + 2)ln(x + 2)^f = (x + 2)(^) + (l) ln(x + 2)

^g=(x + 2)*+ 2 [ln(x + 2) + l]

14. y = 2(ln x)*'

2
=> in y = ln[2(ln x 2
x) ' ] = In (2) + (f ) In (In x) =f= + (f ) j^ + (In (In x))
(|)

= x/2
=* y ' = kTb + (i) ln(ln x) 2(ln x)X/2 (ln x> ln ( ln x
)
+ ihi
] [

1/2
f(i-" r
2

- u 2^ =>^-
/ dy (-2u)
1
2 if, 2
15. y = sin" . i
1
y/l -u = sin" (l
1
) ,

vT^u^^i-d-^ 2 i u 'v /rr^

)
l-(l-u 2 )

-u _ -1 =
, 0<u<1
u\/l-u 2
\A-u :

= sin -1 (~^\ = sin -1 v -1 ' 2 2 = -1 -I "^

16. y
lv/^J
=> -^
dv
= ,

\/i„( v -V2)
2 S^'Vl-V
.

1
-
2v
-

3/2
;== -
yS ^/w^
3 2
2v / ^T
_ -1
2v\/v-l
532 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

17. y = ln(cos x)=i-y' = -

cos X yl-x.2 cos -1" x
,-1/2.
18. y = 55 COS 7. —V1—Z —7, COS 7.— ( 1 —Z ) =>-j-=: COS z
v — .
z
-Ul(l-z 2
,
r) -2z)

= cos z
z
-+. .
,,
?1
,, _v = COS l
z
x/ni5 v/n?

19. y = tt a n-U-(I)lnt^| = tan- 1

t + t^V(l)(I) = tan-U
+T
^-i
20. y = (l+t 2 )cot- 1 2t =*^7 = 2tcot~ 1 2t + (l + t 2 ^ 2
dt l + 4f

1/2
21. y = z sec -1 z - \/z 2 - 1 =z sec
_l z-(z 2 - l) =^ ^ = ?Y / ... A+ 1
sec
]
z)(l) — p-ir
?rU (
2z)

- z z
= 4- sec
-1
z = y'7 z + sec' 1 z, z > i

zlVz -!
2
Vz -1 2
Vz -1 2

-1
22. y = 2v/x-l sec ,/x = 2(x - 1) 1/2 sec -1 (x) 1 ' 2
-1/2
dy_ 2 iVx-ir^sec-^^^^Cx-l)
sec V^ 1
sec \/* 1
|
T*
\vW^t/J ^2v^rr
r
2x; -^i
= esc -1 (sec / rtN .
=> g|
dy _
= _ sec Q tan _ tan 9 = -l,0<* <£
23. y 0)
2
|sec0]Vsec 0-l |tan *

lx „tan x
24. y ^ ua
= (l+x J )e i!
lx
=^y' = 2xetan +(l + x
2
) = 2xetan Lx
+ e tan
lx
1+x'

a /n(-2sin2x)
25. y = 2U + U In y = )n
2
y.± lA = In (2) + ln(x2 + l) - 1z In (cos 2x) =» £J = 2x -
+ -J&- (1
V cos 2x
f
\^Vcos2xy x* + l ^ cos 2x

=> / = C 22x_ + tan 2x \ = 2l^+LV^x_ + tan 2x

^x + l / x
2
/co72x\< x +l

26 . y = 7g±|. lny = ln .^ = > (3x + 4)-K2>-4)]^ = i(^-^

=>y' = i (
10V3x + 4
_3_ x-2J 1 >v
y ~ \7SIf
= i
V2x-4U0A3x + 4 x-2
V^U—
n5

27. = + l)(t-l) =>lny = 5[lii(t + l) + lii(t-l)-ln(t-2)-ln(t + 3)]=*(iV^

(t
y
L(t-2)(t + 3)j i^WVdT
 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 533

t(_L- _l_1
°U + + t-l l t-2
I
t
LU^H
3^dt~°
+
(t + l)(t-l) y_x- _i
L(t~2)(t
+
+ 3)J \t + l t-1 t-2
i
t
L.^
+ 3j

28 - y= ^" lny=ln2+inu+uln2 ^ ln(u2+i)

"(^)^ +!n2 -KTO
dy
= 2^= A + !n2 „ u_\

29. y = (sin 9)f9 => In y = v/tf In (sin 0) =>

(£)(g) * >/*(§jf) +
\&~^ In (sin 0)

=*^ = (sin e^lsfe cot 0+M^l^ 1 (sin 0)^(* cot + ln y^)

30. y = (in x)i/- =* ln y =(5^) In(b x) =*

£ ^^(^(^(In ^Tln^P
(In x)'

^ 1 - In (In x)
=> y' = (ln x) 1 11

x(ln y.y

31. e
x
sin{e
x
) dx = sin u du, where u = e
x
and du = e* dx

= -cos u + C = ~cos(ex ) + C

32. J cos(3e' - 2) dfc = I cos u du, where u = 3el - 2 and du = 3e l

dt

= A sin u+C = sin(3e

t
- 2) + C
I

33. e
x
sec (e
2 x — 7) dx = 2
sec u du, where u = ex — 7 and du = e* dx

= tan u + C = tan(ex - 7) + C

34. ey csc(ey + l) cot(ey + l) dy = esc u cot u du, where u = ey + 1 and du = ey dy

= ~cscu + C = -csc(ey + l) + C

35. (sec
2
x)e tanx dx = e
u
du, where u = tan x and du = sec x dx

= e u + C = e oanx + C

36. (csc x)e

2 cotx
dx =- e
u
du, where u = cot x and du = — esc x dx

= -eu + C = -ecotx + C
534 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

-i

37.

-l
3^4 dx
4 -7
^ du, where u = 3x — 4, du —3 dx; x = —1 => u = —7, x = 1 => u =—

= i[ln|u|]J = I[ln!-l|-ln|-7i] = i[0-ln7] = -^

'In x
38. dx = u ' du, where u = ln x, du = ^ dx; x = 1 => u = 0, x = e=>u = l

1
= [23"u 3/2l = [2 1 3/2_| 3/2
J -L3

1/2
sin
(t
39. |)dx
tanf# = dx= -3 U du, where u = cosf =|
J,
du = — 4 sinf^) dx; x = => u = 1, x = ir

cos(jj)

2 3
= -3[ln|u|]y = -3 In — In 11 = -3 In i= In 2 = In

1/4 1/4 1/0

40. 2 cot 7rx dx =2 -. dx =f
" ^ du, where u = sin ttx, du = it cos 7rx dx; x = ^=S*u = 7)' x — 7
sin ttx
1/6 1/6 1/2
=> U =
^
2 In 2
=f^.</ =i -In = |[ln 1- Jin 2 -In 1+ In 2 = ill ln 2
In
^ 7T

-9
41,
2
2t
dt = i du, where u = t
2 - 25, du = 2t dt; t = => u - -25, t =4 => u = -9
t -25
-25
9
= [In |u |]_ = ln -9 | 1 -lnl-25 | = ln 9 - ln 25 = In |r

jt/6 1/2

42.
1
cos
-
t
sin t
dt =- ^ du, where u = 1 - sin t, du = - cos t dt; t = — ? => u = 2, t = ^ =*> u ==
—ir/2
= -[!n!u|]; /2 = ~ in -In 12 = - ln 1 + ln 2 + In 2 = 2 In 2 = In 4

f tan (In v)
43. dv = tan u du = co^ u du,
'
where u=ln v and du = ^ dv

= — ln | cos u ( + C = — In I cos (ln v) I +C

44.
1
dv = jj du, where u = ln v and du = ^ dv
v ln v

= ln|u| + C = ln|ln v|+C

 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 535

(In x)-
45. dx = I u du, where u = In x and du =; 4 dx

!i_. + C = -I(liix)~ 2 + C

In (x - 5) ——
46. —
— D— dx =
g j
I
u du, where u = In (x — 5) and du =
X
^-g-
O
dx

u
2 [In(x-5)r
T+c ~ 2
+C

47. ±csc 2 (l+hir)dr = esc u du, where u = 1 + In r and du _1j dr

=
= - cot u + C = - cot (1 + In r) + C

48. ^ dv =— 1 cos u du, where u = 1 — In v and du = — ^ dv

= — sin u +C = — sin(l — In v) + C

x
=A U = x2 and du = 2x dx
49. x3 dx 3 du, where u

2
_ 1
r(3 )
u
+ C = jnL(3* ) + C

tanx sec 2 xdx = U

du, where u = tan = 2
50. 2 2 x and du sec x dx

Info(
2
,
2U
,

) +C = W
otan x
In 2
+C

7
7
51. |dx = 3 idx = 3[ln|x|] = 3(ln7-In 1)=3 In 7
I

32 32

52.
A d*4 idx = i[ln|x|]
1
=i(ln32-ln 1) = A In 32 = In( %/$2) = \n 2

53.
(f
+ i) dx
4la x
^) dx 4[F +ln x C=M(¥+ ta4 )-(h lnl )]=Tl4 ln4
'

= i| + nx/4 = i|+ln2
l
16

~
54.
(i~ j) dx = i | G*"*
12x 2
)
dx =
¥ ln " x '+ 12x_1
]i
= |[( ln 8 + ^)- (In 1 + 12)]

= |(ln 8+|-12) = |(ln 8-^) = |(ln 8) - 7 = ln(8 2/3 )- 7 = In 4-7

536 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

-1
x+1 u du, where u
55. [ e-( >dx =- e = -(x + 1), du = - dx; x = -2 =* u = 1, x = -1 => u =
-2

= -[eB ]°=-(e°-e 1 ) = e-I

2w dw = u = 2w,
56. e I e du, where u du = 2 dw; w = — In 2 => u = In i w = Q => u =
-Ln2 In (1/4)

-irLee
~2
u ]° -If co_j»(i/4)]_u,
e
n_3
J ln(i/4)-2 te 1
~2{ L 4j~8

Ln5 16
3/2
57. [
r
e (3e
r
+l) dr=i | u~ 3/2 du, where u = 3e
r
+ 1, du = 3e
r
;
r = => u = 4, i = In 5 => u = 16

-§t"- , "i"-F"- ,/4 -«- ,/ ')=(-!Xl-l)-(-!X-i)=*

ln9
.1/2
e
(e
fl
- l) d6 = u 1/2 du, where u = e - 1, fl
du = e" d0; 6 = => u = 0, = In 9 =* u =

= f[u 3 / 2 )* = |( 8 3/2 _ ,,3/a) = 2 2 9/2 _ ) = 2^! = 32V1

1/3
59. i(l +7 In x) dx =i u 1/3 du, where u = 1 + 7 In x, du = £ dx, x = 1 => u = 1, x =e => u =

1_ y/3]^^( 8
14
^_ l2 /3) =
(^ (4 _ 1)=: ^

60.
1
;
dx = (In x) ' j dx = u ' du, where u = In x, du = y dx; x = e=*-u = l, x = e2 =»u = 2
xvln x

= 2lu 1/2 J
1
= 2(v/2-l) = 2 v/2-2

3 In 4

6 ,ffe^!! dv= P n (v + 1 )]
2
7TT dv = u du, where u _ l
= In (v + 1), du =—^rdv;
In 2
v = 1 => u = In 2, v = 3 => u = In 4;

= f> S
3 " £M[(l»
ln2-3L J 4)3 -( ln ^HlP ln 2)
3
-( ln 2)
3
] = ^(8-l) = J(ln 2)
3

4 In 4

62. (l + lnt)(tlnt)dt = (tlnt)(l + lnt)dt= u du, where u =t In t, du =((t)(i)+ (In t)(l)) dt

2 21n2 = (l+lnt)dt; t = 2=>u=2 1n2, t =4

^ u = 4 In 4
=
^ u2 l2S = iU4 In 2 4)
2
- (2 In 2)
2
]
= 1[(8 In 2)
2 - (2 In 2)
2
]
= ^i|^>! (16 - 1) = 30 (In 2)
2
 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 537

kfj^ dfl = = u du, where u = In du = ± d0, = => u = 0, =8 => u = In

.
f
j±a \ (In 0)(l) dd i~4 f 0, 1 5

1 l o

1 [-21
lu J o l(ln8} j_ ~
2 1n4 L -Ir7T6 ° 4 In 2 4

'
8(ln 3)(log3 g) 3)(h
d0 _
8(ln 6)
64. f Jfl
= f
dP " 8 (In 0)(±) d0 =8 u du, where u = In 0, du = | d0;
J ^(ln3)
o
= l=^u = O, = e =*u = 1

= 4[u2 ]; = 4(l 2 -0 2 ) = 4

3/4 3/4 3/2

65.

_ 3/4 ^^ ,
6
„ dx =3
J/4 V^
7
,

^ dx = 3

-3/2
.

V3 2 - u 2
du, where u

X
= 2x, du

= -4=*U = -k,X = j=HI=w

=2 dx;

3/2
= 3 sin-V^l (C^MKI-fiHIH-flh
=3
!^ 1

1/5 1/5

66.
_.
5
v^r^?
6 dx =£
5_,
/sV
^r^^ = 5
dx £
5_i
lV ^v ^ t-r— du, where u = 5x, du =

= — f=>-U = -1,X = f^U =

5 dx;

X 1

,
-l|*"(l)L-ll*- (i)-*'"(-l)]=IH-(-fl]-»(fl-*

2^/5
^3
67.
4 + 3t
^dt = v 3 /

2 2
dt = -v/3
J Z
2
1
U
2
du, where u = y^. du = a/3 dt:
i 2 +(v'3t)
"2
V^
-f-

t = -2 => u = -2-^/S, t =2 => u = 2y 3 /

= ^3 [i£ ^-i/uYI
tan
l(,
2
^ -^r
2
tan -i(y3)-t an
- 1
(-^)] = ^[f-(-f
a/3
'U/s"

68. dt = dt tan
"1
(tan ^- tan
~
11)=
^ -
f })
= ^
3 +f
^3
(V3)+t 2 [^ (^)]V^
V^
36

x/3

69. ;
dy = dy = — J: du, where u = 2y and du =2 dy
y>/4y
a
-l J
(2y) /(2y)
2
-l uvV-1
v

= sec _1 |u| + C = sec"~ 1 |2y| +C

538 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

70.
24
y\Zy*-l6
dy = 24 -^dy = 24(ls c-|||) + C = 6sec- e +C

2/3 2/3

71. dy = = dy = / du, where u = 3y, du = 3 dy;

y \/9y ~i J |u|\/u -1
V^/ 2
I
I

V^/2
\zy\y/wi 1
V2 y = V^ r
u = ^,y=§^u = 2
^5 = [sec"
1 1
- sec" 1 ^5] = - =
:
[sec" u] 2
f f ^
~y/*/y/& -y/a/y/s -y/i
V^
72.

J/V _ , yh /^ dy =

J -^yV(V5y) -(^)
2
dy
-2 V-MVSf
;
du,

where u = \/5y. du = \/l dy; u = --2= =* u = -2, y = — X- => u = -\/6

1-V 5
1
sec"
1 u _i_ sec 1
y^ - sec.-1_2
x
-^=
6j- ^112-12 36
\/3 v^ -2 V3 ~V3"U 12-v/3

73.
\/-2x - x2
dx =
V^G x
2
+ 2x+l,
dx = , = dx = 7=a. . ..
du, where u =x+1 and

= sin -1 u + C = sin" (x +
1
1) +C

74. dx = ;
dx = ^dx = ;
du
\/~x 2 +4x-l 2 " J J 2
V'3-(x -4x + 4) y/(y/if-ix-2)*~ 7(^) -u 2
where u = x — 2 and du = dx
= OT
-^) + c-.-(«j|>Vo
-1 -1 -1

75. dv = 2 dv =2 J - dv =2 du,
-2
v^ + 4v +5 l + (v 2 + 4v + 4) -2
l + (v + 2)?2 1 + u'
where u = v + 2, du = dv; v=— 2=>u = 0, v = — l^u = l

-1
2 [tan
-1
ujj = 2 (tan 1 -tan -1 o) = 2(|-(A =
|
3/2

76. dv=44 dv = dv =4 3
du
-l
4v
2
+4v+4
.14 T + iV 2 +V+i
)
'A(#* + «r
|

'He!**
1

where u = v +A 1
, du = dv; v = — 1 => u = — ±, v = 1 =»u=#
2
-arxtan- 1 /"-^^ -^/Ir^-i./?
tan v 3 — tan~
......i/' 1 _ V^rir f «-\l _ V^(2v t\ _ i/3 ff

f-(-f)]-WJ)=
,

4y5~ ^/_ 1/2

" 2
V^ 2 2
 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 539

-Jlit

77. ,dt dt = dt = 1
~ du
(t + l)^t 2 + 2t-8 J
(t + l) /(t
N
2
+ 2t + l)-9 •
(t + l)^(t + I)
2
-3 u^/u^3 2
where u = t + 1 and du = dt
— -k sec
-l u
lu
+c= i
sec
-l t +1 +c

78. dt dt = dt =I ;
du
(3t + l)i/9t 2 + 6t .
(3t+l)^(9t + 6t+l)-l 2 > (3t + l)^/(3t + l)
2
-l 2 3
• u^^ 2^T
where u = 3t + 1 and du = 3 dt
_1 _1
= isec [u| + C=isec |3t + l| +C

n -
i^+H^ ^ dx 'x=ln2
dr
dx
]

<-«"> <
eX+1
U 2
_
2+l
1 _1
3

7^-r — x and
Y 1+ y-l
( (x)

f(r 1 (x)) = i+
r4^ =
i + (^~i) = ^^ f(x) (x-1)'
[0-4)-
= -x2 ;

f(x)= i=>drl
x2 " dx l
f(x) f (x)

81. y =x In 2x - x => y' = x (^) + ln ( 2x) - 1 = In 2x; 0.1

12 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 13

solving y' = => x = i; y' > for x > i and y' < for
4.1 /(Ve, 0)
-02
x<4 => relative minimum of —^ at x = 4; f ( o~ ) =~e
-0J

and ff § = => absolute minimum is —s at x = = and the -0.4 y = xln 2x — x

J

O.S
absolute maximum is at x =£ (0.5,-0.5)

82. y = 10x(2 - ln x) => y' = 10(2 - ln x) - 10x(|)

(e.lDe)
= 20-10 In x- 10 = 10(1 -lnx); solving y' =
=> x = e; y' < for x > e and y' > for x< e y= 10* (2 -in*)

=> relative maximum at x = e of lOe;

y (e
2
) = 10e (2
2 — 2 ln e) = ^> absolute minimum is

at x =e 2
and the absolute maximum is lOe at x =e 5 —
(t',01
540 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

2 In
83. A = dx = 2u du = [u J = 1, where

u = In x and du = 4 dx; x = 1 =» u = 0, x = e =» u = 1

20

84. (a)A 1 = idx = [lnlx|]™ = In20-]n 10 = In = In 2, and A 2 = I dx = [in |x|]J = In 2 -In 1 = In 2

|jj
10
kb

(b) A 1= idx=[ln|x|]^ = lnkb-lnka = lng = ln|=lnb-lrta,andA 2 = I Idx = [ln |x|]

ka

= In b — In a

85. y = l»=>£«feS = £S*£-(i)^ = -WS

^ =lm,

86. y:=ae- x / 3 ^ dx
= -3e-*/ ;dx
3
'
dt
= g^^dx '=
(dy/dxj
"^
dt _3 e
-x /3 - ; x = 9 => y = 9e -3

dx I 4jyI-^-
9
e
3 . _ _
dt
= i Vc3 V e3 - 1 as 4.895 as 5 ft/sec
x=9

87. (a)y = lS7S^/= 1 -J^=2^1nx

X-y/X 3/2
2X 2
*V X 0.5
,-*£
=> y " = -|x-^ 2 (2 - In x) ~^x' B f a = x- 5 / 2 (| In x - 2) -5 jg -jj- ^ 25X

-0.5
solving y' = => In x = 2 => x = e2 ;
y' < for x > e2 and
and y' > for x < e2 => a maximum of |; y" = -1

=>lnx = ^=>x = e' ; the curve is concave down on -1.5"

.8/3
0,e ' 1 and concave up on e,8/3
' ,00 I

2
(b) y = e"** => y' = -2xe-* => y" = -2e~ x2 + 4x 2 e~ x2 ;

solving y' = => x = 0; y' < for x> and y' > for

x< =4> a maximum at x = of e° = 1; there are points

of inflection at x = ±—4=; the curve is concave down for

^7= < x < —4= and concave up otherwise

N/2 y/2
-3 -2 -1 1 z r
 Chapter t> Practice Exercises 541

(c) y = (l + X )e- x =*y' = (l+x)e-x = -j

y = —e " + xe x = (x — l)e x
; solving y' =
=* -xe _x = => x = 0; y' < for x > and y' >
for x< => a maximum at x = of (1 + 0) e° = 1;

there is a point of inflection at x = 1 and the curve is

concave up for x > 1 and concave down for x< 1

y = x In x => y' = In x + x[^J = In x + 1; solving y' =

=>lnx + l = 0=»lnx = -l=>x = e" 1 ;
y' > for

_1 < e" 1 an absolute minimum

x>e and y' < for x =>•

-l
ofe Mne x
= — Aatx = e

89. Since the half life is 5700 years and A(t) =A e

kt
we have
-f
= A e
5700k
=> ± = e 5700k =» In (0.5) = 5700k
I n (0.5) In (0.5)

^k = In (0.5)
. With 10% of the original carbon- 14 remaining we have 0.1 A =A e 5700 0.1 =e 57oo
5700

= kffijlt => = (57 ? 0) '"1Q ' 1) « 18,935 years (rounded to the nearest year).
=»ln(0.1) t
5700 In (0.5)

90. T - Ts = (T - Ts ) e~
kt
=> 180 - 40 = (220 - 40) e k^ 4 time in hours, => k
,
= -4 In ( gj = 4 In^j => 70 - 40

41n ^9 ^ 7 ^ = ln
w 107 min, the total time => the time took to cool from
= (220 - 40)e~ => t ^* , ss 1.78 hr it

4In(f)
180° F to 70° F was 107 - 15 = 92 min

91. A = xy = xe"
x2
=* j£ = e""
2
+ (x)(-2x) e
- x2
= e^G -2x 2 ). Solving ^= = 1 - 2x 2 =

= 1 • dA < q f > 1
and
dA > q for <x< 1 _>, absolute maximum of -i=e
dx
y/2 dx \/2 V2 \/2e
v/2
1 ^2
x = -4= units long by y =e = -K= units high.
y/2 V*

92. A=xy=x('^ = ^^^ = i-^ = 1^. Solving^ = 0=>l-lnx = 0^x = e;

4^-
dx
< for x > e and ^A
dx
> for x < e => absolute maximum of ^= i at x = e units long and y = -* units
e

high.

93. K = In (5x) - ln(3x) = In 5 + In x - In 3 - In x = In 5 - In 3 = In |

542 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

94. (a) No, there are two intersections: one at x =2

and the other at x =4
.102

(b) Yes, because there is only one intersection point.

1_
= * - "t-V^- cot" 1 (|- iV
'30
95.
60 3 30
< x < 50 => ^
dx
=

= 30
2
solving = => x2 - 200x + 3200 = => x = 100 ± 20\/T7, but
+ x2
;
60 30 3 + (50 - x) jj£

100 + 20\/l7 is not in the domain;

|j|
> for x < 20 (5 - y/vj) and jj£ < for 20(5 - y/vf) < x < 50
=> x = 20(5 - y/rj) fis 17.54 m maximizes Q

96. v = x2 In(l) = x 2 (In 1 - In x) = -x2 In x => ^ = -2x In x - x 2 (i) = -x(2 In x + 1); solving g=
=>2 1nx+l = 0^1nx = -i=>x = e -1 / 2 ;
jjx < for x > 1 2
e"" / and j£ > for x < e
_1/2
=> a relative

maximum at x = e
1|/2
; r- = xandr = l=}»h = e1 /2 = y/e « 1.65 cm

97. (a) Force = Mass times Acceleration (Newton's Second Law) or F = ma. Let a = 4^ = 4^-4^ = v 4^. Then
dt ds at ds

ma = -mgR2 s -2 => a = -gR2s -2 =>v^=

ds
-gR2 s~ 2 =>vdv = -gR2 s -2 ds => vdv = ~gRV 2 ds
2 2
v2 _ git' + C 2gR"
v^=^^ 2gR
+ 2C 1 = ^^ + C.
=> Whent = 0, v =v and s =R => vg = ^- + C
^C = vi-2gR^v 2
= ^+v -2gR
 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 543

(b) If v = ^R, then v 2

= ^=^v=Y^, since v>0 if v >v/5iR. Then^ = ^£
=> 7S ds = v/SgR5 dt =>
f
1 2
a ' ds = |
^
^/2iR dt => |s
3/2
= ( vW» + Cj =>
3 2
s ^ = (§ N/2gR7 )t + C;

t = Oands = R^R3 ^ = (f^F)(0) + C=>C = R3 /2 ^s3 / 2 =(| x/^)t + R3 / 2

= (f V^> + R 3/2
= R3/2 [(§R- 1/2 v^g)t + 1] = R3/2 [(^P)t + 1]

vn m (°- 86 X 30 - 84 )
= .97 => k w 27.343
•asting distance =»

s(t ) = !0^(l _ e -Ck/»>) ^ s(t) = p^d _ e -(27. 343/30.84)t) ^ s(fc) = 0.97(3. _ e -0.886flt)
A graph of the model is shown superimposed on a graph of the data.

[0,3] by [0.1]

dy 3£_.-*-2 ,-X-2 dx =^ e y = -i ,-x-2

99. HI = e-*-'- 2 ^g = e
--y
e * => ee y dy = e-*~ 2 dx = (Vdy = C;x =

and y = -2 => e~
2
= -e~ 2 + C => C= 2e- 2 => e^ = -e"^ 2 + 2 e - 2 => lnfe") = in(~e~ x - 2 + 2e~ 2 )

x -2
=>y = ln(-e- + 2e- 2
)

100.
dy
?- _
= y In y dy dx
2
(iU=- ^~w dx
+x
^ In (In y) = — tan 1
x + C; x = and
dx i + x
2
y ln y i+ J
in y 1

y = e2 => ln(ln e2 ) = -tan

-1
+C => In 2 =C =*• In (In y) = - tan -1 x +ln 2
.-l.x+ln2) _(-tan 1
x+ln2) (-tan 1 x+ln2)
=>e
bi(iny)
=e (-taIl 1
x+ln2)
=>,
lny = e
(-tan
^ e
lny _ fi
.

=> y = ee
-1
y =exp(exp( — tan x + ln 2))

101

v(x)=eln(x +1 )^ (x + 1)2 ^ y = _0_

j
544 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

i V7x^-3 + %-
x2
+ C;x = Oandy =
,

l=M=0 + + C^C=l=^y = 1
4+€+i
x+ U V 3 2
(x + 1)
2 \i 2

102.
dy
37 + (l)y =
:
T=>PW = J,Q(x) = 2^=* P(x) dx = |dx = 2 ln|x| = ln x 2 => v(x) = Jnx*

= x* => y = x2 (^tA)dx = -L x
3
+ x)dx = i(^ + ^ + CJ = ^ + i + -%;x = andy =
? l l

s U + C=>c4=>y^4
4 "2^ i
+
4x
2

103.

104. To find the approximate values let yn = yn-1 + (yn _ 1 4- cos xn _j)(0.1) with x = 0, y = 0, and 20 steps.
Use a spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain the values in the following table.

X y x y
1.1 1.6241
0.1 0.1000 1.2 1.8319
0.2 0.2095 1.3 2.0513
0.3 0.3285 1.4 2.2832
0.4 0.4568 1.5 2.5285
0.5 0.5946 1.6 2.7884
0.6 0.7418 1.7 3.0643
0.7 0.8986 1.8 3.3579
0.8 1.0649 1.9 3.6709
0.9 1.2411. 2.0 4.0057
1.0 1.4273

105. To find the approximate solution let z n = y n _i + ((2 — yn _i)(2xn _ + 3))(0.1)

]
and

*
'(2 - yn _ 1 )(2x n _ 1 + 3) + (2 - 8j(2xn + 3)'
yn = y n -i (0.1) with initial values x = —3, y = 1,

and 20 steps. Use a spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain, the values in the following table.

X y X y
-3 l -1.9 -5.9686
-2.9 0.6680 -1.8 -6.5456
-2.8 0.2599 -1.7 -6.9831
-2.7 -0.2294 -1.6 -7.2562
-2.6 -0.8011 -1.5 -7.3488
-2.5 -1.4509 -1.4 -7.2553
-2.4 -2.1687 -1.3 -6.9813
-2.3 -2.9374 -1.2 -6.5430
-2.2 -3.7333 -1.1 -5.9655
-2,1 -4.5268 -1.0 -5.2805
-2.0 -5.2840
 Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 545

106. To estimate y(3), let zn = y^ +( 5g-^pl .06) and y n = y^ +i(^g-|^ + ^- ^)(0.05)

)( j

with initial values x

Q
= 0, y = 1, and 60 steps. Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, or CAS to
obtain y(3) sw 0.9063.

xg_ 1 -2yn _ 1 + l
107. To estimate y(4), let y = yn_ x (0.05) with initial values x = 1, y = 1, and 60 steps.

Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, or CAS to obtain y(4) ks 4.4974.

108. Let yn = yn _j +[ — -rz rg )(dx) with starting values x = and y = —2, and steps of 0.1 and —0.1.

Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, or CAS to generate the following graphs,

(a)

(-0.2. 4.5] by (-2.5. 0.5]

(b) Note that we choose a small interval of x-vaiues because the y-values decrease very rapidly and our
calculator cannot handle the calculations for x < — 1. (This occurs because the analytic solution is

y = — 2 + In (2 — e _x
which has an asymptote at x
), = —In 2 ss —0.69. Obviously, the Euler
approximations are misleading for x < —0.7.)

(-1.0.2) by [-10.2]

109. Let Zn -y n _ x - (dx) with starting values

/n~ 1
+ xn-l/ n e +Xn-1 en + Xn,

x = 0, y = 0, and steps of 0.1 and —0.1. Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, or CAS to generate
the following graphs.
546 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

(a) (b)

110. (a)
f=
=
0.002P(l

*
-&)*$ = 0.002P(^P) . ^ML^ dP =
dP = 0.002 dt
1
P - ln| 800 - P = +C
n.002 dt =,
^^ = 0.002 dt

-P =
=* in +C
P ^ 800 - P =f- ln| 0.002t 0.002t
|
|

800

800 -P 800 -P _ e -0.002t-C _^ 800 -P _ ± e -c e -o.oo2t

In = -0.002t - C
P P
800 ~ i
= Ae„-o.oo2t
* .
p _. 800
•
1
1 + Ae-°- 002t

= 80 °
Initial condition: P(0) = 50 => 50 d 1 +A= 16 =$• A= 15
1 + Ae°

800
Solution: P= ~.Q02t
l + 15e

(b)f = 0.002P(l- £ ),P(0) = 50^P n+1 =P + 0.002Pn (l-^)dt = Pn + 0.001P (l-^

§ u I1 ri

On a TI-02 Plus calculator home screen, type the following commands:

50 STO> p:0 STO> t:p (enter)
p+0.001*p*(l - p/800) STO> p:t+0.5 STO> t:p (enter, 40 times)

The last value displayed gives P Buler (20) re 51.9073

800 P Ealer(20)-P Rxact (20)

From part (a), P exact (20) = -0-002( 2 o)
:
51.9081 xl00%
1 + 15e P eX act(20)

51.9073-51.9081
x 100% «J 0.154%
51.9081

111. x 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

-1 -0.8 -0.56 -0.28 0.04 0.4
2
Jt = x =j. dy =x <jx => y I
=^
2 + C; x = 1 and y = -1
1

\\\
=*-l = ± + C=*C = -|=*y (exact) =y- y oj
§
=> y (2) = -s — 7; = A is the exact value
•1

-2
}\\\\,\\s-.

-3

-3 -2 -1 1
 Chapter 6 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 547

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

112. x 1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6333 -0.4904 -0,3654 -0.2544

^ = I =» dy = ^ dx =* y =b |x| + C; x = 1 and y = -1

=>-l=lnl + C=>C = -l=>y (exact) =ln|x|-l

=> y(2) = In 2 - 1 » -0.3069 is the exact value

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

113. x 1 1.2

y =1 TT^ ZL488 -1.9046 -2.5141 -3.4192 \ J I \ \ U W •"If,

Sf II H
'"II llll
, .

C J.
2
2
WWWSN"- •"It
"fritlift
Vi) f
dy_ = xdx=>ln|y| = xr + C=>y = e,T+ = e^ /2. P C
^y_ •"'i.rii 1
g = xy^^- 1
••*'/ f i nil.

= C^ 2
; x =1 and y = -1 => -1 = C^e
1 '2
=> C x = -e' 1/2 y .ol

t If rrs
/11 1 /sr

* y (exact) = -e" 1 /2 2
-e^ = -e^
2"
1
^* y(2) = -e 3 '2
I
tltl If/
It 1
!!
1
-2

w —4.4817 is the exact value

-3

-3 -2 -1

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

114. x 1 1.2
-1 -1.2 -1.3667 -1.5130 -1,6452 -1.7668

g = I=> y dy = dx=>^- = x+C;x=landy = -l sss sssssss

1 ///s//////
=*i=l+C^C = -i=$-y 2 = 2x-l =>-y (exact) = ->/2x-l y Oj
in nII
11 1 1 11 1
1 1 1 1

lUtM}"
=> y(2) = -\/3 » -1.7321 is the exact value
-1
SNSSNWWS
NNNW
2

-2 -1

CHAPTER 6 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

2 21° g4X
=} -i^dx = ^j^dx =
2 (In x) _
-
1 . _
A2 _
A r
dx^A4 In x
dx
1. A I [ In 2 In 2 '
4 In
1
l

C!?j0!l __!_=> Al :A, = 2:l

.2In2j 1 ~21n2
548 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

2. In x(x = xx In x and In (x )
x
=xlnx x = x
2
In x; then, xx In x = x2 In x => xx = x2 => x In x =2 In x
X)
=5- x = 2. Therefore, x( " = (xx )* when x = 2.

3 . f(x) = e
s(x)
^ >
{ (x) = e g(x) g
,
(x)) where g , (x) = __x_ ^ m = e 0^_2_) = 2_

4. (a) 4I=2W!.ex = 2x

(b) 1(0) = 2Jji!dt =

(c) g = 2x => f(x) = x

2
+ C; f(0) = => C= => f(x) = x2 => the graph of f(x) is a parabola

5. (a) The figure shows that ^ ^ > =» jt In e >e In it => In e"" > In ?r
e
=* e" > 7r
e

(b) y = %* =» y ' =(l)(i)-lfiJE=s. i^S; solving y' = => In x = 1 => x = e; y' < for x >e and

y' > for <x<e => an absolute maximum occurs at x =e

6. The area of the shaded region is sin x dx = sin y dy, which is the same as the area of the region to

the left of the curve y = sin x (and part of the rectangle formed by the coordinate axes and dashed lines y = 1,

l "72
-1
x = ~) . The area of the rectangle is ?= sin y dy + 1 sin x dx, so we have
o
1 f/2 *V2 J

sin
1
x dx sin x dx sin x dx =¥ sin x dx.
2

n a
7. (a) slope of L3 < slope of L 2 < slope of L x =* i < lfl..j?...=l ..
< 1

(b) area of small (shaded) rectangle < area under curve < area of large rectangle
b
=*l(b-a)< f
x dx<l(b-a)^I< "b = ]na < 1 l

8. Method 1: Use a CAS or a numerical integral function on a calculator or spreadsheet to define y, =x In x

and y2 = t— 1
-— jp-*- — %+C 1, then compare the graph of y a with that of y 2 . The graphs should be the same.

Method 2: Use a CAS or a numerical integration function on a calculator or spreadsheet to define

t In t dt and y 2 =x J 1
- — 4- + C (you pick an a> and any value for C), then compare the graph

of y l with that of y 2 . The graphs should be the same except for a vertical translation.
 Chapter 6 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 549

9. Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

y'=£ Jsint
2
dt + Jl(x3 + x + 2) = (smx 2 ) + {3x 2 + l)

y" = ^(sin x 2 + 3x 2 + l) = (cos x 2 )(2x) + 6x = 2x cos(x2 ) + 6x

Thus, the differential equation is satisfied. Verify the initial conditions:

3
y'(0) = (sin 2
) + 3(0) 2 + 1 = 1 and y(0) = sin(t ) dt
2
+ + +2 = 2
f

10. (a) f (x) = £ u(t) dt = u(x) and g'(x) =

£ u(t) dt = u(x)
o

X X 3 3

(b)C = f(x)-g(x)=| u(t)dt- u(t) dt = u(t) dt + u(t) dt = u(t) dt

4 4

1LV=! *
(vk) ^=5 xdx = f[ln|x|]; /4 = f(ln4-lni) = Jlnl6 = fln(2 4 ) = 1rl Il 2
^ V '
f
J
X/4 1/4

12. = ks=* ^ = kdt=>lns = kt + C^s = s e

kt
gf
=> the 14th century model of free fall was exponential;

note that the motion starts too slowly at first and then

becomes too fast after about 7 seconds

13. (a) L^k(' a

-b
f
t ^
+ ^^W^ = k('^^- bcscg4 C0tg y, solving ^==0
=> r4 b esc 2 6 - bR4 esc 6 cot 6 = => (b esc #){r4 esc - R4 cot o) = 0; but b esc 8 £ since

$ ^ |* => r
4
esc 6- R4 cot $ = => cos = -^ => = cos" 1
R V.R
j ^ ),
/
the critical value of 6

(b) = cos
-1
(|)
w cos -1 (0.48225) as 61°

14. Two views of the graph of y = 1000 1 - (.99)* + £ are shown below.

1 000

y»1000ll -{.99)* +i]

550 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations

At about x = 11 there is a minimum. There is no maximum; however, the curve is asymptotic to y = 1000.

The curve is near 1000 when x > 643.

15. (a) ^=kA (c _ y )^dy = -kA( y _ c )dt^

y
dy
_ T
c
= _ k A dt ^ _dy_
y-c k ^dt => ln|y-c[

-k#t
= -k^t + C 1 =?-y — c= ± e^C,1 e * v \ Apply the initial condition, y(0) = y =»y = c+C=>C=y -c
V
y = c + (y - c)e v .

*v
(b) Steady state solution: y^ = lim y(t) = lim c + (y — c)e = c + (y o -c)(0)=c

16. y = tan" 1
x + tan
-1 (i
) =^ y' = —^ + ,
* '.
1

V - n/2

1
y-tan"'x*tan
1
A\
-4 -2 2 A

= — =^-jr — 77= => tan"" x + tan

-
( » } is a constant ym-rJZ ~\
1+x2 1+x 2
-2

and the constant is £ for x > 0; it is — ? for x < since

-1 -1 -1 -1
tan x + tan f
j) is odd. Next the lim tan x + tan (i
x-»(T

= £and
= 0+£ ~
2
lim_ (tan^x + taiT'fi)) = +(-%)= -$
2 x—

17. In the interval tt <x< 27r the function sin x<

/CO = (sin x)™
sin x
=> (sin x) is not defined for all values in that

interval or its translation by 2ir.

o* J i
— ~i S
—~S—~T5— x
 Chapter 6 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 551

18. (a) Urn

a-»0 +
log a 2 = Ira
+
M=
In a
0; (b)
30t

20
In 2
lirn. loga 2 = lim_ r^-= = — oo; 10 y-log,2
a-fl a—l In a

lim log a 2 = lim ^4 = oo; -10

-20
1
2= a— 2- -30
lim log
a—»oo oaa lim
»oo J2-
jn a
=
552 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differentia] Equations

NOTES;
 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION, L'HOPITALS
RULE, AND IMPROPER INTEGRALS

7.1 BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

u = 8x2 +
1 16xdx ,

du = 16x dx f
-^=2 vAI + C = 2v 8xT +T + C /

3 cos x dx u = 1 + 3 sin x f i^=2 %/u + C==2 v/r+Tsh7x + C

2.
i/l 4- 3 sin x du = 3 cos x dx

u = sin v 3/2
3. 3ysin v cos v dv; 3^(1 du =3 •
|u +C= 2{sin vf /2 + C
du = cos v dv f

4.
3
cot y csc y dy;
2
du
u = cot
= — esc
y
y dy |
u
3
(
_ du) = _^ +C =^ +C

u = 8x2 + 2 10

5.
f
ifr**;
2
+
du = I6x dx ^= [In iulL = In 10 -In 2 = In 5
J 8x 2
x = 0^u = 2, x = l=*u = 10

ff/3
u = tan z ^
6.
sec z dz .
du = sec z dz [
idu = [ln|u|]^=ln v^-lnl=ln \/3
tan z '

r/4
z = |=>-u=l, z = |=>u = -v/3

u = y'x

dx c=
7. du = -At= dx f l|il =21n|ul + 2 1n(v^ + l) +C
^(vS + i)' 2,/x
2du = dx

U = -y/Gc-1
dx _ dx
du = ^= dx 2-|u = 21n|u| + C = 2 1n| >/x-l| + C
:
-y*~ v^(V^-i)' 2^ f

2 du = dx
554 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

u = 3 - 7x
9. cot(3-7x) dx; -~ cot udu = -iln|smu| + C = -iln|sin(3-7x)|+C
du = -7 dx

u = irx. — 1
10. esc (?rx — 1) dx;
du = 7r dx
esc u• ^= -jji In |csc u + cot u | +C

= — ^ In I esc (jtx — 1) + cot (ttx — 1) + C I

e u = e* + 1 = -ln|cscu + cot
11. e csc(e" + l)d0; du = e" d(?
cscu du u| + C = -In |csc(e*+ l) + cot(e* + l)j + C

^3 + jgjO u = 3 + In x
12. | dx; cot u du = In sin u | + C = In sin (3 + In x) [+ C
du=#
|
|

13. sec 4 dt => 3 sec u du = 3 In (sec u + tan u I +C =3 In sec £ + tan 4 + C

u =5 x" - 5
14. x sec(x
2
— 5/ dx; => * sec u du = x In sec u + tan u +C
du = 2x dx
| | |

2
= i In j sec (x - 5) + tan (x2 - 5)| + C

15. I esc (s — ir) ds; , _, => esc u du = — In |csc u + cot u| + C = — tn |csc(s — ir) -fcot(s — ir) + C l

u =l
16. Jicscld?; => I — esc u du = In I esc u + cot u I + C = In esc i + cot A +C
du = -d6

In 2
u=x In 2
n2
du=[eu
1
17. 2xe x
dx; du = 2x dx => I e
u
]
=e,n2 -e = 2-1 = 1
x = 0=>u = 0, x= \/hT~2 =$» u = In 2

-1
u = cos
18. sin(y)e cos ydy, = — sin y dy
du
x=-|=»u=0, x = ir^u=-l
y
-e
u
du=
-1
e
u du = [e11
]_ 1 = l-e-1 =^
w/2

tanv u = tan v
19. e sec'vdv;
du = sec v dv
e
u
du=eu + C = e tanv + C
 Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas 555

jfi u = y/i u u
20.
dt.
2e du = 2e + C = 2e^ + C
A„ = dtp
'

Vi du

u = x+ 1 / i \ q( x +l)
X+1 dx;
21. 3
du = dx

r>lnx u = in x nU olll X
22. ^^dx; dx
du =

u =
2V
y/Vi
23.
dw .

= dw
u
2 du |^2 + C =
=!In ^- + C
in Z
2v^ '
du
2^_

u = 20 1^10 2g
c^
u _ 10"
^24
10" l in +r c
24. d<?;
du = 2 d(? 2
10 du
Hl1
-n n-To
,

-2l,hno

9du .
x = 3u -2J* =3 tan" * + C
1
= 3 tan^ 1 3u + C
25.
l+9u 2
'
dx = 3 du 1+x 2

4dx u = 2x + 1 ^a7 = 2tan-

26.
1
u + C = 2tan- 1
(2x + l) + C
l + (2x + l)
2'
du = 2 dx 1 +u

1/6 1/2
= 3x u 1/3
27.
dx .
du = 3 dx
1 du _ £1™-1..1
5- sin u = 1^_ \ = JL
\/l~9x 2
'

x = 0=>u = 0, x = i=»u=i
3 x/T^I 3U J 18
j

= sin -ifn_ = 5
28.
^-[-"i
u = s du
29.
2s da
i .
= sin" 1
u + C = sin 1 &* +C
du = 2s ds Vl^V

u =2 In x
30.
2 dx .
du
H = sin -1 u + C = sin" 1
(2 In x) +C
2 dx 2
cVl~4 ln
2
x' du = VI -u
556 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

6dx 6dx
^2ZT = |-5sec~
1
31. : !5x|+C = 6sec- 1 ]5xi +C
x^25x 2 -l • 5X

32.
dr : = I S ec- l l£l +C
rv/?^"* I
3 '

x
33.
dx e dx .

=> I -J&— = tan

-1
u + C = tan^e* + C
x
e + e- x du = e* dx u
2
+ l

dy ey dy du
34. = sec i
| u + C = sec * ey +C
VJ^l d» = eTdy_ UV/UTTI
|

v/5fTT'
i J
ey

„*/3 u= In x »/3 *r/3

35.
dx
du=^ du _ sec u du = In sec u + tan u
1*73
COS u [ I

x cos (In x)
x^l^u^O, x = e* /3 ^u = J o o

= ln|sec£ + tanf|-ln|sec + tan 0|= ln(2 + v^-M 1 ) =ln(2 + 1/3)

36.
x
In x dx
+ 4xln x 2
J x(l+4ln
In x dx
2 -
du
u = In
= % In
x

x dx
=*•
f
|r ^ = |ln|l + 4u| + C = iln(l + 4ln 2 x) + C

u =x—1
37,
8dx dx
2' du = dx du _ [tan
1
uj
x*-2x + 2 "J l+(x-l) x=l=s-u = 0,x = 2=>u = l

= 8(tan- l-tan- 1 o) = 8(|-0) =

1
2tt

u = x-3 i
1
38.
2dx =2 dx
du = dx =>2 da- = 2[tan- 1
u] _11
2 2
x2 -6x + 10 "J (x-3)
v + l' x = 2 =^u=-l.x = 4=*-u = l
f
J u +1
2

= 2[tan- J 1 -tan" 1 (-1)] = 2[f -(- j)| = ir

u = t~2
39.
dt dt du
= sin -1 u + C = sin^ 1 (t - 2) + C
V-t +4t-32 2
'
du = dt VT^ 1
• ^l-(t-2)

_ u = —1 du
40.
dd
2
d(3
'
du
(9

= d<? = sin -1 u + C = sin -1

-l
(9 - 1) + C
V26 - .
^/i_(0-i) 2 V~i — u
 Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas 557

dx dx u = x 4- du 1
41.
2 dB = dx
sec- |u| + C = sec~ 1 |x + l| + C,
(x + l)\A + 2x' (x + i)/MJM'. u\/u 2 -l
|u| = jx+l[> 1

dx dx u = x-2 du
42.
2 du = dx
=> -aec^im + C
(x-2)\/x -4x + 3 .
(x-2) /(x-2) -l' 2 ua/u 2 ~1
v .

= sec~ l |x + 2| + C, |u| = |x + 2|>l

43. (sec x + cot x) 2 H„-

dx (sec x +2 sec x cot x + cot x) dx = 1 sec
2
x dx + 2 esc x dx (esc x — l)dx

= tan x — 2 In I esc x + cot x I

— cot x — x + C

44. (esc x — tan x) 2 dx :

(esc x -2 esc x tan x + tan 2 x) dx = esc x dx — 2 sec x dx + (sec x — l) dx

= — cot x — 2 In I sec x + tan x j + tan x — x + C

45. esc x sin 3x dx = (esc x)(sin 2x cos x + sin x cos 2x) dx = (esc x) (2 sin x cos x + sin x cos 2x) dx

(2 cos
2
x + cos 2x) dx = [(1 + cos 2x) + cos 2x] dx (1 +2 cos 2x) dx = x + sin 2x + C

46. j (sin 3x cos 2x — cos 3x sin 2x) dx = sin (3x — 2x) dx = sin x dx = — cos x + C

47.
x+1 dx= j
fl-_i— )dx = x-ln|x+l| + C

48.
x2 +l
dx = 1 —^+— x2 l
) dx = x -tan -1 x + C

49.
2x
d
dx = Ux + -^r ) dx =[x 2 + In |x
2 -1
\ffi
= (9 + in 8) -(2 + ln 1) = 7 + In
x2 -l
\A \fi

4x 2 -7 =
50.
2x + 3
dx f (2x - 3) + 5^3] dx = [x2 - 3x + In |2x + 3 1]^ = (9 - 9 + in 9) - (1 + 3 +ln 1) = In 9 - 4
-1

3
4t -t 2 + 16t
= - + -T—\ dt = 2t 2 - + 2 tan _I
(|) +
51. 1
2 dt (4t 1) t C
t +4

3 2
2(9 - 70 + 78 j*_, + i) +
52.
28 -5
d$ =
wiL d0 = |--^ + + |hi|20-5| + C
5J
558 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

}~ x = dx x dx
53. j
dx = sin 1
x+ v'l -x 2 + C
Vl-x 2
s/l^

X + 2y/x - 1 dx /2
54. ; dx
,
= = + ^=(x-l) 1
+ b|x|+C
2x Vx - 1 2^/x-l .

r/4 r/4

55.
l+smx dx _ (sec
2
x + secxtanx)dx = [tanx + secx] o'/ 4 = (l + v/2)-(0+l) = \/2
|
4
COS X J

56.
1/2
2-8x dx =
l+4x 2
1/2
2
+ 4x 2
_^x
l+4x2 ,/
W tan
_1
(2x)-ln|l+4x i
1/2

-1
= (tan -1 1 - In 2)-(tan - In l) = 2
J- In

dx 1 — sin x) f (1 — sin x)
57.
1+sinx 2
dx = dx = (sec x— sec x tan x J dx = tan x — sec x + C
J d_ sin x) COS X

58. 1 + cos x = 1 + cos(2 -|) = 2 cos

2
| 1+cosx
dx
J %4Mth=
2cos
2
tan| + C

u = 1 + sin 9
59.
sec 9
1

+ tan d0 =
1
cos 9
+ sin 9
d(5;
du = cos 9 69
=>
j
^ = to|u| + C = lnjl+ainfl| + C

1 u = 1 + cos 9 =du = -l n
60.
esc 9 + cot
d$ =
1 + cos 9
d0;
du = — sin 9 d9
=>
j
|
U | + c = -ln]l+cosS|+C

cos X = -1
dx
2?r) fc -J( --*-SK) d '
61. dx: 1
1 — sec x cos X 1 — ( +=±=i)*-f( 1 1

= I (, 1 — CSC X — CSC X cot x j dx = x 4- cot x + esc x + C

dx = smx dx= + sin sin x + dx

62.
1 — CSC X sin x— 1
1
I (1
\ in x— 1/
1+r^
(sin x— x +
1) (sin 1)

r
= I ( l- 1+ " nx )dx = |( i-sec 2 x--^V ldx=
LN
f
(l-sec 2 x-secxtanx)dx = x-tanx-secx + C
J \ cos X ) ) \ cos x/ J

2ir 2x 2w
sin | >
63.
l-cosx dx= £ dx; sin (£\ dx = [-2 cos = -2(cos -
j ^ I
sin
for <|< it
in
|]
tt cos 0)

= (-2)(-2) = 4
 Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas 559

IT IT TV

sin x>
64. y/1 - cos 2x dx = ^/2|sinx|dx; => y/2 sin x dx =[ — i/2 cos x]
for <x< 7T

= - V$ (COS - cos 0) = 2 v/2

7T

cos t <
65. v^l + cos 2t dt = -y^lcostldt; => — v/2 cos t dt = [-\/2 sin t] */2
x/2 w/2
for |< t < it
r/a

= - v^^sin 7T - sin | W >/2

cot 1 > 10
66. i/l+cos t dt = V^ cos| dt; \fl cos I dt = 2v^ sin i
— JT — JT for -* < t <

= 2v^[sin -sin (-§)]= 2\/2

- sin <
67. \/l - cos 2 id sin 6> dc?; => — sin d0 = [cos 01° = cos — cos (— ir)
„•
< <
I ]

for -a-

= l-(-l)=2

it
cos <
68. \/l-9in 2 0d0 = I
cos 0|d0; — cos d$ =f— sin 01^/2
r/2 = —sin w-f sin £ = 1
for < < 7r
r/2 ff/2 I ir/2

»/4 r/4 r/4

sec y > /*
69. Vtan^y +i dy = sec y dy; I sec y dy = [In I
sec y + tan y |]
'

—ir/4 -ir/4
for-f<y<f -*/4

= In I v^2 -1- 1
1
— In I -s/2
—1

tan y <
Vsec 2 y-1 dy = tan y dy; — tan y dy =[ln Icos y|l
u
=— ln( —y=
70.

-ff/4
f

—ir/4
I I

for -1<y<
-ir/4
-»/4
^
= \ay/2

3tt/4 3w/4 3ir/4

71. (esc x-cot x)^ 2 v —

dx
«q = (esc x —2 csc x cot x + cot x) dx = (2 esc x —1—2 esc x cot x) dx
ir/4 «/4 tt/4

3 4
,37r/4
= (-2cot^-^ +
= [-2cotx-x + 2cscx]
^ 2 CS cf)-(-2cotf-f + 2cscj)

-2(-l)-^ + 2(V2)]-[-2(l)-f + 2( x/2)] = 4-|

560 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

»/4 x/A
l + cos2x
72-
J"(secx + 4cosx) (&=
2
sec
2
x+ 8 + 16 tic = [tan x + 16x + 4sin 2x] £/4
J

= tan— + 4# + 4sin— J-(tan0+0 + 4sin0) = 5 + 4«-

1

u = sin a
73. cos Q esc (sin #) d#; esc u du = — In esc u + cot u +C
du = cos 6 d0
| I

= — In I esc (sin 9) + cot (sin 9) j

+C

= x + In x
u
74. 1+ j J cot (x + In x) dx; =S> cot u du = In I sin u | + C = In I sin (x + In x) + C I

du = (l +£)dx

75. (esc x — sec x)(sin x + cos x) dx = (1 + cot x — tan x — 1) dx = cot x dx — tan x dx

= In sin | x j + In | cos x | +C

u = | + ln5
76. |
3sinh(| + m5Hx = L 2du = dx J
= 6 sinh u du = 6 cosh u+C =6 cosh
(1 +
h.B). C

6dy 12 du -1
77. => = 12 tan'
1
u +• C= 12 tan ^/y +C
v/y(i + y) du=^dy 1+u 2

u = 2x
78.
dx 2 dx
du = 2 dx
4h = sec~' |u| + C = sec _1 |2x| +C
*V4x - 2
1 J
2x^/(2x) -1 u\/u 2 -l

dx 7 dx u =x—1 7du
79.
7
^T-isec-MH+C
(x-l)v x -2x-48 / 2
-l)^(x-l) 2 -49'. du = dx uVu 2 -49 7 7 ' '

(X

= sec J x-1 + C

dx dx u = 2x+l du
80. = isec~ 1 lul +C
(2x+l)\/4x +4x 2 2 du = 2 dx 2ua/u2 -1 2
- (2x + l)y'(2x + l) -l .

= isec- 1 |2x + l| + C

u = tan t
81, sec t tan (tan t) dt;
= sec
=* tan u du = - In cos | u t + C = In | sec u | + C = In I sec (tan t) I +C
du t dt

dx 1
82. each" 1 •C (from Table 6.15)
x^3+x 2 y/l
"
VZ
 Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas 561

~ u = sin
83. (a) cos
3
A9 (cos 9) ( 1 - sin 2 9 ) d0; (l - u 2 ) du = u - J|- + C = sin 9 -| sin3 + C
[ \
du = cos d0

2 2
(b) cos
5
$d0 = (cos0)(l-sin 2 0) d0= f(l-u2 ) du= f
(l -2u 2 + u4 ) du = u-|u3 + ^+C
= sin -| sin3 + \ sin 5 + C
4
00 cos
9
d0 = 8
(cos 9) (cos 0) d9 = (l -sin2 S) (cos 6) dB

u = cos 9
84. (a) sin
3
9 d0 = (l~cos 2 0)(sin 5) d0; =>• (l-u 2 )(-du)=^-u + C
du = — sin 9 d0

= - cos + i cos3 + C

2 2
(b) sin
5
9 d9 = (l-cos z 0) (sin0)d0= [
(l -u 2 ) (-du) = (-1 +2u 2 -u4 ) du

= -cos 6 +| cos3 - i cos5 + C

i 5

(c) [sin
7
0d0= f (l -u 2 f(-du) = [
(-1 +3u 2 ~3u 4 + u
6
) du = -cos + cos3 0-| coss +^|^ + C

12 =
(d) sin
1J
0d0 = (sin 0)(sin0)d0 ,l-cos 2 0) (sin0)d0

3
85. (a) tan d0 = (sec
2
0-l)(tan0) d0 = sec
2
tan d0 - tan d0 = i tan 2 - tan d0

= itan 2 + in|cos0| + C

- 3
(b) tan
5
0d0 = c
2
0-l)(tan 3 0)d0 = tan
3
sec
2
d0 tan d0 = i tan4 - | tan3 d0

7
(c) tan 0d0 = sec
2 - 1 )(tan 5 ) d0 = tan 5 9 sec2 d0 - [
tan 5 6 d0 =A tan 6 - tan
5
d0

2k" 1 " 2k_1

(d)
f
tan 2k+1 d0 = i (sec
2
- l)(tan 9) d9 = |
tan 215 1 sec
2
d0 - tan d0;

u = tan 9 ak ~ 1 2k - 1
du = sec 2 d0
u^du- tan ffdtf=^uak - tan 0d0 = ^tan 2k ( tan
2k_1 d0

86. (a) cot

3
d0 = (csc
2
0-l)(cot0)d0 = cot esc
2
d0 - cot 9 d0 = -|cot2 - < cot d0

= -^cot 2 l In lain 0| +C

3 3
(b) cot
5
d0 = (csc
z
0-l)(cot 3 ^)d0; cot csc
2
0d0- f cot d0 = -| cot4 - f cot
3 d0

7 2
d0 - d0--icot 6 0-
2 5
(c) cot d0 = (csc 0-l)(cot 5 0)d0 cot
5
esc cot cot
5
d0
6
562 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

2k+I - 2k - 1 21*- 1 "1

d$ -
2 2
(d)
f
cot 9 dO = f
(esc 9 l)(cot 9) d9 = f
cot 9 esc f
cot
211
6 d<5;

u = cot
du = - esc 2 9 u^-'du- cot
2k ~Ud9 = ~±u 2k - | cot^-^d^
d9

^cot 2 ^- cot
2k " !
6 d9

it/4.

*/4
87. A= (2 cos x - sec x) dx = 2 1
sin x — In | sec x + tan x |] _ .

-ir/4

= [y/2- ln( x/2+l)]-[-V2-ln(V2-l)]

= 2v/2-ln(3 + 2v^)

r/2
ir/2
*. A= (esc x — sin x) dx = — In[ |
esc x + cot x | + cos x]
w/6

= -ln|l + 0| + ln|2 + V/3|- ^ = m(2 + v^)- ^

: :

x /6 x /2

*/4 jr/4 w/4 rr/4

89. V= w(2 dx- x sec

2
x dx = 4tt cos x dx — -a sec x dx
-w/4 -,r/4 -ir/4 -*/4
ir/4
t/4
= 2tt (1 + cos 2x) dx-7rltanx]l4% = 27r x + isin 2x] — tt[1 -(-!)]
-ir/4
-x/4

=H(f + i)-H4)]- 2 -Kf +1 )- 2f=ff2

,r/2 */2 ff/2 */2

90. V= tt esc x dx — it sin x dx = tt esc

2
x dx — 5 (1 —cos 2x) dx
7I-/6 tt/6 w/6 jr/6

= x[-cotx]^-f[x4sin2x]^ = r[0-(-V3)]-f[(|-0)-(|-I.^) 7

W2tt \/5V
= *V5-«#+ (W5 x
216^4 ^'"''V 8
.

6
 Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas 563

91. y = In(cosx)

ir/3
=*•
dy_
-p= sinx^/'dyY _. 2 __„2.
-^-f => [j-j = tan'x = sec^x-l; L =
tt/3
'1 +
m dx

2 ir/3
\/l+(sec x-l)dx = |
sec xdx = [ln|9ecx + tanx|] = ln|2 + v/3J-ln|l+0| = ln(2 + v/3)

92. y = ln( S ecx)^g =

ir/4
^f^ dyY
dx/ ~
tan x = sec x— 1; L =
H$ dx

'
4
= j secxdx = [ln[sec x + tanx|]^ / = ln|v^+l|-ln|l+0i = ln{^/2 + l'

CSC X + CSC x cot X

xdx = dx = d *=
93. esc (esc x)(l)
c-*>(itf£^)
,csc x + cot xj
"""
j cscx + cotx dx;

u = esc x + cot x
du = (— esc x cot x — esc x) dx
=> —-du_
jp± = -hi|ii| + C = -ln|csc x + cot x| + C

1-2/3
2/3
94 . [(x
2
-l)(x + l)]" =E(x~l)(x + l)
2
r = (x-l)- 2/3 (x+ir 4/3 = (x + l)- 2 [(x-l)- 2 / 3 (x + l)
,-2/3 -2/3

-««+^(ifir -fr+^O-iil)
1-2/3 23 x+1
(a) |[(x 2 -l)(x+l)] dx- J(x + l)- 2 (l- 3r2n-) dx;
du =— dx
(x + 1)'

[- ( l_ 2u )-
2 /3
du
4 (1 _ 2u) V3 + c = 3 (l __|_^ + c = 3 ^/3 + c
(

-2/3 2,3
(b) (x
2
-l)(x + l)_ dx= (x +
-±y
ir 2 (|^l)"' a
dx; U
=(^l)
(x-r

(,-l)fc-i 2
,*-l [(x + 1) -(*-!)] _ _ (x + ~'
2k ^ ^-rr dx; dx = -
1) / x + 1
du = k
fe}J (x + 1)*
~
2
.
dx
~" = ov
"~fv — k+1
j-1i)i^+i
(x + 2k
.

(^i)
"""'
vx-iy
f-1
.
"'""
v '
du

2/3
^(j^d^th-, f^^iV
U+u
i/^iV- k ,„- J, ^^JLA^/3-,)
2kU+u 2kjU+i;
f

^K^r^^-i
U 2k I + :
u d/3k-l) du= l_
(3k)u
l/3k
+c= |
u
l/3k
+c = 3^y^ + Cvl/3

2/3 2/3
(c)
j
[(x
2 - l)(x + 1)]" dx = (x + l)-2(^i)- dx;
J

u = tan 1 x
x = tan u 1 Aanu-1 Y~ 2/3 du 1 / sin u — cos u \ -2/3 j u
' .

(tan u+ cos u u + 2
cos u) V sin u +cos uj '

dx = -^a- 1) in
cos u ~ J
564 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

-1—2/3
sin u + cos u = sin u + sin ? — u = 2 sin ? cos/ u - ?
(
)
»°("-f)
du
u — cos = sin u — sin( ? — u = 2 cos ? sin ( u — ? 2 cos' cos(u-j)
sin u j -i)
J/3
tan u — tan -r

tan-
2 /3
(u-|)sec 2 (u-f)du = |tan 1 / 3 (u-}) + C = c
| 1 + tan u tan ?

+C
2U+1
2d(cos u)
(d) u = tan -1 xv/x =» tan u = Jx
v
=> tan 2 u = x => dx =2 tan u j
\cOS U/
—
^_ | du = 2 si " u
COS°U
du =-
COS u

" 2cOS 2u '

- tan2u + 1 = cos2u+2 Sin2u =-V;

i^tan 2 u-i = sin2u -/-os2u = 1
2 ;
x+ 1
cos u cos u cos u cos u

-2/3
,-2/3
J -i/3
J Y - (l-~2cos2 u) —2d (cos u)
(x-l)-'/ (x+l)-"/ a dx = 4'3
r
[cos^uj
2 r 3 '3
(
\cos uj
2 r cos u

,-2/3 -2/3
l-2cos 2 u) -(-2) -cos u-d(cosu) =i (l-2cos 2 u) -d(l-2cos 2 u

1/3
1-2 cos^ u
1/3 cos u /3
= |{l-2cos2 u) + C=| + c = ifclY
2\,x+l
+c
COS u

(e) u = 1
tan" ?'*-^) => ^=1 = tan u => x + 1 = 2(tan u+ 1) => dx = -^- = 2d(tan u);
\ £ / * cos u

(x-l)-
,-2/3
3/d
(x + ip /d j v _
-4/3
dx (tan u)
_2/3
(tan u + 1)" 4/3 -2 -2 -2 -d(tan u)

,-2/3 1/3 ,1/3

1-
tan uTl) d 1_
tani + l)-2( ~tanu + l)
1 +C -2( 1_ xTt) +C
(

1/3

=i(m +c

u = cos x
- sin u du sin u du
(n x = cos u =>
4/3
4 /3
dx = — sin u du y(cos 2 u-l) (cosu+1) 2 ksin u)f4ccs!)

l/3
cos
da du du

(sin u)
1 '3
(4 cos |]
'
2 (sin
in
• u\14 / 3 /^cos^
^ u\6 '
cos £
I
3 2 »* cos
2
|
|J

-- 1/3 (!)d(-f)=-|tan^f + C = |(-tan 2

1/3
+ C = |(g^)
!/3
+C
|)
1/3
3/x-l +c
2U + 1
 Section 7.2 Integration by Parts 565

-
-2/3 u = cosh x
2
-l)(x+l) dx; X -= cosh u sinh u du
(g) f[(x
dx = sinh u y (cosh
2
u - 1 (cosh u+ 2
) 1)

sinh u du du du
4 2 2j
3 4
(§)cosh 5
J
\/(sinh u)(co8hu + l) /(sinhu)(4cosh |) =*/sinh
v (f\

- \
(«-* !
f '(*-* !) " K-h tf + - KSSStf" + = Kffif
c

7.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

1. u = x, du = dx; dv = sin £ dx, v = —2 cos £

x sin £ dx = — 2x cos §— (-2 cos

|j dx = -2x <W|W 4 sin(|W C

2. u = 0, du = dff; dv = cob ltd <10, v =^ sin ir$;

cos ir# d# = ^ sin tt# — ± sin ?r0 d0 = f sin tt0 + -^ cos ?r0 +C

3. cos t
2 (+)
t irint
(-)
2t * —cos t
(+)
2 > -sin t

t
2
cos t dt = t
2
sin t + 2t cos t - 2 sin t + C

4. sin x
(+)
x,2 «* —COS X
(-)
2x •« —sin x
(+)
2 » cos x

x sin x dx = —x cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x+C

5. u = In x, du = ^£; dv = x dx, v = %-

x In x dx =
2

1
-
J
r
^ = 21n2-
r

L^i
" n2
=2 In 2-4 = ln4-|
566 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

6. u = In x, du = ^; dv = x3 dx, v = ^-;
4
= v4 2ddx-el 3e + l
x3 -
In x dx
T lnx i
f
4 x 4
'

l
16

7. u = tan 1
y, du = -—5L_z ;
dv = dy, v = y;
l+y
1
= y tan" 1 y - y dy =y -1
-i In (l + y 2 ) + C = y tan -1 y - In y/T+p+C
tan" y dy tan y
,1+y

= sin 1
= y dv = dy, = y;
3. u y, du v
vT-y,
,_ .
;

sin y dy = y sin y- y^y

y ^ -i
i.-l
=ysin y+N/rr7 +c
\A-y 2

9. u = x, du = dx; dv = sec2 x dx, v = tan x;

x sec
2
xdx = x tan x — tan x dx = x tan x + In 1 cos x | +C

10. 4x sec
2
2x dx; [y = 2x] — y sec
2
y dy =y tan y - tan y dy =y tan y — In I sec y 1+ C

= 2x tan 2x-ln|sec2x|+C

x
11. e
3 (+)
Y - ~*e x
(-)
3x
2
-^e x
(+)
6x- -*e x
6- (-) *e x
x3 e x dx = x3 ex - 3x 2ex + 6xex - 6ex + C = (x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 6)ex + C
,

12 e-P

P
4 -
(+) --e-P
4p -e -p
2 (+) » -e-P
12
12p
»-p
24p
24 <+> . e^
p
4
e
-p dp = -p4e _ P - 4pV" p - 12p2 e"P - 24pe -p - 24e~P + C
= (_ p 4 _ 4p3 _ 12p 2 __ 24p - 24)c""P + C
 Section 7.2 Integration by Parts 567

13. e

x* - 5x e
x

x
-5-
2x-5 -
( '
-»e
(+)

(x2 - 5x)ex dx = (x2 - 5x)ex - (2x - 5)ex + 2ex + C = x2 ex - 7xex -1- 7ex +C

= (x 2 -7x + 7)ex + C

14.

2
r + r+l
2r +l — -»e J

2-<±Ue'
(r
2
+ r + l)er dr = (r2 + r + l)er ~(2r + l)er + 2er + C

= U 2 + r + l)-(2r+l) + 2 e
r
+ C = (r 2 -r + 2)e + C
r

15.

xa_i±Ue x

5x -i^— e4x

(+) x
20x 3 » e
2 (-)
60x t e*
(+) x
120x -> e
(-) x
120 > e

x5 e x dx = xV - 5xV + 20xV - 60x V + 120xe x - 120e x

+C

= (x 5 - 5x4 + 20x3 - 60x2 + 120x - 120)ex +C

4t
16. e

2t * e
16

2- e
64

t e
2 4t
dt= ^ e 4t_2t e 4t + ^ e4t + c=: ^ e 4t_t e 4t + ^e 4t
+C

£ t
+ iut
32
+c
4 8 '

17. sin 20

p (+>
(
-l cos 2g

(-)
20 .
4 -|sin 26
568 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

(+)
2 •» i cos 20
r/2
W2
2
sin 29 dO = -4- cos 29 + £ sin 20 + i cos 2(9

- 2r-(-i)+f-o+J-(-i) w+u +4 l _ -
g 2 8

cos 2x
3 (+)
x » i sin 2x

3x 2 ^ » -i cos 2x

(+ ^
6x » -isin 2x
o

6
(-)
» ^
Id
cos 2x
r/2
ir/2

x cos 2x dx = ^sin 2x + 3-|-cos 2x-2x sin 2x-|cos 2x

J

2
3r* _ 3(4 - 7T

16
U+ 16 l
l>
8
U
8 l
l) - + 0-0-S-l '

16
+ 43 _ 16

19. u = sec t, du = ~n dt
;dv = tdt, v = ^;
t'
l
tVt - 2

2
l2
-1 dt dt
t sec^
1
1 dt = kr sec 1
t

Vt - 2 =(»-f-I-f)- 2\/t 2 -
2/1/3 t 1 1
a/VS 2/\A 2/0

= f-\\V^ri _5tt 1/ P. /4
—T\_57r if /? ^ _
_ 5tt _ 5^-3y 3
y/3_
/

V~ 2\ v ^
2/05- 9 2l v<} V3 9 3 / 9 3 9

20. u = 8in _1 (x2 ), du= xd*^ ; dv = 2x dx, v = x2 ;

VI -x4
V\/2 _ ^l\fo I/V^
_1 2 2 _1 2 ,1/^2 2x d> d(l-x4 )
2x sin (x dx =[x sin (x .,2
) ,

^T3 IXf 2>/l - x4

+ LVi x j
-12 + V4 1_
12 12

21. 1 = t° sin d0; [u = sin 0, du = cos dd; dv = e" d0, v = e* ] => I = e* sin - c
tf
cos d0;

5
[u = cos 0, du = -sin d0; dv = e 6 d0, v = e ]=> I = e" sin -{ e e cos 9 + 0d0

= e sra a — e cos
0~e*cos0-I + C'=>- 2I=(e e sin 0-e"cos $) + C' => I = |(e* sin 0-e"cos (?) + C, where C = ^ is
another arbitrary constant
 Section 7.2 Integration by Parts 569

22. I = e y cos y dy; [u = cos y, du = — sin y dy; dv =e y dy, v = -e y

]

=> I = —e y cos y— —e y )(— sin

y) dy = —e y cos y— e y sin y dy; [u = sin y, du = cos y dy;

dv =e y dy, v = —e y
] => I = —e y cos y — ( —e y sin y — [— y ) cos y dy j = —e y cos
y+e y sin y —I+C

21 =e y (sin y — cos y) + C' =>• I = s(e y sin y — e~y cos y ) + C, where C = -h- is another arbitrary constant

23. 1 = e
2x
cos 3x dx; u = cos 3x; du = -3 sin 3x dx, dv - e"
= »2x jv.
dx; v _I„2x
,.
= «e

zx
I = ie 2x cos3x + ^ e
2x
sin 3x dx; u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x, dv = e„2x dx; v = ie 2x

=> I = ie2x cos 3x + |Ue 2x sin 3x -

„2x 1„22x
cos3xdx h=ie cos 3x +#3 „2x
e
2x
sin 3x-f + C 1

^l = ie2x cos 3x + §e2x sin 3x + C' => ^

13
(3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C, where C = 4C
13

_y = sin y, - cos y = e"y dy, = -e

24. e~ 2x sin 2x dx; [y = 2x] -> h e sin y dy = I; [u du dy; dv v

= e"" y dy, v = — -y
=> I = |( -e y sin
y + e~ y cos y dy j
[u = cos u, du = —sin y; dv ]

I = -ie _y sin y + |(-e~ y cosy- (-e~ y )(-sin y) dy

J=
-±e~y (sin y + cos y) -I+ C
~2x
•"-it — _I Q-Jy
y + cos y) + C => I = -|e~ (sin y + cos y) + C = -^-(sin
=> 21 „-y/^.
= -|e~ y (sin1 2x + cos 2x) + C, where

c= c

3s + 9 = x2
25. fe^ds; e
x
- |x dx =I j
xex dx; [u = x, du = dx; dv = ex dx, v = ex ]

ds = x dx t:

xe
x
dx = |(xe x -{e x dx) = |(xe x - e x ) + C=|( v^sT9eV
/
^_ ^) + C e
v/

26. u = x, du = dx; dv = y/l-x dx, v = -§^(1 -x) 3 ;

[ XN /T^dx= _§01-x) 3 x +| ^(l-x) 3 dx=|[-|(l-x)\5/2

ll
±
15

= smx dx = 1 — COS X = dx
27. u = x, du = dx; dv = tan 2 x dx, v tan x dx = dx dx
cos X COS X cos x

?r/3 ff/3 nff/3

/3
= tan x — x; 2
xtan xdx=[x(tanx-x)]* - (tan x-x) dx =
J^ -f) +
In cos | x |
4- t^-
-0
570 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

_ir//? v\ 1
2
7T _ VV 3 „ 7T
2

-l) + 5+
lv. ,

-?K ln2
|
3 i

!n 18-~3 ""l8

= +x 2 du =
(2x + 1) dX
dv = dx, v = x; ln(x + x )dx
2
= xln(x + x2 )- 2x+l
28. u In(x ), „ ; •x dx
X + X'
2 >

+ 1)
x(x

= xm(x + x 2 )- (2x +1 dX
^xln(x + x 2 )-
f 2(x + l)-l = xln(x + x2 )-2x + ln|x+l! + C
dx
f j x +Y

u = In x
29. sin (In x) dx; du = x dx sin u)eu du. From Exercise 21, [
(sin u) e
u du = e"( sin u ~ cos U
) +C
dx = e
u du

= k[— x cos (In x) + x sin (In x)] +C

u = In z
30. z(ln z) dz; du=±dz -» e
u
.u .e
2 u
du = c
2u
-u
2
du;

dz = eu du

„2u

u2 J±U|e " 2

2u Ie 2u

2-i±L^l e 2u

u e
2 2u
du = \ e 2u - £e 2u + ie 2u + C = ^[2u
4
2
- 2u + 1 j +C

= ^-[2(lnz) 2 -2 1nz + l] + C

31. y = x2 e4x dx

Let u = x2 dv = e4x dx

du = 2x dx v-
v = iee4x 4

2 4x 4x
y = (x )(Ie )-[(|e )(2xdx)

= l xa e4x_l | xe4x dx

Let u =x dv = e 4x dx
du = dx v = I e4 *

y- 4 xe 2
Cx)(Ie-)-f(Ie-)dx
 Section 7.2 Integration by Parts 571

Ata ta fc+c
*=t -i» +A"

^i*-i+A>- +c
fc

32. y = x In x dx

Let u = In x dv =x dx

du = ^ dx v_
v=±x
3
x3

3 3
y = (lnx)(ix )-j(Ix )(ldx

y=ix3 lnx-i f x2 dx

y=ix3 lnx-I X3 + C

33. Let v= \/8. Then dw = -^L bo dd = 2\/$ dw = 2w dw.

2y/e

sin \fl d6 = (sin w)(2w dw) =2 w sin w dw

Let u =w dv = sin w dw
du = dw v = —cos w
w sin w dw = —w cos w 4- I cos w dw

= — w cos w + sin w + C
sin \/8 6.6 =2 w I sin w dw

= — 2w cos w + 2 sin w+C

= -2 \/9 cos \/() + 2 sin y/o +C

34. y = \ 8 sec 8 tan 8 A8

Let u = 8 dv = sec 6 tan 6 dd

du = d0 v = sec 6

y = sec 6 - sec 8 d0

y =8 sec 8 -In (sec 8 + tan0 1+ C

35. (a) u = x, du = dx; dv = sin x dx, v = — cos x;

s1 = x sin x dx = [— x cos x] + cos x dx = ir + [sin x]' = ir

J
572 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

2ty 2tt

(b) sa =- dx = f-x cos xl

2ff
+ dx — 3tt + [sin x 2 IT
= 3tt

3tt 3?T

(c) S3 = dx = [- X COS X
i3ir
cos x dx = 5w + [sin l3;r
x] = 5?r
2ir
2tt 2rr

(n+1)*
n+1 n+lW
(d)S n+1 = (-l) x sin xdx= (— l) n+1 [—x cos xT""
l(n+l)T
"'"
'

+ Isin x,

= (-ir+1 [-(° + l)T(-l) n + Ji7r(-l) n + 1 + = 3 (2n + 1)7T

36. (a) u = x, du = dx; dv = cos x dx, v = sin x;

3;r/2 3*-/2

S1 =- f xcosxdx = - [xsmxl-<3irl2
/,
*/2
- r
.

sin x dx =-(-¥-!)-[- <$=**

*/2 */2
5?r/2 Sw/2
i5?r/2
(b) s 2 = x cos x dx
,

= r
[x sin
.
xL ',„ sin x dx = cos xL ',„
J3ir/2
= 4x
L 2 k 2
3tt/2 3*"/2

7lr/2 7tt/2
7rr/2
=- xdx = - x sin
x - T j-[cosx] ^
7ff 5ir"\ r „ „l7ir/2 „
c) S, x cos x 5tt/2
'

sin x dx •
= 67r
5 2
5ir/2 5x/2

(2n+l)7r/2 (2n+l)*-/2
(2n+1),r/2
(d) Sn = (-l) n I" x cos x dx = (-1)" rxsinxl sin x dx
(2n-l)ir/2 (2n-l)ir/2

2n +
= f-D n t 1
)'(-i)-- (
2n
;
1 )'
( -i r i
- [cos x]^^J^2 = 5 ( 2n7r + "" + 2n?r ~ w) = 2wr

In 2 1ii2 in 2

37. V= 2x(ln 2 - x) ex dx = 2tt In 2 e

x
dx--2tt xe
x
dx
c

ln2 \

= (2. In 2)kl^-2r
iln2
M^- In 2
e
x
dx

iln2
= 2tt In 2-2^^2 In 2+[ex ]
Q
= -2tt In 2 +2 =27r(l-ln 2)
J

_x x _x dx
38. (a) V= 27rxe dx = 2?r l-xe~ j
+ e

= 2-(-U[-e-t) = 2,(-i-| + l

= 2tt - 4tt
 Section 7,2 Integration by Parts 573

- x)e = 1 - x, = - dx; =e x dx,

(b) v= 2x(l * dx; u du dv

v = -e" x V = 2x ; (l~x)(-e-*) - e- x dx

= 2x[[0-l(-l)3+le- x j; = 2x(l+±-l) = 2z
e

*/2 ir/3

ir/2
39. (a) V= 2irx cos x dx = 2tt fx sin x sin x dx cosx

* /2
= 27r(|+ [cos x] )
= 2ir(|+ - l) = »(» - 2)

ir/2

(b) V= 2jt(£-x^ cos x dx; u =f-x, du = -dx; dv = cos x dx, v = sin x;

V = *r[(f-:x sin x
Tr/2
+ 2tt sin
in x dx = _ 2x(0 + 1) = 2*
+ 2jt[— cos x] **/2 = /<s

40. (a) V= 2ttx(x sin x) dx;

sin x

X 2
— (+)'
x
•+ — COS X

2x —— — «* — sin x
2 _Lf2-^ cos x

=> V= 2x x2 sin x dx = 2?r[-x 2 cos x + 2x sin x +2 cos x]

Q
= 27r(x 2 - 4)

3
[-x cos x + sin x]* - (27r - 8x)
2
(b) V= 27r(x - x)x sin x dx = 2x x sin x dx — 2tt x2 sin x dx = 27r

2tt
\-i2ir

= J- t
dt =| .-tV sin t — cos t
41. av(y) 2e~ cos t -
2x { 2 '0

(see Exercise 22) => av(y) = ±-{\ - e z,r

)

2tt 2tt 2tt

42. av(y) = ^- 4e
_t
(sin t - cos t) dt =f e * sin t dt -| e
i
cos t dt

2ff 2'
2f_-tf — sin t-cos -t( S int-cOS
N
= 2[_ e _t =
t
)_ e ^ ain t ]
574 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

43. Let u = xn dv = cos x dx

du = nx11-1 dx v = sin x

x n cos x dx = x" sin x — (sin x)(nx

n l
dx) = xn sin x — n xn 1
sin x dx

44. Let u = xn dv = sin x dx

du = nx 11-1
dx V = —COS X
x11 x dx = n
(x )(—cos x) — —cos x)(nxn = — x" cos x + n xn
sin dx) cos x dx

45. Let u =x 11
dv = eax dx

du = nx11-1 dx v = ie-

x" e» dx = (x»)(!e«)-
f
(ie-)^- 1
dx) = ^-| x
n_1
e
ax
dx, a ^

46. Let u = (In n dv = dx

x)
,n-l
n(ln x
du = dx

,n-l
n dx n(ln x
(In x) = x (In x) n - x dx = x(In x)
n -n (in x)
n_1 dx

47. (a) Let y =T J

(x). Then x = f(y), so dx = f (y) dy.

Hence, r 1
(x)dx= (y)[F(y)dy] = yf (y) dy

(b) Let u =y dv = f (y) dy

du = dy v = f(y)

yf'(y) dy = yf(y) - %)dy = r 1

(x)(x)- f(y) dy

Hence, rVx) dx = yf'(y)dy = xr 1 (x)- f(y) dy.

48. Let u = r x
(x) dv = dx
du = (^r 1
(x))dx v=x

|
r l
(x) dx = xf-*(x) - JxQLr^x)) dx

49. (a) Using y =f 1

(x) = sin ' x and f(y) = sin y, — £ < y < ?, we have:

-1 -1
sin x dx = x sin x— sin y dy = x sin -1 x + cos y + C = x sin -1 x + cos(sin _1 x) + C
 Section 7,3 Partial Fractions 575

(b) sin
1
xdx = xsin~ 1 x — xf-r-sin
1
xjdx = xsin 1
x— I x . dx

u = 1-x2 , du = -2xdx = xsin~ I x-f4 u"

1 /2
du = x sin -1 x + u 1 1 2 + C = x sin -1 x + Vl - 2
+C

(c) cos(ain
1
x) = v 1 — x2

50. (a) Using y = f" 1 (x) = tan" 1 x and f(y) = tan y, - 1 < y < |, we have;

1
tan" x dx =x tan * x— tan y dy = x tan x — In I sec y I + C = x tan -l.x + Inlcos y + C 1

-1
s=x tan _1 x + ln cos(tan (x) dx +C

-1 -1 _1
(b) tan x dx =x tan~ J x — x(-r- tan x J dx = x tan x- xj
2 J
dx

u= l-J-x2 ,du=:2xdx = x tan -1 x-i u" 1 du = x tan -1 x-i ln|u| + C = x tan -1 x - 1 ln(l +x2 ) + C

(c) In cos(tan x) 1 = In = -Iln(l + x 2 )

51. (a) Using y = f 1 (x) = cos -1 x and f(y) = cos x, <x< jt, we have:

cos
-1
x dx = x cos -1 x — cos y dy = x cos -1 x — sin y + C = x cos-1 x — sin(cos _1 x) + C

(b)
1
cos" x dx = x cos -1 x - x (4- cos
-1
x
J
dx = x cos -1 x- xj jJ==\dx

-1
u = l-x2 , du = -2xdx = xcos -1 x-i j
u~ 1/2 du = x cos -I x-u l/2 + C = x cos x - y/i - x 2 + C

-1
(c) sin(cos x) = v 1 — x2

52. (a) Using y = f" 1

(x) = log 2 x and f(y) = 2y , we have

os2 x
log 2 xdx=xlog 2 x- j
2y dy = xlog2 x-||-2 + C = x]og 2 x-r^22

(b) Jlog 2 xdx = xlog 2 x-|x(^log 2 x)dx = xlog 2 x-

J
x(^r2)dx = xlog x- 2
j ^
= xlog 2 x-( ^2)x + C I

lo8 x
(c) 2 2 =x

7.3 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

L x
(x- 3Xx -2)
1
=
AA + =>5x - 13=:A ^~ 2)+B(x ~ 3)=(A+]B)x ~ (2A+3B)

A + B ="
2A + 3B
5
3 |
=* -B = (10 - 13) => B=3 => A = 2; thus, J 5x-13
3)(x-2)
_ 2
x-3
j
r
x-2
3
576 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'HopitaPs Rule, and Improper Integrals

2 -
^fa+ 2
=
(x-1xx-i)
=i
AA + =>5x -- 7=A ^- 1^ +B <*- 2 g A+B ) < ) x -t A+2B )

A+B " = 2=»A = 3;th M 5x ~ 7

= -^ - 2-
A + 2B := J=»B
fi

x-2 + x-1T
=».
7 |
,
'
y 2
2_a,r + '>

X-i-1 A B =»x + 4 = A(x + l) + B=Ax + (A + B)

A= l
3.
2 *+l + ( x + ,, ,
A + B=4
=> A=1 and B = 3;
(x + 1) l )

thus.
x+4 _ 1
.1)2 X + 1 ( x+ l)

4.
x2
2x +2 _
-2x+l
2x-r2
(x-1)'
_ A +
A (x
(x
^ 7^ 1
2x + 2 =A (
X- 1
)
+ B = Ax + (- A + B
)^-aVb =2}
2

=> A=2 and B = 4: thus,

2x+2 _ -
Q
x-1
-

,
2
x -2x+l ( x -l) 2

z + 1 _A B
^-
C =» +1= - 1) + B(z - 1) + OS +1= + CK + (-A + B)z - B
|+ => (A
,

5.
,

z Az(z z
s'(z-l)

A+C =
-B = 1
^,, 2' + * =
A + B = l>=>B = -l=>A = -2=*C = ?:, thus,
=>-A
^ (z-l) ?
, ^ + =1
z
z
2
'
2
2-1

fi.

- 2 a^i}--^ ] - b =4- a 4^ z
3
-z 2 -6z
"
z-3
*
z +"2

2
+ =
t ; 5t +2 f / . , „ ,. . . n 5t +2 5t +2 A B
t-3 T t-2
.

7. l {alter long division);

f - 5t -r 6 f - 5t -^ 6 t
2
-5t + 6 (t-3)(t~2)

5t +2= A(t -2) + B(t -3) = (A + B)t + (-2A -3B) =>

_^t.^B = 2 } ^ _B = (1 ° + 2^ = 12

=> B = -12 => A = 17; thus, „

l +8 _i , 17 , -12
2
t - 5t + 6

4 2
I +9 =
3 tt
.
1
—4 2
+ -9t
,

^ "t-9t
+9 =
2
,
1 4-
,

-TT-s
+ 9 ,(after
»)'""
r
,. , „ division);
long "'""""'"
,. - - > -9t-
^
2
+—9 = A + ^
'
t
B'^ 1
, ,
Ct +D
t« + 9t *
'
t + 9t 2 2
(t + * 2
t (t
2
+ 9) * t 2 t
2
+9
-9t 2 + 9 = At (t 2 + 9) + B (t 2 + 9) + (Ct + D)t 2 = (A + C)t 3 + (B + D)t 2 + 9At + 9B
A+C= 1

=>
B + D == -9
J.^A = 0^C = 0;B = l=>O = -1.0; thus, \ ++9t9 = 1 + 12 + ~ 10
9A = t
4 ,
2 2
t '
t +9
9B = 9

9.
i _
_ a . n => 1 =A(l+x)+B(l-x);x = l =^A = i;x=~l =^B=i;
1 _ x2 - 1 X '
1 +X
dx _ 1 dx
T n21 dx _
+C
l+x =i[ln;i+x|-lnll-x|l
,

'
2t
1-x 2 2. l-it
 Section 7.3 Partial Fractions 577

10.
T^T -- +
T 7Xo =* ~ A(x + 2) + Bx; x =s 1 =* A = \\ x = -2=>B =
x + 2x xT* & -J;

1L
x+4
=
xT +5?T6 ^+6
+
_ A
A B
=* X + 4 = A<X ~ l) + B{x + 6); x = 1 => B
=f
5. v
;
x -
= -6 => A _-2_2.
==| = |

U -
2 y_? =^4+^3^2x + l=A(x-3) + B(x-4);x = 3^B=:jr =-7;x = 4^A = f = 9;

(x-4)*
!x^xTT5
dx = 9
lA- lA 7 = 91n ' x - 4 '- 7,n x -- 3 ' ^c = In
(x-3) r
+C

13.
r ^ B
= ^3+^fl^y = A(y + l) + B(y-3) ; y
_-l =
= -l^B=fi _!.„_ _3,
i;y = 3^A =
|

y dy dy 1 dy _
2_ 2y _3 4 y-3
,
r
4
f
+
!n|y-3| + Jln|y + l|] = (f In 5 + Jln
»)-(f
In 1+Jln s)
I y J J y

=I 1 „ 5 + lio3=l^

3 _
14 -
TT^ -4 + 7TT1 -> y +4 =t A(y + 1) + By; y = =*• A = 4; y = -1 => B = ^x-
_1 = -3
y +y J y+
i

I
y
v^~
+ 4
dy =4
J T~ 3 j ™ T
= [4ln|y|~31n|y + l|];
/2
= (41nl-31n2)-(4lnI-31n|)
1/2 1/2 1/2

15.
a
i—r- = A-+tJ^ + ^rT=*l=A(t + 2)(t-l) + Bt(t-l) + Ct(t + 2);t = 0=>A = -I;t = -2
t + r - 2t
B=i;t = _dt _„1 dt l dt
l=>-C
-H 3
t + t
2
-2t"
I

2J t
+
-6, t +2
+
3j t-1

= -iln|tj+iln|t + 2| + iln|t-l| + C

16. *±i_ = A + B
+ C ^ l(
x + 3)~A(x + 2)(x-2) + Bx(x-2)=Cx(x + 2);x = 0=>A = ^ ; x = -2
2x-* - 8x
^B=Jg;x = 2^C = A +
+
x-2
dx
2x3 -8x
;
8 J *+16J x 2 16j

1 . (x-2)»(x + 2)
= -gln|xl+-r^lnlx
16
+ 2| + Aln|x-2|+C=^ln
16 16
+C
578 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

3x + 2 3x + 2 _ A + B
17. = (x-2) + :..:,:..,\.
(after long division); 3x + 3=;A(x fl) + B-

x' + 2x + 1 (x+1) 2 l) a ^+i fxTI?^

3
= Ax + (A + B) =3- A = 3, A + B = 2 => A= B= -1; x dx
3,
x"
4
+ 2x + 1

il
- 2) dx + 3 dx
(x
x+1 ^--2x + 3 Inlx + ll
(x+1)' x+ 1

=[±-2+31 n2 + i)-(l) = 3 1n2-2

18. ^-4^ = x + 2) + ,3x + *2 (after long

° division);
_3x -2 _ A ,
B
=> 3x - 2 = A(x - 1) + B
x
z
-2x + l
(
'
''(x-l)*
v
"(x-1) 2 x -l (x-1) 2

3
= Ax + (-A + B) =» A = 3, ~A + B = -2 =>• A = 3, B = x dx
1;
x' - 2x + 1
-l
lO
dx dx X
(x + 2) dx+3 x-1 + j- + 2x + 31n|x-lt-^T
(x-iy -l
-i -l -i

= (0 + + 3 In 1-^-i I_2 + 3 1n2- 7-Ly)=2-3lE2

19.
A . B C + .
D l = A(x+l)(x-l) 2 + R(x-l)(x + l) 2 + C(x-l) 2 + D(x+l) 2
U -lf2 X + 1 x_1 (x+1) 2 (x-1
;

x = -1 = C = i;x = l => D = i; coefficient ofx3 = A + B=>A + B = 0; constant = A-B + C + D

=>A-B + C + D = 1 => A- B = J; thus, A = |=> B = -i; dx
2
(x -ir
_ 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx x+ 1
x-T+ 4 -ilii C
[ ,
I
.

4 J x+1 4J (x + 1) 2 '4 - 2 4 x-1 2 x'-l.

1)

20. A +xB , C => X-

5
= A(x + l) 2 + B(x - l)(x + 1) + C(x - 1); x = -1
~
+ 1)3
:

(x-l)(x2 + 2x + l) x l
+! (x
2
=> C = -i; x = 1 => A = i; coefficient ofx 2 = A + B=>A+B = l = B =| x dx
(x-l)(x2 + 2x+l)

x-1
dx ,

'
3
4
dx
x+1
1

2
d^-^llnlx-ll + flnlx + ll +
> + l) 2 4
^L +c

3
ln[(x-l)(x + l)
j
^
|

+ 2(x+l +C :

21. L_ ; = - A^ + B 9 + P => 1 = A(x 2 + l) + (Bx + C)(x+ 1); x = -1 => A = I; coefficient of x

2

(x + l)(x +1) + x+1 -s

= A + B=>A + B = 0=> B = -^; = A + C =*A + C = = i; dx

constant l=?-C
(x+1) x^ + 1,
 Section 7.3 Partial Fractions 579

-ij i*l + ij t^f<ix=[|.»|x +1 |-il„(^ + l) + |ta„-': o

= (i i o 2 -I ln 2 + l t a„-M)-(I,n 1 -l tol 4ta„-'0) = lln2 + |(})=(l±^

22.
3t ^" t + 4 = 4+ B + ° => 3t
2
+ t + 4 = A(t 2 + l) + (Bt + C)t;t = 0=» A = 4; coefficient oft 2
l

=A+B = A + B = 3 =>B = -1; coefficient of t =C => C= 1;

3t +t+4 dt
f 3
J t +t

>/3
=4 tl±i2dt=(4] n |t|-iln(t 2 + + t a n- 1 t]
I f+ j l)
1
1 1

= (4 In N/3-|ln4 + tan- 1 >/3)-(4]n -| in 2 + tan" 1 1)= 2 In 3 -In 2 +| + i In 2 + 1

J

»-l h2 +ft~ b (^) + ft

- 2to

2 2
(y +l) y + 1
(y + l)

= Ay 3 + By 2 + (A + C)y + (B + D) => A = 0, B = 1; A+C =2 => C = 2; B + D = 1 => D = 0;

2
+ 2y +
f y
2
l
dy -^—
2
dy + 2 ,
* dy = tan~ 1 y
, J^-
2
+ C
J
(y
2
+ l) y + l J
(y
i
+ 1f y +l

8x2
24
+ 8x + 2
2
=a
Ax + B
+ Cx + D 2 8x2 + 8x + 2 = (Ax + B) ( 4x 2 + 1 ) + Cx + D
2
+ l) 4x 2 + l 2
+ 1)
{4x ( 4x

= 4Ax3 + 4Bx 2 + (A + C)x + (B + D); A = 0, B = 2; A + C = 8 => C= 8; B+D =2 => D = 0;

f 8x 2 + 8x + 2 f dx i*L_
xdx = tair 1 2x--£- + C
2 2
,
? + o8
,
f
2
J (4x + l) J 4x 2 + l J (4x
2
+ l) 4x^+1

25 , ,, 2s +2 f>a
A* + B
+ C +
T —l T D. B 2s + 2
(.a
+ !)(»- 1)3 s
2
+l (B -l) a >-l) 3
= (As + B)(s-l) 3 + C(s 2 + l)(s-l) 2 + D(s2 + l)(s-l) + E(s2 + l)
= [As4 + (-3A + B)s3 + (3A - 3B)s2 + (-A + 3B)s - B] + c(s4 - 2s 3 + 2s 2 - 2s + l) + D(s3 - s2 + s - l)
+ E(s2 + l)
= (A + C)s4 + (-3A+B-2C + D)s3 + (3A-3B + 2C~D + E)s2 + (-A + 3B-2C + D)s + (-B + C-D + E)
A + C =0'
-3A+ B-2C + D =0
=> 3A-3B + 2C-D + E = 0^ summing all equations => 2E =4 => E = 2;
-A + 3B - 2C + D =2
-B+ C-D + E 2=
580 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

summing eqs (2) and (3) => -2B + 2 = 0=>B = 1; summing eqs (3) and (4) => 2A + 2 =2 => A= 0; C=
from eq (1); then -1. + 0-D + 2 = 2 from eq (5) => D = -1;
2s + 2
= ds
ds -^-3 = -(s-l)- 2 + (s-l)- +tan- 1 S + C l

(s
2
+l)(s-l) 3 s^+1 . fs-n i
— 1)

4
+ 81 +C Ds + E
~ AS
s Bs 4
26.
, ,

=> s + 81 = AU' + 9) + (Bs + C)s(s 2 + 9) + (Ds + E)s

s^ + 9
\2
'+9 (s
2
+ 9)
= A(s + 4
18s
2
+ 8l) + (Bs + Cs3 + 9Bs 2 + 9Cs) + Ds2 + Es
4

= (A + B)s4 + Cs3 + (18A + 9B + D)s 2 + (9C + E)s + 81A => 81A = 81 or A= 1; A+B= 1 => B= 0;

C = 0;9C + E = 0=^E = 0;18A + 9B + D = 0=^D = -18;

5" + 81 ds = ds
2
U 2 +9;
2
;( S + 9)
= In 1 s
!

2
C
(s + 9)

27 .
29 3 + 59 2 + 89 + 4 =
2 2
A9 + B_
+ C9 +D
2
^^ 5„
2
4 = (A9 + B) (8 2 + 20 + 2) + C9 + D
2
(0 + 20 + 2) + 20 +2 ( 2 + 20 + 2)
= A93 + (2A + B)0 2 + (2A + 2B + C)9 + (2B + D) => A= 2; 2A +B = 5 => B= 1; 2A + 2B +C = 8 =>• C= 2;

2B + D = 4=>-D = 2; 2$* + 59 2 + 80 + 4 dO = 29 + 1
dfl-
29 +2 d9
2
(0 + 29 + 2) f + 26> + 2 i0
2
+ 20 + 2}
2
dO A(e + 26 + 2) 20 + 2, dO
+
2
+ 20+2 C + 29 + 2 (0
2
+20 + 2)
2 Z
+ 29 + 2 '

+ 1) 2 + 1
2
+ 29 + 2
-1
,
2
+ ln(0 2 + 20 + 2) - tan' 1 (9 + 1) + C
9 + 29 + 2

28. 9l
-493 + 2j 2
T
30 + l = A|j^ + j^ + D ^+F 4_ 4g3 + 2 ,2_ 3f? + 1

= (A0 + B)(0 2 + l) + (O9 + D)(0 2 + i) + E0 + F = (A0 + B)(94 + 20 2 + i) + (C0 3 + D0 2 + C0 + D) + E0 + F

= A0 5 + B0 4 + 2A93 + 2R<? 2 + A9 + b) + (C03 + D0 2 + CO + d) + E9 + F
(

= + B04 + (2A + C)9 3 + (2B + D)9 2 + (A + C + E)6 + (B + D + F) => A = 0; B = 1; 2A + C = -4

A0 5
=*• C = -4; 2B + D = 2=>D = 0;A + C + E = -3=?-E = l;B + D + F=l=>F = 0;
4
- 493 + 29 2 - 39 + 1
= d9 -4 d9 0d0 = tan- 1 9 + 2(9 2 + l) _I(fl 2
d9
2 r + + i) +C
(9
2
+ lf + 1
(<?
2
+ l) " (^
2
+ l)'

2x3 -2x 2 + A B
29 ,
x
a
-x
l
=; ^+x 2
1

-x
=2x , 1

x-l)'x(x-l)~ x
,

x-}
=> 1 = A(x - 1) + Bx; x = => A = -1;
3 - 2x 2 +
x = 1 => B= I;
2x 1
2xdx- dx
X x-1
dx = x' !
-ln|x| + ln|x-l| + C = x'
f
+ ln xx-1
-^ + C
x3 -x
 Section 7.3 Partial Fractions 581

3 ,^ = (x
2
+ 1) + ^ = ( x2+1 +
(x
)
l
+ i) (x _ i) ;
(x+i) (x _
l
i)
= ^ + -§T=>1=a A(x- 1 ) + B(x + l) ;

= dx dx
x = -1 => A = -±; x =1 => B = ±; dx (x2 + l)dx-± x+1
, 1 f
x-1
x 2 -l ' 2

= ix3 + x-|ln|x + l| + iln|x-l| + C = |- + x + iln xx-1

+
+C
1

9x
3
~ 3x + 1 = „ 9x 2 - 3x + (aftCT. ,„„„ 9x2 -3x+l _ A B C , ,.
01 j:„i=i„„v
*+?+ ^T
, ,
9 +
,

3L l0ng dlV1S, °n)

x3 -x2 x 2 (x-l) x 2 (x-l) - '

=»• 9x - 3x + 1 = Ax(x - 1) + B(x - 1) + Cx

2 2
x = 1 =* C = 7; x = 0=>B = -l;A + C = 9=>-A = ; 2;

3 - 3x +
9x
3
x -x
2
1
dx: 9 dx + 2
dx
X %+ 7
f
3~rT = 9x + 21n|x| + i + 71n|x-l| + C

16xJ = (4x + 4) + 12x-4 12x-4 _ A B 12x-4 = A(2x-l) + B

32.
.

- l)"2 2x -
-
+ =>
4x' - 4x + 1 4x2 - 4x + 1 ' (2x 1 '
(2x - l)
2

16x J dx dx
=*• A = 6; -A + B = -4 => B = 2; z
dx = 4 (x + 1) dx + 6
2x-l
+ 2
4x -4x + l (ta-1)'

= 2(x + l) 2 + 31nl2x-l|-^x I + C 1 = 2x2 + 4x + 3 1n|2x-l|-(2x-l)- 1 +C, ^ where C = 2 + Cj

4 2
„ y + y -i _
" yv
l .
=4+ - ±^^l = A(y
^7^Ti 2
+ l) + (By + C)y = (A + B)y 2 + Cy + A
3
y -fy y(y2 + i)'y(y 2r + i)""
x y 2

=>A = 1;A + B = 0=>B = ~1;C = 0;

y
4
+y2 -i
3
y +y
dy =
"HM^
= ^-ln|y| + iln(l+y 2 )+C

34.
2y"
= 2y +2+ A + By + C
3 3 -y +y-l'y -y +y-l
2 3 2 2 y-1 y 2 + l
y -y +y-l 2
y (y + l)(y-l)
=> 2 - A(y 2 + l) + (By + C)(y - 1) = (Ay
2
+ A) + (By 2 + Cy - By - C) = (A + B)y
2
+ (-B + C)y + (A - C)

=f.A + B = 0, -B + C = oi C= B, A-C = A-B = 2=>A = 1, B= -1, C= -lj

4
2y dy dy
3 2
dy =2 (y + l)dy + f
y-1 2
f
2
y -y + y-l y +l y + l

= (y + l) 2 + ln|y-l|-iln(y 2 + l)-tan- 1
y + C =y 2 + 2y + ln|y-l|-iln(y 2 + l)-tan- 1 y + C,
1

where C = C x + 1

l
dy f dy f
dy
= ln y+ i
+C = ln
e +l +C
35.
e
2t
+-3e* + 2
l yJ 2
+ 3y + 2 y + i y+2 y + 2 e
c
+2
J y

4t
36.
e + 2e 2t^dt
~,
;
[e-y]^|lJ^dy=}(y + ^l)dy = ^ + Iln(y 2
+ l)-tan-y + C
2t
e + :
582 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hdpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

= ie 2t -tai,- 1 (et ) + ^ln(e3t + l) + C

37.
cos y dy
;[ 8iny = t cosydy = dt3^ __I_ = 1 (_L
2-tT3) dt
= ln
t-2 + C
y + sin y — 6 t + 3
(
sin j l

y—2
^ sin
sin y + 3
+C

sin(?dg = y] dy dy 1 dy _ y +2 C=i cos e + 2

38.
cos 6
2
+ cos - 2
;[cos0
L J
y' + y-2 y + 2 3
f
y-l-3 ln y-i
i
In
cos - 1
+c

2 + cos 9 cos —
Ifn
1 —cos
+ C = -iln cos # +
1
2
C

-1 -1
(x - 2) 2 tan (2x) - 12x3 - 3x _ f tan (2x)
39.
2 2
QX — j /i
2
OX "™ i") Tjdx
{4x + l)(x-2) 4x +l (x-2) 2
-1
_1 dx dx (tan 2x)
i tan (2x)d(tan- 1 (2x))-3
x-2
-6
(x-2)'
-3 ln|x-2| +
x-2 C

-1 -1
(x + ly tan (3x) + 9x J + x =
tan (3x)
40. dx dx + dx
2 2 2
(9x +l)( X+ l) 9x + l (x + 1)'
_1
i _1 -1 dx dx (tan 3x)
tan (3x)d(tan (3x))
x+1 (x+1)'
+ ln Ix+ll + ^j + C

41. (t
2
-3t + 2)^=l;x=
'dt J
-j-^
t
2
-3t + 2 J
A
t-2
dt
t-i
= ln t-2
t-1
C; |—| = Cc
x
; t =3 and x =

=** = C*±5f = J.«=>*

1 1
= t-2_ h.
t-2 = In It — 21 — In It— 1 l-r- In 2
t-1

42. (3t
4
+ 4t 2 + l)
d£ = 2^/3; x = 2^3 dt dt
dt 2
t +l

=3 tan" 1 (y/it)-y/i tan" 1 t + C; t = 1 and x = =^ =* - -*^ - -T-^

4- = ^r *r + C=5-C = — 7T

_1
x =3 tan (v^t) - \/3 tan" 1
1
- *r

43. (t
2
+ 2t)^ = 2x + 2;i dx ^-=>iin|x+ii=i dt_I dt
=Mn|x+l|=ln
x + 1 2
t + 2t
2 2 t 2 t +2 t + 2 + C;
t = 1 and x = 1 => In 2 = In i+C =>• C = In 2 + In 3 = In 6 => In |x + 1 = In
j 6 ^X+ 1
= tT2
t + 2

^ x = Jjt__ M>0
 Section 7.3 Partial Fractions 583

dx dt _1
,-i
44. (t + l)^ = x 2 + l=* ^y =* tan x = In |t + 1| + C; t = and x =| => tan" 1 1 = In 1 +C
x2 +l 1 !

_1 _1
=> C= tan |=1=^ tan x = ln|t + l|+l => x = tan (In (t + 1) + 1), t > -1

45. -jl— dy = ex dx dy = e
x
dx = e
x

y -y y(y-i)

^
y(y-i)
= y + -rT^ = A (y- 1 ) + B <y) = (A + B)y-A
' v
y '
1

Equating coefficients of like terms gives

A+B = and -A = 1

Solving the system simultaneously yields A = — 1, B = 1.

y(y-i
1
dy =
y
d y+ r^dy=-ln|y| + ln|y-l| + C 2 ^ -m|y|+m|y-l| = ex + C
Substitute x = 0, y = 2.
-In 2 + = 1 + C or C = -1 - In 2

The solution to the initial value problem is

— Inly + lnly —
l 1 1 = ex ~ 1 — In 2.

46.
1
dy = sin 6 d$ =>
1
dy = sin dO => - = -cos 9 +C
(y + i) (y + i)' y+ i

Substitute 5 = |,y=:0=>-l=0 + CorC = -l

The solution to the initial value problem is

--4-t = -cos 0-1 =*-y+l

J
= jr-T =>y = -I
y+1 cos 6 + 1 cos 6 + 1

47. dy = ^-^
2 ; x2 -3x + 2 = (x-2)(x-l) 1 B
= x^2 + x^T =>1=A <x - 1 + B<x - 2)
x - 3x + 2 xz - 3x + 2
)

=> 1 = (A + B)x - A - 2B
Equating coefficients of like terms gives

A + B = 0, -A - 2B = 1

Solving the system simultaneously yields A= 1, B= —1.

= dx dx dx
dy
X* - 3x + 2 x-1
y = lnlx-2[-m!x-l|+C
Substitute x = 3,y = 0=>0 = 0-ln2 + CorC = ln2

The solution to the initial value problems is

y = In|x-2i-m|x-l[+ln 2

ds _ dt _, ds _ 1 ds _1 ii
+ l 1+ n
+ 2" t 2 + 2t
i

+1 ~2
48. ln|S
+ 2~2
| l
|

2s 2s s °l
J J
584 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

t
2
+ 2t = t(t+2)=>^^- = 4 + _^_ => i =: A(t + 2) + Bt^ 1=(A + B)t + 2A
Equating coefficients of like terms gives A+B= and 2A = 1

Solving the system simultaneously yields A = A, B = — i

dt 1/2
t
2
+ 2t t
dt-
t
rx7dt=iln|t|-iln|t
+2 + 2| + C 2 ^ Jln|s + l| = iln|t|-iln|t + 2| + C,

^•ln|s + l| = ln|t|-ln|t + 2| + C
Substitute t = 1, s = 1 = In 2 = -In 3 + C or C= In 2 +k 3 = In 6

The solution to the initial value problem is

ln|s + l| = ln|t|-ln|t + 2| + ln 6 =^ ln|s+lt = ln 6t

1 = 6t
t + 2 t +2

2.5 2.5 '2.5

t2.5
49. V= jr y 2 dx = v dx = 3?r +i]|dx
1
= 3tt In l-i-s- = 3tt In 25
3x-x' x-3^ x x-3 •0,5
0.5 0.5 \0.5

V = 2tt xy dx = 1-k 2x dx = 4?r

50.
(x + l)(2-x) (-KrhMfe)h
1
- (In x + 1
1
-f 2 In 2 - x I) =^(] n 2)
.
4f
3
[ 1

^ = kx(N-x) dx dx,l dx
51. (a) k dt =>^ kdt=f>
N ln |N^| = kt + C;
.

x(N-x) x +pf N-x

k = 2gQ, N = 1000, t = and x =2 ^ ^L i n

998
= C=» 1000 1 1000 -x ~ | 250
+ 1000 W99,

4t
499x 499x 1000e
In
1000 - x
= 4t=* 1000 -x
= e 4t => 499x = e 4t (1000-x) => (499 +e 4t )x = 1000e 4t => x =
499 + e4t

(b) x = An
6
= 500 => 500 = ^ 00e
AQQ +
499
] => 500-499
a* 1t
J- e
+ 500e4t = 1000e4t => e4t = 499 = t = A In 499 ps
4
1.55 days
'

dx
52. ^ = k(a-x)(b-x (a-x)(b-x)
= kdt

dx
(a) a = b: j - = |
k dt => ^4^ = kt + C;t = Oandx = 0=>| = C^ g-^ = kt +|

1 _ akt + 1 a ..-,
^ x_a _ a2 kt
a
a-x ~ a ^ x
~akt+l^ akt+l~akt+l

(b) a#b:
(a-x)(b-x)
dx
"t^^f^-^f A = f
kdt ^ 1
ln
|b^xl kt + C;

t = Oandx = 0=>^ln| = C=>ln|^ x |=(b-a)kt + ln(^)^^| = | e b -^ ( t

 Section 7.4 Trigonometric Substitutions 585

>-b)kt]
=$• x = abLl-e
(a-b)kt
a _ be

7.4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

1. y = 3tan0,-*<0<&dy=^,9 + y 2 =
cos
9(l+tan 2 *) = ^^-7/9T7 = l^L^
cos
2
"
(?
X
^ 3 3

f because cos > when -77 < 9 < j\;

'
dy _3 '

cos 9 69 _ d0 = In \/9 + y* y
2 2 cos
I sec + tan 6 1 + C' = In 3
+
,

3
+ C' = ln| N/9 + y 2 + y| + C
V9 + y J 3 cos J

3dy dx
2. ,i[3y = .

/==f;x = tant, -f<t<f,dx

^
= -^-, V'l+x2 = -i
cos T
* ;
>/l+9y i/l+x 2 ^ cost I

_dx dt
—r = In I
sec t + tan t| + C = ln| Vx 2 + l+x|+ C = In j
\/l + 9y 2 + 3y + C |

vT + x* COS
2 t
t
COS t

3. t = 5 sin 0, -| < 9 < |, dt = 5 cos 9 69, \/25 - 2

= 5 cos 6\

2
v/25-t dt = f (5 cos 0)(5 cos (?) d0 = 25 cos
2
d<? = 25 1 + c °s2g d0 = 25 (| + 5m^£) + C
f f 2

=
f(, + sin
, cos ,) + C =f[ S in- 1 (|) + (t)(^ + C = fsin^(|! +
t\/25^i

4. t = | sin 0, -| < 9 < |, dt =| cos d0, \/l - 9t 2 = cos 0;

\/l - 9t 2 dt =i f
(cos 0)(cos 0) 69 =\ j
cos
2
69 = i(0 + sin cos (?) + C = v[sin -1 (3t) + 3t\/l-9t 2 + C

5. x = | sec 0, < 9 < |, dx = | sec tan 6 69, \/4x 2 - 49 = \/49 sec 2 0-49 = 7 tan 0;

r fXscc tan 0^d0 2

~49
dx
2 7 tan (5
sec 69 = i In |sec 9 + tan 0| + C = i In 2x
7
+ >Ax 7
,

+C
^4x - 49

6. x = | sec 9, < 9 < %, dx = £ sec 9 tan 5 d0, n/25x

2
- 9 = a/9 sec
2
-9 = 3 tan 9;
L Ct

5(3 S ec tan 0) d0 2 -9
5dx sec 9 69 = In sec 9 + tan 9 1 + C = In 5x
+ \/25x3
,

3 tan
|
3"
i/25x 2
-9
586 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

7. x = sec 9, < < |, dx = sec tan d0, \/x

2 -1= tan 0;

f
J
;
xVx 2 -l
d*
= [

J
sec g ten
sec
2
tan
Odg =
J
f
^
sec
= sin ^ + C = tanecose+c = V^n
* +c

8. x = sec 5, < 8 < f, dx = sec 9 tan d0, Vx2 - = 1 tan 0;

1+£™W) d9 = + sin
x
3
^
_2dx_ =
1 J
[
2 tan
sec
J
sec
tan 6
d0 ^ 2
J
[
C08 2^ d ^ =2 f f
J \. 2 /
cos e +C

= + tan 9 cos
2 -„-U
+ C = sec _1 x + \/x2 - l(x) +C = x
8ec~~ x+
1 ^M.
vA
+C 2
X

9. x = 2tan0,-£ < <£, dx = -N^-,

2
v/x
2
+ 4 = -|^;
cos ' cos0'

x3 dx _ f (8tan 3 0)(cos0)d0 f
sm 3fl dg f
(cos
2
- l)(-sin 0) d8
f
2 2 4
" 4
J Vx + 4 J cos J cos J cos ?

[t = cos0]=>8 f
S^dt = 8 [(^-^dt = 8(-} + ^+C = 8(-MC0 + S^)+C

10. x = tan 0, -| < < |, dx = sec 2 d0, Vx 2 -fl = sec 0;

dx __ f sec
2
0d0 _ f cos d0 _
--r^
1
+ C = ^?±I + C
2
xVx 2 + l J tan sec 9 J sin
2 sin

11. w= 2 sin 0, -| < 9 < |, dw = 2 cos d0, \/4-w2 = 2 cos 0;

8dw 8 - 2 cos d0 d9 _ -2\/4-w 2

2
f 2 cot 9 +C= w +C
w v4-w 4 sin 0-2 cos J sin
2

12. w = 3 sin 0, ~§ < < f, dw = 3 cos d0, t/9-w 2 = 3 cos 8;

J>a^dw=|^alil§ald£ = |^ 3ffd ^|^i=^^ = |( Cie

a^ 1) d,

= -cot0-0 + C = - ^=w -— sin

b-»(fl+0
,3/2
13. x = sec 0, < < |, dx s= sec tan d0, (x
2 - l) ss tan3 0;

_ V
J /..*
(x*-l) V
dx
,
3 /2 J
J
1 sec
tan
tan 9 d0
3
J
f cos
sin
2
d0 _ 1
sin 8
+r
^~
_, / 1

\\.m 9 )\ca* 6
1
T r^
\

H (x) +C = -^=
Vx'-I
+C
 Section 7.4 Trigonometric Substitutions 587

2 5
14. x = sec 9, < 8 < |, dx = sec 9 tan (J d0, (x - l) = tan 8;

x 2 dx _ sec
2
g- sec 8 tan
-K-L
fl dfl
dfl = - 1
+C = +C
U'-lJ
5/2 tan
5
sin
4
3sin 3 3\ tan 3
A cos 3

-_I
~ 3
(x
2
-l)
3/2
:x
3
)+c= — 3 x
z
-l
,3/2

15. x = sin 0, -| < 9 < |, dx = cos d0, (l -x 2 )3 /2 = cos3 5;

/2
(l-x 2 f dx. 3
coS <?.cosgdfl
6
= f
4 2
cot ecsc (?de + c = _l(\/T^Z)
= _cS^i T
5 x 6\ /
sin ,

16. x = sin0, -|<6'<| 1 dx = cos^d5 )

(l-x2 )1/2 = cos6';

,\l/2
,1-x2 ) dx cos -cos d$ csc2(, = _co^ +c = _i(v5p!) + c
4
cot' !(,
d0
sin

2
2
17. x = | tan 0, -| < 8 < J, dx = |
2
sec 6 d0, (4x + l) = sec4 0;
i sec 2 8 1 d0
8dx =4 cos
2
d0 = 2(8 +sin cos 0) + C = 2(0 + tan 8 + cos 2 0) + C
2 sec
(4x +ir j

= 1 4x
2 tan" 2x '

2
+C
(4x +l)

18. t = i tan 8, -| < 8 < |, dt = i sec 2 9 d0, 9t

2
+ 1 = sec2 0;

6fisec2 ^)d0
6dt = 2 cos 8 d0
2
= + sin cos + C = + tan 0cos 2 +C
2
9t + l)" J

— -1
= ton—
tan i it
3t + i
3t
+G
2
(9t + l'

19 . Let e
c
=3 tan 8, t = In (3 tan 0), dt = f^-f
tan 8
d0, \/e
2t
+ 9 = \/9 tan
2
+9= 3 sec 8\

-1 :
In 4 tan (4/3) tan (4/3)
2
ejdt 3 tan 8 -sec Odd = fin tan (4/3)
8 d8 1
| sec 8 + tan |l
IJ -1!
v^+9 tan^ 1 (1/3)
tan 6 - 3 sec
tan J (1/3)
' tan (1/3
(1/3)

= ln (| + 4)_ ln (v^0 + l) = !n9 _ ln (1 + yio)

588 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'HopitaJ's Rule, and Improper Integrals

20. Let e
l
= tan 0, t = In (tan 0), §< 9 <L dt = f£^| d0, 1 + e 2t = 1 + tan 2 = sec 2 0;
tan 9

In (4/3) tan
y*/
3
* (t m fl)(j^f)dfl *» -i (*/3)
e'dt .-1 ,

cos*d*=[ s in*]£ = ii$!=H = S

In (3/4) U+e )
an
-1i
(3/4) tan * (3/4)

1/4

21.
>/t
2 dt

+ 4tVt'
u = 2-y/t, du = ^ dt
2du u = tan
^_; 0, |< $ <
J,
du = sec 2 d0, 1 + u
2
= sec 2 0;
1/12
ViA
tt/4
2
4du g dg _ l20J
aiff/4 _
? /tt ir\_7T
U(l+U2) „ 2(? - f? -/6-2(4-6j-6
/" "/a

22.
. y = etan(? , dy = e tan<, sec 2 d0, y/l + fTa y)
2
= Vl+tan 2 * = sec 0;

r/4 r/4
dy tang 2
e
= [ln|sec0 + tan0|p/4 =m(H-v/2)
-
sec
tarU
^£-|d0 = sec0d0
s e see
J y> /l+(lny)

23. x = sec 0, dx = sec 9 tan d0, Vx2 - 1 = \/sec2 6-1 = tan 0;

xv
dx
x
==
— 1
f sec

i
tan
sec " tan "
A6 =$ c= -i
p

24. x = tan 0, dx = sec 2 d0, 1 + x 2 = sec 2 0;

2
dx sec g d0 =e+C = -1
2
f
tan x+C
x + l sec 2

25. x = sec 0, dx = sec 6 tan d0, Vx 2 -! = \/sec

2
- 1 = tan 0;

x dx secfl-secgtanfldfl
tan
^ f
sec 2^ d ^ = tan ^ + = ^2TT +C

26. x = sin 6, dx = cos d0, -| < < |;

dx cos d&
= + C = sin -1 x4-C
V !^2
7
cos

x = 2 sec 0, <6 <Z

27. x^=
dx'
/x^ N ;
dy = v9C^ ;y = —— jc
dx ; dx =2 sec tan d0

V/x 2 -4 = 2 tan

(2 tan 0)(2 sec tan 0) dfl

y = = 2 tan2 d0 =2 (sec
2
- 1 ) d0 = 2(tan0 - 0) + C
2 sec |
 Section 7.4 Trigonometric Substitutions 589

= 2
</x ~4
——
2
sec
_i
|
s

)+C;x = 2andy = 0=>0 = + C=>C = 0=>y = 2 ^/x 2 ^

--2-— 8ec '!

x = 3 sec 9, <$<|
dy dx dx = 3 sec tan (?
28. </x2 -9^=l, dy = y = dx = 3 sec 6 tan 9 d0 =>y dfl

dx
N/x
T^9' =;
x/x^I' 3 tan 9
Vx2 -9 = 3 tan

sec d9 = In |sec 5 + tan 9 1+ C = In # +

Vx^9 + C;x = 5andy = ln3=S>ln3 = m3 + C=>C =

y = ln |+
Vx 2 ^
-^x- = |tan-
-1
= 3,dy = ^-;y = 3 ^ + C;x = 2andy-0 0=|
1
29 . ( x2 + 4 )^
dx' 4
x + 4'
2
i
f
4 +2
tan 1 +C

^C = -|=>y = |t^(|)-f

3/2
30. ( x2 + i)
2
*
dx
= Vx^ + T, dy = *^<
3/2
; x = tan B, dx - sec 2 dff, (x2 + l) = sec 3 0;
2
(x + l)'
2
y = sec fl dfl _ cos &6 = sin 9 + C = tan 9 cos +C = . tan
i2*Lj' +C= * + C; x = and y = 1
sec $
3
J
secfl a/ x
2
+1
1=0 + C=>y= * +1
Vx2 + 1

31. A= V^"* 2 dx; x = 3 sin 6, < < |, dx = 3 cos 9 dfl, \A)~x 2 = \/9-9sin 2 = 3 cos 9;
[

o
jr/2 >r/2

3cosg.3co8gdg = /2
A= f
3
f 2
cos e d9 = |iS + Sin5coS Si: = ^

= 4jr dx
32. V= n{-!L- \ dx
2
\2'
1+*V i (x + l>

x = tan 9, dx = sec2 d0, x2 + 1 = sec 2 0;

r/4 jt/4 ir/4
2 1-/4
V = 4ir sec fl dfl _ 1t cos
2
d0 = 2t (l+cos20)d0 = 27r[0+5i£LM] = f|+l)
7r

|=
33. (a) From the figure, tan -
1 jf%g

(b) From part (a), z = .

*?"* x => z(l + cos x) = sin x = z 2 (l +cos x) 2 = sin 2 x
590 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

^ 2
+ cos x) 2 - (1 - cos x)(l + cos x) =
z (l => (1 + cos x)(z 2 + z2 COS X - 1 + cos x) =
1 + cos x = or (z + 1) cos x = 1 — z
2 2

COS X = — 1 COS X = -
— %-x2 1

1+1
cos x = — 1 does not make sense in this case.
.

2s2
From part (b), cos x = %^ => sin x 2 2 2 2
(1+z ) (1 +z )

2 2
+ 2z + z4 - + 2z - z4 4s
i
2z
1 1

2\2
=> sin x = ±-
(1+z 2 ) 2 (! + *) 1 + z*
Only sin x = — „ makes sense in this case.
1+z
(d) z = tan |, dz = ( | sec 2 |) dx => dz = l( 1 + tan 2 |) dx ^ dz = |(1 + 2
z ) dx => dx = -^2 dz
+ z2

2dz
34.
dx 1 + z2 2dz 2 dz _ c=- +C
1 + sin x
1+- 2z i* + 2z + 1 (z + 1) 2 z +1 tan £+ 1

1 + z'

2dz
35. ,
d* = 1+z 2 dz _ 1 ,fi
+C
|

— COS X 2
1- 1-z 2
1 tan jj

1+z

2dz
36.
d0 1+z 2 2 dz _ 2dz _ 2
C=— •
+C
1 — sin 1-- 2z z"
8
- 2z + 1 (z-1) 2 z-1 tan|-l
a
l +.
2
r+C
1 - tan
|

2dz
dt 1 + z2 dz = ln|z + l|+C = ln
37.
+ sin t + cos z+1 tan \+ +C
1 t
1+- 2z 1 - %l
; + ,

1 + z' 1 + zz

ir/2 2dz
l+z :
ii
38.
dfl 2 dz 2 dz 2
tan
-l z - -4= tan -1 -i=
2 + cos 1-z' 2 + 2z-* + l-z^ z
2
+3 ^3 V^ V3 >/3
2 +
l+z :

s/i-n

Z\fi'

2ir/3 V^ 1-z' 2dz sT* V^

39.
0d0 1+zWl + z 2(l-z 2 )dz
dz
sm & cos 9 + sin 2z(l-z 2 2z 2z - 2z + 2z + 2z
3 3 2z
ir/2
^
+
.(i+z 2 : 1+z'
 Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 591

10 y3-|)-(0-I) = l^-I = I(ln 3 -2).l(ln^3-l)

iln z-5 = (1 i n
-l

2dz
dt 1+B" 2dz _ 2dz = J_ m + l->/2
40. +C
sin t — cos t
2z 1-z' 2z-l+z 2 J
I

(z + l) 2 -2 y/2 z + l + y^
1 + z2 1 +z 1

tan(|)+l-^
In +C
V~2 tan(!)+l + \/2

1-z 2 V 2 dz

cos dt l+z^/Vl + z 2(l~z 2 )dz 2(l-z 2 )dz

41.
t
=
1 — cos t
1- 1-z- (l+z 2 )-(l + z 2 )(l-z 2 ) (l +z 2)(l +z 2_ 1+z 2)
:
l +z

(l-z 2 )dz dz dz _ dz_o dz -=~i-2

__ 1 -1
z + C = -cotf|]-t + C
2_ 2
I

2
tan
(l +z 2
)z
2 1
{\W) l+z z J z +

7.5 INTEGRAL TABLES, COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS, AND MONTE CARLO INTEGRATION

1. [-*- = 4= tan" 1
J^ + C
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a = 1, b = -3)

(x ~ 2) dx dx _ X
2. [( 1/x-2) dx + 2 (\/x-2) *
dx
v/x-2 Vx^-2 .
I

(We used FORMULA 11 with a = 1, b = -2, n = 1 and a = 1, b = -2, n = -1)

3 1
3. [xV2x^3dx = | [(2x-3)v/2x-3dx + | f >/2x-3dx = £ (V2x-3) dx + | (v^x-3) dx

' +l)
+°
-axi)^+(f)(i)^+°°^^+']+°- ( C!

*-'C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a = 2, b = -3, n =3 and a = 2, b = -3, n = 1)

4. f — - 4x
^9
-^
_
dx_-
-y/9-4x
x +
(-4)
2
dx
+C
x\/9-4x
(We used FORMULA 14 with a = -4, b = 9)
592 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

•y/9 - 4x - \/9
+c
^-iti* v/9 - 4x + v/9

(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a = -4, b = 9)

v/9-4 x _3 +C
x 3 - 4x + 3
\/9

— 9 (x + 2)(2x-3-2)\/2-2-x-x
A
2
^ o3 -i/x-2
xV4x - x 25 dx = f I H
+ 4r sin _1
-

5,
I ,

xV2 - 2x - x2 ,
dx = v *-=-* + C

(x + 2) ( 2x-6)V4^g

(We used FORMULA

+ 4s

51 with a
.
n
_1
^
= 2)
) +c

6.
dx dx In
^+ v/(V7) + x
22

+C = — t=ln
V^+nA + x2 C
2
x>/7T? J
XV (V7)
/
+X2 V7 \/7

(We used FORMULA 26 with a = y/l)

?.
V^Z dx= V^Z dx=v^3?_ 21n f 2 + vf^ + c = ^/4^?-21n 2±^Z + C
(We used FORMULA 31 with a = 2)

x /2T^d P =| v/5^^dp = H v ^^ + ^ sin

-iP +
C=fv/2^^ + f sin^g+C
(We used FORMULA 29 with a = 5)

9.
VM^i
(We
dr

used
=

FORMULA
^ dr

33 with a
= 3! sin -l (L\
2;

=
_1r
2

2)
^^7 + c = 2 sin
-i /r>] _
2J
Uy/ZZ?
2'
+c

~2 -1 5-4 _2|
10.
&9 . tan tan ?
5+4*" U
/ + C = -itan~ 1 *»(*-') +C
5 +4 sin 20 2 \/25 - 16 2 1

(We used FORMULA 70 with b = 5, c = 4, a = 2)

2t 2t
= r^-ro (2 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) + C = ^-(2 +3 +C
2t cos 3t sin 3t)
11, e cos 3t dt
2^2 + o2'
3
, 13

(We used FORMULA 108 with a = 2, b = 3)

l+l 1+1 2
12. X COS X dx = xdx= ?1 + 1"™
x1 cos cos
1
x+
n =
1 x dx_xl CQS -l x 1 x dx
1 + 1
,

'

(We used FORMULA 100 with a = 1, n = 1)

 Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 593

:^cos~ 1 x+i(isin- 1 x)-i(ix\/l-x 2 ) + C = ^cos- 2

x + isin- 1 x-ixVl-x 2 + C

(We used FORMULA 33 with a = 1)

13.
ds ds _ + ds

(33 -s 2
2
2.3 2
-(3
2 - S2 )"2.3 2
:

J 3
2 -*2
(9-rf •
)

(We used FORMULA 19 with a = 3)

+ s + 3
+ 4(Ain s-3 +C=
s 3
+ ^oln +C
18 ( 9 - s 2)
T

18V2-3 18 (9
_ s 2)-108 s-3
(We used FORMULA 18 with a = 3)

a/4x + 9
_ a/4x + 9 dx
14. J
x +4 ,

x
2
2jx74xT9
(We used FORMULA 14 with a = 4, b = 9)

^'1*- V y/4x + 9-y/9

/
4xT9 + v /
9
+C= -^p! + |ln yix + 9-3
^/4x + 9+3
+C

(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a = 4, b = 9)

15. ^^dt = 2V^34 + (-4) tv/3t-4

dt

(We used FORMULA 12 with a = 3, b = -4)

= 2 v/3t^4-4('~ r=tan-
2 3

y/^f^\
+ C = 2 v^t^4 - 4 tan" 1 y^2+C
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a = 3, b = -4)

a+1 2+1 _1 Y 3
16. x 2 tan
-1
xdx = x tan x— x dx =^ tan x-i x
dx
I

2 + 1 2 + 1 1+x 2
1 + x'
(We used FORMULA 101 with a = 1, n = 2);

1+x'
dx = x dx —
1
^+x x
?2 -
= ^-iln(l+x
2 2
2
) + C=> x 2 tan" x dx

= x^tan- x- x^ + iln(l+x2 ) + C
1

17. „;„ 9„
sin ^,. <i„
ox cos a-*
2x dx —
= co s 5x
^n
cos
n —^x •"
r1

(We used FORMULA 62(a) with a = 3, b = 2)

18. 8sin4tsin|dx = |sin(^)-|sm(^) + C-8 ^U-L ^U; +C

f

(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a = 4, b = ±)

594 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

19. cos | cos | 60 = 6 sin(^) + | sin(g) + C

(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a=|,b=|)

im sin riM)
20. cos h c°s IB 69 = 1 sin
-s-w
WH-W
sinOTUl SinOr\ c = 13
+ 15
+C

(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a =i b = 7)

xJ+x + l dx d(x 2 + l) dx
dx _ dx
Jv = x f
21.
2 a- 2 2
+
x' + l
x +l (x
2
+ l) i
x +l x* +l
x
^In[x 2 +l|+ , ^ + ^tan" 1 x + C
2(l+x 2 )'2
•

(For the second integral we used FORMULA 17 with a = 1)

dx dx dx _ dx d(x2 +3) dx
22.
, fix 3 r
-3
x + 3^
2 2 l2
2 2 a
(x
2
+ 3f J
(x
2
+ 3) (x + 3) x +(V3) (x +sr J+(V*f
3^-3
= ~^=
V^
tan"
-i/_x
{y/3)
\_
U 2 + 3) ^ 2 (^)3 ((^)2 + x2 ) 2(^f
tan" 1 1

^
' x

(Fot the first integral we used FORMULA 16 with a = \/3i for the third integral we used FORMULA 17

with a = v3)
taD -i/x \_
= 1 3 _ x +c
2
2y/Z \V?>} x +3 2(x + 3)

-1
u=^ u 1+1 - 1+1
23. sin y/xdx; = u2
x =>2 u
1
sin
1
u du =2 sin
x
u— -
du
1 +1 ! +! Vi^
dx = 2u du * J

2
u du
= u
2
sin
l
u—

(We used FORMULA 99 with a = 1, n = 1)

= u
2
sin-
1
u-(isin- 1 u-iu\/l-u 2 ) + C = (u 2 -i) Sm- 1
u + Iu\/l-u 2 + C

(We used FORMULA 33 with a = 1)

= (x-i)sm -1 ^/x + |Vx-x2 + C

24.
cos •^ dx;
u ==
X = u2
^1 ,-1
£°V^-2udu = 2
"1
udu = 2(ucos _1 u--Wl-u 2 ] + C
v^ dx = 2u du :

(We used FORMULA 97 with a = 1)

 Section 7,5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 595

= i(y/x cos -1 y/x- y/\ -xJ + C

25. (cot t) \/l-sin 2 t dt = f v 1 — sin t (cos t) dt _ u = sin t

=>
\/l-u 2 du
sm t du = cos t dt

= Vl-u 2 -ln 1 + y/\ - u2 +c

u

(We used FORMULA 31 with a = 1)

= \/l -sin t~ln

2 1 + \/l - sin 2 1
+ C
sin t

= sin 2
_ b 2+ \/4-u + C
dt cos t dt u t du l
26.
\A - sin2 1 du = cos t dt
(tan t) \A - sin2 1 • (sin t)

(We used FORMULA 34 with a = 2)

= -!>» 2 + \A - sin 2 1 + C
sm t

u = In y u
dy e du _ du = In|u + %/3+?| + C
27. y = e" u
a
y^/3 + (lny)
2 '
dy = e du
u J e -v/3 + u" V3 + u 2

= ln Iny + ^3 + (lny) + C !

(We used FORMULA 20 with a = s/z)

_
cos 5 d$ u = sin du
28. = ln |u + v 5 +u 2"|+C =
/
lnlsin + y/b + sin 2 fl| + C
V5+sm 2 *' du = cos * df>. J v/5~W
(We used FORMULA 20 with a = \/E)

29.
3 dr .
u = 3r =>
du..~ = ln u+\Ai 2 -l +C = ln 3r + \/9r
2
-ll + C
2
^/9r _l'
du = 3 di Vu 2 -1
(We used FORMULA 36 with a = 1)

3 dy u = 3y du = lnju + >/l + u 2 + C = ln|3y + \/l + 9y 2 + C

30.
v/l+9y
2 ' du = 3dy , ^+ u
i
| |

(We used FORMULA 20 with a = 1)

596 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

t= v^
_1 - -1 t + i -3
31. cos y/x dx; = t2
x => 2 I t cos t dt = 2{ ~cos dt | = t
2
cos 1 + dt
dx = 2t dt \/l-t :
\/l-t :

(We used FORMULA 100 with a = 1, n = 1)

= t 2 cos -1 1 + \ sin -1 1 - ^ \J\ - 12 + C

(We used FORMULA 33 with a = 1)

= x cos" 1 y/x. + k sin -1 y/x — k yGc\/l - x + C = x cos" 1 y/x. + A sin -1 y/x — A vx — x2 + C

= v^
t

32. tan
l

N
/ydy; y=t
2
^2 t tan
_i
t dt = 2 irtan-H-i —^rdt
2
= t
2
tan
-1
1 dt
1+t 1 + t"
dy = 2t dt

(We used FORMULA 101 with n = 1, a = 1)

2
= 2 -1 - t +l _SL_= t 3 -1 - 1 + tan" 1 1 + C = y -1 1
t tan 1
2
dt + tan 1 tan ,/y + tan" ^/y-^/y + C
t + l 1 +t

33. | xe3x dx = ^(3x-l) + C = ^(3x-l) + C

(We used FORMULA 104 with a = 3)

34. x V* dx = fctV' 2
-3 - 2
[
xV 2
dx = 2xV 2 - 6 facV' 2 - 2 - 2
[
xe*/
2
dx \

= 2x V' 2 - 12x2e x ' 2 + 24 -

a
4e*' (§ - 1)+C = 2xV 2 - 12x 2ex / 2 + 96e x ' 2 (| - 1 ) + C
( We used FORMULA 105 with a =A twice and FORMULA 104 with a = A)

- 2 x x X
2 2 " 2 [x2 2
+c
35.
In 2 **«*=!S-A0K-« l2 d*
In 2

(We used FORMULA 106 with a = 1, b = 2)

36. xtt
x
dx = X7T 1
^ dx= x 2r
x
._ WjfLU c = pl_ »L_^r« +c
In ff In it In k In ir\ln tt/ In it In jtn \* n v
(We used FORMULA 106 with n = 1, b = ir, a = 1)

_ ilj sinh 3x cosh 3x 5 — 3

37. i sinh 5 3x dx = 5-3 5
1
sinh 3x dx
^

— sinh 3x cosh 3x 1 ( sinh 3x cosh 3x 3 — 1

sinh 3x dx
120 10^ 3-3 3

(We used FORMULA 117 with a= 3, n =5 and a = 1, n = 3)

 Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 597

_sinh 3x cosh 3x 3x cosh 3x 2/1 „„u 3xj+L,

+ 3^3 cosh q^^.r
sinh , 1

120 90

= jipT sinh
4
3x cosh 3x — <rk sinh 3x cosh 3x + ^ cosh 3x + C

cosh
4
y6c = y/x
n cosh3u sinllu
38. dx;
dx
^2 cosh
4
udu = 2 + 1^1 cosh udu
du = ( 4
2^x.

_ cosh u sinh u , / sinh 2u

+ 32l^^~ + u\ + si
G , ,

2 2j

(We used FORMULA 118 with a = 1, n =2 and FORMULA 116 with a = 1)

= i cosh3 y/x sinh y/x + 1 sinh 2^x + 1 y/x + C

, „2
39. x cosh 3x dx = -s- sinh 3x — s-2 x sinh 3x dx = %- sinh 3x cosh 3x —* cosh 3x dx

(We used FORMULA 122 with a = 3, n =2 and FORMULA 121 with a = 3, n = 1)

= V sinh 3x - %S cos h 3x + Jr
27
sinh 3x +C

40. x sinh 5x dx = $ cosh

5
5x — ^ sinh 5x + C
lb

(We used FORMULA 119 with a = 5, n = 1)

41. u = ax + b=^x = y^=>dx = ^A;

x dx _ " ~ b) du _ 1
f (
a ~ „2 i-$«"=i ]n|ul + | +c =? In |ax + b| + ax
+ b. + C
(ax + b)
2
J au 2 a J

42. x = a sin ^a 2 — x 2 = a2 cos2 6 => -2x dx = -2a2 cos 6 sin d0 ^ dx = a cos 9 d0;
[
\/a
2
-x2 dx= [
a cos 0(a cos 6) 69 = a
2
[cos2 0d0 =
^ f
(1 +cos 20) 69 = ^9+^^-) + C

= £(6 + cos 6 sin 0) + C =^(e + \f\ -sin 2 -sin o) +C s^sirT 1

|+ ^a=l2L -iJ+ C
=
| S in-
1
|+ |V7^ + C
„n+l
43. x n (ln ax) m dx = (In ax)
m df *^- (In ax)
gijmdnaxr-^Ddx
n+
I

n+1 (ln ax)

c m xn (ln ax)"1
"1
dx
n+1 n+1
.n+1
We used integration by parts u dv = uv — v du with u - (In ax)
m v = ^-rr
n+
v ,
' ' 1
598 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

n+1 \ n+1 _,L +1

=Y
,

- x"
xn sin
I
44. ax dx = L
ax d iL- -r sin ax
sin
n+1/ ^-r-r
n+1
r I
n + 1
\/l-(^) 2
n+1
x sin" ax
1
- a x dx n^-l
n+ n+
1 1
vt^ 2 2

.n+1
We used integration by parts u dv = uv — 1 v du with u = sin
'n
ax, v= + --
;
-=-
1

45. (a) The volume of the filled part equals the length of the
tank times the area of the shaded region shown in the
accompanying figure. Consider a layer of gasoline
of thickness dy located at height y where
— r < y < — r + d. The width of this layer is

-r+d
2
2\A - y2 z
. Therefore, A= 2 y/i - y 2 dy

-r+d

and V = L A = 2L • \A 2 -y 2 dy

-r+d i-r+d
yy/^-y* 2
-i y
(b) 2L \/r
2
- y
2
dy = 2L 2
+ T sm
. r •

(We used FORMULA 29 with a = r)

= 2L (^i)^J^ + £™.(d-)4(|) = 2L (^)vSd^ + (^X-- ,

(*^) + f

46. The integrand f(x) = Vx — x 2 is nonnegative, so the integral is maximized by integrating over the function's
entire domain, which runs from x = to x=1

-,1

»/2-ix-x 2 dx =
T^ v/2-ix-x
2
Vx-x2 dx = - +^-sin- 11 1
2 - o

We used FORMULA 48 with a =

^
ll
X —i
\/x-x 2 + ism- 1 (2x-l) — I 1. — \( — lC\ — K
~8*2
-
8l 2J~8

CAS EXPLORATIONS
For MAPLE use the int(f(x),x) command, and for MATHEMATICA use the command Integrate [f(x),x], as
discussed in the text.

n xn+1 In x 1 n
47. (e) x In x dx =
n+1 n+1 x dx, n ^ -1
(We used FORMULA 110 with a = 1, m = 1)
 Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 599

^-7^+c = ^mx- * We

(We used FORMULA 110 with a = 1, m = 1, n = -n)

1-n 1 —n\l -n/ 1— nV l—r>J

49. (a) Neither MAPLE nor MATHEMATICA can find this integral for arbitrary n.

(b) MAPLE and MATHEMATICA get stuck at about n = 5.

(c) Let x=|-u=*-dx = -du; x = 0=»u= |,x = |=>u = 0; :

*i
2
„ °, -sinV^-uldu *? „ 'I
2

t
= i sin"x dx _ f \2 cos u du _ I cos x dx
.,
Il
sin x + cos n x J s iW* u \ + cosn /£-U
n
cos" u + sin u j cos" x + sin" x
ff /2 \2 J \2
tt/2 x/2

^1+1 = sin
sin
—++
n
x
x
n
cos x i
j,— ldx
cos x
,

= dx=f=M = f

The following Mathemaiica module is used to obtain the Monte Carlo estimates of area in Problems 50 through 55.

monte(f_, indvar_, m_, a_, b_, n_List] :=

Module[{g, x, xr, yr, area, !im, areaavg, yl, y2},
g = f/. indvar -> x;
lim = Length[n];
area - Table[0, {k, 1, lim}];
For[k = <- lim, k++,
1, k
For [counter = 0; = 1, <= n[[k]], i++,
i i

xr = a+ (b — a)*Random[];
yr = m*RandomQ;
If[yr <= g/. x -> xr, counter = counter + 1];];

area([k]] = m*(b — a)*counter/n[[k]]];

areaavg = (Sum[n([i]j*area[[i]], {i, 1, lim}]) /
Sum[n[i]j, {i, 1, lim}];

yl = Integrate^, {x, a, b}] // N;

y2 = Integrate^, {x, a, b}];
Print[area];
Print[areaavg];
Prmt[y2];
Print yl ;

The following command executes the preceding module. The arguments are the integrand function, the inde-
pendent variable, an upper bound on the integrand function, the lower limit of integration, the upper limit of
integration, and a list of the numbers of random points to generate in each estimation.

monte[z*Sqrt[l-z], z, 0.5, 0, 1, {100, 200, 300, 400,

500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000,
5000, 6000, 8000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 30000

The preceding command is for Problem 51.

600 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

Target Area
50.

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Select M = 0.2
The area approximations will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used

Number of Approximation Number Approximation of

Points of Area of Points Area
100 0.154 2000 0.1492
200 0.151 3000 0.147867
300 0.148 4000 0.1497
400 0.149 5000 0.14712
500 0.1528 6000 0.148433
600 0.151667 8000 0.147925
700 0.149429 10,000 0.14796
800 0.1435 15,000 0.148147
900 0.146444 20,000 0.14824
1000 0.1408 30,000 0.147687

A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral. Therefore,

_2x dx
xe wf £ n i -area(i)
)/( £ n(i)
)
= 0.147987 by Monte Carlo.

The actual value of the integral

Cl
is i —
-3e 2 )
j - ss 0.148499.

51.

Target Area

Select M=1
The area approximations will vary depending on the random number generator and seed vaiue that is used

Number of Approxi mation Number Approximation of

Points of Area of Points Axea
100 0.722566 2000 0.628319
200 0.628319 3000 0.646121
300 0.586431 4000 0.642456
400 0.581195 5000 0.636487
500 0.637743 6000 0.627533
600 0.560251 8000 0.643437
700 0.583439 10,000 0.62235
800 0.577268 15,000 0.625386
900 0.5621337 20,000 0.635073
1000 0.655022 30,000 0.638895
 Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 601

A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral. Therefore,

f (sin y)e
cos *
dy as ( £ n ; -area(i) \/( £ n(i)) = 0.63298 by Monte Carlo.
ir/2

The actual value of the integral is 1 -i « 0.632121.

Target Area
52.
0.8 i
V
/
0.6

0.4-
y=2xsm~ (x 2 } i
/
0,2-

'
— "~ r^^ '
'

A
ct 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

I/V2
Select M = 0,8
The area approximations will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used

Number of Approximation Number Approximation of

Points of Area of Points Area
100 0.152735 2000 0.129542
200 0.10748 3000 0.133879
300 0.118794 4000 0.125724
400 0.130108 5000 0.123206
500 0.139159 6000 0.130956
600 0.129165 8000 0.128693
700 0.118794 10,000 0.127279
800 0.123744 15,000 0.129844
900 0.121308 20,000 0.129712
1000 0.122188 30,000 0.128335

A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral. Therefore,

2x sin
-1
(x2 ) dx « j £ nr area(i) ] /( £ n(i) )
= 0.128523 by Monte Carlo.

n
—— « 0.127825.
1 i_
f* /*>

The actual value of the integral is ^-=

Target Area
53.

0,2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

602 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

Select M = 0.5
The area approximations will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used

Number of Approximation Number Approximation of

Points of Area of Points Area
100 0.28 2000 0.259
200 0.265 3000 0.262167
300 0.278333 4000 0.259625
400 0.2625 5000 0.2724
500 0.261 6000 0.270583
600 0.27 8000 0.265875
700 0.254286 10,000 0.26495
800 0.270625 15,000 0.2668
900 0.277778 20,000 0.268275
1000 0.2685 30,000 0.265875

A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral. Therefore,

Z-/T-Z dz «( £ n i
-area(i)
j
/( £ n(i)
j
= 0.266465 by Monte Carlo.
o

The actual value of the integral ;„

is ^4 « 0.266667.
54. Target Area

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Select M = 0.5
The area approximations will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used

Number of Approximation Number Approximation of

Points of Area of Points Area
100 0.0375 2000 0.04725
200 0.06 3000 0.0435
300 0.06 4000 0.0480625
400 0.0425 5000 0.046
500 0.0435 6000 0.04525
600 0.05125 8000 0.0445937
700 0.0439286 10,000 0.047375
800 0.053125 15,000 0.0449
900 0.0472222 20,000 0.0446375
1000 0.0425 30,000 0.0458

A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral. Therefore,
1/2

t
g
t3dt
— 2t +
—« 1
(
\t=l
£ n; area(i)
) /
/'
(
\i=l
£ n(i)
J
J
= 0.0456313 by Monte Carlo.

The actual value of the integral is iZ- 3 In 2 « 0.0455585,

 Section 7.6 L'Hopital's Rule 603

/<*> Target Area

55.

e
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.2

Select M = 0.4
The area approximations will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used

Number of Approximation Number Approximation of

Points of Area of Points Area
100 0.096 2000 0.095
200 0.104 3000 0.103467
300 0.0986667 4000 0.0999
400 0.095 5000 0.10096
500 0.0992 6000 0.1048
600 0.096 8000 0.10105
700 0.0908571 10,000 0.104
800 0.0985 15,000 0.0995733
900 0.1 20,000 0.1013
1000 0.104 30,000 0.100707

A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral. Therefore,

(In Of 69 n( £ n ;
-area(i) )/( £ n(i) = 0.101054 by Monte Carlo.
J

3 - 3(ln 2 - 6] as 0.101097.
The actual value of the integral is 6 + 2[(ln 2) 2) +6 In 2

7.6 L'HOPITAL'S RULE

1. l'Hopital: lim x-2 _ 1

= -I or lim -^ —— = i-*2
lim
""
x-2 = lim
- 2)(x + 2) ~ i=3 x + 2
1
~4
x-»2 x2 — 4 2x
x=2
4 5=3 x 2 -4 (x

2. l'Hopital:
^
lim
x->0
§%^^
x
5cos5x
1
= o or nm
x-fO
§in5x =5
x->0
iim sin5x
5x
= 5 . 1 =5
x=0 5x-»0

5xL^_3x = W^zA = Hm 10 = | or im 5x3 - 3x = Hm !_x = 5

3. l'HSpital: lim llm i

(*- 1)U +x+ l}

2
L l'Hopital: lim
l f' 1 = *-i
4x3 -x-3
lim -J*£_
2
12x
= Aor
-l 11 x-.l
^ f-1
3
4x -x-3
~
= Uim
*-i
_

(x- l)(4x2 + 4x + 3

2
< + x + l) _ 3
= lim
2 11
1 (4x + 4x+3J
604 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

5. l'Hopital: lim I^L* = l im §mx = Hm cosx 1

f lim
1-cosx = j. 1 - COS x
2
/ 1 + cos X
\ 1 4- cos x

= l
x-*0
im
xz (l
sin
+ cos
x
x)
= m
X-.0
jj
sin
-A—xV
xVsin
1
1
+ cos xj 2

2 ,
JL
2x z
6. l'Hopital: lim
x-.«.
+ 3x = lim
x3 + x+1 x-oc
4x + 3
3 X2 + 1
= X-.00
lim —x
g
*
2
— or lim
x -koo x
2x* + 3x
3 + X+l
= xlim
- oc
x
v2 n

l + JL2 + 4_3 1

x x

g2
lim 2g <**
s 2
7. lim ^fi- = = (2)(0) cos (0) =

-cosg sing sin */2 i

j. lim ifJi°4 = i im
-2 sin 26i
lim
$-, v /2 1 + cos 20 e-. ff /2 e-»ir/2 —4 cos 20 -4 cos w 4

9. lim c?s t~ * = lim ^ilLt = i^ ^cos_t = _i

t-0 e' - 1 - 1 t-o e' - 1 t-+0 e
l

10. lim ,
t-ilnt-sinirt
*-} —7=1^, t-l 1
v
1-
cos xt 1 - sr(-l) ir +1

11. Um !^±il Iim x+l = Hm xj£j =Hm

= x-»oo ln 2 = In 2
x—»oo
logo t 1 X—»0O X + 1 X—»00
xln2

12. lim
x-.oo log, (x
lo
f2X
+ 3) *-"*>
xln2
1
= x^oo ^ (x + gjlnj =
x In 2 x-.oo
x In 3
x
+
ln 2
3 In 3
= ^
*-> °o In 2
h3 = 1»3
ln 2
(x + 3)ln3

2y + 2

13 . Iim
y^O +
Ky!±2y) =
ln y
lim
+o +
y!+2y =
I
lim
+ y2
^+
+
2)
= lim
^
*£±*1 =
+ y 2 + 2y
iim £+* *©+*
2y + 2 +2
2 = 1

y_ +
2y 2(0) 2
y

(f-y)siny f|-y)cosy + (-l) _ 1)3in

sin y |_|) cos | +( |
14. lim (? — y|tany= lim - rrsrr, = lim =

y_
cos
ff /2^2 ) y_w /2 y y^^/2 -sin y -sin
|
= 1.

"(1)

15. lim. xlnx = lim

I'll
i^=
-I lim
ill*4 "-j- =
-^7- lim -£- = lim -x =
x-»0 + 40 + A x-»0 + — 4f2 X-.0+ x— n
X
X
 Section. 7.6 L'Hopital's Rule 605

tanv ..
1 _i sef
v2
2l
bVC x
16. Jjra x tan £1 _ lim
= -j-S = Hrn -S-^ =gim sec
2 i = sec 2 = 1

2
x

17. Urn, (esc x - cot x + cos x) = lim £?§_x

+ cos x ^ = m L •
cos x + cos x sin x
f-4
x-0 +UmX
ij
x-0+ SlnX / x -0+
x-0+ Sln x

_ u-, si n x + cos x cos x - sin x sin x ,

-j. cos X

18. Jim

lim
(In 2x - ln(x

- In
+ 1))

=
= Jim In(^) Let f(x) =
= In
^ => Jim ^ = Jim
f
= 2. Therefore,

(In 2x sin x) lim In f(x) 2

x—too x ' x—too v '

19.
Jim+ (In x - In sin x) = Jim
+
In ^; let f(x) = ^ => Jim+ ^ = Jim
+
^ = 1. Therefore,

lim (In x - In sin x) = lim In f(x) = In 1 =

X-.0+ x—0 +

l^=oo
Um "^
20. lim
x—0 H(i-4-W
x
"^J-,"o +

ln e * + x )
21. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1°°. Let f(x) = (e* + x) 1/x =f> in (e
x
+ x) 1/x = (
x
e +l

x—0
In(e
x

*
+ x)
= ^
x—0
gx+x
1
=2
x—0 v '
1/x
x—0
e
, nf(x)
=

'"'?
22. The limit leads to the indeterminate form oo°. Let f(x) =(\ J
=> ln(
\ ) =x Inj i )
= —^

-2/x 3

lim
x—0
In

—V^
I
«*/_,.-
1
1

x—0—\h:
x—0 _l/x
\
= lim -^ = lim 2x =
x—0
^ i
2
=> Urn f
x-0 ^ y'
x—0
)
x2 /
4 =
x—0
lim e
Inf W = e° = 1
x

x ~5
23. lim = lim .,-§-_. =o
x-±oo2x zf -x+2 x-±oo4x-l

24. lim
^7x = lim
7coa
JS. = *
x-o tan llx x -0 11 sec2 llx U

25. The limit leads to the indeterminate form oo°. Let f(x) = (In x) 1/x => In (In x) 1/x = ln Q° *)

1/x
=> Km
x-»oo
^%^
x = x—
lim
oo
1M
1
lim -+- =
= x— too x In X
=> lim (In
*x— oo
1
x) '*
'
iim eM«) = e° = 1
= x— ob
606 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

ln 1+2x
26. The limit leads to the indeterminate form oo°. Let f(x) = (1 + 2x) 1/(2 ^ x) => In (1 + 2x) ,/(2 M x = ( in x >

Jj
)

2
Ml+2*) = Hm l±2x =
lim
x—+oo TTnir- x = feT+2x
1
^^-
Um x_ = x HS6 21 = I2^x
=>
im n
(1 +
2x
vi/(2 1nx) j.
I
,.
1
,

= lim e^W ^ 3

27. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0°. Let f(x) = (x
2 - 2x + l) x_1

^ln(x 2 -2x + l)^ = (x-l)ln(x 2 -2x + l).

ln ( x2
- 2x+1

x-1
i
U nm x-»l
ln ^- 2x+1
x-1
-l
)
= m
li
x—tl
^^ (x
i

- l) 2
2(x-l)
(X-1) ~x
= Hm = lim -2(x - 1) = =» lim (x
v
2 - 2x + l)
'
x
= lim e
ln *W = e° = 1
x-»l 1 X-.1 x-tl x-.l
2
(x-1)

28. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0°. Let f(x) = (cos x)
cos x
= In (cos x) cos x

x m
= (cos x)\\In <(cos x)\
<
=
In (cos x)
secx
ba. jl
=> llm
x -> n / 2 -
- a
In (cos x)
Pr x
sec y = ..
hm
x-nr/2" sec
Q x
tan
—T£2§x
x
—x „ ,.
j

X-.K-/2
_*._„ x
lm - _ -tan v
sec x tan x

= lim_ ~cosx = 0=>

x-»ir/2
lim
x-t^/2
(cos x)
cos K
= lim e
ln f W = e° = 1
x-nr/2~

29. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1°°. Let f(x) = (1 + x) 1/x => ln(l +x) 1 / x = ln ^x+X ^

In(] +X)
=* lim x = lim I±l=l=j. lim (1+x) 1 '^ lim e
In *W = e 1 = e
x->0 + x-»0 + X-.0+ x-»0+

30. The limit leads to the indeterminate form l

00
Let f(x) = x 1 ^* -1 ) => In x
1 ^* -1 ) _ In x
x—
.

l
x-tl
im inx
X-1
= lim
X->1
i£ = l ^ Hm x 1 ^' 1 = lim
1 X—l X-.1
* e
to W= e
1
= ,

x ln sm X ^
31. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0°. Let f(x) = (sin x) => In (sin x) x = x In (sin x) = ^

cos X
1"(™*) = sinx = Hm -x* cos x x2 sin x ~
2 * cos *
=> lim Um = ,.
=Q
x^0+ I
X x^O+ —x 2
x^0+ 8mX x-0+
C° SX

x ln f(x)
=> lim (sinx) = lim e = e° = 1
x-»0+ x—>0 +
 Section 7.6 L'HopitaPs Rule 607

32. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0°. Let f(x) s= (sin x) tan * => In (sin x) tan x

cos x
= tan x In (sin
v
...
x)
'
,
= —cot X
In (sin x)
*-, '- => km ——: X
..

+
In (sin x)
cot
'- = hm ,. sm
c, n x
Y
lim (—sin x cos x) =
X-.0" " 1
X-.0+ -esc X x_ +

=> lim (sinx)

taax = lira >
e
f(x)
^ fi
_ j
X-.0 + X-.0',+

_co . Let ~x)

33 . The limit leads to the indeterminate form l f(x) = xl/(1 x)
=> In x1/(1 = j"-^x_x

=> lj m 1«JL —
= uui
Um xa- - _i => H m+ ^/l 1 "*) = hm e
ln f< x >
= e" = i 1

x-»l x-»l +

34. lim x2e _x

x— too
= lim ^= lim 2*. = lim -^ =

2x
2x
35. lim
X—»O0 f ±dt
t
= X-tOO
Um [ln|t|]J
l x
= lim
x-»oo
ln(%0
V X /
= ln2
J

In t dt / , \

36. lim
x-Hjo
-1
x
.

In x
= x-*<»
lim r^T=
x+
In 1
Hm
x-»oo £4=1
/]\

37. Um cogg-1 = Hm =M»J. = Um rzc^l = _i

38 . Um <±t!
t—»oo —
= um
t—*oo
e* 1
^ e
l
= t—
Um >oo
^1+2= lim
t-»oo
4=1
e

39. lim
v^ =
y/ x—oo X + 1
m~?=
Um ^L±l = V x-too 1
^ >v/9
=S

40. lim
x _*0
+
Y
v sin x
i, :

\
lim
x-0 +
sm x A
41. i im 3£JL = lim (
1 Vcosx^ Hm J_ =1
/cos.x
\sin
42. lim £gt£
CSC X
= lim = lim cos x = 1
x— + x-»0
+ x-»0+
\sm xy

43. Part (b) is correct because part (a) is neither in the ^ nor §§ form and so l'Hopital's rule may not be used.
608 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

44. Answers may vary.

(a) f(x) = 3x + l;g(x)=x

l im
!W = x—
ljm
3x + T_
= ,; m
3 = 3
X—»rx) e(x) i-co a x— too J

(b) f(x)=x + l;g(x)=x2

lim 54= lim i =0

^+i= x-.oo
!iin
*-«x> g(X) x-»oc x 2x /

(c) f(x) = x2 ;
g(x) =x+
f(x) 2x
lim
li — i r-
X—>0O g(x)
=
— lim
mil
X— tOO X +
: , —
= lim
X—'30
lilil ^
1 1

9x ~ 3 ~9
45. If f(x) is to be continuous at x = 0, then lim f(x) = f(0) => c = f(0) = lim
X-.0 5X3
^ - 3 *. = lim
x'-^O
9 c° s
I5x 2
3x

~ li„,
27 sin 3x _ !im
81 cos 3x _ 27
.o 30x x-»0 30 10'

f 00 _ 1
±£L
46.
3. (a) For x # 0, f (x) = -£-(x + 2) = 1 and g'(x) = -S-(x + 1) = 1. Therefore, lim =1 = 1, while
UA QX x—>0 fi (XI '•

lim $l = £±2 ° +2 2.
x^o g(x) x+1 +1
(b) This does not contradict 1'Hopital's rule because neither f nor g is differentiablc at x =
(as evidenced by the fact that neither is continuous at x= 0), so 1'HopitaFs rule does not apply.

tlnfl+J
47. (a) The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1°°. Let f(k) = (l -\-^\ '
=> In f(k) = kt ln(l +£) = ^
tln (l + tf-^Vi+ff
=> l lm y_-=
{)
i im A_LAW_ = Hm _^ = rt
= rt
k—oo i. k-»oo _ + _i_ k-»oo 1 f- 1

lim
k-oo
A nu Cl+fr=A
v k; n
\kt
lim (l+fT
"°k^ v ky '
kt.
= Anu lim
k-.oo
e
ta
^ = AnC rt

(b) Part (a) shows that as the number of compou ridings per year increases toward infinity, the limit of interest
compounded k times per year is interest compounded continuously.

48. The graph indicates a limit near — 1. The limit leads to the
2
n 2x -(3x+l) v^x + 2
indeterminate form „: lim :
X-.1 x - 1 2x
2
-(3x»1 )Vx+2

_ xv 1/2 4x _9v!/2_I Y -l/2

2xz - 3x 3/2 '* + 2l

= lim = lim
x-»l x-1 x-tl

4-E-I
2 2_4-5 = -1
 Section 7.6 L'Hopital's Rule 609

49. (a) The graph indicates a limit near —0.225. The limit

leads to the indeterminate form *

U
: lim — ;

x—>l x in x — x — cos(ttx)
—— -,

1-**
2(x-l)
= lim = lim
X l Inx + l-l + Trsin^x) x-i l
+ T2 cos(7rx)
Klnx-x-Cos («x)
2 _ 2
1 + *'(-!) 1-ir'

2
(b)
v
The graph of y =—
x
s
In x
.fcr
-
1)
- x - cos (ttx)
-,— r- has a vertical

asymptote near x = 2.552.

1 I V xlnx-*-oos (xx)

*\

s(x)
50. (a) In f(x) = g(x) In f{x)

lim (g(x) In f(x)) = (lim g(x))( lim In f(x)) = oo(-oo) = -00

\&{x>
f< 5
lim f(x)«W = lim e*

00 lim (g(x) In f(x)) = (lim g(x))(lim In f(x)) = (-oo)(-oo) = oo

lim f(x)
x—»c % '
g M = x—
lim
*c
e *
1 f( x>
g(5
° = e°° = oo

51. (a) Because the difference in the numerator is so small compared to the values being subtracted, any calculator

or computer with limited precision will give the incorrect result that 1 — cos x6 is for even moderately
6
small values of x. For example, at x= 0.1, cos x « 0.9999999999995 (13 places), so on a 10-place

calculator, cos x =1 and 1 — cos x — 0.

(b) Same reason as in part (a) applies.

(c)
v
'
Hm
x->0
I ~ £SS
x
12
*
6
s Hm
*-*0
6x5
12X
"?*
11
°
= lim
x-»o
^ 2x
6
= Urn
"-0
6*
5

12x
co
\5
x& = lim
x—0
£0^
2
=I
2

(d) The graph and/or table on a grapher shows the value of the function to be for x-values moderately close
to 0, but the limit is 1/2. The calculator is giving unreliable information because there is significant
round-off error in computing values of this function on a limited precision device.
610 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

52. (b) Trie limit leads to the indeterminate form oo — oo:

y/x 2 x2 -(x 2 + x)
Iim (x - \/x 2
+ x)/ = X—
lim (x - y/x 2
+ x)/ + x -+ x
= iim = xIim / -x
X— OO V V
.CO V
I
V
x+
1

a/x'
2
+x, ^™ X
" + VxT +^
1

1
-' oo
U+\^+^
= x— -1 -1
lim
»oo
+ v^IJ 1+ ^^
53. (a) f(x)=e
xln(1 + 1/x)

1 +i > when x < -1 or x>

Domain: (— oo, — 1) U (0,oc)

(b) The form is , so lim f(x) = oo

X-.-1

(c) lim xln(l+i)= X—lim

lim
»— oo
lnfl+i
I
X
= x—lira
*— oo 1
—= — Iim
1+1
i-r = 1

xbl ( 1+1/x >

= X—lim
»—OO
f(x)= X—lim
x t— oo
'
e =e

*
54. (a) y = x1 '* ^] ny = ^^^= x
2
'"
=> x' =f
y
MpVx
x
1
'"). The sign pattern is

y'= I+ + + + + I
which indicates a maximum value of y = c
1 '
when x = c

2
(i)(x )-2xlnx
(bjy^x 1 '* =*lny = ^=>^ =
'

^ ,
= / l-2 3lnx M x l/» J The sigu pattem is

/=| + + + | which indicates a maximum of y =e '

e
when x = -y/e

-1
-vVx" _ x _ (x)(*
n
) ~ ('" x^* 11
)
_ ., _ x-Hl
-n In x) »
x i/x
1/s
In
(cl y =x iny = ^r ,2n
=>y' = -

^ The sign pattern is

,2n

y' = + + I
which indicates a maximum of v =e ' ne
when x = *l/e

(d) lim x1 ^ lim (J"*)'*

a/x n
= lim e^)^ = expf x—oo
lim -^)
l

X" y
=
l. ,
expl lim
K Vx-.co \,nx
p (-mi = e°=l

55. fa)

k-0.5

10 20 30 40 50"
•2.5
when k- ± 0.05 and - 0.1 the graphs
-5 of ym t{x) are near y - In x
-7.5
 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 611

(b)
v ' lim 5%I= Hm *il&-£ = lnx
k-»o k k-.o 1

x
56. (a) We should assign the value 1 to f(x) = (sin x) to

make it continuous at x = 0.

C0SX
/u\ i \
(b) In f(x)
a = x
i / •
In (sin x)
s
= —\
In (sin x)'
, =*
..
lim
, ,,
In f(x)
,
= hm ,, In (sin x)
,., = hm ,. Uinxi^
K n x/
'

x-»0 '

x— CP x-»0
+
(i) (i)

hm
= x-,0 fi^h;
tan x
= xl™
-,o
-=^-
2
= => l™
x-»o
f(x)
v '
= e° = 1
8ec x
(c) The maximum value of f(x) is close to 2 near the point x ss 1.55 (see the graph in part (a)).

*'
(d) The root in question is near 1.57.

-2
y' - (In (sin x) -x cot x)(alrt x)*
-3

x —x
(e) y' = => (In (sin x) -x cot x)(sin x) = =* In (sin x) cot x = 0. Let g(x) = In (sin x) -x cot x

— cot x + x esc x = x = g(*n)

g'(x) = cot x esc x. Using Newton's method, g(x) =*> xn t
=x IL y
g'(x„)

= x„ i ^ -^ -a. Then x, = 1.55 =» x, = 1.57093 ^x, = 1.57080 => x 4 = 1.57080

=> xk = 1.57080, k > 3.

(f) X 1.55 1.57 1.57080
x
(sin x) 0.999664854 0.999999502 1

7.7 IMPROPER INTEGRALS

1. (a) The integral is improper because of an infinite limit of integration.

oc b
(b)
dx_= lim
dx -
= lim [tan
-1
xi = lim (tan
-1
b - 0) = %
2 b—>oo ^
X* + 1 b^oo J x + 1 b-too

The integral converges.

612 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

wf
2. (a) The integral is improper because the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0.

00 •^ = lim \ M== lim \2-Jxt ~ (2 - 2\/b) = 2 lira

\A b-»0+ .
V x b-»0+ ^ b^0+

The integral converges,

(c) 2

3. (a) The integral involves improper integrals because the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0.

dx dx dx
(b) ^+
vV3 vl/3 vV3

2/
ta -« b2/3 - 6 '=- 6
&-A- ^=A-[l» t -8
= b-tO>
\2

&=A x
dx
1 '3
= lir

b^0+ i*
2/3
L=j im
b-*tr+
(H b2/3
H
dx _ a
°^"2
, 3__9
_
1/3- 2
-8

The integral converges.

w-|
4. (a) The integral is improper because of two infinite limits of integration,

co oo

(b)
2xdx 2x dx
+ 2x dx
2 2 2
— CO
(x +l) fx +n 2 a
2
fx + l) 2
oo
2x d>
r i- - 1
J
i-" + '>-'£ = .JS. t- 1+ < b2 + i
,

-oo
(x' + l)' b-»-o. $ffy - bSs.

,
(x
2*
2
d*
+ l) 2
=
b-oo
lim
(*'fft^^
2xdx
+ l) + ^t
CO
2xdx -1 + 1 =
2
(x + l) 2
The integral converges.

(c)

5. (a) The integral is improper because the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at 0.
 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 613

In 2 In 2
In 2
(b) x-V/*dx= lim x-V'x dx= lim
+
[-e^f = lim [-e^^^/^oc
b-.o b-^0"1

The integral diverges,

(c) No value

6. (a) The integral is improper because the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0.
w/2 ir/2 -r/2

cos0 ir/2
(b) cot 9 dd = lim
b-*0 -,+
cot 9 de = lim
b-*o +
Sill Uf =
i_
b-»0
lim
f\~r
n
[lnlsinOir
O
=
i_
lim
r»"f*
b->CT
(0 ~b|sin bh = oo
u l

The integral diverges,

(c) No value

dx
7.
xi.ooi
= lim
h ^ x
dx
1 - 001
-.lim [-lOOOx-
b^oo
- 001 ]*
J
i
= .lim (=MB+
b^oo ,.0.001
1000 1=1000
V b'

dx dx + lim_[3x 1 /3 1 3

Y 2/3
.

v 2/3
4fc
,2/3
=
- b^o
t 1
+
c-^0
Urn
1
[3X / ];
-1 -1

1 3 l/3
= lim_ [3b / -3(-l) I/3 |+ lim [3(l) -3c 1/3 = ] (0 + 3) + (3 - 0) = 6
b-o~ e-O n

4
dr
9. . = \im_[-2y/A^tu = lim_ [-2-^4 -b -(-2^)1 = + 4 = 4
j
f
\/\ —r b—»4 l
b-»4 J

10. -™= lim [l000r

aooi
]J
= lim (lOOO - 1000b
001
)
'
= 1000 -0 - 1000
b->0 +
f '
J * b-.0+

11. (
dx = lim fain- x] n
1
= lim (sin-
1
b-sirT 1 o) = 5-0 = £
,

^1-x 2 b-i b-»l

12.
2dx = lim [tan-
lx-] 2 = lim (tan" 1 1 -tan^b) = *-(-*) = 3*
2 b—»— oo b—>— oo //
x +4 L ^.jj 4 \ 4

"1-2

11
2 2 x-l
J-^7-2 J-^7 -]A=lim[ln|x-l|I;
l |J
-Iim[ln|x
l
+ l|]- = lim In
;*x -l {x-l 3
x + 1 *->-~ * ' *-»^» IJ
' * *+-» x+ 1

= lim | In
-3
-In
4-n = ln3-ln
-1 6 + lJ *-»— 6 + 1,
614 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

14.
t
3
2
dt
-l t-1
3dt
^ = Jim
b—tco
[3 In (t - 1) -3 In l
J
b _
t£
2
= Jim .

b-^co
1 3 In
Ml
1-i
= 3 Urn flnf^i)-ln(i)] = 3 lim In I
—j-k + In 2 = 3(ln 1 +ln 2) = 3 In 2
J

+1 u= 8 2 + 28 du du
15.
'

df>;
= 2(9 + 1) d0 = lim = lim lim (V3-%/b)
[V^£= b-K)
\/e
2
+ 20 du 2^ b-»0
+ 2-fi b~»0
i
'

u = 4-s
'4 ^ +
i!

2s ds ds
16. + du = -2sds
lim [ -7^1=2
y/^If .
y^V' U c-2 J
v/4_ s

= lim du + lim ds = lim [^/u] + Hm sin"'

b-o+ 2^ c-»2
V^= 8' b-tO" 1 b c-»2~ |Jo

4+7T
= 111^(2-^)+ lirn. (sin-
1
|-sin- 1 0) = (2-0)+(|-0W^

u = -Jx
it. )•«„,,„ dx
r.
A = lim lim
a
dx
lim
f-
(l + x) yfx -"* * (l + x)jx «-«* _*— I (1 + x)4x 2du=-j= o->0* *-»",£ 1 +a
vx.

= lim im ((2tan"
v
u]
t *
I =2 lim limftan"
1

-yjb -tan"
1
Va)=2 lim tan '
Ja = ^+0 = ^
b-+«>l
2

18.
dx dx + dx
lim
dx + lim dx
,

Vx ~l 2
J xVx - 1 2 i x\/x 2 - 1 b-i + c^x^T

= lim [sec
1
!x|j, + c_,0
lim [sec
1
|x|L = Hm (sec
1
2— sec 1
b)+ elim
~* 00
(sec
1
c — sec 1
2j
b ° 2
b-l+ b-l+

'(f-»)+(i-i)-!

= see -
l2
ds = — =?— =
19. lim [sec sj, 2 lim sec b
sV^l b-l + b-»l~

lt>
dfl 6» + 2
= b+2 -1 + 2 = 0-ln(l) = ln2
20. lim In lim In -In -1
r + 50 + 6 b-oo + 3
.
_1
b—»oo b+3 +3
-l

b
21.
2dv = lim 2 In
v-1 l
= lim | 2 In
b-1 2 In
2-1 2 In (1) -2 lnl
n_=
ij + 2 In 2 = In 4
V —V b—*oo 2 b-too
 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 615

nb
£&-= t-1 = = ln (1) " !n (l) =
22. (

2 -
t
lim
b-oo1
In
t +1 lim
b—*oo (
( In
ln
|ett|"
ln
|§ti|)
° ln 3 = ln 3
- 2

23. ,
ds
_= lim -- 1
= lim fsin-^l-sin- 1 = ^-0=^
| L-.2 \ iJ I I

4rdr _1 2 _1 2
24. lim_ [2 sin (r )]n
u
= lim_ [2 sin (b )3~ 2 sin"-
1
= 2.|-0 = ir
4
Vl-r b1—»1 b-»l 'S

dv
25. = lim Injl+tan^vl - lim ln ll + tan -1 b|j-ln ll +tan~ 1 ol
(l+v 2
)(l + tan -1 v) b-*oo b~»co J

= ln(l +f )-ln(l + 0) = ln(l +f

lb
2
16tan" x x ^ _ h-too -i _ _1
26. f
Um 8 ( tan x} Jo
lim 8(tan bf J - 8 (tan" 1 of = 8(?f - 8(0) = 2tt
1 +X
l
J b->oo V / -2

4 b
27.

-1
dx _
fe-j&-
,:

1 ;fe + ^ 1 ft-jsM-^^ivsi:
= lim_ (-2 V/::b)-(-2 v/-(-l))+2 N/4-6 lim
b-*D
2^ = + 2 + 2-2-0 = 6
c-»(T

28
'
I vifci-I itA ^-Js-i-^^+j&fc^
= lim_ (-2\ZT-b)- (-2^/1 -0) + 2^2-1- lim (2^/0- l) = + 2 + 2-0 = 4
b-»l c-~»l

29. 0e*d0= lim \to? -/tD = (0 -e°-e )- lim (be

b -eb ]=-l- lim (fe^
J
[
b— — 00 b—»— 00 b~-*-oo I e~ /

= -1- lim (1'Hopital's rule for §g form)

= -l-0 = -l

30. 2e~ y sin 6 d0 = lim 2e~" sin 9 69

J b-00 J

lb
,-fl
im 2 —
i^TT ( s ' n ^ ~ cos ^) (FORMULA 107 with a = -1, b = 1)
0
616 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

+ cos b)
= ,
..
Una
b-»oo
-2(sin b
2e
r
b
,
2(sin
—+ cos
2e°
-?>
0)
= „OH
2(0 +
?r
2
—=
1) ,
1

31. e- |xi dx: e

x
dx + e~
x
dx= lim [l-eb ] + , lim [-eb + l] = (1 -0) + (0 + 1) -1
b—»—oo b-»— oo

oo
CO oo
- x2
'\
32. 1 2xe" x2
dx= f 2x e dx + f 2xe-
x2
dx = lim — •
b
+ c—
lim
>oo
—
-oo — oo

= lim [-l-(-e- b2 )]+ c

lim [-e- c2 -(-l)]=(-l-0) + (0 + l) =
b-+— oo

x x dx =
5H^>»-^-(l'-'-i)-A(¥-*-*)-»-AgJ +
33. In lim
b

= -4I- JiL_= -t+ ,

!i:ATj=-t +0 =-i
lim
b"o+ (_±3 b
b

34.
J
(-Inx)dx =
b-o +
lim lx-x ha x] b = [1 - 1 In 11- lim
b-o+
tb-b In b] = -0+ 1 lim
b-»o +
^=
(I)
1- lim
b->o+ (
(i)
."".
—L|
= 1+ lim b =1+ = 1
b-t0 +

tt/2

35.
f
tan 6 d9 = lim_ [- In |cos $ |]£ = lim_ [- In |cos b |]+ In 1 = lim_ [- In cos b |] = -oo,
I

J b—*fr b—*7T b— +-rr

2

the integral diverges

ir/2

36 cot e d6 = lim [in |sin 0|]*

b
= In 1 - lim [in sin b|]
I
=- lim [in |sin b| = -oo,
J b-o+ b-*o+ b-o+

the integral diverges

1T 5T

37.
sin 9 d0 ;lir-d = x}=*- - smxdx = smxdx Since < %^ < 4= for all < x < * and M.
f
vx I vx ~ vx vx J \A
jt

converges, then smx j x conver

ges by the Direct Comparison Test.

ir/2 X = x--29
- C0S (|-|)dx «"(§)<**
oo I
cos 8 d9 .
'
_ _ XA
= "2
ir
"^ v

=
Y -. c .

Since <
sin
2
< 4^ for all
/3 2 3 1/3 '3
-ir/2
Or-20)
1

dx
I
2jt
2X /
1
1 2x -x 1 rV3
66 '
2 _
 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 617

2t
am x
2ir .j
r $ dx
< x < 2w and . converges, then — converges
f- .o
by the Direct Comparison Test.
2x 2x

)ji2 l/ln2
2 y dy
- l /x y e = -b l- _ e ~l/to2]
39, c- e
2
dx; \l = 2
e y dy lim [— e y L
/I" a
lim [-e
~y b
l/ln2

= + e
-l/ln2 _ -l/ln2
so the integral converges.

40. dx; [y = -y/x] =» 2 1 e y dy = 2 — 2e, so the integral converges.

41.
dt
. Since for <t < n. < -^+ < -X= and ^j= converges, then the original integral
•\/t + sin t y't sin t \/t

converges as well by the Direct Comparison Test.

f(t) 3t' 6t
42. .

t - sin
d*
t
. : let f(t) w= r
t
K—r and
- sin t
g(t) = ^
ow 3
, then lim
»-*°
4^
g(t)
= Jim
t-*0 t— sin t
•= im
li
t-»0 1 — cost = lim
t-»0
-4
sin t
'
t

dt
= lim -^-r=&. Now, 4}= lim =_ Km 1
2
= +oo, which diverges =>
— sin
b-.0 +
t_»n cos t 3 z 2b t t
t b ^o+ L
2t J o

diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

lb
43.
1-x' 1-x
dx
2
•
+
1-x
dx
2
and -^=
1-X 2
lim
b-.l
I In
1+x
1-x
= lim
b-a~
+b
Im 1-b 1
— = oo, which

diverges => ^-j diverges as well.

1-x

44.
dx _ dx dx
T
S x-= lim_ f-ln(l-x)l
b
= lim f-ln(l -b)l- = oo, which
l-x~" 1-x J 1-x 1-x b-»l L v J
o b-.l" l }

diverges -
dx- diverges as well.

45. In x dx = In (-x) dx + In x dx; lnxdx= lim [x In x-xl b = [1 -0 - 1] - lim [blnb-b]

b—0 +
! |

b^o"1
-l -l o o

= — 1 — = — 1; In (— x) dx = -1 =» In |x| dx = —2 converges.
-I -l
618 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

-il il
r °r
46. (-x ln|x| )dx = [-x ln(-x)] dx + (—x In x) dx = lim ^lnx-^ lim $**-$
fb C-.0+
-l -l

b 2 l„h b2 2 2
Ilnl-I — lim
T ln b ~
T ilnl-i- + lim
T lnc ~T = -i-0+i + = => the integral
b-o+ c-.o +

converges (see Exercise 33 for the limit calculations).

47. I
-^;0<^i—
3 3
<4jfor
3
Kx<ooand —j converges => dx converges by the Direct
1+x ~x + l~x l+x :

Comparison Test.

48. ^~; lim ^

; , ,
'
= lim -7= = lim
x— too
—LL_ = T1-0
1
i^ = land
j f ^==
/£
lim [2^1
b^OO
b
V H = oo,
l

. /y 4
v~-

which diverges dx diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

yfi-1

49.
dv .
lim V^ELL^ _^ = im l - - —
^* = 1 and ^2.= lim [2 v^l
b
V = oo,
V— *co
n/^T v -°°
y^ ,/v b-.oo l J
2

which diverges dv diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

^v^T

oo oo

50. ^L; 3/2

lim
~ °° ^-=land
3 2
ZM
3 2
= lim Ut^t = b^oo^y/b
(^ + 2) = 4
lim 2dt converges
J
[
t +l t ,
t ' + l J
f
t
' »>-<»
y t
3/2

2dt
-t-tt converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
3/2 .

dx dx dx dx dx and
51. + ^|= lim
;,
N^TT J x/?TT :
>/?"+!*. ^fx* + 1 J
i

X3 b-.oo 2x* J
i

converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

b-00 V 2b
2
V 2 J ^/x6 +1

52. -7^-i lim

^^^^^ =
^ ^7fc = fe-rrT = 1;
|
xdx= blim llnbl^oo,
 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 619

which diverges dx diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

v^^l

vA
53. dx; hm >
' = hm /..-_ = hm dx

fa*!*-
. , .

v 3/2

> v/x+T
= lim [-2X' 1 / 2 ], = lim f^L + 2 \=2=> dx converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
b-»oo * b-»oo V y/x I

Vx^T =
54.
x dx .

; lim
X \
lim _J^L= =
x-»oo
v^T ™ _1
lim
,/iTT
= i-
'J
*&k =
V?
^= b—lim *oo
[lnx]$ = oo,

x x
which diverges diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.
^/xT^l
:

55. |
2
^
1
" 2 + C0S
+ osx dx;0<^<-
x
X for x >
a- and I
^ = b—lim (In xl| = oo, which diverges
*oo

x dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

56.
f
I±«SJi dx;0 <L±4lL2<< 2
forx>ffand f
2
dx= ]im [_2| = lim (
2
+ 2N = 2

=> —2^ converges =* 5 — dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

CO oo

57. f -^;0<— ^<iforO<0<ooand

1+e* ~l e*~e
~ e f ^^ lim [-e~ fl
K° = b-oo
lim (-e~b + l) =l
J + i e* b-.o

dfl d<?
~ converges => . converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

58.
dx .
;
n ^ 41 <
< ^ r^-
1
for x > 2 and dxju
t? diverges p£- diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
;
In x x in x ' *

59. %- dx; <4< %- f° r x > 1 an-d ^ diverges =>

e
% '
diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
620 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

O CO

60. In (In x) dx; [x = ey (In y) ey dy; < In y < (In y) ey for y > e and In y dy = lim In y—y
b—»oo fy
]
J
e

OO CO

= co, which diverges => In ey dy diverges => In (In x) dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

1
oo oo

-JS_i K
f"~^ = p. = = = dx _ -^ dx
61. I

1
lim

I . /Tx
lim
^7^? 7to 1;
J^-J

= lim
b—»oo
[-2e~ x ' a ] 1 =
b—>oo
lim (-2e~b / 2 + 2e
_1 / 2
) = \ => e
_x ^ 2
dx converges =>
v/e*^
dx :
converges

by the Limit Comparison Test.

62. „x
dx
ox-; iisi
(e
x -2*) _ ,. e* -= lim
"(I)
1
A> = landji! = & [-e~t

CO oo

= (-e-b+e- 1 )^! -y converges => x

lim I
x x converges by the Limit Comparison Test.

63.
dx dx
«;
^°°
lim -74— =1; dx dx
=+ dx
J v^TT v ?+T'
/
^?+T '
v^TT J >/?+T J \/?TT
1 oo

< ,

^x 4 +l
dx
d*
+ f
^#and
2 f ^=
2
lim f-l]
b^oo x = lim (-i+lWs*
h b-oo b /
f
-M=-
*
converges by the
, x , x V
j^ y/x +1
Direct Comparison Test.

oo oo

64. x
dx
e + e~
x
_ 2 I

e
x
dx
+e
_ ; o <
e
x
+e
1
-K < jrfor x > 0; & converges => 2 x _. x converges by the
J j
-oo o

Direct Comparison Test.

In 2
nlni
65. (a)
dx
tt = In xl
1 fl-P lim b^2 + J__ (Jn 2)
i-p
-P + 1*
j;
x(ln x) 1
1
b-»0 + b b^o+ P- 1 !~P
=> the integral converges for p < 1 and diverges for p> 1

dx = lnxl dt
and this integral essentially the same as converges
(b) ;[t -p is in Exercise 67(a): it
x(ln x) p
In 2

for p> 1 and diverges for p< 1

 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 621

66.
2xdx* = lim [ln(x
2
+ l)Lu = lira [ln(b
2
+ l)]-0 = lira In (b
2
+ l) = oo => the integral
2x
dx
2
x + b—too
1 b—»oo b—too x2 +l

diverges. But lim 2pix= Urn [ln(x

2
~b =
+ l)]\ lim [ln(b
2
+ l)-ln(b 2 + l)] = lim ln(g±±)
b—too X^+l b— «> b~>oo b-tco \b z + 1/
-b
= lim (In 1) =
b—too

-x
67. A= -*dx= lim
b-too
[- e
l
£= b-tco
J
lim (_ e -b)_(_e-o)
<>

=0+1=1

oo oo

68. V= 2irxe~
x
dx = 2tt [ xe~x dx = 2jt lim f-xe _x - e'*]* = 2?r lim (-be"b - e~b )- ll = 2ir
I
b-»oo ° b—too
J J

oo

69. V- x 2
7r(e- ) dx = 7r e- 2x dx = 5r lim -^ 2x
| =* lim
b—too
(-ie^ + i^
1} fI
b—too .
*• .
Q \ *>

*/2
b
70. A= (sec x - tan x) dx = lim fin (sec x + tan x|- In |sec x[l = lim (in 1 + tan
sec b
•In 1 1 +
o

= lim In 1 1 + sin b |
= In 2
b ^2

oo oo
dx
7i.
jGrVx-Wj
3 3
x-~2
^j£, since the left hand integral converges but both of the right hand

integrals diverge.

72. (a) The statement is true since f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx, f(x) dx = f(x)dx- f(x) dx

and f(x) dx exists since f(x) is integrable on every interval [a,b].

oo

(b) f(x) dx + f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx - f(x) dx + f(x) dx

— oo a -OO

b
= f f(x) dx+ f f(x) dx+ f(x) dx = f(x)dx+ f(x) dx
f
b
622 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

73.(a)}e-d X = l [4e-^=li™(-le--)-(-l,-3) =0 + l. e - 9 = l, -9
bl
Sj

2 -*2
R* 0.0000411 < 0.000042. Since e~* < e" 3x for x> 3, then [ e dx < 0.000042 and therefore

x x
e dx can be replaced by e dx without introducing an error greater than 0.000042,

e
_x dx = 0.88621
00

74. (a)

nr a — 2B vr~ *

(b) Maple command:

> int((sin(t))/t, t=0.. infinity); (answer is £

75. (a)

y
i

0.6

0.6

0.4 «*{*)= %*%-dt

0.2

* i 15 it 28' 5T x
 Section 7.7 Improper Integrals 623

(b) Maple commands:

> f:= 2*exp(-t*2)/sqrt(Pi);

> int(f, t=0.. infinity); (answer is 1)

76. (a) f(x) = ~i=-e-x2/2

V2t

[-3, 3] by P, 0.5]

on (— oo,0]. on has a maximum = 0,—y=* \

(b)
f is increasing

Maple commands:
f is decreasing (0,oo). f local at (0,t*(0))
(°*
(

>f:=exp(-x"2/2)(sqrt(2*pi);
>mt(f,x=-l..l); « 0.683
>int(f,x=-2..2); « 0.954
>int(f,x=-3..3); « 0.997

(c) Part (b) suggests that as b increases, the integral approaches 1. We can make I f(x) dx as close to 1 as

-b
oo —
we want by choosing b > 1 large enough. Also, we can make f(x) dx and I f(x) dx as small as we want
b ~oo

by choosing b large enough enough. This is because < f(x) < e~ x'
for x > 1. (Likewise, < f(x) < ex '

oo oo
x'2
for x< -1.) Thus, f(x) dx < e" dx.
f f
b b
oo c

f
e-*/
2
dx= lim
C—»oo f e-*' dx
a
= C-»O0
x 2
lim [-2e~ / f
t>
= lira
C-+00
c 2
[-2e" ' + 2e" b / 2J = 2e" b / 2
}
J
b b
oo

As b —» oo, 2e~ ' 2

— 0, for for large enough b, f(x) dx is as small as we want. Likewise, for large

b
-b
enough b, f(x) dx is as small as we want,
—oo

77-80. Use the MAPLE or MATHEMATICA integration commands, as discussed in the text.
624 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

CHAPTER 7 PRACTICE EXERCISES

u = 4X-4 - 9 2_ 9 )^ + C 3/2
1. [ x\/4x 2 - 9 dx;
du = 8x dx
*4 v
Adu = 1.2 u 3/2 + C = i(
12' 4x

u = 2x+l =l(|
2. x(2x+l) 1 / 2 dx;
du = 2 dx
^I),A du u
3/2
du- u
1 '2 du) = I(|u 5 / 2 -|u 3 / 2 ) + C
I

(2x+l) 5 ' 2 (2x + l) 3 ' 2

10
+ C

3.
x dx
v/fcF + T'
u = $x z +
du = 16xdx_
1

16
du
1.2u l / 2 + C =
16
^pI + C
y dy u = 25 + y 2
4. J = iln|u| + C = iln(25+y 2 ) + C
25+y
2' du = 2y dy 4j

t
3= 9 - 4f
dt u ._lfdu_- i. zu i/2,-^'—
r_ \/9-4t 4 r
5.
^/gT^i^du^-lG^dt
.
=
16 16 ^/u
9ll -
J

8
+^
j

2/3 u = z 5 /3 +l 2 '3
3
6. z»/3 (,*/»+ if*; =* u du = § .|u 5 / 3 + C = z
s/3
+ if + C
du=§ Z 2 / 3 dz § f J,(

u = 1 - cos 20 _
7.
sin 20 dd
(l-cos20) 2
,
'
du = 2 sin 10 6.6
du 1
2u
TWr> —
,

2(1 -cos 21?)

+ C

2t dt u = 1 + sin 2t
1 + sin 2t du = 2 cos 2t dt *1 4^ = |ln[u| + C=iln|l + sin2t| + C

u = cos 2x u du
{sin2x)e COB ' x dx;
du = —2 sin 2x dx =*-$ e = -ieu + C = -iecos2x + C

u =e 2
= tan u + C = tan(ee )+ C
10. I e*secV)d0; = c u du
du e" dO

11.
2*- 1 dx = '£^- + C
In 2

dv u = In v du
12.
v In v
.

du = y dv ^ = ln|u|+C = ln|lnv| + C
 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 625

u = 2 + tan -1 x
13
dx
4r = ln|u| + C = In|2 + tan -1 x| + C
du _
_1 dx
'
I (?TT2
(x + l)(2 + tan x)'
~x2 + l J

2dx u = 2x du
14. = sin -1 u + C = sin -1 (2x) + C
\/l - 4x
2
'

du = 2 dx vnv

dt dt
15.
v/ie^gt 2 4 .

(f)
V du = | dt -I 7 £ ? -J-.-. + c-l*-'($) + c

u=it
dt „1 dt " lu+c=
,} 9+t 2
~9
1 + du = |dt 3|rf^
=
3
tan
i
taD_1
© +c
ar

17.
4dx _ 4 f dx _
= f1 sec„-i
0fi
+G
25
5xV25x 2 ~16 J
xyV^ 25

dx d(x-2) _1
18. = sin (x-2) + C
2
V4x-x -3 J
^/l - x - 2)

19.
dy d ^- 2 ) -Itan-feVc
y* - 4y + i
2
(y-2) + 4 2

dv d(Y + 1)
20. f =sec- 1 |v + lt + C
2
(v + l)\/v +2v .
(v+ l^v + l) 2 -!

l+cos6x
21. cos
2
3x dx :
dx== x + gmfa + c

u = cos £
3
. [sin |d0 = |(l-cos2 |)(sin|)d0; =>-2 f (l-u 2 )du = 2u!-2u + C
du = -^sin|dfl
= |cos3 |-2cos| + C
626 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

23. tan
3
2t dt = (tan 2t)(sec
2
2t-l)dt = tan 2t sec 2t dt
2 - tan 2t dt;
u = 2t
du = 2 dt

2
tan u sec u du -i tan u du = | tan 2 u + 1 In cos u +C =| tan 3 2t + i In | cos 2t +C
I | | |

= i tan 2 2t-i]n|sec 2t| +C

dx dx = — s In
24.
2 sin x cos x. I sin 2x
esc 2x dx I
esc 2x + cot 2x j +C

2dx 2dx u = 2x du _
25.
.
=> = sec u du = In sec u + tan u +C
du = 2dx cos u I

2 2 |

x — sin x cos 2x
•

cos

= In I sec 2x + tan 2x I +C

ir/2 *-/2

26. y esc y— 1 dy = cot y dy = [In I sin y I]

J 7r/4
= In 1 — In —j= = In V 2
«/i
V2"
jt/4

3tt/4 3;r/4
i3ir/4
27. j v
/
cot
2
T+Tdt= ( csct dt =[-ln|csc t+cot t|]*£ =-In esc
^+ cot
^ + In I esc | + cot ||
ir/4 tt/4

= -In ^2 + 1 = (^+i)(^+i;
I
v/2 - 1 1 + In I
yfi. + 1 = In 1 In
2-1 = ln(3 + 2i/2)
V2-1

lit 2tt 2k
27T
28. 4/1 — sin £ dx = cos s dx = cos 5 dx — cos £ dx = 2 sin 2 sin
I §

= (2 - 0) - (0 - 2) = 4

ir/2 tt/2 ir/2

,ir/2
29. v/l - cos 2t dt = \/2 Isin t|dt = 2i/2 sin t dt = [-lyfi cos t]^" = 2i/5 [0 -(-1)] = 2^/2
-jr/2 —k/2

2ir 2tt 3ir/2 2n

30. v'l + cos 2t dt = y/2 [cos t|dt = -1/2 cos t dt + y/2 cos t dt

3?r/2

= -yfi [sin tli*

/3
+ v^tsin tl^/a = -^ (-1 - 0) + V^ [0 ~ (-1)] = 2^/2

31. I 4^=*- 4dx = x-2t.au- 1 + C

x24 + x2 +4 (I)

32.
x
9+x
3
dx
2
x(x 2 + 9)-9x
xz + 9
dx = X —
x2
9x
+»; dx — = xr -|ln(9 + x 2 ) + C
2 2
 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 627

33.
|2y^l dy _f2ydy = In(y2 + 4)-itan- 1
+C
y' + 4 y' + 4 2
+ 4
(|)
J .
y

y+ 4 ydy
34. r
2
dv
y = f +4 J*— = i ln(y 2 + l) + 4 tan^y +C
y +l Jy 2 + 1 r+ i *

+ 2
= t dt
+> s - Vi::?+a ™" l
+c
35. |
*

^4-t
_
2
dt
• \A--t 2 bf
i\/4^n
t
ft)

36 .
1
2t
2
+yr^? dt= 2t dt
+ ^=-2Vl-t 2 + ln|t] + C
tVl-t 2 \/l-t :

tan x dx sin x dx _ (sin x)(l —sin x)

= sin x— 1 + cos x
37.
.

dx dx
tan x + sec x x+
'

sin 1 —sin x COS X

d(cos x) dx
f f
2
dx = Sfs-v — tan x+x+C=x— tan x + sec x + C
cos X COS X

38. fxcsc(x 2 + 3)dx = i csc(x2 -f 3)d(x2 + 3) = -| In |csc(x2 + 3) + cot(x2 + 3)| + C

39. | cot (|) dx = 4 =

| cot(|)d(|) 4
In |rin(|)|+ C

u = 1 -x 3/2 3/2
40. xi/l-x dx; => - (1 — u)^/u du = (n -u 1 / 2 )du = fn s/2
~|u +C
du = — dx 5 A

3
= | (1 _ x) 5/2_2 (1 _ x) 3/2 +c = _ 2 (^/^^) (Vi^f +c

= 4 tan $
z 2
41. (l6 + z2 ) dz;
4 sec dg fl
= 1 cos 0d0 = isin0 + C = t^=* + C
dz = 4 sec 9 d9
2 f f
J 64sec 3 0d0 16 J
16
16\/IoT?

1/2
+C
16(l6+z 2 )

42.
dy
_1 dy du u = tan 8 9ec gdg - ™ dfl
VTT?' "HE
1

fl

^25+y 2 5 du = sec 2 J d8 \/l + tan 2 8

1 +
Gf
2
v/25 + y +y
= ln|sec0 + tan S| + Cj =lnj\/T+u 2 + u| + C1 = ln J 1 +(V\ +| + Cj = In + C,

= ln|y+^25 + y 2 + C |
628 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

dx x = sin o cos 9 dd _ 2
= -cot 8 + C = -£ps| + C = ^pl2-
43. => esc 9 A6 x
xVT^2' dx = cos dO Bin V cos sin

xjdx x = sin 5 stf9cosJM = l-cos2g dg = lg_l

Si„2(jde=
.
44. si 2(?
*/l _x 2 ' dx = cos#d# cos 2 2 4

= 1 a
f 5
I
sm n
cos
a
~
sin
_1
2
x ^
—xvl-x C

dx x =3 sec 6 3 sec tan 6 d6 __ 3 sec tan 6 1

d0
45.
. fl fl
= sec e &e
y/y? _9 '
dx =3 sec 6 tan d0 \/JJ sec
2
1? -9 3 tan

2 -9
= In | sec 6 + tan \ + Cj = In |f-i + C, = In x+v^x + C =ln|x+\/x2 -9| + C 1

12 dx .
x = sec o 12 sec 6 tan g dfl 12 cos 6 d6 .
u = sm p 12 du
46.
2
'

dx = sec $ tan $ d6 tan3 6 sin

2
f? ' du = cos 6 d8
(x'-lf'
12 x
u sin tan

47. u =;ln(x + l), du = -^tt; dv = dx, v = x;

dx
=x + 1) - = x In (x + 1) —
In (x + 1) dx In (x
x+ 1
dx dx +
^T = xIn(x + l)-x + ln(x + l) + C1

= (x + 1) In (x + 1) - x + C x = (x + 1) In (x + 1) - (x + 1) + C, where C = Ca + 1

48. u = In x, du = ^ ; dv = x2 dx, v = ^x3 ;

x In x dx = =x In x— ix3 (i)dx^lnx-| + C

-1 3 dx
49. u = tan 3x, du = ° ; dv = dx, v = x;
l+9x 2?
'

tan
-1
3x dx =x tan" 3x -
1 M .&L
l+9x 2
.
:
y = l + 9x'
dy = 18x dx
!

x tan 3x — s-
o
dy
y

=x tan" J l
(3x)-iln(H-9x iS
J +C

50. u
_1 (i),
= coso-i/'xN du _
j„ = -dx . j„_
dv = dx, v = x;
y/i^~:

y = 4 - x2 dy_
-l(!)dx = xcoS -l(!) + x dx .
xcos
dy = — 2x dx "(iHj

-i(j)_V^? + c =xc OS -vn-2,/i-(!) +c

 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 629

51.

(+)
(x+ 1) a

2(x + l)
(-) _x
-*e"

2
<±> ~»ex
2 x
(x + l) e dx = [(x + l) 2 - 2(x + 1) + 2]e x + C

52. s*m(l — x)
,2 (+) -* — x)
cos(l
( ~*
2x t -sin(l-x)
(+)
2 *-co8(l-x)
2
x sin(l-x) dx = x2 cos(l -x) + 2x sin(l -x)-2 cos(l-x) + C

53. u = cos 2x, du = —2 sin 2x dx; dv = ex dx, v = ex ;

= x
= ex x sin 2x dx;
1 e cos 2x dx cos 2x +2 e

x = ex
u = sin 2x, du = 2 cos 2x dx; dv = e dx, v ;

x x
cos 2x 2x
I - e* cos 2x + 2 e
x
sin 2x ~2 e
x
cos 2x dx = ex cos 2x + 2e
x
sin 2x - 41 ^ I = e
c T 2e
i
sin
c +c

54. u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x dx; dv = e~ 2x dx, v = -^e 2x

;

1 = e~ 2 * sin 3x dx= -|e _2x sin 3x + | e~ 2x cos 3x dx;

u = cos 3x, du = -3 sin 3x dx; dv = e _2x dx, v = -|e~ 2x ;

I = -ie -2x sin3x + -ie- 2x cos 3x -1 e~ 2x sin 3x dx = -\^~ 2x sin 3x - |e~ 2x cos 3x - |l
| I

~ 2x ~ 2x
~ A( _ i e_2x )+ c = ft
=> sin 3x cos 3x _ e_2x 3x- cos 3x+c
1
~f e sin
n e

x dx 2dx x
55.
x2 - 3x + 2 x-2" ^ T = 21n|x-2|-ln|x-l| + C

56.
x(x +
dx
!)• -\^-ih + j^Yx=lnw - 2]nlx+ M ln]x+1]+
^h) +c
= ln|x|-ln|x + ll + x+1 4-C

&9 dy dy dy _1 y+ 2
sin 6
= y] => - +1 = 4 In
57.
cos^ e + cos 9 -2
;
[cos 8
j y
2
+y_2
~ 3 J
y-i x 3 J y+2 3 y-1 + C
_1 cos e + 2 0-1
0-1 + C = -±ln cose + 2 + c
1
,
~3 lIX
CO8
630 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

3x + 4x i!
+ 4 dx = ^4dx = 4 ln|x|-iln(x 2 -1
58.
3
|dx- + l) +4 tan x +C
x +x x2 + l

+ 3) dv ! 1
dv = -|ln|vl + ^ln|v-2| + iln|v + 2| +
59. -
T
+ C
2v 3 -8v 2 4v ,
v-2) 8(v+2)

(v-2) 5 (v + 2)
ln C
TrJ

60.
dt 1 dt 1 dt zrltan-H ^ ^1-^4=^ + 0=1 tan" 1-^ tan" 1 1
4= + C
f» + 4t 2 + 3 2 J t
2
+1 2. t
2
+3 2 2^ 1^3 V5

x3 + x2 2x = dx dx
61. dx = x+- dx xdx+| x-1 x+2
x 2
+ x-2 x^ +x-2
= xr + |ln|x + 2| + |ln|x-l|+C

3 r

62.
x + 4x 2 dx = x—
3x
dx = xdx + |
"
dx 9 dx
x
2
+ 4x + 3 x^ + 4x + 3 x+1 2 ,
x+3

^-|ln|x + 3| + |ln|x + l| + C

3
63.
2x + x 2 - 21x + 24 dx = (2x - 3) + dx = (2x-3)dx + i dx I 2 dx
2
x + 2x - 8 x^ + 2x - 8 x-2^3 x+4

x 2 -3x + |]n|x+4| + iln|x-2| + C

u = i/x+l
dx = dx u du _ 1 du 1
= +C
64.
(3v^+i;
du
20C + 1 (u
2
-l)u~3 u-1 3 u+ 1 iin|u-l|-iln|u+-l|
-^r 3 3

dx = 2u du

VxTT-i
Aln +C
n/x +1+ 1

u = es - 1
65.
ds .
du = e s ds du _ du — U1 C = ln C = lnjl-e _5 + C
s
-r u(u-l) j-1 u u I
|

ds = du
:

u+U
 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 631

u = y/e
s
+ 1

66.
ds
du = 2u du _o I du du du
= ln
u-1 + C
v/?+i +
2 Ve
s
1 u(u 2 -l) J (u + !)(«-!) u-1 u+1 u+1
__ gudu
-
ds
u 3_l

= ln
\/e
s
+l-l
+C
v/e^+T+l

y dy d(l6-y 2
67. fa) w^-v/ic^P+c
Vie-y 2 /l6^7
%

(b) = 4smx]^4j si " x

c rx
Xdx = -4coS K +C= .V^7 +c = _ v1i-?+c
J 7f^;[y

68. (a)
xdx_ = lfdl4 ± x^
\A + x 2 2 J \A + x
=v ^ ?+c

x dx 2 tan y -2 sec y dy Z
(b)
2
;
[x =2 tan yj =>
2 sec y
= 2 sec y tan y dy = 2 sec y + C = \/4 + x +C
V^T+x

69. (a)
dx = 1 fd(4^) == _l ln (4-x 2 |+C
4-x2 2 J 4_ x

(b)
4-x"
^;[x = 2sm<n=» 2 sin fl-2 cos
2
4 cos e
dfl
^ tan d0 = -In jcos 0| + C = -in v/T^ + C

= -ilnj4-x 2 + C |

2
70. (a)
t dt _ 1 d(,4t -l)_l
=!\/4t 2 -i+c
Va^\ 8 . vit^n 4

Me = tani +C = y^I + C
iUec tan 0-isec d# .

(b) -^.[i-j-.i* ___ __ sec

2

u = 9-x 2
71.
x dx
= — 2x dx
=$• -3 ^i = -ilnlu| + C = in^ + C = ln * C
9-x 2 du vV-x 2

dx _ 1 dx 1_
72.
x(9-x 2 )"9J
X+ ™ ,

A-A Nft = Jln|x|-ih|S-,|-ih|8 +

E
z| +C

= |ln|x(-^!n!9-x 2 |+C
632 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

dx _1 !n|3 - x| +
x+3
3fe = -5 3+x + C =
9-x 2 ~°
73. ln
3^i + i l l l

rJ
lQ
x-3

dx x = 3 sin 6 3 cos 8
74.
2
.

dx = 3cos0d0 d$- dS = + C=sm-

6'
1
|+C
y/§ _x ' 3 cos e

x dx
U= y/x u
z
• 2u du 2 3
75.
.
=> (2u - 2u + 2 - j2-A du = | - u2 + 2u - 2 +u +C
+ ^'
In 1
1 du = dx 1 +u 1 |

2^x"J

2^-x + 2 v
/5-2In(l + v /x)+C

dx x = tan sec
2
6 d<? os
3
de
76. 2'
dx = sec 6 d$
2 l-^)d(sin0)
sin
2 tan sin
x(x + l) sec 9

= ln|sin e]-isin2 e + C = ln / 2
+C
V x2 + l l \/x
2
+ l

77.
^ dx;
cosu-2udu = 2
I
C08U du = 2sinu + C = 2sm^ + C
V^ du=-^

78.
dx d (x + !) _
= sin -1
-i
(x + 1) + C
V-2x - x 2 >/l-(x+l) S

du
79. <; [u = tan 01 §5£-^^ = ln|secfi + tan0| + C = Inl^l + u 2 + ul + C
x/TW sec 6

2 — cos x + sin x = cos x dx +

80. • 2
dx 2 esc x dx - . 2
esc x dx = -2 cot x + -r-i In csc
I x + cot x I +C
sin x Bin x sin x
= —2 cot x + csc x — In I csc x + cot x + C I

81.
9dv _1 \ dv
+ 4 dv
3-v +
T 12 _
_l -^ = 4b
+ v~12
3+v
3-- -itan" 1 +C
8 1_ V 4-2J V * + 9 ^12J 3 J

82. cos (20 + 1)

(+) i
6 -» sin (26 + 1)

(-)
1 * -1 cos (20 + 1)
cos(20 + 1) d0 = | sin (20 + 1) + 1 cos(20 + 1) + C
 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 633

83.
x
2
x
J

- 2x +
dx
I
(* +2+ ^Ti) d *'\^^ \A + 3
(x-ry
dx

= xr + 2x + 3 In I x — 1 W+C
x = l + v^
<W dd ^ 2(x-l)dx dx 3/2_ 4x i/2
84. dx = = ]x _2 = 4
x +c
2^~Q
y/l + y/e*
d9 = 2(x - 1) dx

+ V0
+ V*f -id + Vef +c = 4 (/
\3/ 2 ,1/2 1
§(i ~y/i + y/9 + c

2 sin y'x dx =
85.
y \/*
dx
2 Si
y sec !
2
~= |
2sm2ydy = -cos(2y) + C = -co S (2 V^)+C
x sec ,/x dy=
2v^-

86. .Sick = f/
+ lfeJU = £ + [Y 2x__^x\ dx = x£
2
In x2
-4 + C
4 2
^ x -4 x + 4;
4
x -16 J V x -16/ 2 ,
2 2 x +4

87.
2
<16

-20 + i
^-M^^u^rHi^i
0-l) + 3
+c 2
9 3
\y/3j

d(r + l)
88.
dr
2
= sec _1 r + 1 +C
r + l)>/r + 2r ,
(r + 1) ^/(r + l) 2 -1

sin 20 _ 1 d_(l + cos 20) __ i_

89.
(1 + cos 20)
dfl
2 2 (l+co8 2<?)
2- 2(l + o.oS 2<?)
+ °-4i sec 2 fl
* +G

90.
dx dx x — +1 dx (FORMULA 19)
(x
2
-ir •
d-x r a 2U-xaV :
2 1-x 2

2(l
x
-x22V )
,1
4
dx
l-x T
+4 .
1
A =
2TT^)~4
,n|1 - xl+
?
!n l
1 l
+
+ x +0 = i ,n xx-1 l

2(x2 -l)
C

dx y = 2-x ii^iy =
91- => - 3/2
-4y 1 /2
+ C=|(2-x) 3 / 2 -4(2-x) 1 / 2 + C
-
v^ dy = — dx |y

= 2
(v^) -2^/2^ +c

dy d(y-i)
92. = tan" 1 (y - 1) +C
y*-2y+2 (y-i) 2 + i
634 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

93. In y/x — T dx; In y • 2y dy; u = In y, du = -^; dv = 2y dy, v = y2

dy = dx
2y/x -1 -

2y In y dy =y In y — ydy = y
2 lny-Iy 2 + C = (x-l)ln y^^T-^x- 1) +C T

= i[(x-l)ln|x-l|~x] + (c i +i) = i[xln|x-l[-x-ln|x-l|] + C

94.
x dx
2 4
d W+ 1
> :=
3~2
l
sill -fiti] + C
^8-2x -x 2J
^9-(x + l) 2 :

» + l
-l
95. dz
(i+J-^^-l^'-'-i-i^+^-W-'l+c

96. I x3e x dx =i VdW^-^+c^+c

_1
97. u = tan x, du = -^-2; dv=^, v = -i;
J, -1~ X X

1
tan x dx = -itan~ 1 x + dx = -^tan- 1
x + dx_ x dx
2 7 s
x
?
x(l+x2
) J 1 + x2

= -ltan- 1 x + Lr)|x|-^ln(l+x 2 ) + C = - tanx lx + ln|x|-In^l+x2 + C

l
e dt dx dx dx
98. ; e- =x + x+1 = ln|x+l|-ln|x + 2| + C
e
2t
+ 3e + 2 l
(x l)(x + 2) x + 2

= ln
x + 1
C = ln t+1 + C
x + 2 e
l
+2

1 — cos 2x = = 2 —
99. dx tan' x dx (sec x 1 J dx = tan x — x + C
1 + cos 2x

cos (sin x) dx u = sin x

100,
_ dx
=> cos u du = sin u+C = sin (sin 1
x) + C =x+C
du =
%/r^x 2 ^

cos x dx . cos x dx cos x dx . 2 dx

= -2
101. esc 2x dx
sin x — sin x (sin x)(l —sin x) (sin x)(cos x) sin 2x

lnicsc(2x) + cot(2x)l + C

{
e dt
102. = ln(l+e*) + C
1+e fc
 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 635

x = In y
dy ib
f
In y dy = -2x = _X_-2x_l -2x
103.
3 dx =»
„3x
ax xe dx lim e e
'
b—too t 2 4 o
dy = ex dx

b-oo ^2e2b 4e
2t
y V 4) 4

cot v dv cos v dv
u = In (sin v)
104. __
*
cos v dv
=> I
4r = lnlul + C = ln|ln(sin v)| +C
In (sin v) J (sin v) In (sin v) du = .

sm v

dx 2 dx 2dx u = 2x - 1 du
105.
(2x-l)Vx -x 2
(2x-l)V4x -4x 2
- l) - du = 2 dx uVV-1
• (2x- l)^/(2x
2
T -

-1
: sec |u | + C = sec -1 |2x - 1 1 +C

ln*/x 3/2
v^dx = |x
106. e v dx,
+C

u = 4e" 3/2 3/2

107. e V3 + 4e* d6>;
du = 4e <id *\ v/3TJIdu=i.|(
'4 3 3 +u ) + C=i(3 + 4e <?
) +C

x = e'
108.
dv dx = sec -1 x + C = sec -1 (e v ) + C
V^T'. dx = e v dv
1

cvV^l

109. (27)
3fl +1 dtf =J (27)
3e+1 d(3S + 1) = 3^ (27)
3 ^ +0 = 1(^^2^ ,3^+1 N

J
+C

110. sin x
x5— '
<* — cos x

5x — » -sin x
3 (+)
20x » cos x

eox-' sm x
120x ~—* — cos x
—(+)
(-)
120 > -sinx

x sin x dx = — x' cos x + 5x sin x + 20x cos x — 60x sin x — 120x cos x

+ 120 sinx +C

= y? u
2u du = 2u_21n 1+u + C = 2 V^- 21n ( 1+ -v^) + C
111.
l + v/F' du = dr 1+u ~T+u) du ' '

2^J
636 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

8dy dy 2dy 4 dy dy
112.
J y
'
f
+ [

+ 2)
= ln + 2
+y— %+C
y (y + 2) (y y

113.
8 dm dm = 4«c- 1 (^) + C
/
49m -4 2 7 a
iV •

mi/m !

-(f)

dt
u = In t
du du
114.
t(l + lnt),/(mt)(2 + lnt)' du = 4* l + uVu(2+u) J
xx + 1)y u + l) 2_ 1
t ( J(

= sec _1 lu + lj + C^sec" 1
[In t + l[+C

1-
115. Urn
t ln (* + 2t ) _ Hm l + 2t = oo for t _^ o~ and -oo for t — +
t-»0 t
a
s» 2t

The limit does not exist.

116. lim ^L3t = lim

3sec^3t =3
t-to tan 5t t-tO 5 sec * 5t &

117. li mKl xsinx =

1- cos x
1}ip
x-tO
x cos x
sin x
+ sin x = ^ -x
x-»0
sin x + cos x + coS x
COS X
=g

1/(: x)
118. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1°°. f(x) = x => ln f(x) = |^
=> ]im InJL = Hm 1A = _i ^ X-vl
!im xi/d-«) = lim e
l» f(x)
= e -i = 1
X-.1 1— X x-*l —1 X—

119. The limit leads to the indeterminate form oo°. f(x)

v
'
= x1 '* => ln f(x)
\ /
= %^
A => lim
x—too
^^
"
= x—
lim
»oo
-(^ =
1

_.
=> hm x1/x
r
X—»00
' = X—
lim
)•

lOO
e
Inf(x)w = eo = i
1

*'
120. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1°°. f(x) = (l +|) => ln f(x) =x ln(l +|) = - ,

lim
11W = lim I±V» = lim
-3x =3 -^ ]im (l+|) = x—im l e>- W=
f
.

x—*oo 1 x—»oo 1 x—»oo x +o x—too\ */ too

121. lim
t-»oo
os
,
r
= since Icos r 1 <
— 1 and In r — » oo as r — » oo.
in r

o-l
122. lim '-*)' Q~ lir = lim
1

fl-.1T/2 0-.ir/2 cos & fl-. ff /2 -sin

 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 637

\- In x —x+ 1 x = lim -1
123. lira
1 = lim = lim
-t
= lim -.
, — — «1
i Vx-1 In xj x-,i (x-l)lnx x->i x ln x x-*ix-l+xlnx , , ,
x-»i 1+x/x + lnx 2

124. The limit leads to the indeterminate form oo°. f(x) = (l+|) => In f(x) = x ln(l + ^) = w '

-1/,

=>
x^0+
Hm ^ll+iM =
1/*
lim
x^0+
!+!£=
2
-1/x
lim
X^0+
-£,
X+1
= => lim
x-0+
(n-
V xT = '
lim
x^0+
e^^^l
125. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0°. f(8) = (tan 8) e => In f($) = 9 In (tan 0) = "
v"? <
1/9
2
sec g

=*• lim
+0+
,

...-V
,
In (tan
ra
1/*
...
„.
6<)
...... / = .,
lim
x^o+
t
i3^=
an a
-4
,.
hm
X-.0+
— r-
sin " cos
«2

* x^o+
lim
-sin
2
-20
+ cos
=

im (tan*)' = lim e
121 f(<?)
= e° = 1
x^G,+ X--0" 1

126. lim
<?~oo
^auifVU
w t ^ + ^V=
lim
t
2
w0 +
lim ^ 2t
= oo

x3 3x2 + 1
127. lim 7
x—*oo 2x* -)- x — 3 !
= x—
lim Sf^T 5 = lim
too 4x + x—too
fcf* = oo
4 I

2
128. lim
3x
T~
-x+l = X™
— lim
6x-l
5 —
= X—
lim
**"»
6
=
o n vn 7F
1J.*J.J
4 v + O2 *00 J * #00 - 3x^ 10 v^
x«-x* *> _I_ -I**
4 12x'-6x

b -1
129. f
dx_= = lim. f
-A-= linuf™- 1 f# )l
,

= Hm_ sm- 1 f^-si n f|) = |-0 = f

130. f
J
lnxdx = lim
b.o+
[x In x-x]£ = (1 -In 1 - 1) - lim
^+ [blnb-b]=-l- lim
b.o+ (1)
^=-1- lim
b.o+
,\
ft)

(_^
— 1+0 = —

131.
dy _ f dy
+
dy f
dy
= 2-3 lim A/ 3 = 6(1- lim b
1/3
t=6
:
2/3 2/3 „2/3 b-»o +
.,2/3 b
J I b ^o+
-i

-l
lb
132.
(fi +
de
W i (e
d0
+ iy'* 3/5
+
.
(0 +
d6>

1)
37J
ss
b Ji?t-.S
(J+1)\2/S
-2
+ lira
b— 1+ J(0
+ 1) 2/5

nm.(|(b + l) 2 /^§) +
b
lim
+
(|-|(b+l) 2 /^-| + | =
638 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Ropital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

ib
133.
2 du . du du
= lim In
lu-2 = lim In
b-2 -In
3-2 = 0-InU =In3
u
2
-2u u-2 3 b-*oo b 3 a)-

,
3v-l dv=
134.
4v
3 2
-v
I
v+
/'l
'
iT -- -i-^r \dv=
v2 4v-U"'- blim
r
^ .
In v-i-ln(4v-l)

= lim [m(^-j-)-i]-(m 1-1 -In 3) =ln J+l + ln 3 = 1+la J

135. x2 e-*dx= lim

b—too
[-xV x -2xe _x -2e -x L = lim (-bV"b -2be -b -2e~b )- (-2) = +2 = 2
b—too

136. xe
3x
dx = lim f^e
b-._oo L3
3x -i C3x f = -i
9 J. 9 b-.-Sud^-M-H-
dx dx _ dx =1 -- 1
»)H'-- w
1
=2 ta --
1 1
lim
137.
4x^ + 9 4x 2 + 9 2 . ¥ 2,9
X +4 2h^S».3
t
(¥)] =lJiB

2\3 2V 6

4 dx =2 4dx = 2 lim tan"

, , -- ,
138.
x2 + 16 X^ + 16 b^oo .
(i)]*=>£s.h- ft)]-
t
m-»(f)-«=»

139. lim
^<*> \/0
2
+l
= 1 and ^ diverges => ,J-<> diverges

= u sin u du =1— u (—e u ) cos u du

140. 1 e lim [e sin u] " + j
h—too

I = l + + I=>-21=:l=>I = i converges

e co

141. ^d Z = ln_z j,
z
dz + i [ In
Vd»=[(ln B)
a
r+lim
i b— too
[(m Z)
2 b
] e
= (l 2 -Q)+lim
h—*c*q
[(lnb) 2 -l]

= oo => diverges

142. ^
< e"' < e -tl for t > 1 and e * dt converges
r „-t
^-t=
Vt
dt converges
]
 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 639

OO X CO OO
oc
e~ x _ dx X
__ <
?T^ =-*2
1
143. 0< ....l....-;..
and f
„"x^Fx<
x x< f
^converges
J J e* + e-
e e" - j
J e~

oo

=> ———_2x
s- dx converges
J 3+e

oo -1 1

144
1 f
dx - f
dx , f dx
+ , f dx
+ dx
J x (l
2
+ e*)~ x2 (l+e x )'
J x
2
{l+e*) J
2
x (l + s
2
(l+e*)'
— oo v ' — oo x .

_i

+ eX )
lira
«-o r
f ,
^V ,,..,1
- s=
1
Urn
x-o
x2 ( 1
x2
=
*-*
!im (i+
l
eM' =2 and f
j
%x2
diverges^
a f
J
~^-
x2 (l + X)
(1+«
diverges
2
-
(l + e*)
OO

=* diVergeS
I x^(ffe)

.^d = ^dx^}^dy=}^dx = ^ + C;^ = A + _^T=>1 =

y A(y „ 1) + B(y)

= (A + B)y-A
Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = and —A = 1. Solving the system simultaneously yields

A = -l, B = l.

JyT^T)
dy
=M dy + =
y-i dy -lnly|+ln|y-l|+C2
=j» -Inly l + lnly -1 = ex + C
1

Substitute x = 0, y = 2 => -In 2 + = 1 + C or C = -1 - In 2.

The solution to the initial value problem is — Injy + ln| y — 1 = ex — 1 — In

j j
2.

146.
(y
1
+ ir
dy = sm 6 d6;
j
~-L~ dy =
f
sin & d* =* - ^ = -cos f + C

Substitute x =| , y = => -I = + C or C = -1.

The solution to the initial value problem
r is ]~r
y+ 1
= -cos 0-1 =^y + l = jr- -r
cos p + 1
r ^ y = cos 7T7~t~
J
+ 1
1

147. _
dy=-^
2
x
dx
- 3x + 2
,
x2_ 3x + 2 ^ (x _2 ){x _ 1) ^_J_ = ^ + ^ =M= A(x-l) + B(x-2)

a> 1 = (A + B)x-A-2B
Equating coefficients of like terms gives A+B = 0, —A — 2B = 1. Solving the system simultaneously yields

A = l, B = -l.

f *=J 5C&+T
3x + 2 i A" I
A^^Inix~2l-in!x-l| + C

Substitute x = 3, y = =* = -In 2 + C or C = In 2.
640 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

The solution to the initial value problem is y = In] x — 2 — In 1 | x— 1 ! + In 2.

148.
ds _ dt ds _
~
I ds _
= i1 In s -|- + C x r + 2t = t(t + 2) =>-; 1 -A
—
, B
2x + 2 2x + 2 +1 1 ; '
"t"
' 1
+
+2
|
-

t2 + 2t 2 s
+ 2t * t

= 1 = A(t + 2) + Bt => 1 = (A + B)t + 2A.

Equating coefficients of like terms gives A+B = and 2 A = 1. Solving the system simultaneously yields

A=1 B = -1

dt 1/2 1/2
dt- —gdt =iln|t|-iln|t + 2|+C a =*- Jln|B + l| = lln|t|-^ln|t + 2| + C 3
r+2t t

=* ln[s+ l] = ln|t|-ln[t + 2] + C
Substitute = 1, x = 1 =^ In 2 = - In 3 + C
t or C= In 2 + In 3 = In 6.

The solution to the initial value problem is In s |

+ 1 = In] 1 — In 1 + 2 + In
1 1 1
1
6 => In] s + 1 = In
1

t
fit

+2
6t
=> s+1 =
t + 2

CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS

1. u = (sin x) du = 2 sin x dx dv = dx, v = x;

, ;

(sin
J
x) dx = x(sin 1
x) — 2x sin x dx

u = sin' *,
1
du = ,
dx : dv =- 2* dx v = 2v/Tr?;
,

yr^'
,

s/i^?
2x wr xJx _ 2 ( sin
-l x
) v/l- x 2 _ 2 dx = 2 (sin -1 x) \/l-x 2 - 2x + C; therefore
1-x*

(sin ' x) dx = x(sin *x) +2(sin * x) \/l - x2 - 2x + C

2-
•i
I-i
x — X'
1 _ 1 1
x(x+l) _x x+ 1'

1 _ 1 1 1
x(x + l)(x + 2) 2x x + 1 +r 2(x + 2) ;

1 1 1 1
x(x+l)(x + 2)(x + 3) 6x 2(x
+ 2(x + 2)
+ 1) ^ :
6(x + 3)'
x(x+l)(x + 2)(x
1
+ 3)(x + 4) 24x
1

6(x
1,1
+ l) 4(x + 2) 6(x
1
+ 7>+;
3) 24(x + 4)
the following pattern;

(-11 dx
c(x + l)(x + 2)- • <x + m)
= £
kf (k!)(m - k)!(x + k) r-; therefore
x(x + l)(x + 2)- • <x + m)
 Chapter 7 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 641

(-l)*
In x + k +C
k=0 (k!)(m-k)!

3. o = sin -1 x, du = dx -; dv = xdx, v = 4-i

l
Vl-x 2
2 2
dx 8 cos 5 d9
= tj- sin x — = tj- sin 1 sin
*
x sin x dx x sin ^ x dx x
2\A-x 2 '
dx = cos 5 d5 2 cos 8

x-i(|-y) + C = ^sin- -g
= J
x~i a
gdg = 1 1
x + 8iligc ° Bg +C
T sln a in
^ 8 in-

—x
= 3s-sm -1 x + xv; J , 1 —sin •
+C

z =
sm -l v'ydy; dy 2z sin z dz; from Exercise 3, I z sin z dz
dz =
2^y.
1

sm _1 z + zt/l - z - sin
2 2 x
yfiy/l-y-wn
_i* ,- y/y
= y em
.
;
,

+C =*• sin ^/y dy

~~ \i
sin ,/y +
,
/ir _l_ ,_l I
+C

= ysm
• -l r vV-y 2 sin
V? + c
2~^
Vy+ ,

d5 cos 1 + cos 25
=± lnlsec 25 + tan 251 + 25
5. d0 = d5 (sec25 + l)d5 = +C
1 - tan^ cos 5 — sin' i
2 cos 25 I

dx dv = dx, v = x;
;

xdx x dx
ln( v ^+V l+7)dx = xln( A/S + v lT^)-i
/ /
f . =
|
x + IV 1
1) 4

x +i = isec5 (sec 5-1) -sec 5 tan 5 d5

f 2
-| (sec 6 - sec 5) d5
dx = h sec 5 tan dO (a
tan 9
)

tan 5-lnjsec 5 + tan5| „= 2i/x 2 + x-In |2x+ 1 + 2\/x2 +x,

s l-O s |-0

/
2 \/x z + x- lnl2x + l + 2y x 2 + xl
In f (
v'x
r^+ yl+xj /nr\
r. yl+xl
/TTZ\adx = x ln(f Y/X+ i '—^ )-C
642 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

u = tan 6
dt t = sin 9
=> cos 9 69 69 2 du
7. du =sec # d# =>
t--/l-t 2
'
dt = cos 6 69 sin 6 — cos tan - 1
(u-i)(u 2 +i;
69- 2du
u +1 _

du 1 du 1 u du = 1
ln
u-1 •itan
_1
u + C=iln tan
\9 + C
u-1 2 u
2
+l 2. u
2
+ l~2 V^TT sec 9

= |ln(t-v/ l-t2 )-isin _1 t + C

(2e
2x
-ex )dx u= e" (2u - 1) du j (2u - 1) du
V'3e
2x -
6e _ i
x ' du = ex dx_ J ^/ 3u 3 - 6u - 1 \/3 .
^( u _i)2 4'

u-1 sec 9
x/3 =*. -l,}(-i= 8ec. + l)(sec,)d^|j Sec
2
.d. + -i= 0d0
du = -4= sec tan 6 6.6
x/3

tan «? + -!= In |sec(J + tan 0| + C 1 =|-^/|(u-l) 2 -l + -i= In -^(u ~ 1) + y|(u - l) 2 - + C,

V3 V^

= |\/3u 2 -6u-l+-i?=}n|u-l + ^/(u~l) 2 -|| + fc i

***:
_ - 1 + ^/c 2x -2ex -± + C
2y e -2e -I + ln
i 2x x x
e

9. dx = 2
dx =
x" +4 2
+ 2) -4x2 J (x2 + 2x + 2)(x2 -2x + 2)

-JL 2x + 2 2 2x-2
~ 16
_
+ dx
x i!
+ 2x + 2 (x + l^ + l x -2x +
,!
2 (x-l) 2 + l

x2 + 2x + 2 + i[tan _1 (x + 1) + tan -1 (x - + C
= B In xz - 2x +2
1)]

10. i_dx=4 1 1 .
+ .
x-2 x+2 dx
x
6
-l 6 x-1 X+ 1 x 2 _ X +l 2
X +X+ 1

x-1 2x-l 2x +

mm
= lln 3 l 3
dx
x+ 1 +A X2 - X + 1
2
-^+-+1
('-» i

= 1 in x-1 x^-x + l - 2^/3 -l/2x-l i/2x+l

+A In tan" 2\f§ tan" +C
x+1 x
2
+X+ 1
V^ A
 Chapter 7 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 643

h
11, lim- — , dx = lim- [sin
-
xL° = lim- (sin b — sin 0) = lim- (sin
-1
b — 0)= lira - sin
-1
b =?
b~.l J Vl-x 2 b-i b-i b-i b-*i 2

tan t dt

lim &
-1
12. lim
x—»oo 4
•*•
[ tan 1 dt = x— »co
(gfann)
J

= X—
lim
CO
^S^ = f2 1

13. y
.

= (cos Vx)
a/x
/-vi/x
=> In y _1 /—/
= , ln(cos ^E) and jim
i
,

+
In (cos
x
\/x)
= jim
+ ^ -
—sin
-^ =
_i
Jta+
-v/x
-j- —^
tan wx.

. ix" 1 ^ sec
2

lim (cos ^/x) = e"

2 '
x^+

x
2 1n(x + e 2(1+-,ex -= 26* 2e
x
_
14. y
J = /(x
\
+ e xx\2/"
'
'
'
J =
=>lny )
i
S=
X
)
=> lim
^
,.

x—»oo
In Jy
,
= x~+oo
lim
,.
----
x+e
)
hm
x— too 1+e x
hmoo
= x— , -,-

»tx e
A
= 2

=$> lim (x + e
x 2/
)
"= lim ey = e2

X
x
15. lim
X—»oo
sin t dt = lim
x-+oo
[— cost] _Y
x = x—
lim
*co
[— cos x
l
+ cos(—
v
x)l
'J
= x—
lim (— cos
too
x + cos x) = x—
lim
too
=
J

16. Hm f ^dt;
2
lim .V* \- lim
^Q+
-^-rt
«>*
= l=> lim
x ^ Q+
f
£2|A dt diverges
2
si ^ diverges; thus
x^0+ _0+ fcOSjA I
J t t t t t

lim x £2l£dt is an indeterminate 0- co form and we apply 1'Hopital's rule:

cos t
dt / cos X
2
lim x 50st
dt= lim __i _ lirn
{ x
= lim cos x = 1
x-»0"" I x-tO + x-»0+ I Ll x-»0 +

ir/4 w/4

17. &= ^/cos 2x =» 1 +f jM = 1 +cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x; L = y/l+{y/cos2if dt = v/2 Vcos2 t dt

= /4 =
-v/2tsmt)o l

18 .
dy
dx
= ^2x
_ 2
^ + fdyV_- (l~x
i x
1 ,

w 2

(l _ x2)
) +
2
4x
2
_ l+2x2 +x 4
-
(1 _
1+ x'
1-x2 -Ifi dx
644 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1/2 _
_
1/2 1/2
,1/2
-x + ln
1+x
N '
1-x J o

= (-i + ln3)-(0 + ln l) = ln3-i

b l

19. V= f 2x( sh ?11 1

<
V, s hell /\ dx _ 27rxy dx
'

Vradius /I height
o

11= 1 —X
= 6?r x \J\ — x dx; du = — dx
x 2 = fl-u) 2

-6tt l-u)V«du = -6» f

(u
1 /2
-2u3 / 2 + u s / 2 )du

-Mb m -h' ,2
-h
r/
i^(hH)=H^^hH^h m \)~ 35

25 dx dx
20. V= ny dx = ?r
x +
i
5_dx , dx
+ 5-x
x 2 (5 - x) ..2
x
5/Cty?^7)

= l-5)
7T In
6-x x ]] = .(ln4-|)-,(. n

= i|21 + 27rln4

"v^fccajY^u- 27rxe
x
dx

= 2n-Lxe x -ex J
= 2a-

In 2

22. V= 27r(3n2-x)(ex -l)dx

In 2

= x- - x
27T [(In 2) e In 2 xe + x] dx

-tin 2

= 2tt (In 2) e
x - (In 2)x - xex + ex + 4-
-o

s
(In 'if (In 2)
= 2tt 2 In 2 - (In 2)
2 - 2 In 2 +2+ -2n-(ln 2 + 1) = 2ir - In 2 + 1
 Chapter 7 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 645

2
23. (a) V= ir[l-(lnx) ]dx

= 1 r[x-x(lnx) 2 ]'-27r In x dx (FORMULA 110)

= ?r[x -x(ln x) 2 + 2(x In x - x)]

= v[-x - x(ln x)
2
+ 2x In x]" = ir[-e -e + 2e - (-1)] = ir

(b) V= 2
ir(l-lnx) dx = ir [l-2 1nx+(lnx) 2 ]dx
i

= ir[x-2(xlnx-x)+x(lnx) 2 ]
1
-27r In x dx
J
i

= jr[x - 2(x In x - x) + x(ln x) 2 - 2(x In x - x)] x

= tt[5x -4x In x + x(ln x) 2 ]

" = 7r[(5e - 4e + e) - (5)]

= ?r(2e-5)

-a 2
/nl_x(
2 e -3)
24. (a) V= ir (etf-1 dy^ir (e 2y -l)dy = 7r
*--yy = IT *->-(«-
s ,

2 0
1
2
= 2y
+ l)dy = s£-2e* + y] =7r[^-2e + l
(b) V= ir (cy_l) dy 7r
f
(e -2ey ir
-a- 2 )
2
e2 5\ *(e -4e + 5)
= irl -s--2e + K I- o

25. (a) lim x In x = => lira f(x) = = f(0) => f is continuous

x-0 n ir-tO" 1

u = (In x) 2
n2 2

(b)V = 2
7rx (ln x)
2
dx;
du = (2 In x) ^ 7r| lim |~(lnx)
2 x3
\2 1nx)dx
dv = x
2
b

t2 2
8(ln2) 16(la 2) lfl
^-inx-^r = IT
9
+ 27.
(i)o-«)'-Ci)j!s+ b.
646 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

26. V= 7r(-mx) 2 dx = 7r| lim [x(ln x)

2 ]* -2
f
In x dx
b-»o

= — 2ir lim [x In x — xlub = 2ir

b-.0

27. u = -1-1—y' , du = 3£-_; dv = ny n_1 dy, v = yn

1 + 2 ;

(1+y)

"1 -,1

lim
n—»oo
ny
-rh
1+yy —
11
,
dy
J = n— ..
lim
»oo I+y o
+
1+y
y
dy
J |
'
= A2 + n~*oo
lim
rr?
dy -
Now
>^r77^
yrl

1
„n+l Jl-1
ny
=> <
— lim
fi—»oo
dy < lim y
**
n
dyJ = nlim
i,-v-.
n+1
= lim
n—
—
7-T
*oo n + 1
= => lim
n—^co +y
dy
l+y* - o
i

=I+o=i
+u 2 2

28. u = X"
1
- <S =$ du = 2x dx;

x(\/x2 -a2 ) dx =i (>rdu = l{u"/ 2 d U = irMp^j +C ,n^-2

v n+2

n +2 n +2 n +1

^
1 i = sm -1 x dx dx dx du
29. ? = sin- < < 1

\/4-x" V 4 — x*
,2
— x„3 >/4-2x 2 \/2 . \/4-u

=^K-f^-^^(f-^
b

30.
x
2
ax
+ l
2x
1 \dx= lim
ax
+ 1 2x
1
dx = lim
b—too
#ln(x 2
+ l)-ilnx
.
b

j
= lim
b—«oo •
UEJi
„
*
l

b—*oo * •
In ^+^ 2* ; lim
b—*co
^+il> >-
D
Hm
b—+oo
£=
-r
u
lim
li
b—»oo
b
2 a-s2 /
= oo if a > 4 . 1
=> the improper

2
1/2
integral diverges a> A; for a = ~: lim = lim /l + —» = 1 => lim In
(b + l)
•1D2
1 /2
if r . ?
^ ^ b—>oo o b—»oo U h b—«x> ^

:lfl n l-ll n2
2
N

)=-%1;ifa<I : 0<,lim
b—*co
^+^ <,lim
b—too
^±ll_ =
ffl
,2a
lim
b—4oo
(b + D'-^O

lim In
j—*oo
b—*oc
(b
-
2
——
+l)'
r —=
n
— oo => the improper integral diverges if a I.;.
<A;
^
in summary, the improper integral

[
—J^ J"- dx converges only when a = ^ and has the value — -%—
J
 Chapter 7 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 647

31. Let u = f(x) => du = f (x) dx and dv = dx => v = x;

3ir/2 33T/2 3tt/2
3;r/2
f(x)dx = [xf(x)] dx = 3tt f/3?A ir e/ir\
xf'(x) l 2 cos x dx
2 \ 2 ) 2 \lJ
t/2 ?r/2 tt/2

= %Eb-fa-[»nxl^ 2 =f(3b-a)-[-l-l]=5(3b-a) + 2

32. ~&_ = [tan~ 1 x]o = tan" 1

a; - — = Sim [tan * x], = lim (tan
-1 -1 -1
b - tan a) = £ _ tan a:
+ X,
|

I TX a
1 b—>oo b—too ^

therefore, tan
-i„._ir *.„„-!„
a = ? — tan a _,
=$•
(.„„-!„
tan a _ ?=»a = lfora>0.
=7r

3/2 1/2
33. L =4 'l-f(g) dy ; x
2 /3
+y
2 /3
=l^y=(l-x 2 / 3 ) ^g = -|(l-x 2 /3
) (x-
1 /3
)(|)

dyY_ i-x 2 / 3 =*L = 4

dx 2/3
y v
'
i+
W) dx=4
i^= 6ix2/3) »= 6

= ± ^0<x<4
34.
dx ) =i^S
dx ^i^^=
2^

35. P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, P(0) =c=1 and P'(0) = => b = => P(x) = ax 2 + 1. Next,

ax 2 + l _A B ~~5C D E
X (x
3
= 3c + ~2
_ 1)2 -X- X
2- X 3- Xv _lf + 7(x—_-1)2
, ,
"*" "*"
,

\2 — •
-
^or ^e i nteg ra * to be a rational function, we must have A= and

D = 0. Thus, ax2 + 1 = Bx{x - l) 2 + C(x - l) 2 + Ex3 = (B + E)x3 + (C - 2B)x 2 + (B - 2C)x + C

=> C = 1; B-2C = 0=>B = 2;C-2B = a=^a = -3; therefore, P(x) = ~3x2 + 1

36. The integral V1 —x dx is the area enclosed by the x-axis and the semicircle y = v 1 — x2 . This area is half
-l

the circle's area, or 5- and multiplying by 2 gives w. The length of the circular arc y = y/l - x2 from x = -1 to

x = 1 is L =
-l
mr dx
-i
11 +
VI -x'
dx. dx
,-
VI -x
*-
2
= 1
A(2tt)
L
= r since L is half the

circle's circumference. In conclusion, 2 [

v/l^?dx = -*£_.
f
648 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

37. A= -tj converges if p > 1 and diverges if p <1 (Exercise 67 in Section 7,6). Thus, p < 1 for infinite area.

The volume of the solid of revolution about the x-axis isV= ""(""pi dx = tt •£& which converges if

l l

2p > I and diverges if 2p < 1. Thus we want p > 4 for finite volume. In conclusion, the curve y = x -p gives

infinite area and finite volume for values of p satisfying s<p< 1.

38. The area is given by the integral A= I

vP'
o

p = l: A= lim [In xk = - lim In b = oo, diverges;

b—0 b->0 +

p> 1: A= lim [x
1 pj
b
=1— lim b p = — oo, diverges;

1_p ~p
p < 1: A= lim lx J h = 1 — lim b = 1 — 0, converges; thus, p > 1 for infinite area.
b-»0 + b-o +
i

The volume of the solid of revolution about the x-axis is Vx = it ^~ which converges if 2p < 1

p < A, and diverges if p > k. Thus, Vx is infinite whenever the area is infinite (p > 1).

dy
The volume of the solid of revolution about the y-axis is Vy = it I [R(y)] dy = n which
„2/p

converges w2
if4>l<S-p<2 (see Exercise 39). In conclusion, the curve y =x p gives infinite area and finite

volume for values of p satisfying I < p_< 2, as described above.

39. (a)

/GO -•«—) U-1

-(x
- eX) - eX) x
(b) dx= I e
(
e dx
 Chapter 7 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 649

~ cX) x - eX) x
= lim
a—*— oo
e
(
e dx+ lim e
C
e dx;
b—»+oo ,

u = e" -u du
lim e~ u du + lim e
du = ex dx a—*— oo b->+oo J
1

= ai;-J-e-t*n]™J-^

40. (a) f ^r+ x2

1)<

l
dz= x* ~ 4x 5 + 5x
4
-4x^ + 4
x3 +V 7
o

22
(b) -Sr 100% = 0.04%
(c) The area is less than 0.003
y

0.5.

X 4 (jf - l)
4

0.4

A* -i) 4

0.3

0.2.

0.1

41. e
2x
o~ — cos 3x
S3 b.'4 53 o!s '
i
'
* 0.2 '0.'4'
0.'6 0.'8

(+)

2e 2x (-) * sin 3x

2x_0±_
4e _| cos3x
„2x „2x 2x
I = ~- sin 3x + %~ cos
,2x
9^99
3x -|l => ^L = ^-(3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) => I = ^(3
13
sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) +C

3x
42. e (+) sin 4x
3x -icos4x
3e (-)

9e
3x -^ ±sin4x
lo

„3x
1= -~ cos 4x + ^g-sin 4x -^
„3x
J =* ft 1
„3x
=^( 3 sin 4x-4 cos 4x) =^> I
=w( 3
„3x
sin 4x-4 cos 4x) +C
650 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

43. sin 3x (+) sin x

3 cos 3x {-) — cos x

—9 sin 3x sin x
I = — sin 3x cos x +3 cos 3x sin x + 91 =* —81 = — sin 3x cos x+3 cos 3x sin x
_> _ sin 3x cos x —3 cos 3x sin x
j
8
,

44. cos 5x (+) sin 4x

~5 sin 5x (-) — ~ cos 4x

—25 cos 5x A
16
sin 4x

I = -A cos 5x cos 4x - A sin 5x sin 4x + l|l = ~~l = - ± cos 5x cos 4x — -~ sin 5x sin 4x
=> I = jj
(4 cos 5x cos 4x) ^ I = 4(4 cos 5x cos 4x + 5 sin 5x sin 4x) +C

ax
45. e (+) sin bx

ax
ae (-) -icosbx

aVx -^- -isinbx

a*
t e
b
bx + SjJ! s in bx - |4 I => (^-^-
J
I = ^ (a sin bx -b cos bx)

I = -=£ s (a sin bx — b cos bx) +C

ax
46. e (+) cos bx

ax
ae (-) g sin bx
2
t e
ax_(±) J^cosbx

I =-
% sin bx + aC^ cos bx - %I =J- ( ?—— )I = 5*1 (a cos bx + b sin bx)
b2 b2 V b^ /
2
b
„ax
I = -S—
2
- (a
2
cos bx +b sin bx) +C
a +b

47. In (ax) (+) 1

1 <-> x
A
x

I = x In (ax) — j ( ^ Jx dx = x In (ax) —x+C

 Chapter 7 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 651

2
48. In (ax) (+) x

1
x
'
H IxX 3
3

= ix3 - i) = ix3 ln(ax)-Ix 3 + C

*A[4
I In (ax) dx
3

49. (a) r(l) = e * dt = lim e

-t
dt= lim [-e _t ]n= Hm f—t-f-l) =0+1=1
b—too

= x = xt x =e
(b) u l , du l
dt; dv ' dt, v = -e '; x = fixed positive real

x- 1 x oN
r(x+i) = t
x _t
e dt= lim [-t*e _t L+x
u
t e- t dt = Jun^ (- ^ + e
)
+ xr(x) = xT(x)
b-*oo

(c) r(n+l)=nr(n)=n!:
n = 0: r(0 + l) = r(l) = 0!;
n = k: Assume T(k + 1) = k! for some k > 0;

n =k+ l: r(k+l + l) = + l)r(k +

(k l) from part (b)

= (k + l)k! induction hypothesis

= (k + i)r definition of factorial

Thus, r(n + 1) = nr(n) = n! for every positive integer n.

n
50. (a) r(x) * (|) y/Q and
X
„r(n) = n! => n! » n (S) y/& = (§ )T y^
(b) n (§) v2n7r calculator

10 3598695.619 3628800
18
20 2-4227868 xlO 2.432902 xlO 18
30 2.6451710 xlO 32 2.652528 x 10 32

40 8.1421726 xlO 47 8.1591528 xlO

47

50 3.0363446 x 10 64 3.0414093 xlO 64

60 8.3094383 x 10 81 8.3209871 x 10
81

n
(c) n CI) '2n7r (§) y2r^e 1/12ri calculator

10 3598695.619 3628810.051 3628800

652 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

NOTES:
 CHAPTER 8 INFINITE SERIES

8.1 LIMITS OF SEQUENCES OF NUMBERS

i.
1 a
3l
-
-I__I-ft
^ -u, ,
a 2
-I__.-_I
- ^ - ,a_ 3 _i_3__2
_ ^ _ ,a4 ______
_l-4_ 3
4 g

o _ _i __._! _ _1 _
.
i. a
1
_ 1
i!
_i, .
a 2
- ,-j,
2
.
a 3
- 1
3!
-g,
„
a.
4 ~^-^
__ 1 1

-___!_! ______ _____1 _(-l) 5 - 1

2-1 - 1 a2~
*
3 a i-
d - I a. 3- - a4-"8_y--7
'
4_i 3' 6_i 5
.

4
*• al ____
- 22
_2
'
a2 ~ —3 -I
- "" 2
2 '
a3 -_-I
~ ~2 2
4
a4 -_-I
~ 25
~2

5. a„ = (-l) n+1 , n = 1, 2, . . 6. an = (-l)

n+1
n
2
, n = 1, 2, . .

7. an = n z -l, n = l, 2, ... 8. a_ = n — 4, n = 1, 2, . .

9. an = 4n-3, n= 1, 2, ... 10. an = 4n- 2, n = 1, 2, ...

n
l+(-l) n+1 n -_ + (- 1 )
(|) ,n x
11. a„ = ^-g- ,ii=l,2,... 12. an = ^— = mt^j, n = 1, 2,

13. Jujk 2 + (0.1) n = 2 =*> converges (Table 8.1, #4)

14. lim
n—>oo
=
n _ n—
lim
»oo
H ^
n
—= 1 => converges
o

15>
_U_ T+_S = ,&gb
(1)_2
7lf^
= ^ -_1 =-l^coaveig es

5n
= a-oo ft)-
,„v = -5
16. lim * lim -- - => converges
_-.oo
..
b
n4 + gn .i

1+ /8_\

,,
17.
,.
lim
n—>cc
n
2

n—
=:
n—too
1
—
-2n + l = fim (n-l)(n-l) = lim
n—1 n—»oo
,.
:
.. .

(n
s
— 1)
'
.
= oo => diverges
°

18. lim — = lim 7 — —r^r—

—7777 'i m —n. = => converges
654 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

19. Jiin^ (1 + (-1)™) does not exist => diverges 20. lim^ (~2)
n
( 1 -ij does not exist = diverges

2L J% HrX -*)^^ (i+&)(i-i)=H«"™»-

1

f-l) n+1
22. lim
n-»oo
^75
— t— = => converses
°
2n 1

23. lim
n-»oo
./_aL.=
Vn+1 ./li
V n-foo
m ^r=
n+ 1 1
/lim
/n-*oo f— *
I i ,
\
II i
= «/§
vv 2 => :
converses

24. Um sin(| + i) = sinQjm, (f + J)) = sin | = 1 =- converges

n

25. ^irn^ S^-"- = because — g < ^-& < i => converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences

26. Jlm^
S1
{yn" = because < 81 "
n
n < A =* converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences

21 JUSb
•
F=n !
ii§o 2
n
in2 ~ ° ^ conver ges ( usin 8 1'Hopital's rule)

„„ ln(n + Z l) = (nTl) 2,/n" V\A/

—fr = m -^~4 =
,. ,. ,. ,.
28. lim * > lim )° T ( = lim => converges

i lim In n

'
n '
lim n
n— too

30. lim fin n - In (n + 1)1 = lim In (—7-^ = lnf lim -~r) = In 1 = => converges

31. Jim^ (l + {) = e7 =* converges (Table 8.1, #5)

32.
n
lim (l -J) = nlim [l + ^] = e" 1
=> converges (Table 8.1, #5)

1/n
33. Jjirn^ ^/l0^ = Ym^ 10
1
-n /" = 1-1 = 1 => converges (Table 8.1, #3 and #2)

1 2
= 2
=
34. Jhr^ V'n = nlkn > (
^/n") l 1 => converges (Table 8.1, #2)

/o\i/» 1/n
lim 3 ,
35 - l
„ l5Sb tf J = "7^ 1/n
=I= 1 => ^"verges (Table 8.1, #3 and #2)
 Section 8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 655

36. lim (n + 4) 1 /(n+4) = lim x

1 /x
=s 1 => converges; (let x = n + 4, then use Table 8.1, #2)

37. lim ^4"n = lirn^ 4 ^/n =4 - 1 = 4 => converges (Table 8.1, #2)

2+ ^ 1/n
38. lim ^3 2n+1 = n—
lim 3 ^=lim 3
2
-3 l/n = 9-1 = 9 => converges (Table 8.1, #3)
n—»oo >oo n—>oo

39. Jim ^ = Jim 'Vn'-t^ <J™ (*) = <> ™* jl* ° * J& ^ = ^ converges
(-4V
i—
40. lim 5^- = => converges (Table 8.1, #6)

41. lim
n-too
-4^=
6n n—*co li'rn , « nx = <» =» diverges (Table 8.1, #6)
JQ /7in 6 'l \

\~~ni~y

42. Jim gSJn

= Jim t^k = oo * diverges (Table 8.1, #6)
In! J

=> converges

44. Jin^ In(l + j) = la ( Jim, (l +h) = In e = 1 => converges (Table 8.1, #5)
J

/3 3_\
= n—
lim
»co
exp
3n 4- 1 3n - 1
= ^ eX
K(3^1) (3n-l))
n
=:eXP
(f)
=e ' => converges

• j& (rfr^^t K ex nln

(aTT))
=
^ exp
(
inn
"aj
n+1)
'
=Ar^ exp
n

W "*)
>V>
n +1

= JOb «p(~ HfrTTi)) - e_1 =* converges

" h(
4? -
J& (jett)
1
'* = M x
(2nrr)
1/n
= x J*» exp
(* Krir)) x
J* ex P ( ? +1) )
=x xe° =x x> ° =* conver e es
Jsa, ^pfe+r) >
656 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

V,-x- '"*
48. lim 1 - = lim exp
r n [ In f 1 ~ j | = n_
lim exp = lim exp
n—»oo I i
nil *°°

lim expi "T

n =c = 1 => converges
|

49. lim
n—>oo 2
£^"
-n!
lim ^- ~
= n-»co
;
n!
=*• converges (Table 8.1, #6)

cosl jj

50. lim = n—
lim = lim = lim converges
n—»oo 2n-l too
2,2 n—»oo
-2+U
V n3
(I

51. lim
.-1
tan n = 4 =>5T
converges 52. lim 4=tan _1 n = 0-5 = converges

53 .

n-»oo (IT
lim + -4= = Jim ( + (~jX = => converges (Table 8. 1, #4)
^3 (ff j

n /-s 2
ln(n + n) v /2n +
54. lim V" + n = lim exp
1
= e = 1 => converges
\n* +n

/' 4
sQn n)

55. lim
M! = i im lim —
10(ln
%
n)
r-
4
— hm
,. 80(ln n)
- '
. . = lim ^|S = =*• converges

2^H

56. lim (n-VnT^)= lim (n - ^/n I^)f IL±^E )

= lim 7^^= lim -j—
l

= 4 =$ converges

n In ['I
57. V0.5 l|<10-^-i<fif
1000 \2
-l<i^fSf<i<fMT=>n>4Sr^n>692.8
1000 vioooy 2 "uooo;
m ,10Q0j
l/n
=> N = 692; an = (I) and Jim a„ = 1

n n
58. i^-l|<10- 3 ^-^<n^-l <T4^(S) <-<©) ^->9123^N=9123;

an = JVn
V =n 1 /" lim an =
and n— »oo
1

59. (0.9)
n
< 10~ 3 =*• n In (0.9) < -3 In 10 => n > A^jr * 65.54 => N = 65; a„ = (^) and Jim^ 3^ =
 Section 8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 657

60. =j < 10 =S> n! > n

2 10 and by calculator experimentation, n > 14 = N = 14; a^ = ^j and lim a^ =

61. (a) l
2 - 2(1) 2 = -1, 3
2
- 2(2) 2 = 1; let f(a, b) = (a + 2b) 2 - 2(a + b) 2 = a2 + 4ab + 4b 2 - 2a2 - 4ab - 2b2
= 2b2 - a2 ; a2 - 2b2 = -1 => f(a,b) = 2b2 - a2 = 1; a2 - 2b 2 = 1 => f(a,b) = 2b2 - a2 = -1
^ a + 2b V
_ 2 2
- 2 -(a 2 -2b 2 _ ± 1
- a + 4ab + 4b - 2a2 - 4ab 2b _
2
_ L,(l\2
W
n.\ r 2
n- 2o -^-aTb-J- (a + b)
„
2 " (a + b) 2 ~^~ *
)
'» ~ V 2± UJ

In the first and second fractions, yn > n. Let j~ represent the (n — l)th fraction where f= > 1 and b > n — 1

for n a positive integer >

** 3. Now the nth fraction is . and a + b > 2b > 2n ~ 2>n =» y > n. Thus,
a "T" d
lim rn = a/2-

62 . (a) Jto nf(i)= lim

+
«£> = !im+ ffi+^bM = f (,), wh „. ^= 1

(b) Jim n tan" (i)

1
= f (0) = ^ = 1, f(x) = tan" 1 x

(c) Jjm, nU1 ' - l) = f (0) = e° = 1, f(x) = e x

11

2
(d) lim nln(l+§) = f'(0) = ^==2,f(x) = ln(l + 2x)
n o TT

63. (a) If a = 2n + 1, then b = [£] = [ 4n + 24n + 1

J
= |> 2 + 2n + |j = 2n 2 + 2n, c = \£\ = [2n 2 + 2n + ±\
2
= 2n 2 + 2n + 1 and a2 +b2 = (2n + l) 2 +(2n 2 + 2n) = 4n 2 + 4n + 1 +4n4 + 8n3 + 4n2
= 4n4 + 8n 3 + 8n2 + 4n + 1 = (2n2 + 2n + l) = c 2 .

2 2
— 2 — 1

" + 2n
l 1
2
-\ = a1JBL
l

(b) lim
" ~%r= lim
- 2
° 2n + 2n + l
= 1 or lim
a~* co raS ^°°
9in 9 = "m ,
sin0=l
a ° ra i
f0 2 a ,0 e-ir/2
IT 1
2 '
1

64. (a)
n
lim (tar)
1 "*'- jig, esP (I^) = ^m exp(^) = nIim ex P (i) = e° = 1

n! « (|) V2n^, Stirlings approximation => "\/nT « (§)(2n?r) 1/(2n) w | for large values of n
n
(b) n xj/n! e

40 15.76852702 14.71517765

50 19.48325423 18.39397206

60 23.19189561 22.07276647

65. (a) lim

n-too
^#=
n
lim — = n-,lim°°
0).,,
n ^°° cnc r -^ =
cn
658 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

(b) For all e> 0, there exists an N = e ~ (ln * )/c such that n >e
~ (lne )/ c
=> In n > -^ =5. In n
c
> ln(±

=>n c >j-=>-i<e=>
c *-• < e => Hm00
n— 4r =
n n^

66. Let {a,,} and {bn } be sequences both converging to L. Define {c n } by c

2n
= bn and c 2n _j = an , where

n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . For all c > there exists N1 such that when n > N, then an I
—L < I (. and there exists N2
such that when n > N 2 then |bn —L < j
c. If n > max{N2,N 2 }, then both inequalities hold and hence

lc n — Ll < 6, so {cn } converges to L.

1/n
67. Jur^ n = Jm^ exp(i In n) = lm^ exp(ij = e° =1

68. lim x n '

= lim exp( g In xj =e = 1, because x remains fixed while n gets large

69. Assume the hypotheses of the theorem and let e be a positive number. For all e there exists a ti
l
such that

when n > N} then a^ — L < | |

<r => -~t < an — L < <r => L—e < a^, and there exists a N2 such that when

n> N2 then jc
n
— LJ<«=>--f<cn -L<c=>cn <L + f. Ifn> max{N, N 2 }, , then

L- c < an < bn < cn < L + c => jbn -L < |

e => Jim, bn = L.

70. I
a^ - L I < * => f(aj [ - f(L) < |
c => f(aj - f(L)
71. Let L be the limit of the convergent sequence {a^}. Then by definition of convergence, for 4 there

corresponds an N such that for all m and n, m > N =3> I am — L I < 4 and n>N =^> I a^ — L < 4. Now j

|a m -an = |am -L + L-an |<]ani -L] + |L-an |<| + |=c

|
whenever m>N and n > K.

72. Given an e > 0, by definition of convergence there corresponds an N such that for all n > N,

I
Lj - an <
I
e and L 2 - an <| [
c. Now L 2 — L x = L 2 - an + an - Lj < L 2 — an + an — L x < f + e =
[ [ | | [ |
j
I 2e.

I
2
— Lj < I 2e says that the difference between two fixed values is smaller than any positive number 2c,

The only nonncgative number smaller than every positive number is 0, so L^ I — L2 = I or Lj = L2 .

73. Assume an —> 0. This implies that given an e> there corresponds an N such that n>N=4>|a n -l)|<e
^ ^ I I
< c ^ ||
an 1
1
*••• e ^ ||
an I
— [ < e =^- 1
an — J
* 0. On the other hand, assume a^ ]
I
— » 0. This implies that

given an c > there corresponds an N such that for n > N, j

j
an [— I < e => 1 1 an 1 1 < e => an [ j
< €

=> |an -0|< 1 => an — » 0.

74. (a) Sj = 6.815, S2 = 6.4061, S 3 = 6.021734, S4 = 5.66042996, S 5 = 5.320804162, S 6 = 5.001555913,

S7 = 4.701462558, S8 = 4.419374804, S 9 = 4.154212316, S 10 = 3.904959577, S u = 3.670662003,
S 12 = 3.450422282 so it will take Ford about 12 years to catch up
 Section 8.2 Subsequences, Bounded Sequences, and Picard's Method 659

(b) 3.5 = 7.25(0.94) Q => (0.94)

n = ^
3.5
=*„ln(0.94)=ln^=>n

=!
=

n« 11.764 s» 12
In

T ^\7.25)

75-84. Example CAS Commands:

Maple :

a:= n -> (n)-(l/n);

j:= 9400: k:= 9800: A:= plot(a(n), n=j..k, style=POINT, symbol=CIRCLE):
f:= x -> 0.999: g:= x -> 1.001:
B:= plot({f(x), g(x)}, x=j..k):
with(plots): display({A,B})j

Mathematica :

Clear[a,i,n]
a[n_] = n"(I/n)
atab = Table[ a[i], {i,25} ] // N;
ListPlot[ atab ]

L = Limit [ a[n], n -> Infinity ]

Note: for this a[n], the first n for which |a[n] —L|< 0.001 is n = 1! Let's
find the next. .

a[l] - L

First check several orders of magnitude, then zoom in by trial & error:
Table[ {!, N[a[101]-L]}, {i,10} ]

N[a[9000]~L]
N[a[9200] - L]
N[a[9123]-L]
N[a[9124]-L]

This is the first n for which |a[n]-L|< 0.001; for 0.0001, we get the rough
estimate:
N[a[120000]-L]

8.2 SUBSEQUENCES, BOUNDED SEQUENCES, AND PICARD'S METHOD

—
~ 1, «a2 -ij.1-3
_ i +^ - ^, _3,J__7 _7 + X_15 _15 +,i_31
- g >a, 5 - _63
^ - lg
_
11. »
a x
1
.
a 3 - g+^ - 4
, a 4 _ 4
.

23 g
, a6 -g2 ,

*
a -127
- ,
as
_255
- .
a9
_5n
_ _ ,
"
1023
7 D4 > 128 ' 256 ' 10 512

o
&. a
aj -1
- i, n
a 2
_1
-K,a B _
2' a3-
3
W_l
-~^-- R4 _
3 -6' 4~
a fil
tt
-W_i
_ ,a _U|i-J_
-
-24'~5- 4
. -
-120 4
_
s ,
5 i
2n
a«
,H
> ^ -J_
-
~ 720'
720'
-_L_
7 ~ 5040
a7-5040' '
a8 - 1
- 40.320
8-40,320' '

3jq
'9
—
~
1
'
„
Q 3Q~ _ 1
362,880 3,628,800
660 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

- i, a3 - - , a4 -
2
- , as -
2 2 2 4 2

a6 - ,a7 - .a8 - <*g - 128 *10 ~ 256

16 32 64 , '

4
4 a -_ 2 a -HzHl-^ a
-M=l)__2 a _KJ)__1 a . 'H) 2 a _ _1

5. a1 = 1, a2 = 1, a3 = +1= ] 2, a4 = 2+ 1 = 3, as = 3 + 2 = 5, a6 = 8, a7 = 13, a8 = 21, a<, = 34, a 10 = 55

(-i)
= 2, = —I, = — ^, =— (|)
6. aj a2 a3 a4
—j = g, a5 = -? j-y = — 1, a6 = —2, a7 = 2, ag = — 1, a9 = — ^, a 10 =
^
V
„\ 4-A
7. (a) f(x) = x 2 - „a _v f(x) —
=> r>r„\
2
= o„
2x _^
=> „
x„ _
= „^ ~-%^~
*!>
—a
=> *„+! -
2^-K-M
-£-
2 f\,2
x
2

-g^—
o
+a
fv
1*=+^
+1 g

(b) x-y = 2, x2 = 1.75, x3= 1.732142857, x4 = 1.73205081, x 5 = 1.732050808; we are finding the positive

number where x — 3 = 0; that is, where x = 3, x > 0, or where x = y 3 .

8. x1 = 1.5„ x2 = 1.416666667, x 3 = 1.414215686, x4 = 1.414213562, x s = 1.414213562; we are finding the

positive number x —2 = 0; that is, where x = 2, x > 0, or where x = y2 .

9. (a) f(x) = x 2 - 2; the sequence converges to 1.414213562 as 1/2

(b) f(x) = tan (x) — 1; the sequence converges to 0.7853981635 f« ¥

(c) f(x) = ex ; the sequence 1, 0, — 1, —2, —3, —4, —5, ... diverges

10. (a) x, = 1, x2 = 1 +cos(l) = 1.540302306, x 3 = 1.540302306 + cos (1 + cos (1)) = 1.570791601,

x4 = 1.570791601 + cos (1.570791601) = 1.570796327 = | to 9 decimal places.

(b) After a few steps, the arcfxn _ 1 > and line segment cos(x n _j) are nearly the same as the quarter circle.

ll.an+1
n 1 , >a
-nn ^ 3/(nn++ 1)\)+
+/1
>g^^g^>^j^=>3n
n+1 n+2 n+1
2
+ 3n + 4n + 4>3n 2 + 6n + n + 2

=> 4 > 2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; —— y- <3=>3n + l<3n + 3
=J- 1 < 3; the steps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3

"^-^^ ^^ ^^
2 < n + *> + 3 ) - ^ 2n + 3 ) ! !
+ 5) ! 2n + 3) !
+ 5) !
(° + 2) !
19 ^ a -+ (
> -, ^
> (
=, ^
((n+l) + l)! (n + 1)! (n + 2)! (n + 1)! (2n + 3)r (n + 1)!
=> (2n + 5)(2n + 4) > n + 2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not

bounded since —. -£ = (2n + 3)(2n + 2)- • -(n + 2) can become as large as we please

13. an-r± < a„a => —.

r,
, ,

(n
—+
on+lon+1
'
.,
lj!
< —n37—n => 2—n+16n— <
'J

n!
1 '?
HTinn
"'' 1 (n + l)'
n!
i
—^ 2 - 3 < n + 1 which is true for n > 5; the steps arc

reversible so the sequence is decreasing after a 5 , but it is not nondecreasing for all its terms; aj = 6, a2 = 18,
 Section 8.2 Subsequences, Bounded Sequences, and Picard's Method 661

ag = 36, a4 = 54, a5 = *—- = 64.8 =^ the sequence is bounded from above by 64.8

14. jl,, >a„

— -n => 2 7-r--sxr> 2-1-4 => I tt1 >
— -^xr - sn => / 2 >--stt;
_ the steps are
2 n+1 ™
-n+i n + 1
n 2 n n + 2 + 2 n(n +
, ,\
2 +
1)

reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; 2 — g — ks < 2 => the sequence is bounded from above

15. a^ =1— jj converges because jj

— by Example 6 in Section 8.1; also it is a nondecreasing sequence bounded
above by 1

16. a^ — n — jj diverges because n — 00 and g — » by Example 6 in Section 8.1, so the sequence is unbounded

~
17. a^ sc
2 .
1
= l-iandO<^< H ; since R ~> (by Example 6 in Section 8.1) => ^ -* 0, the sequence

converges; also it is a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

Nn+1
2"
18. a^ = 1
=
= (I) - -h ;0<
< (|j < (I J and < 4* < H => the sequence converges by definition of
n
lfJ-# ;
lf
convergence

19. a^ = ((— l) n + l)( n h

~' "
) diverges because a^ = for n odd, while for n even a^ = 2f 1+ H ] converges to 2; it

diverges by definition of divergence

20. xn = max {cos l,cos 2, cos 3,..., cos n} and xn+1 = max {cos l,cos 2,cos 3,...,cos(n + 1)} > x„ with x^ < 1

so the sequence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1 => the sequence converges.

upper bound and therefore diverges. Hence, {a^} also diverges.

• an t M-i ^ TT^ 2:
+ i
" <* n
2
+ 2n + 1 > n 2 + 2n <£ 1 > and ^^ > 1; thus the sequence is

nonincreasing and bounded below by 1 ^ it converges

n" "1 1
y/n ~ y'n + l

and —- Y- '- > \/2 ; thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by y/2 => it converges

1
23. a^ > a^+i *> !-=# > 1
"ff «* 2
n+1 - 2
n+1 4 n > 2n - 2 n4
n+1
<* 2
n+1 - 2" > 2n+1 4n - 2 n 4 n+1

•t>2 — l>2-4n - 4n+1 <* 1 > 4 (2

n — 4) <* 1 > n
(—2) »4 ; thus the sequence is nonincreasing. However,

a=jij — Kn=oK~2n which is not bounded below so the sequence diverges

24. £i^ =4+ (3)\oa n

>a n+1 ^4+(|) >4+(|)
n n+1
^(|) >(|)
n n+1
& l>f and

4 +(4 ) > 4; thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 4 =*• it converges
662 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

25. Let k(n) and i(n) be two order-preserving functions whose domains are the set of positive integers and whose
ranges are a subset of the positive integers. Consider the two subsequences aw , and a-, •,, where aw -, —» Li,

a; / n \ —> L 2 and L 1 ^ L2 . Given an > e there corresponds an Nx such that for k(n) > N 1 aw, — L 1 <
, 1 1 «, and
an N2 such that for i(n) > N2 , la^i — L 2 1 < e. Let N = max{N 1 N 2 }. Then , for n > N, we have that

j
an — Lj I
< c and a^ — L 2| 1
< e. This implies a^ —+ 1^ and an — L2
» where L l ^ L2 . Since the limit of a

sequence is unique (by Exercise 72, Section 8.1), an does not converge and hence diverges.

26. ajk —> L O given an e > there corresponds an N-j such that 2k > N1 =>• la^ — L < I e . Similarly,

a2k+l ~* L ** 2k + 1 > N2 =>• |a2k+1 -L|< e . Let N = max{N ,N 2 }. Then 1

n >N => |an -L|< c whether

n is even or odd, and hence an — > L.

27. g(x) = y/x.; 2 — 1.00000132 in 20 iterations; .1 -* 0.9999956 in 20 iterations; a root is 1

28. g(x) = x2 ; x = .5 -» 0.0000152 in 5 iterations; -.5 -> 0. 0000152 in 5 iterations; a root is

29. g(x) = -cos x; x = .1 -> x « -0.739085 30. g(x) = cos x- 1; x = .1 -> x =

31. g(x) = 0.1 + sin x; x = -2 -» x « 0.853750 32. g(x) = (4 - y/T+x) ; x = 3.5 -* x = 3.515625

33. x = initial guess > => x^ = _/x^ = (x 1/2

'
_, v_
=> x _
= ,/
yx 1/2
' = x, 1/4
^ ',...=> Y =
_^ x^ _ x l/(2n)
n ' => x -» 1 as n -* oo
) 2 n

2
_. _, ( „2\ _ „4 _. „ _ „x 2n. —
34. x = initial guess => x, =x .2
=> x2 ,.
= Ix =x I , . . . => x n = ";
|
x 1 < 1 =>xn -»fl as n > oo;

I Xq I > 1 ^ Xj, —»ooasn -^ oo

35-36. Example CAS Commands

Mathematica (with comments in text cells)

Clear [aj;
a[l] = SetPrecision[l,20]
= n-1
a{n_J := a{n] SetPrecision[a[n-l] + (l/5) ,20];

The SetPrecision[ ] command allows you to see Ihe specified number of digits
rather than the default value of six.
The recursive definition, a£n_]:=a[n]=..., causes Mathematica to remember values
of the sequence that were previously calculated. The alternative form,
a[n_]:=.„ forces Mathematica to recalculate all the values of the sequence up to
af_nj, for each value of n, as a result, the first form is computationally more
efficient.
Clesujseq];
seq = Table[a[n], {n,l,25}]
ListPlot[seq,PiotRange— {Mm[seq],Max[seq]}, <•

PlotStyle-> {PoratSize[0.020j, RGBColor[l,0,0]},

AxesLabel-> {«n","a[n]"}];

The sequence in Exercise 35 appears to converge to the limiting value of 1.25.

 Section 8,2 Subsequences, Bounded Sequences, and Picard's Method 663

L = 1.25;
eps = 0.000 1;
n=l;
Whilc[Abs[a[n] -L] > eps, n++];
Print[n]j

Maple:
> restart;
> Digits:=20;
Specifying a value for Digits allows you to see the specified number of digits of precision in the displayed
results of numerical calculations.
> n:=V;
> recur: =proc(f,al,n) local i,j;

> a(l)=evalf(al);
> for i from 2 to n do
> a(i):=evalf(f(a(i-l),i-l))
> od;
> [Mi)j $j=i..n];
> end;
> a:=V:i='i':f:=(a,i)->a+(l/o)"i;
> avals:=recur(f,l,25);
> plot (avals ,style= POINT.sy mbol=CIRCLE) ;
The sequence in Exercise 35 appears to be converging to a limit value of 1.25.
> L:=1.25j
> n:=l;
> eps: =0.0001;
> for i from 1 to 25 while abs(avals[i,2]-L)>=eps do n:=n+l od:
> print(n);
>

37. Example CAS Commands:

Maple :

n:='n':
recur:= proc(f,a0,n) local i,j;

a(0):= evalf(aO);
for i from 1 to n do
a(i):=cvalf(f(a(i-l)))
od;
[D.a(j)] 8j=l..n]i
end;
a:= 'a': f:= a -> (1 +r/m)*a + b;
r:= 0.02015; m:= 12; b:= 50;
recur (f, 1000, 100):
plot(%,style=POINT,symbol=C!RCLE):
a(60);

Mathernatica:
C)ear[a,r,m,b]
a[n_] := (1 + r/m) a[n - 1] + b
(a)
a[0] = 1000; r = 0.02015; m = 12; b = 50;
atab = Table[ a[i], {i,0,50} ] // N;
List P lot [ atab ]

a[60]
664 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

a[0] = 1000; r = 0.02015; m = 12; b = 50;

ak[n_] := (l+r/m)"n (a[0] + b/r) - b/r m m
atab = Tabie[ {a[i],ak[i]}, {1,0,50} ] // N
ak[n + l] —
(1 + r/m) ak[n] + b // Simplify

38. Example CAS Commands:

Maple ;

n:= V:
iterate:= proc(f,a(3,n) local i,j;

a(0):= eva)f(a0);
for i from 1 to n do
a(i):= evalf(f(a(i - 1)))
od;
[[}, a(j)] $j= l..n];

end;
a:= 'a': f:= a -> r*a*(l —a);
r:= 3.75;
iterate(f, 0.301, 300):
plot(%, style=POINT, symbol=CIRCLE, title='LOGISTIC PLOT, r = 3.75, a = .301');

Mathematica :

Note: We could define a[n] recursively, but here we need only the first
several values so it's easier to use an iterated function:

C!ear[a,r,n,i]
iter[ an_ ] = r an (1— an)
r = 3/4;
atab = NestList[ iter, 0.3, 100 ];

ListPlot[ atab ]

To plot several lists together:

<< Graphics'MultipleListPlot'
r= 3.65;
MultipleListPlot[
NestList[ iter, 0.3, 300 ),

NestListf iter, 0.301, 300] ]

r = 3.75;
MultipleListPlotf
NestList[ iter, 0.3, 300 ],
NestList[ iter, 0.301, 300 ] ]

8-3 INFINITE SERIES

(1-0
!_(J)
— !_(J)
 Section 8.3 Infinite Series 665

1
, ._ a(l-r") .._
(lO0A ~(T06) J _ (lfo) _ 1
2
1
uo<v uoo
n

3. s„
,a(l-r")„
= ^t = —V ^H)
(l-0- V /< => lim -—L- -2
1 _(_|)-**--(|]-5
- -

1
—
— (— 2) n
4. sn = -;
1
— -. jrr-
- (— £)
a geometric
, series where I r | > 1 => divergence

5" - r>s "-(.2 + (s + "- + \n + \ s -2

(n + l)(n + 2) n + l n+2 3j 4j n+ 2J~2 n + 2 ** ife&, n

»-^=s-A^=(HWHWHK--+(A-iwt-4-iH-;iT
=> lim s = 5

7. 1— t + tW~b7 + ---i
16
the sum of this geometric series is -. —tt = — ^tt\ —%
5
i-(-J) i+(l)

7 \4 /
8.
7
T + fW + e7 +
7
> the sum
•
of this geometric series is rr-r =7 -s

9. (5 + 1 )+(§ + q) + (| + §) + (§ + <>?)+ •' is the sum OI

"
two geometric series; the sum is

. (5-l)+f|-i] + (| — 5 ) + (I _ 5y)+---> ,
is the difference of two geometric series; the sum is

1
~w 2_ 2
_io-3-il
-(I) >-(t)

1 1. (1 + 1) + (k — ^) + (4 + ?fe) + (a — Tor ) + ! > s the sum of two geometric series; the sum is

1 1 _9 , 5 _ 17

12. 2 +|+^+ ^+ . . . = 2(l +| + ^ + yfg + •

..); the sum of this geometric series is 2/
—^\ = ^
= 4irr3~4liTT^ Sn = 1-
13 *
pr7^3)(4T+TJ l 5)
+
U"9) + l^
+ r, — - 1 +-t^ = 1 - 4n+l
V4n-3o 4n U t ^r t — ,
- =»
n—00
hm s„
n = n—00
lim (l~
V
1 -
4n + l^
)= :
-
, , 1
666 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

A B A(2n + 1) + B(2n-1)
=» A(2n + 1) + B(2n - 1) = 6
(2n - l)(2n + 1) 2n - 1 '
2n + 1 (2n - l)(2n + 1)

^(2A + 2B)n + (A-B) = 6 =>

2
£* 2{j Z. g =>
U-B = 6 * 2A = 6 ** A = 3 and B = ~ 3, Hence '
(

v 6
-Si (2n-l)(2n + l)
-»fu
-Si^n-l
u-i/i.i3^3
2n + l,/-
+ i_i4.i.i
+ + \l 5 5 7
1
" 2(k-
i
1) + 1 + 2k - 1
i
i i
2k + l
\
/
/

= 3 1-
2_+l) =* lhe s " m is
&K 1
~ 2k+l) = 3

40n A + B C
+ D
- 1) ~ (2n - l) 2 +
15.
+ 1) " (2n + l) 2
- •

(2n - l) 2 (2n + if (2n (2n

_ A(2n
_
- l)(2n + l)
2
+ B(2n + l) 2 + C(2n + l)(2n -
________ l)
2
+ D(2n - l) 2

=> A(2n - l)(2n + l)

2
+ B(2n + I) 2 + C(2n + l)(2n - l) 2 + D(2n - l)
2
= 40n
=> A(8n 3 + 4n 2 + c(8n 3 -4n 2 -2n + l) = D(4n 2 -4n + l) = 40n
-2n-l) + B(4n 2 + 4n + l)

=>• (8A + 8C)n3 + (4A + 4B -4C + 4D)n 2 + (-2A + 4B - 2C - 4D)n + (-A + B + C + D) = 40n

8A + 8C- 8A + 8C=
4A+4B-4C + 4D = A+ B-C+ D = B+ D=
=> 4B = 20 =» B = 5 and
<
-2A + 4B-2C-4D-40 -A + 2B - C - 2D = 20 2B - 2D = 20
-A+ B + C+ D= -A + B + C+ D=

D = -5 ~0°^ C 40n
^ l-A + 5 + ct?
=: and A= 0. Hence,
J/ (2n-l) (2n + 2
l)
2

k
+ I__ + __ ' __
r
-5/I_I
J|
1 , 1 1

(2n - 1)^ (2n + 1)^ 1 9 9 25^25 (2(k - 1) + 1)' (2k - iy (2k + 1)'

= 5 1- the sum is lim

n-oo
5/ 1 * =5
(2k +1)' \
^k + l) 2

16. ______
2 *=( l
-_MWWi-A) + - + _2 +
n (n + l) 2 n2 (n + iy (i-i) 2 (" + !)'
lim
n—too s*,
"
= n—
lim
*oo
l — =i
(i + i)

-..+
y/n- 1
1
y/ii)
W \\/n
1

</n + l
_ l-
x/n+T
X
=> lim s„_ lim (\- , \=\

18,Sn
~Un3 In2j + Vln4
+ lhi + - ,, + (^ln(n + + (jn(n + 2)
In 3,) 5 In 4j 1) In nJ In(n + 1)
1
+:
r
1
=>
^> 8a ~
'hi2~ ]n(h + 2) In 2
 Section 8,3 Infinite Series 667

19. convergent geometric series with sum —v_= —y=

?
-
_
= ^ 2 + y/l
1 -f —^= v 2 1
1

T
20. divergent geometric series with |r | = y/2 > I 21. convergent geometric series with sum -.
—^ = 1

c
22. cos (nff) = (-l) n =>• convergent geometric series with sum -,
—p- =
1

-x

23. convergent geometric series with sum 1

-z — >- = —^
--,
e
2

>-,y

24. lim In i = — oo -± =}» diverges

25 . convergent geometric series with sum 1

j—r =-
x
—X s-

i- 111
i
i
*

26. difference of two geometric series with sum

1
-r^r
1
= - 32 = 32 "*

1_ 1_ 7T\
(,3j UJ
n
27 "
JiS8b(
1
-i) = JJiSb( 1+: ir) =e"' 5^0 ^diverges

28. convergent geometric scries with sum - t^t = w=e

1 vjtv

29. g Inf-P-^E [ln(n)-ln(n+l)]^sn =[ln(l)-ln(2)] + [ln(2)-ln(3)] + [ln(3)-ln(4)] + ...

n=l \n + n=l 1
/

+ [ln (n - 1) - In (n)] + [ln (n) - !n (n + 1)] = In (1) - In(n + 1) = -In (n + 1) = Jim, sn = -oo, => diverges

30. divergent geometric series with |r | = -5 fcs

9^ 459 > *

31. Km ^ = oo # => diverges 32. Jim § = Jjm f^J > Jim n = oo => diverges

33. £ (-l) nxn = £ (-x)

n a
; = 1, r = -x; converges to _,
i
»
-— i— for|x|<
= y— 1

34. g n 2n
(-l) x = 2
52 (-x ) a = 1, r = -x2 converges to —*— for |x < 1
l+ x 2
; ; !

n=0 n=0

35. a = 3, r = ^5 converges to
1 _ 7^3^
= 3"=^ for _1 <
*TT < 1 °r _1 < X < 3

Q 2 J
668 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

36 f (-1)"/ 1
f_f U__l a-i
a— jj, r —
r- -1
converges to
I)
sin x
,
2 ' 3 + sin x ;

1- -1
3 + sin x
+ sin x — + sin
- x
- s— —sin
3 3
— ' f° r aH x since -r < ; <
- s2 for all x
„ Q
+ n2 sin x (
+
,

+ s:n , )
,

2(4 x) 8
,

V 4 3 x j

37. a = 1, r = 2x; converges to -. —^s— for l2x| < 1 or |x|< A

38. a = 1, r =
x
^; converges to
~ — for I
x** I < 1 or 1 x |< 1

39. a = 1, r = 3-x
—^—
i
; converges to 7^ — X r\
= t- for
3-x < 1 or 1 <x<5
^ n / O X 1

40. a = 1, r = In x; converges to •= -. for |lnx|<lore <x<e

23/ V'_ VlOO;

23
_23
ft f
23 M 234
023-
41 0.2J
41. - T
^ 100 ^
1
3 " /n-99 42. 0.234 = £ 234
„fo 1000 ^1
3 999
J 1-
1000

414
44 1414-1 + f ill^-LT-l+-^M>L
1000
= i+lW 1413
999
ItoooJ

121
Ug 5 ) _~
1

124m - T* 123/ V , 123 _ 124 _ 123,999 _ 41,333

Ah 1.24123
45.
100 +L
-1=4+
o lo5 ^
1
1()3
J
"lOO +
124 ,

^M \-100 + 124
100 10 5 - 10 2 ~ 100
. 123
^ 99,900 ~ 99,900 ~ 33,300

N
/ 142,857 \

46. 3.142857 = 3+2

tb n
Ifffflf
6
10
± Y=3+ 1- f
V10
I
^ 10
6
J
/=3+
142,857
10
6 -1 ~
_ 2,857,140 _ 317,460
999,999 "111,111
f
10

2
47. distance =4+2
(4)(|)+(4)(f)
+ ... = 4 + 2| ,
= 28m
-(».

**-— vs+vraw^)^ ?
+
 Section 8.3 Infinite Series 669

\_{4-2y/H) + 4y/Z_
y/i 4+ 2-^3
£- + ' 4
: + 12.58 sec
*) '4.9 4.9 A 2~y/d) y/AA{l-y/Z) y/lJi{2 - yfi)'
vl

2
area=2 2 + ( v/ 2) + = 4 + 2+ 1
+J + ... = -^ = 8 m*
2
49. (l) + /'-L'j +...

50. area = 2
K«n + 4 + 8 ['(1)1 .+— (H+A+-Hi^jV. ft)
L 2 - L 2 J L 2 J

51. (a)L, = 3,L 2 = 3(|),L 3 = 3(|) <. = »($)" * JJ5S, L» = JS& 3

(IF =C°

+
y^M\B _y/1 V~64~A9J _^3 V~6T"ATJ _v^ + 3y^ _ 5^3 + 3^3 _ 2^ , ,

"
,

"

4 B4?a 64 =ir+- 9-4 4 4"-5"

52. Each term of the series E

n=l n'
—s represents the area of one of the squares shown in the figure, and all of the

/ Y = = 2.
squares lie inside the rectangle of width 1 and length E (
1
k)
1
r Since the squares do not fill the

CO i

rectangle completely, and the area of the rectangle is 2, we have E

n=i
-±*
n*
< 2.

53. (a) £
n=^2 (n + 4)(n
1

+ 5) 0) E
nifo (n +
1
2)(n + 3)
(c) E
f
n 5
l
(n-3)(n-2)

(i) _
54. (a) one example i s o+4 + o + T«+- t

-ft)

(b) one example is

3
—x 3 3
— t3 — q~t«" HI = _3
'-ft)

(c) one example isl— h — t — i — j* — ...;the series | + j~ + f + .

ill :
k where k is any positive or
-ft)
negative number.
670 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

55. l+eb + e 2b + ... = -J-E = 9^i=l-e b ^e b =|^b = ln(|)

56. s n = 1 + 2r + r 2 + 2r 3 + r 4 + 2r5 + . . . + r 2n + 2ran+1 , n = 0, 1, . .

=> s„ = (l + r 2 + 4
+ . .. + r 2n ) + (2r + 2r3 + 2r 5 + . . . + 2r 2n+1 ) => lim
n-tco »>
1

—r
, 2r
— r^
1 1

i^,iflr 2 l<l or|r|<l

1-r

a(l-*») ar
n
57. L-s.n""l-r
i_ r - l- T

1
\H oo oo oo / 1 vn oo oo / 1 \H ,

( *'
I). Then£
n=l
an =E
n=l
*>
n = £
n=l
(I)
v '
= 1, while £
n=l
(0^)= £ (I)
n=l ^' x
=1.
°

59. Let a„ = (I)" and b n =(!)". Then A = jg a, =

J
, B = j£ bn = 1 and j£ (M = J£ (I)" =1#

\n oo oo oo /i\i> oo /a_\ °°
60 (!
A).
*'
Then £ a„=£ b„=£ (i)
v
= 1, while £
£ (>)= n=l (1) diverges.
n=l n=l n=l ' n=l \ n/

61. Yes: £ f ^- j diverges. The reasoning: £ an converges => an —+ =£ jf-

— » oo => £ ( l~ ) diverges by the

nth-Term Test.

62. Since the sum of a finite number of terms is finite, adding or subtracting a finite number of terms from a series

that diverges does not change the divergence of the series.

63. Let An = a5 + a2 + + an and lim A n = A. Assume £ (an + bn ) converges to S. Let

. . .

Sn = (a +b 1 ) + (a2 + b2 ) + ... + (an + bj^S n =(a + a 2 + ... + a ) + (b 1 +b 2 + ... + b

1 1 Il I1 )

=>b 1 +b 2 + ... + b n = Sn -An =i>

n
lim
o (b 1 + b 2 +... + bn ) = S-A^ £ b n converges. This

contradicts the assumption that £ bn diverges; therefore, £ (an + bn ) diverges.

8.4 SERIES OF NONNEGA'ITVE TERMS

n oo
5
1. diverges by the Integral Test; ~4t <1x = In (n + 1) - In 2 x+1 dx-^oo

2. diverges by the Integral Test:

2~Tl = 5 In (2n
- 1) — oo as n -* oo
 Section 8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms 671

3. diverges by the Integral Test: ^dx = i(ln 2

n-ln2)^ f ^ dx -» oo

oo
t = In x
b
4. diverges by the Integral Test: ^5 dx; dt _dx
— X te*/
2
dt= lim
t 2
[2te / -4et / 2 ]
f In 2
J Vx
In 2
dx =ze'dt

b 2 - 2) - 2e< ln 2)/2 (ln 2-2) =

:
lim 2e / (b oo
b—*oo

u = e~
5. converges by the Integral Test: dx;
du = ex dx
=5> t du = Urn [tan •'uj.
1+e2x 1 + u2 b-»oo
e

-1
= lim (tan
-1
b -tan e) = f* -tan -1 esw 0.35
b—too

•v/^+1
u = y^+l
6. diverges by the Integral Test:
dx
v*(^ + i)' du=-^
=> ^
du =
ln(^n~+l)-m2
V* -

oo as n — > oo

(ti
u = In x
7. converges by the Integral Test: :
dx; du
^ (InxJ^Inx) 2 -! du = ^ dx u Vu 2 - 1
In 3

-1
= lim [sec" 1 |ul], , = lim [sec b- sec -1 (In 3)] = lim cos
-1
(M- sec-1 (In 3)]
= cos -1 (0) - sec -1 (In 3) = -sec
-1
(In 3) « 1.1439
f

oo
(I) = In x
u
8. converges by the Integral Test: dx = dx; => du
;
x(l+to2 x) ,
l + (lnx) du = j dx 1 + u'
-1
= lim [tan uL = lim (tan
-1
b- tan -1 o) = 5-0 = £
b—»oo

9. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since n > 1 => ^/n >y/n => 3y^i > 2y/n+tyn

=*• — =111
— > s-= 4 t=, and the p-series
°° 1
JZ —7= diverges
20i+^/n •>
V'n n= l y'n

o
10. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since n+n+n>n+ y/n + >
1
j!j, which
. .
is the nth
n + y/n
00 -I

term of the divergent series 53 n

n=l
672 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

• 2 i

11. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; sin, n n < ^jj, which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series

12. converges by the Direct Comparison Test;

n2
, ^ —
— n 22 an<^ the p-series £ "7 converges

13. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; (

, **_ -
j < (5M < (o J > the nth term of a convergent geometric

series

14. diverges
b J the Direct Comparison Test; n
by > In n => In n > In In n =>•
11— —
s-=—
In n
< -.

In (In
rr r
n)
and the series
00
Y*
n=3
1

L-'- i
n
diverges

15. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) when compared with ^
n=2
H> a divergent p-series:

H
n-^00
m ^( / ' =.
— li m _.&__=
2
(Inn)
m li
»-« 2(lnn)(i)
—t
M = s2n->co
lim r^
Inn
-—
2
lim -jKr
o n-too /j\
= A2 n-too
lim n = 00

00 -I

16. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with VJ -**> a convergent p-series:
n=l n

(Inn)
2(i "" ) U;
lim
ti—too / 1 \
= m
li
a—too
fc^=
n lim
n— -co 1
= 2 n—
Km»oo
lnn
n
= (Table
\ 8.])1

00
1
17. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with YJ —5, a convergent p-series:
n=l n

a
(In n)

—U
2
3(ln n) 2(lnn)(i
lim
n—«co /
—^ =
1
hm „ —
= n—
lim
inn
>oo
i—
;
1
- =3 lim i-« —= 3 lim
n—»oo
,
1
- = 6 hm

= 6-0 = (Table 8.1)

18. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with ^-, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:

1 1

n In n
lim
n-too
-
/
- hm
= n— too
-,

n
= n—
lim
»oo
—7— — = n—hm too
—=- =
Z
00
l Id, I \\

19. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) with --777 /* ; the nth term of a convergent p-series:

:
On n)

lim
n—too
-/ i = n—
hmtoo
(!"J£= Hm
l/4 n—*co /
2 In
11
11

;
=8 lim
11111
n—*oo
ian_g
1/4
i— i, *_* lim
1111.1
n— *co /
>
W ^
=32 lim
n_>0°
_L. = 32-0 =
4
^ n J n1 ^
5/4
4n^
 Section 8.4 Series of Normegative Terms 673

20. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with g, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:

lim
U+lnrJ,
= ,.
lim i~? = n-too
lim 7^ = lim 11 = 00
00 1 + In n
A) (i)"-

(n+l) vA
.in+l (n + 1)^ 2n
21. converges by the Ratio Test: Jim, -g^- = Jim^ = n—
lim n+1
»co 2 Ji
,V5 nv

= lim( 1+ i)^(i)4<l

n+ in 2
(n + l)
22. converges by the Ratio Test: Jin^ -g±i = Jim^ n-too e
n+l
e
5=^(1+1)
n
2 (iM<i

(" + !)'

an+l n+i (n+l)! en n+ l

V e ,.
by the Ratio Test: Jin^ -^- - Jur^
23. diverges

m n-*oo .n+l n! n-»oo e

(n + 1)'
11 "^ 1
an+l V lO (» + *>'.lg = iL = oo
24. diverges by the Ratio Test: Jim^ -^p = Jim = nlim°° lim
10 n+ n '
n-»oo 10
llO n J

(n + D 10
25.
an+l
converges by the Ratio Test: Jim^ -g^- = Jim, —y-^
V 10 1
'"'"''

-j*^-$=j*("inA)
n
n
10

=w< i

26. converges
„
by the Ratio Test: Jim,
,.
a n+l
-g- = Jim, ,. (n + l)
^ In (n+l) 2™ _l^i
^(r) - 5 < *

„ a+la (« + 2)(n + 3) n! _
~ n° •
Jm^ -^- = Jim <
. ,. ,. 1
l
27. converges by the Ratio Test: (
+ +
(n + :)! n i)( n 2)

28. converges by the Ratio Test: Jim, ^±i

-§— =lim
n^bo
fe+£.4=l<i
n+l 3 e
e n

29. converges by the nth-Root Test: Jim, "^ = ,&&, \J~1F~ n/(ln n)
n
= ™ ((In n) )
, .l/n
n
~ ifek "
] n n
674 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

= n-~too
lim .
1

n\Vn
30. converges
° by
J the nth-Root Test: n—
lim 5Va~
too V n
= lim
n—too
?(l-X)
n = n— too |(w--^
lim n
\j\ n? 2 I k \

= Urn
n-,00 (h--V\=0<1
\n n2j

31. converges by the Root Test: lim "/S~ = lim f/„- = lim ^— = lim n -
t-^- = <
e n-«»V(lnn)n„ n-*=o In n n—«:
1
' n—00 V 1
.

Inn

?/n~ lim ?/n

32. converges by the Root Test: f/aT = nlim n ,

"—t- = lim / = n ^°° >L_^ = <

nlim
-°°V" / 1
-

^°° n /2
^^v/hT^
V(lnn) Jjrr^ v/hTrl

lim £/n"=l"
V
IL—*00

33. diverges
° by the Root Test:
li—too
lim fVaT
V "
= n—
lim f/-^^ =
too \l n \Z i
lim
n—too „! ^ = oc > 1

= n-too n = = oo >
J the Root Test:
by
n-*^ £
34. diverges lim fVaT lim -^~o lim 1
° n—cc a V l//' n'\2
9
4

35. converges; a geometric series with r =^<1

36. diverges; by the nth-Term Test for Divergence, lim —^~ =1^0

OO n OO -t

37. diverges; 5^ —7= =3 J~\ —7= , which is a divergent p-series

n=i \/n n =i \/n

CO 00
38. converges; J2
n=l
—
nJn
_(.
=_ X
7=
n=
2
i n
1

J /^
,r , which is a convergent p-series

39. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with jj, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:

lim
n-too fi}
7—5 = n-*oo
lim
(l +ln n
,
2
= n-too
lim -zrr-
2(l
—+ lnn)P ;
r^ (by L'Hopital's
y Rule) '
= n-*eo
lim
2(1
— -—.
.
+ In
r
n)
)
n

lim 7-L
= n— too 0\
(by
K L'Hopital's Rule) = n—
lim
too
8
2
= oo
I

OC'

ln(x + l) = =
40. diverges by the Integral Test: f
dx udu= lim [iu 2 l lim i(b 2 -In 2 3) = oo
x+1 b—>oo L^ J
]n 3 b—toe ^
ln3

41. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with - J -.

-

, the nth term of a convergent p-series: n —1 >a for

 Section 8.4 Series of Normegative Terms 675

'2
n>2=>n 2 {n*-l)>n*=>nVtt>n :i
=>-k >—.jL l

n n
42. diverges;^ an = n
!im(^) = nIim(l + ^) = e - 2 ^0

43. converges by the Ratio Test: \\m ^

a i-i

= $™
3!(n
f n + 4)!
+ 1)!3 n+ x
ilni^n
-^3)1
:
lim
n—«> 3(n +1)
«±4 =l<i
3

44, converges by the Ratio Test: ^lim ^ = Jim *

+
n+1
^+
"+
\ >+ 2 1)!

-jSk^XiXSi)-! <1

45. converges by the Ratio Test: Jim, ^ = ,11™ |^±~.-*L+I^ = Jim [2n ^n + 2)
0< 1

an+l Je±i)!_.^ = jim

46. converges by the Ratio Test: lim lim
(n + l)
n+1 nJ «-o° (mf = fe ^TTJ
1

lim
1
--!<l
n—e A

~MJ
*•

l
»/2
u = tan x
47. converges by the Integral Test:
tan x
dx;
dx
=> 8udu=[4u 2 i:;: = 4(^-f!) = 3^
1+x 2 du =
1+X Z . «/4

u = x* + lb
48. diverges by the Integral Test: dx;
x^ + 1 dn = 2x dx 2

= lim J(lnb-ln2) = oo

49. converges by the Integral Test: sech x dx =2 lim

b—+co
— ? dx =2 lim [tan
b—+oo
-1 x
e ]

{ l+(eT

=2 lim (tan ' eb - tan * e) = x-2 tan 'e

b—»oo

co a
sech
2
x dx = lim
2
sech x dx = lim ttanh x]\ = lim (tanh b - tanh
° by the Integral Test:
50. con verges
b-»oo b—»oo b—»oo
1)
J ,

= 1 — tanh 1

2
51. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: /| iJ" = (|)"[ 2 + (- 1 )*] < (f ) ( 3)
676 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

52. diverges; lim a„ = lim n /

13 at 0.72
^

53. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: — if

. < -=* = -4? for n > 2

54. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: -^p > yj for n > 3

55. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with. -4j, the nth term of a convergent p-series:
n
10n +l
n(n + l)(n + 2); = 2
lim
n—>oo '
-,—\ 1
nm
n—»oo
—r
n
10n + n
+ 3n + 2
= n—
lim
,.

tco
20n + 1
-75 —
^n +rv
3
..
= hm -#20
n—»oo 2
= lfl
10

56. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with —~, the nth term of a convergent p-series:

3
5n - 3n

lim
n —too
n
2
(n~2)(n 2
1 \
+ 5,
= n[im
-»°°
n
„
3
5n;-3n
- 2n + 5n - 10
2
= n-,0
im ,
15b -3
° 3n2 - 4n + 5
8
= n-k0
Hm
°
^
6n - 4
= 5

57. converges by the Direct Comparison Test:

an 1 n
tan"
. .
11
!! . 2 _, S*
< —*-r
1-1
2
and "£, "TT
11
_
= %
tt ^
H 1-1
1
"TT
.
* s * ne product of :

n n n=i n ' n=i n

convergent p-series and a nonzero constant

58. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: sec" 1 n < | => sec
n13 '
n< ~
n '
and £
n=i n
"X5
=? £ ~o
* n=i n
is tne

product of a convergent p-series and a nonzero constant

sin(i)
59 diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; lim n sinf = Hm = lim
S1 x = 1^0
.
jy ) , .
^

u = ex 00
o 00

60. converges by the Integral Test; dx; du = ex dx =*• [_J_dii = f§_ 2

u u+U) du
l+e ;

e
u(l + u) } \
dx = ± du

b >
= lim f2 1n-iT l = lim 2 lnfr-^-T )-2 ln(-f-jA = 2 In 1 - 2 lnf-f^ = -2 In (-M

f
l+ainn V
61. converges by lim —=
J the Ratio Test: n— too
n+l
<*!!
— = n—lim >oo
3—
"a
 Section 8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms 677

+ tan"~*n ^
62. converges
° J the Ratio Test:
by lim -S±i
n—*oo <*n
= n—
Urn
too
(l
^ ^™n ^= Ihn
n—>oo
* + taP _ x £ =
ii
— since the numerator

approaches 1 + ? while the denominator tends to oo

%±A 2n 3n_rT
63. diverges
6 by
J the Ratio Test: lim = lim ^ ± V/..„- Hm
= n-»oo =|> i
n—>oo aj, n-»oo »„, 2n +1 2

64. diverges; a^ = ^an =* an+1 = (^)(^ an_J =* a,+1 = (^)(*^)(^f a o _2

)

=> an+l = (iT+r)( !L^Ji )(rr^T) *

a i =* a*+i = ^ a"+i = wHch is a constant times the
" (4) n~+7 n~+T'

genera) term of the diverging harmonic series

65. diverges by the nth-Term Test: a a = ±, a2

=yf$,
a3 =y \/g = ^ji a4 = \/ V Vl" \/I

a^ = ^v A => lim an = 1 because j 1*yA > is a subsequence ok JyA f

whose limit is 1 by Table 8.1

66. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: a1 =A,a2 =(Aj '^^((o) )

=
(i) ' a4 = (l?) }
= (f) '"'

=>aa = fij <(i) which is the nth-term of a convergent geometric series

a
67. (a) If lim r^ = 0, then there exists an integer N such that for all n > N,
*- <1 =*-l< ^<l
=> an < bn . Thus, if £ D n converges, then J2 *n converges by the Direct Comparison Test,

(b) If Hm r^ = oo, then there exists an integer N such that for all n > N, r^ > 1 => an > bn . Thus, if

£ bn diverges, then J2 an diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

68. Yes, J2 ir converges by the Direct Comparison Test because -jp < an

69. lim r3, = oo =>• there exists an integer N such that for all n > N, r— • > 1 => a^ > bn . If £ an converges,
then 5^ bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test

70. J2 an converges => lim a^ = ^ there exists an integer N such that for all n > N, < a,, < 1 => a„ < an

=i> 53 *n converges by the Direct Comparison Test

00

71. f
J
(_*-*
lx +2 x rT
+ 4/
)dx= lim
b^oo
[a
l
In ] x+2 1
- In |x + 4|f = J
i b-oo
lim In ^T
+
b 4
-lnf^);
V5/'
678 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

lim —r—
D+4
7— = a lim (b + 2) a =< '
, => the series converges to In o) if a = 1 and diverges to oo if
b—»oo b—»oo (_
X, a — I
(
\t)/

a > 1. If a < 1, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply. From
that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges.

_b^_
72.
I
Mr
-
\X 1 X + 1
)d*= b-tco
2» Iim
1
In
(x+1)
x-1
2a
lb

3 ^ )n
(b+1)
ln (_2^. ilim
b-oo (b+1) 2a
_b_rJ__

1, a =A
= lim
1
=> the series converges to In
^) — In 2 if a = k and diverges to oo if
b-oo 2a(b+l) 2a-l (

oo, a <|
a < r>- If a > j> , the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply.

From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it

diverges.

n n ,

73. Let An = Y,
k=l
\ aQ d Bn = Y n.\2
k=l
, •,

)
, where {ajj is a nonincreasing sequence of positive terms converging to

0. Note that {A n } and {B n } are nondecreasing sequences of positive terms. Now,

Bn = 2a2 + 4a4 + 8as + + 2 na(2n) = 2a2 + (2a4 + 2a4 ) + (2a8 + 2ag + 2a8 + 2a8 ) +
. . . , .

+ (2^^) + 2a(2ll) + . . . + 2a( 2ll) ) < 2at + 2a2 + (2a3 + 2a4 ) + (2a 5 + 2a6 + 2a7 + 2a8 ) + . .

n_1 terms
2
+ (
2a n-i ) + 2a n-i
f ( , 1
"}+••• + 2a(2n )) = 2A (2n - 2 ) E ak" Tnere f°re if E ak converges,

then {Bn } is bounded above => E 2 &/ ,\ converges. Conversely,

oo
A n = aj + (a2 + a3 ) + (a4 + a5 + a6 + a 7 ) + . . . + an < a x + 2a2 + 4a 4 + . . . + 2 n a( 2n) = ax + Bn < a} + Y 2 a
( ty
k=l
Therefore, if Y
k=l
' a/
\2
t,\
k
)
converges, then {A } is bounded above and hence converges.

74 ' W a
(2")-^q^]= 2".n(ln2) => ng2 2*V)=
oo ,
E, 2
V n(ln 2)
=
5T2 n g 2
n, which diverges

=* Y. — i
diverges.

oo oo
n
1OO1 oo/-.
^ \n
(b) a
(
n) = khp
*
1
=> E
n=l
2
\ 2»)
= E
n=l
2 -=np
*
= E
n=J (2 n
)
. ,
p -i
= E
n=1 \^ /
) . a geometric series that

converges if s_ 1 < 1 or p > 1, but diverges if p> 1.

4t

lb
dx u = In x ,-P+l " P+1
75. (a) u p du = lim = Jim b ~( ln2 )" P+ ^
x{lnx)P' du=f b—»oo -p + 1
-
In 2
b—*co (l4?)[
In 2

1 (In2)-P +1 , p>l
=< P x => the improper integral converges if p> 1 and diverges
oo, p < 1
 Section 8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms 679

if p< 1. Forp = l: -&- = lim [In (In x)]J

.
= lim [in (lti b) -In (In 2)1= oo, so the improper
2

integral diverges if p = 1.
OO »
(b) Since the series and the integral converge or diverge together, £ ,\ \p converges if and only if p > 1,

76. (a) p = 1 => the series diverges

(b) p = 1.01 => the series converges

i i
oo 1

(c) 5Z —r T\ =5
n=2 n(ln n 3 )
„/^
s n=2 n (
ln ;\
n)
p E -
;
= 1 => the series diverges

(d) p =3 => the series converges

r / \ np

77. Ratio: lim ~±! = Km 1

p -^r^ -^ n hm rA /. = (lim «+if
+ ,„
., , lira „ .

n-too *n «-»<» (In (n

I
l)) 1 n—oo ln(n + l) \n-»oo n _/

= (l)p = 1 => no conclusion

Root:
n
lim ^ = nlim ^=HI =
'
!__. let f(n) = (ln n)
i/-
then ln f(n) = MJM
\n-»oo ' /

=* lim
n—»oo In f(n)
v '
= n->oo
lim ^%^ =
n lim
n-*oo
^™ 1
= lim
n->oo
-
n in
—n =
1
^ n—im i (hl
too v
n)'
i/»

= i&go elnf(,l)
" e° = V >
therefore Jjm, */i£ = 1
—
1
'*)
p = -L =
(1)
1 => no conclusion
C&feO")

78- an < — j for every n and the series £ ~~ converges by the Ratio Test since lim - A?r--%r —i< 1

CO
^ 12 a n converges by the Direct Comparison Test
n=l

79. Ratio: lim

n-»oo
^g±i
an = n-*oo
lim —+L_--^-=
7
(n l) p 1 n-*°o f-^-rf
lim
l^n 1J +
= l
p = 1 => no conclusion

Root:
n'iiSo V^ = JSSb v/J = JSSb Tnfei5 = |^p = 1 -> no conclusion

80. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

s:= k -> sum(l/(n*3*(sin'2)(n)), n=l..k);

limit(s(k), k=infinity);
plot(s(k), k=1..100, style=POINT, symbol=CIRCLE)
plot(s(k), k=1..200, style=POINT, symbol=CIRCLE)
p)ot(s(k), k=I..40O, style=POINT, symbol=CIRCLE)
evalf(355/113);
680 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

Mathematica l

Clear[a,k,n,s]
a[n_] = 1/ (n*3 Sin[n]"2)
s[k_] = Sum[ a[n], {n,l,k} ]

Note: To make Mathematica smart about limits, load the package:

s
<< Calculus Ximit
Limit[ s[k], k -> Infinity ]

But Mathematica still cannot find the limit...

Note: For plotting many partial sums, it is far more efficient to do the
calculations numerically rather than exactly. $o we redefine s[k] (where
the "s[k_] := s[k] = ..." causes Mathematica to remember previous results)
Clear[s]
s[k_] := s[k] = S [k-1] + N[a[k]]
S [l] = N[a[l]J
ListPlot[ Table[ S M> {MOO} ] ]

ListPlotf Tablef *M» {k,200} ] ]

ListPlot[ Table[ s[k], {k,400} ] ]

Note: Change PlotRange so Mathematica does not cut off the jump.

Show[ %, PlotRange -> All ]

N[ 355/113 ]
N[ Pi - 355/113 ]
Sint 355 ] // N
a[ 355 ] // N

8.5 ALTERNATING SERIES, ABSOLUTE AND CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE

co co -I

Z. converges absolutely => converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since £}

n=l
1
anl T= S
n=l
^74 which
n
is a
convergent p-series

oo oo
2. converges absolutely => converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since £)
n=l
I
an I
= S
n=l
~oi^
n
-J

'
w hi°b is a
convergent p-series

3. diverges by the nth-Term Test since for n > 10 => ^> 1 => Yim^ (j^T # => £ ("^""(iVf diverg es

4. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lirn —^ = n

ljm
^ = do (after. 10 applications of L'Hopital's

rule)

5. converges by the Alternating Series Test because f(x) = In x is an increasing function of x => i-^— is decreasing

=> u„
n > u„n+i
— j_ -, for n >
— 1;' also u„
n >
— for n >
— 1 and lim .
n—too In n
=
 Section 8,5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 681

6. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) = ^^ => f (x) = --~ 4p * < -
when x > e => f(x) is

(I)
decreasing => u n > u n+1 ; also un > for n > 1 and Jm^ u„ = jim, %"• = nBm >
^- =

diverges by
J the nth-Term Test since lim -i"-^ = n-foo
lim ^-^- = lim i=i #
2 r
7. 6 n-wo l n n2 n-»oo 2 In n 2

8. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) = ln(l + x _1 ) => f'(x) = ;~ '-t t < -
for x > =* f(x) is
X^X ~f~ 1
j

decreasing => u n > u n+5 ; also u n > for n > 1 and Jun^ u n = \vrn_ ln(l +i) = lnyim, (l+i)) = ln 1 =

9. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x)

/x + 1
= vx+1
— -

1
- => f'(x) = ———x — —
1 2 /x
j < => f(x) is decreasing
2y0c(x+ l)

=> u n > »n+i! also «n > for n> 1 and Jhn^ u n = ^im, -^py-

10. diverges by the nth-Term Test since Jim^ —

3v^T+T
7
•fi
= JiSk
/r
+
>
l
'

™.
3\/l+^
i+(
7~\ —~ = 3^0
1

OO 00 / 1 V"
11. converges absolutely since £ |
an| = 53 (th} a convergent geometric series

n+Vn
r-i) n+1 nn
(o.i)
12. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since = fm\n < ( Tn ) wn ' c ^ i s the "th

term of a convergent geometric series

13. The series £ (-1)

"
:

converges by the Alternating Series Test since —j \ > \ and

0i + iy ^n + 2^
( j
, .

n=i i/n + 1

1 *
0. The series diverges absolutely by the Integral Test: - dx = lim 2v/x + 1
v/n+T Vx + 1 b-oo

= lim 2 v/ bTT-2 v/2 = oo.

b—»oo •

14. converges
5 conditionally since — == > . = = > and nlim
"°°
-— f= = => convergence; but
l + Vn i + -/n + i 1 + V^

53 an — 2 —+^"7=
; * s a divergent series since
+ Vn
y= > -—7= and 5^ —
-p, is a divergent p>-series

Vn
I I

n=l '
' n=l \/n
l i 2 n=l n 1 '

15. converges absolutely since J3

n=i
|
an |
= £
n=i n
~5^
+
— an^ n3^+— < ~J
n
which"~
1
is the nth-term of a converging p»senes
682 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

16. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim -jfe = oo (Table 8.1)

17. converges conditionally since _

.71 . h > / V\ , o > an< * ^H11
1

4. q
= => convergence; but
°°
£ la,,]

=
00
2 —t~q diverges because — > 4n and
1 . 11
-p-* -?—
°°
VJ 4
1
is a divergent series
n=l n + ^ n+3 n==1

18. converges absolutely because the series YJ sra n converges by the Direct Comparison sin n <
Test since
11=1

3 + n
19. diverges
a J the nth-Term Test since lim
by
n— 00
~^-
5+n
= 1^0
r

20. converges conditionally since f(x) = In x is an increasing function of x =>•

1 _ 1
is decreasing

=> srr
3 Inn
11
— > 7n —
3 1n(n +
/ , ,\
l)
> for n >2
- and lim -^r
n-oo 3 In n
1
—= => convergence: but Y\
31nx
00

^
ln ( x3)

I
l"*l
a„ I =
00

£ —
Y*
2
1
r-—r
ln ( n 3)
00 °°
1 1 1 1

£
n=2 3TnT
diverges becaUSe
SlrT^ > 55 and
„?, H
diver S es

21. converges conditionally since f(x) = -j +x =* f'(x) = --{--5 + -2)<0^- f(x) is decreasing and hence

°°
(1i + A \ =0 =» convergence; but £
1
|an |= TJ
°°
±^n
1 -4-

n / n=l n=l n

= YJ -^ + YJ ^ is the sum of a convergent and divergent series, and hence diverges

,n+l 911+1
(-2)
22. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since n = -ft < 2 /2v
-f ( 1 which is the nth term
n+ 5
of a convergent geometric series

*n+l
=
23. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lirn I ~xr~ J
Jim
J
i<»

1/n
24. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim a n = lim 10 =1# (Table 8.1)

b
-
25. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since (tan x)f dx = lim x
+x 5 J
|

J \1 b-K» L / Jl

,
-&[<«W-(.--*i> ]-i[(tf-(tf]-
3jl:
32
 Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 683

26. converges conditionally since f(x) =— -,

=> f'(x) = — =- *-= < => f(x) is decreasing
x !n x (x In x)

^ un > un+ i
> for n > 2 and lim — ; = ^ convergence; but by the Integral Test,

b
x In x
= lim
b-
b-»co
f i^jdx
\ln X/
= Km
b-too
fln(lnx)1
2
= lim
b—»oo
fin (In b) -In (In 2)]=
'
oo
J
2
oo oo -i

=*E
n=l
l
a»1=E 5Tn-5
diver Ses

27. diverges
8 J the nth-Term Test since lim
by
n— oo n +rr1 =1^0
r —

28. converges conditionally since f(x) = —^p— => f (x)

l-(l^)-Snx + (^)
_ 1 ,
- ln_ L < 3
o =*• u_n > n ,, >
~ u n+1 when n > e and alim
~ to
Mn
n-lnn
(x-lnx) 2 (x-lnx) 2 °

=
™
lim
1-
-
v
"/
J
v = = convergence; but a - In n < n =* =n—— ^rtr
Inn i
> n => n — Inn
i"
- >
w
n so that .. ..

CO OO
^2 &a = £^ iBJi — 1

—
diverges by the Direct Comparison Test
n=l n — m n
j j

n=l

,n+l
29. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim — =
j&5o\"aJ n^~ { —^
J
n+1
j lim
(100)
(n + 1
)! (100)
n!
n = a-^S* li
n+
100
1
= 0<1

OO OO / i \«
30 . converges absolutely since 53 I
an I
= 13 ( k ) > s a convergent geometric series

31. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since ^3

n=l
OO
|
an |
= E
n =l
OO
~~2
n ,i
—+ -j

2n + l
anc*

2
< -4:
2
which is the nth-term of a convergent p-series
n + 2n + 1 n

00 00/1 \n 00 / . \ ti oc / * \H
32. converges absolutely since E
n=l
|a„|=
' '
E
n=l
I
\ln Tf }
- -"* 1 = E o ~
nsl"" ( ?
111 '
) = E
n=l
(j))
^z'
is a convergent

geometric series

(-1)"
33. converges absolutely since 53
n=l
f
an| — E
n=l n A /n
= E
£3
=1 n
1
o m
J/2
;
* s a convergent p-series

CO OO ( — l) n
34. converges conditionally since 53 n = 53 —n— ' s ',ne cc,nver gen t alternating harmonic series, but
684 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

UO CO -I

n=l
E
E K|= n=l n diverges

n\l/n
35. converges absolutely by the Root Test: lim f/aTi = n-too
lim v
t- = n- _
n-»oo VI n l
I
V (2n)
.
=f-
n /
1 li
& 2n 2

2
*n+l ((n + 1)!) (2n)! (n+l) s
36. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim aR = *-°°
lim = n^co
lim = i<i
((2n + 2)!) n !)2 (2 n + 2)(2n + 1) 4
(

n+ *)(" + 2 )-"( 2 p)
37. diverges by the nth-Term Test since Mm |aj
n—too » 1 I
= n—
lim
>co
§^-=
2 n! n
lim
n— 2 n too
(

n—too
(n + l)(n + 2)...(n + (n-l))
2 n—too ^
\ 2
y-
/ '

38. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim

*n+l
= lim
(" + l)Kn+l)'3 n+1 (2n + l)!
71 —tOO an »-» (2n + 3)!
"
n!n!3 n

JU& (2n + 2)(2n + 3)~4^

1

/ /

39. converges conditionally since

V n~+T- v n" y/x, + 1 + ,/n"
and is a
>/n + 1 + ,/n" v/n + 1 + ^/n" j ^n + + ^/n 1

(-1)
decreasing sequence of positive terms which converges to => J] . = .. >
= converges; but n > ^ => 3n > 1
n=l V n + 1 + Vn
=> 4n > n + 1 => 2^/S > y/n + 1 => 3^ > 0» + l + ,/n" => -^= <
•Vn
,

yn+l + y'n
1 -= =>
£ f
1 _
yn + + yn
n=i l

diverges by the Direct Comparison Test

40. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim ( \/n

v
2
+ n - n) = lim yV + n - n)'I
( v •
|
V n2 + n + n ]
n-»oo n— too / 2 , , I

= lim = lim
1
=t*o

sj n + y/n + s/n
41. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim (,/n + ,/n - ,/n = n—
lim n /
+ v "-v^)
n—too \ V v v /
]

too (\/

= n—
lim — lim
—too
1+1+1 -lf«
~j-~
too / r~ ti

y n + y/Ti + y/ll
 Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 685

42. converges conditionally since J —=—~= r I is a decreasing sequence of positive terms converging to

+ V*+l,
=> ^ —
V = (-1)°y^^=^ converges;
S
,.
but Iim
n -°°
\yfi . .
?—— — nm
n- °°
—= = Tl—*OG
iirn =i
oti v^+^/nTT (J^\ ,

v/n + ^n + 1 + yfi+l
(*)
so that J2^ ,,

n=l ,/n
jl
p
+ vn+l
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with £
n=I \/n
—j= which is a divergent p-series

43. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since sech (n) = -n~r -ri ~
e -t-e ~2ir
e
—<
+1 "fiT
e
~ ~n which
e
is the

nth term of a convergent geometric series

44. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since j

csch x dx = I f-g =x"te J dx = —2 dx
•
\-(*r
b
= _2 Jim
b—»oo f
J
— £—*dx =
1_( e
x
j
-2 lim
b—»oo
[coth
-1
e"]^
L
= -2 lim
b-»oo
[coth
_1
(e
b )-coth _1
e]

—fit [i-(^)-i'-^)]-"eii)--(*. (£i)M£t)-

oo oo
ta ^
=*" £
n=l
I
&a I
= £
n=l
csc^ n conver ges

45. | error |< (~1) (!)|

6
= 0.2 46, I error | < (-1) 6
= 0.00001
10

£
,(o.oi) 4 4 4
47. | error |< (-1)' = 2x10""" 48. I error !< (-l) t = t < 1

^-n^I^^^"^ 1 - 1
^-^
51. (a) an > a„ +1 fails since n<h
n n n+
(b) Since £ |«i,|= S (J)
+ (J) = £ (s) 2 (j)" is the sum of two absolutely convergent

series, we can rearrange the terms of the original series to find its sum:

+ + + )- W ^) - 1 l=
U + 9 + 27 + VW±+±+±+
(1+1+JL+ 1
l2 4 8 --'J~ _m
,,
1 i-(l)~ 2 2
686 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

52. s
20 = l-i + i-i + ... + i-~L ; « 0.6687714032 =>s20 + i.i»s 0.692580927

53. The unused terms are g (-1)^ = (-l)"*

j=n+l
1
^
\
- an+2 ) + (-l) n+3 (a„
/ \ +3
- a n+4 ) + ..
j

= (— l) n+ [(fci+i
~ an+2) + (^+3 ~ an+4) + •] Each grouped term is positive, so the remainder

has the same sign as (— l)n+ , which is the sign of the first unused term.

a *' s
n-l-2 + 2-3 + 3-4 + "- + n (n + l) _ kti k(k+l)~ ti U k + lj
k

= 1 ~ i) + (5 " i) + (3 ~ i) + (i " i) + •
• + (i ~ iT+r) whlch are the first 2n terms
i

of the first series, hence the two series are the same. Yes, for

^-^ft-rii)=( 1 -lWl-M-D+(H)+-+(^i-iWl-iiT)-»- i riT

=> Jirn^ s
n — Yim^ ( 1 — . j = 1 => both series converge to 1. The sum of the first 2n +1 terms of the first

Their sum Mm = n—
+rr—1- lim (1 1=1-
series is 1 is s„ 7-3-
(
V n +r~r)"t
lj n 1 n->oo n too \ n + 1 )

00 00
55. Using the Direct Comparison Test, since |an |
> an and £
n=l
_
an diverges we must have that £
n=l
\
&n.\ diverges.

00 00
56. I
x + a2 + . . . + an < j I
aj I
+ j
2 1+ . . .
+ 1

n j
for a!) n; then £ j
n converges =>
j £ a^ converges and these

00 00
imply that £an <E |-*|
n=l n=l

00
57. (a) £
n=l
[
a^ 4- bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test since an + bn
j
I I < I an + b n and hence
I 1 I

00
£
n=l
(an + bn ) converges absolutely

00 00 co
(b) £
n=l
j
b n converges =>
I
£ — Dn
n=l
converges absolutely; since £
n=l
a^ converges absolutely and

00 00 00
£
n=l
— b^ converges absolutely, we have X)
n=l
[
an + ( - ^n)] = £
n=l
(
an _ ^n) converges absolutely by part (a)

co co co Co
(c) J2
n=l
I
an converges => k
I
I I
£
n=l
\
&il\ = 2
n=l
Ika,,] converges => £ kan converges absolutely
n=l

1 co , co 00 1
58. Ifan = bn = (-l)n 4=,then £ (-l) n -i. converges, but £ an bn = £ I diverges
Vn n=l Vn n=l n=l

59. Sj = — j?, s
2
= —2+l = 2'
 Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 687

s- 2
+1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 ~ u - ouaa >

s
4 = s3 + i« -0.1766,
b5-s 4 u 0i,4,
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

B
6 = a s +is» -0.312,
S7_s 6 60" 62 g6~~ u -» liU&
46 48 50 52 54 56 58 64

0.4

0.2*

i r
-0.2

-0.4
•••
y -1/2
N i~ l
60. (a) Since 52 |
aQ converges, say to M,
I for e > there is an integer Nj such that
n=l
E i^|-M <§

N,-l 'N x -1
<£•
E KM E l
an|+ E |
aQ J <f** n=N
E l-b <f «* n=N
E |»n|<y. Aiso ' E an

converges to L <^> for £ > there is an integer N2 (which we can choose greater than or equal to Nj) such

that|s N — L|<£. Therefore, 52 la^l < £ and Ism

" ~L|<4-.
I 2 | 2 „£* i"*»i 2 | 2 |
2

(b) The series 52 l

n converges absolutely, say to M. Thus, there exists Nj such that
I
E |an |-M

whenever k > N r Now all of the terms in the sequence jj bn jl appear in {]

an ||. Sum together all of the

terms in j|b n |i, in order, until you include all of the terms {\^\\ ^ > and let N 2 be the largest index in the

N2 N2
sum 52
n=l
|
Dn I
so obtained. Then E IM-M
11=1
<e as well => 52
n=l
|
hn converges to M.
I

61 a) If
oo
E n converges, then 52 a^ converges and ?
co ^ oo
£ ^
*

+n£
oo
£ K|= ^
oo
E
a + KI
"n -f
•
( | I

* n=l ?
z
n=l
'

n=l n=l n=I

= ta +jrl'iil = Jan'
, ,
if an2:°
converges where b„ <
2
1 0, if ^<
aQ-| an|
(b) If 52
n=l
I a„ converges, then 52 &n converges and A 52
I

n=l i»=l
\. ~5 E
4 n=l I
a„ I
= E
n=l
o
*

an-i a n! 0, if a^O
converges where c n :

an , if ^<
 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

62. The terms in this conditionally convergent scries were not added in the order given.

63. Here is an example figure when N= 5. Notice that

ug > u 3 > u^ and u g > u5 > u 4 but un

,
> un+1 for

n >5.
u,

w,

+u,

u,

*2 ° *6 ** Ls l *3 S 7

8.6 POWER SERIES

un+l x
n+l
1. lim < 1 =$> lim <1 => |x |< 1 =$ —1 < x < 1; when x = — 1 we have E — !)"> a divergent
n—»oo —
11 >oo x"
(
n=l

series; when x = 1 we have J^ 1, a divergent series

n=l
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

*n+i (x + 5) nTl
2. lim < 1 => lim <1 => x +5 < 1 => —6 < x < —4; when x = —6 we have
n—>co n—>co (x + 5)" | |

n when x = —4 we have J^
y^ (— l) , a divergent series; 1, a divergent series
n=] n=:l

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —6 < x < —4

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —6 < x < —4
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (4x + l) ti+l = -i we
3. lim < 1 => lim <1 => |4x + l |< 1 => -1 < 4x + l < 1 =>-i< x < 0; when x
n—*oo n—too (4x+l) n

have
n=l
E (-l) n (-l)" = E
n=l
(-1) = E ^a divergent
n=l
series; when x = we have E
n=l
(-!)"(!)"

CO
= E (
— l)"i a divergent series
n=l
(a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is —i < x <

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —~ < x<

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
 Section 8.6 Power Series 689

J
n+\ (3x-2) n+1
4. iim < 1 => lim < =H 3x - 2 nUm b (^r-j) < 1 =* ISx- 2 < 1
(3x-2) n
1
n—>oo n—»oo n+ 1
1 1

°° — 1)"
=> -1 < 3x — 2<l=t-w<x<l;
J
1
when x = wa we have
1
53
n=l
—n— which
(
is the alternating harmonic series and i

CO *
conditionally convergent; when x = 1 we have 52 jj-, the divergent harmonic series
n=l
!„ 1 :„ 1
(a) the radius is w; the interval of convergence is jr <x< 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence :„

is i1 < x < 1

(c) the series converges conditionally at x =^

J
n+1 (x-2)n+1 10
r
5. lim < 1 => lim <1 =* < 1 ^lx-2|<10=}>-10<x-2<10
n— >cxi n—»oo 10
n +J (x-2) n '-^(P

-8 <x< 12; when x = —8 we have 52 (

— l) n > a divergent series; when x = 12 we have 53 1, a divergent
n=l n=l
series

(a) the radius is 10; the interval of convergence is —8 < x < 12

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —8 < x < 12

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1
a+1 (2x)
6. lim
n—»co
< 1 => lim
n—*co n < 1 => Jim^ |2x|<l => 2x 1 | < 1 =»-i<x<i; when x = - i we have
"n (2x)

OO CO
n ^

5^ (— l) , a divergent series; when x = ^ we have J2 1, a divergent series

seri
n=l l n=l
(a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is —4< x < i

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is — <x<st>

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

n+1 (n
+ + 2)
l)x
Vl+ iv+
J (n a)
n+1
7. lim
n—too
< 1 =>• lim
n—>oo (n + 3) nx"
<l =MX |Hm
'n-»oo
(

(n
)
x
3)(n)
<l=»W<l
—1 < x < 1; when x = —1 we have 52 (
— l) n — §To ' a divergent series by the nth-term Test; when x = 1 we
o.=l n+ ^

have 52 —+^~o'i a divergent series

Vi
n=l
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
690 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

J
n+l
8. lim
n—<<x>
n+1
< 1 = Tl—lim
*0O n
2)
+ 1 (x + 2)
< 1 => x I +2 1 lim
n->oo n + l
< 1 =*|x + 2|< 1

I<x + 2<1 => — 3 < x < — 1; when x = —3 we have Y^ n>

a divergent series; when x = — 1 we have
n=l

00 (-1)"
S
n=l
h a convergent
' series

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —3 < x < —

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —3 < x < —
(c) the series converges conditionally at x =—

^n+1 ,n+l n./n3n |X„ n

9. lim < 1 => lim n <1 j.
m iim
+ lAVn—*co + <1
n—«oo (n + l)^nTl3n+1 x 3 in—*oo n n

(-1)"
~(1)(1) < 1 =>|x|<3 => -3 <x<3; whenx = -3 we have £ 3/2 '
an absolutely convergent series;
n=i n
1
00
when x =3 we have £] —Jmi a convergent p-series
n=i n '
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is —3 < x < 3

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —3 < x < 3

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (X-1) n+l
10. lim
n—*oo < I => lim
n—loo
x/n+T (x-1)
< 1 => |x- 1|,/ lim
n— oo n+l <1 =>|x-l|<l

=>— l<x— 1<1=>-0<x<2; when x = wo. have Y^ — r-pri

x/i
a. conditionally convergent series; when x —2
n=l n
°° 1
we have Y] , , a divergent series
~_i «i/^
n=l n

(a) the radius is I; the interval of convergence is <x< 2

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is < x < 2

(c) the series converges conditionally at x =

J
n+1 xn+1
11. lim
Tl—+00
< 1 => lim
n—*oo (n + l)! xn
n!
<l=>|x| n—
lim
»oo
[
\
—
n+7-T ]<
1 /
1 for all x

(a) the radius is oo; the series converges for all x

(b) the series converges absolutely for all x

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J .n+l v n+l .
n+1
12. lim < 1 =>• lim n < 1 => 3|x| n—
lim
too ^n
1

+1
< 1 for all x
il—^^o 11—VOO (n + l)! 3 x :

(a) the radius is oc; the scries converges for all x

(b) the series converges absolutely for all x

 Section 8.6 Power Series 691

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

x 2n + 3
13. lim
n—*<x>
J
R+1
< 1 => lim
n—too (n + 1)! x2n+1
nl
< 1 =} x
2
lim
n-tco (-W
+
l^n
<
1/
1 for all x

(a) the radius is oo; the series converges for all x

(b) the series converges absolutely for all x

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

"n+1 (2x + 3) 2n+3 n>

14. lim
n—
< 1 => lim < 1 => (2x
v
+ 3)' 2 lim (—^-A
n-*oo\n + l/
< 1 for all x
too II—*oo (n + 1)! (2x + 3) 2tl+1
(a) the radius is oo; the series converges for all x

(b) the series converges absolutely for all x

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

15. lim
M-i < 1 => lim
»+i
K Vn 2 + 3 < 1 =Mx|W n-oo
lim
n
2
+ 3
-< 1 ^lxl<l
n—>oo n— too
2 n '
+ 2n+4
^/(n + l) +3
oo (_i)i>
=> —1 < x < 1; when x = -lwe have J2 - , a conditionally convergent series; when x = 1 we have
n=i Vn 2 + 3
Y^ —H-i
n=i ir + 3
—
a divergent, series

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) the series converges conditionally at x =—

16. lim
J
n+1
< 1 ^ n—lim
i+i Vn 2 + 3 < 1 =>|x|./ nlim
n + <l=Hx|<l—
n—too -*°° ,
2
too 2
^ n + 2n + 4
VVl) +3

—1 < x < 1; when x = —1 we have £3 , i ,

!
a divergent series; when x = 1 we have £} —x — 3'
n=i v/n 2 + 3 n=l n^ +
a conditionally convergent series

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) the series converges conditionally at x = 1

u
n+l (n + l)(x + 3) n+1 5
n lx + 3
(a+i) |x -f- 31 ,
17. lim < 1 =*• lim <1=> lim
Tl—*00 a—
too
5n+l n(x + 3) n n— too \n /

oo n{— 5)Ln
=» | x+3 < 5 1 ^ -5<x + 3<5^> -8<x<2; when x = -8 we have £ \a =
n=l
£ (-!)" n t a divergent
n=i
2° „Kn oo
series; when x = 2 we have £
n=l
—^ =
•>
£
n=l
n, a divergent series
692 Chapter 8 Infinite Scries

(a) the radius is 5; the interval of convergence is —8 < x < 2

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —8 < x < 2

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

18. lim
J
n+1
< = n—lim (n + lK +1 4-(n + l)
2
j

<
. ixl ,. (n + l)(n 2
+ l.
< => tx < 4
nxn
1
n—*oo too
4
n
+V + 2in-2)' I
=* 4 .fiSfe
n(,n +2n + 2j
1 I

oc n (-l) n
=> -4 < x < 4; when x = —4 we have J3 — = , a conditionally convergent series: when x = 4 we have
n=L n^ + 1

oo
53
n=l n
~3~'
+1
— . a divergent series

(a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is —4 < x < 4

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —4 < x < 4

(c) the series converges conditionally at x = —4

^n+l i/n + 1 xn+1 n

19. lim
n^»oo
< 1 => lim
n—too 511+1
3
< 1 ^ 1 !

f \/„fe(
!L
*I )<l*'f<l-^<3

=> -3 < x < 3; when x = -3 we have 53 (-V^y/n, a divergent scries; when x =3 we have

oo
53 y/n, a divergent series
n=l
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is —3 < x < 3

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —3 < x < 3

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

n+1
^n+1 Vr7TT(2x + 5)n+1 'n+1
VrT+1
20. lim
n—too <1 lim
n—too n < 1 =S> 2x +5 1 lim
n—too <i
{Yn (2x + 5) 1

lim \/t
t—too
2x +5 I
^7= I < 1 => 2x + 5
1 |
< 1 =* -1 < 2x + 5 < 1 => -3 < x < -2; when x=-3wc have
lim JYii
\n—too V

\, (— l)^/n, a divergent scries since lim yfa = 1; when x = -2 we have 53 yfii a divergent series
n=l n=l
:„
(a) the radius is
1.
^: the interval of convergence is —3 < x < —
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is — 3 < x < —2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

n+1 t\
n+1
J
n+1
(l
+ nh) lim fl+±
t—too t_
21. lim
Tl—»00
< 1 =>• lim
n—*oo
< 1 =* 1X1 \
< 1 =*|X|(!)< 1 =*|X|< 1
l+i)V lim
\n-
(l+in;
/

=> —1 < x < 1; when x = — 1 we have 53 (~l) n (l+frj> a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since
n=l
 Section 8.6 Power Series 693

lim ( 1 + g- ) = e =/ 0; when x = 1 we have j^ ( 1 + jj J , a divergent seri

series

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

n+1
j
n +i ln(n + l)x n+lj
22. lim < 1 =$• lim
n— n <1 |x| lim < 1=4-1x1 lim (-Jrx\< 1 => |x|< 1
too x lnn n-»oo n-*oo ^n + iy
(A)
=> —1 < x < 1; when x = —1 we have £) (~l) n mn ! a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since
n=l
oo
lim In n
n_t0°
=£ 0; when x = 1 we have ^
n=l
In n, a divergent series

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (n + 1) n+l xn+l
23. lim
n— *oo
< 1 => lim
n-too
< 1
Js&,(i+i) UHSo ( n+1 »<
=> e|x| lim (n + 1) < 1 => only x = satisfies this inequality

(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x =

(b) the series converges absolutely only for x =
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
rx+1 (n+l)!(x-4) n+1
24. lim <1 lim < 1 => |x — 4| lim (n + 1) < => only x = 4 satisfies this
n!(x-4) n
1
n—»oo n—»oo

inequality

(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x = 4

(b) the series converges absolutely only for x =4

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (x+ 2) n+l n2 n <1=>
|x +2 <1
|x + 2|
<1 + 2|<2
25. lim < 1 => lim
—tOO => =>|x
n—»oo Tl
(n + l)2
n+1 (x + 2f 2 n-*oo ^n+ I)

—1
=4>— 2<x + 2<2=> — 4 < x < 0; when x = — 4 we have £) ~rT > a divergent series; when x = we have
n=l
oo (_l)n+l
X —
IL=1
- jj > the alternating harmonic series which converges conditionally

(a) the radius is 2; the interval of convergence is —4 < x <

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —4 < x <
(c) the series converges conditionally at x =
694 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

J
n+1 (-2)^ 1 (n + 2)(x-l) n+l
26. lim < 1 =}• lim < 1 => lim |5-±4)<1
2|x-l n— => 2|x-l|< 1
n—+oo n—*oo (-2)> + l)(x-l) 1 n +
I

>oo I 1

=^ |x — 1 1 <4
11—
=> ~ < x — 1 <«=>«<x<k; when
-| -] O
x =
i

?> we have Yl
po
(n + 1) , a divergent series; when x =£
n

n=l

we have £) (— l)"(n + 1), a divergent series

n=i
1 1 o
(a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is
^<x<^

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 4 <x<k

(c) there are no values for which the scries converges conditionally

^n+l „n+1 n(ln n)

27. lim < 1 => lim < 1 => |x| (lim n
lim . V In n < 1
n— *oo n—*oo (n+l)(ln(n + 1)) 2 n-»oo n + lM n—oc ] n (n + l"

1\ \
=> x|(l) I lim , . < 1 => |x|( lim ^-£— J <1 =>|x|<l => — 1<x<1; when x = -1 we have
I
1
I n—»oc / 1

U+r;/
(-i) n 1
E vhich converges absolutely; '
when x = 1 wc have £) which converges
n=l n(ln ny n=l n(ln n)"

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < 1 < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

'n+l „n+l n in (n) In (n)

28. lim
n—*oo < 1 =S> lim
n —>oo
< 1 => |x| (lim
11J.1L
n + W\
«" II in
11111 ; — < 1
(n + l) In (n + l) n-»oo n->oo In (n + 1

oo (-1)"
=5> |x |(1)(1) < 1 =^>- 1 x I < 1 => —1 < x < 1; when x = —1 we have Y — i
> a convergent alternating series;
n=2 n
t,— i in n

when x = 1 we have £} which diverges by Exercise 75, Section 8.4

_> n=2 n in n

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) the series converges conditionally at x =— 1

(4x-5) 2n+3 3/2 3/2

29. lim
n— too
^n+l
< 1 => lim
II—* oo
(n + l) 3/2 (4x-5) *>2n+l
< 1 => (4x- 5)
2
(
lim ^j < 1 => (4x- 5)
2
< 1

2n+l
(-1) -l
1 4x -5 < 1 I => -1 < 4x — 5 < 1 =^l<x<4l when x = 1 wc have 5Z = E=1 which is
n3/2
3/2
n=l n
. '

•\ °° 2n+l
(1)
absolutely convergent; when x = ^ we have Y, 3/2
•, a convergent p-series
n=l n
• %
(a) the radius is j; the interval of convergence
1
is 1 <x< ~

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1 <x<s

(c) there are no values for which, the series converges conditionally
 Section 8.6 Power Series 695

J
n+I Sx + l)"-" 2n +2
30. lim
n—»oo
< 1 => lim
n—»co 2n+4 (3x+l) n+1
<1^ |3x+l| Jim
n-too 1
|
\
jji±2 J<i =>j3x + l|<l
2n +4

2
(X)
°° — *)r
/_Ti«+l
=> -1<3x+1<1=^— 2»<x<0; when x=-xwe have £ (
o XT~ i
a conditionally convergent series;

oo n+1 oo
(l)
when x = we have £ ~ a d 'verS ent
^T+J 5 2 n+l ' series

(a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is —4 < x<

n
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —^ < x <
n
(c) the series converges conditionally at x = —4

31. lim
J
n+1
< 1 ^ n—lim > + 7T) n+1 yfi
< 1 = x + ?r n—
lim <1
n—»oo R I I
»oo
xATI (x + *)
1
*oo '
Vn + 1

x + *\\lnlSoD (~~+i)
< 1 =*|x + t|< 1 => -1 <x + jr< 1 => -l-7r<x< 1-tt;

(_l) n
when x = —1 — tt we have
oo
^
n=l
—
(-1)"
\/n
t=- =
co
£ —r?T> a conditionally convergent
n=l n '
series; when x =1— it we have

w 111 Si 1

T, —7=~ L, -j-75, a divergent p-series

n=l yn n =i n '

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is (— 1 — ir) <x< (1 — tt)

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is— 1— ?r < x < 1 — tt

(c) the series converges conditionally at x = —1 — n

2ti+3
.*ii^
:

n
32. lim
u
n+l
< 1 =* lim
;*-v^ 2
< IIm M < 1
n—>oo n-too jn+J 2n+l
v/2)

=> ^— y^-< 1
2
=»(x-^) <2^jx-V^|<\/2=>-V^<x-'v/2< v/^=»0<x<2v/2; when x =
\2n+l
we have ^ 2_< on 5^ >/2 which diverges since lim an ^ 0; when x = 2y^ we
n=l n=l
+1
00 nn+1/2 00
have £ (v^f
n=l
m
«
= Y,
n=l
—on—
z
= £ V 2,
n=l
a divergent series

(a) the radius is y/2; the interval of convergence is < x < 2 y2

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is < x < 2y2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (x-1) 2n+2 4
n fx-1 '
33. lim < 1 => lim
«n+l < 1 =»
v
. lim |1|<1=>(x-1) 2 <4=>|x-1|<2
n—*co n—»oo (x-1) 2n
<n 2n 00 co
=> -2 < x - 1 <2 ^ —1 < x < 3; at x = —1 we have 52 — in— — £ 9n = S
(-2)
1> which diverges; at x =3
n=0 n=0 * n= o
696 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

we have JZ ~nr = zS Jn
oo «2n 004000.
~ z2 a ^i divergent series; the interval of convergence is — 1 < x < 3; the series
n=0 4 n=0 4 n=0
n
00 (x-i) 2n °° //v-n 2
o— \
= .
when —1 < x < 3
V —<
53 tk 23 1 ( J
i is a convergent geometric series and the sum is
n=0 4 n=0 ' I

~^1 4-( X -iy 4-x'* + 2x-l 3 + 2x-x'

i

2n+2
*n+l (x + 1) 9" (x+D
34. lim
n—>oo
< 1 => lim n+1 2n
<1 => lim
n-»oo
|1|< 1 =» (x+l) 2 <9 =>|x+l|<3
9 (x + 1) 9

00 (— 3) 2n 00
=> — 3<x+l<3=> — 4 < x < 2; when x = — 4 we have 23
n=0
—9 — — n=0
nri 23 1 w hich diverges; at x =2 we have

00 «2n 00
53 TTfr
= 23 * which also diverges; the interval of convergence is —4 < x < 2; the series
n=0 9 n=0

n =o 9
:

n=0
^)' is a convergent geometric series when — 4 < x < 2 and the sum is

1- x + i 9 -(x+1) 2 9-x 2 -2x-l 8-2x-x2

-y 9

.n+l
J
35. lim
n+1
< 1 => lim Cv^-2 <l=>[ A/x-2J<2^-2< v/x-2<2=>0< v^c<4
n— too a—»oo jn+1
(v^-2)"
=» <x< 16; when x = we have 23 (
— 1)™> a divergent series; when x = 16 we have 23 (l)
n
> a divergent
sn
00 / v/^-2
series; the interval of convergence is <x< 16; the series 23 is a convergent geometric series when
n=0

<x< 16 and its sum is

VJizA 2-yx + 2 \ 4-^A

t ( [

n+l
J
n+1 (lnx) 1
36. lim
11— too
< 1 =>• lim
n-*oo
<l^|lnx|<l^>— l<lnx<l^-e <x<e; when x =e * or e we
(In xf

obtain the series 23 l

n
an d 23 (~l) n which both diverge; the interval of convergence is e < x < e;
n=0 n=0

- .-1
23 0«X)»:
1 wh
n=0 1 —In x

n+l
37. lim
n— «oo
u n+l
< 1 => lim
n—+00
x2 + l

X
2
+ l
< 1
=>!*!+!)
3
^
n-»oo
in<i^x!+i
3
x2<2

|x|< v^ => — y/2 < x < \/2 ; at x = ± y2 we have 23 (0" which diverges; the interval of convergence is
n=0
 Section 8-6 Power Series 697

X
— \f% < x < \/2; the series ^ ( o"~" I
> s a convergent geometric series when — y2 < x < \/2 and its sum is
d
n=0 V /

n -x
x
2
+ f3- x
2
-n 2

J
n+1 (x
2
-l) 2
n
38. lira < 1 =>• lim n+1 < 1 => x |
2 - 1 1 < 2 =* - v^3 < x < \fz when x = ; ± y/z we
n—+oo n-»oo 2 2
(x +i;
X
a" } iis a

— \/'i < x < = 2

convergent geometric series when y3 and its sum is -
x 3
-l\ (2~(x ~l)\ 2 3 ~x
1-

(x-3),n+l 2" n which

39. lim
n—*oo r.n+1
<1 => x ]
—3 < 1 2 => l<x<5; when x = 1 we have 2j (l) diverges;
(x-3)» n=l

when x = 5 we have £ (
— 1)" which also diverges; the interval of convergence is 1 <x< 5; the sum of this
n=l

convergent geometric series is * . = ^^ . If f(x) = 1 - 1 (x - 3) + 1 (x - 3) 2 + . . . + (- |) (x - 3) n + .

1+ rr~)

= ~-j then f'(x) = -i + |(x-3) + ... + (-|) n(x - 3) n-1 + ... is convergent when 1 < x < 5, and diverges

when x = 1 or 5. The sum for f (x) is

(x — 1)
^—s, the derivative of-
x
— r.
*

n
40. Iff(x)-l-i(x-3) + i(x-3) 2 4-... + (-i) (x-3) n + ... = J4r the f(x) dx

n
= x- (x-3) + (x-3) +•••+(-;}
/
2 3 n (x-3) B+1
—+ .. S _2 j-
= £ = 5R
.
y V y , ,
v ; v ,

...- At4 x 1 the series ^-^j diverges; at x

4 12 n+ 1

(-1)»2
the series J2
n=l n + L
—rr
converges. Therefore the interval of convergence is 1 <x< 5 and the sum is

2 In |x - 1 1+ (3 - In 4), since -2-j dx =2 In |x - 1 [+ C, where C = 3 - In 4 when x = 3.

4
2
7x6 9x8 llx 10
41. (a) Differentiate the series for sin x to get cos x = ,
1 —3x 5T"f"~Ki
5x
7T"'""qt \V~

= 1 — or + ^ — fT+gT - ^nf + • The series converges for all values of x since

lim x" +1 bI = |x| n—

lim = < 1 for all x
f-4-r)
n—»co (n + l)!'xn >oo +1
V.n )

2V + ~9! nxu 3 9
2048x u
3 3 5 5 9 9 5 7
(b) sin2x = 2x 2 x
3r + -5J
, 2 x 2 x , 2
-+...
8x
= 2x-^- + 32x
T , 128x
+ 512x
,
-
+ ...
7T TT! 3! 5! 7! 9! 11!
698 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

(c) 2 sin x cos x =2 (o.i) + (o-o + i-i)x + (o-^+i.o + o-i) x 2 + (o-o-i.i + o.o-i-i)x3

i+l-0-0-i-0-i + 0.l)x4 + (o.O+l.Jy + 0-0 + i-i + Q-0 + l-i)x 5

o-l + i.o + o-l+o-l+o-i+o-l+o.iU6 + - =2 4x3 , 16x

5
' "•"
3! 5!

2n xn
3 3 7 7
= 2x- 2 x , 25 x 5 2 x , 2 x
9 9

3! 5! 7! 9! 11!

4xJ
z
42. (a) S e
x
=!+#
2x
+ 3x 2!
,

'
3!
,

4!
.

'
bx
5!
1

+ ... = H-x + ^2!r + ^3!r + 44! + ... = ' '

7
- e
x
i
thus the derivative of e x is e
x
itself

x2 x3 x4 x
(b) e
x
dx = e
x
+C=x '
2-+of + -T]-+K7- + ... + C, which
' '
is the general antiderivative of e*

-= _x+ -*. e x = + (i.J _ 1 1+ J

(c) e 1
|J_^ + sf_sf + .... e i. 1 + i.i_ 1
(
.
1)x
r
.
r
.
1
y
+r 3! 2!
+ 2! x
3! J
+l 4!
+ 2! 2! 3!
+ 4! x x
3! )

+ f
1 '5!- 1
-4T
+ 2l-3T-3T-2l + 4!- 1 -5i- 1 ) x5 + -" =1+0 + + + + + "-

43. (a) ln|sccx| +C= tan x dx = x+

x + x!
3
+ 2xi
15
+ ilx! + 62x! +
315 2835
,, - ,ax
dx |

v2
= T + T2 + 4T + 2W +
converges when
„4 v6 17y 8"

—5 < x < 5
^">iv 10
31--
+ --- + C 5
x = ^ C= ^ ! "' secx '
2
= T + f2 + 4% + 2% +
„4 „6 1 7 „8 o 1v 10

n^ + -"'

4
d(tan x) d x+i- + 2x5 17x' 62x' 17x6 8
(b) sec x =
dx
= :H
dx 15
T 315 +
+ ^2835 + ...
, ,

;
2 2x
=l+x'+#- , .

45
+ 62x
"315 +
.

. .
. ,
converges

when - 1 < x <|

(<=) ^x = (
Secx)(secx)^(l+
x
J+ ^+^+ ...)(l +^+ ^+^+ ...)

i + fi + n x 2+('-^+i+^x
= i+ + l720 + 48 + A
+ ^24 + 4 + 24r 4 +r-^-+A + jiV X6 +"
+ 1

l2 2/ 48 720J
4 6 8
_
-i+xx 2 + 2x + 17x- + 62x
i
, ,
,
.

- 1 r\ ^X <s ey
3 4 315

44. (a) In jsec x + tan x| + C = secxdx = II l + x2? + 5x4

24 '
'

'
61x6
720
. . . dx

7
_„ x3 + £_
x
+ 61x +
5
277x
9
+ C; x = = C = = In
.

6
.
T 24
,

T ,

5040 ^72,576
+ ,
; . . . | sec x + tan x |

7 9
+ xj
-l + xj + gly 277x
+ 72,576 + ,

conver 8es wnen

converees when -2<v<l
< <

^
i
.
• ' "
'
6 24 5040 ' 2 2

(b) Se cxt. a

when - 1 < x <

nx = .
<i(sec x)_df
= x2
!+*- +«
5x4 +«*.
61x
6
+ ... \ _
£ I
5x3 61x 3 277x7
=x„ + ox_1
+ + ,

+ ..., COIlverges
, , , . ,

^ _,_
^
|
 Section 8.7 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 699

:) (S
ecx)(ta nx)= 1+^
2
+ 5x
x T
24
2
.

^ T+ ^-+...
4
. 61x 6
720
x + x^
3
3
+ 2x
T ,

15
T %
+ i^
17x
315
+ ...
s
.
7

3 5 7
_x + + 2/ x + U5 + 6 + 24j x + Ul5 + 15 + 72 + 720j x + _„ , 5x |
61.x , 277x "*"'' .

V3 "
"*"
6 ^ 120 ^ 1008

2
<x< 2

45. (a) If f(x) = £ anxn , then fW(x) = £=k n(n - l)(n - 2)- • -(n - (k - 1)) anxn - k and f
(k)
(0) = k!ak
n=0 n:

ak = —i))(o)
f(
k
i
...
likewise if f(x) = £
°°
^n*
11
' then b k = —k. — ^
f(
k
v~t
Vo)
ak = ^or ever y n on negative integer k
k. „_ n
'-'k

CO
k
(b) If f(x) = £
s
n=0
a^x" = for all x, then f^ '(x) = for all x =$• from part (a) that ak = for every

nonnegative integer k

46. —-:= l+x + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + ... =^x 1

= x(l +2x + 3x^ + 4xd
1-x (1-x) 2 (i-xr

= x + 2x 2 + 3x3 + 4x4 + . . . ^- x
1+x = x(l + 4x + 9x 2 + 16x
3
+ ...)=> x + x2
fl-xl (1 -x]

1 1

^g
,

s° «z
+... =j,^_4J
= 4x 2 + 9x
3
+ 4 /
= l +|+9 + l| rr
=6
x + 16x + ii

47. The series £

n=l
TT converges conditionally at the left-hand endpoint of its interval of convergence [—1,1]; the

xn converges absolutely at the left-hand endpoint of

co
series £
n=l
,
2
r its interval of convergence [—1,1]
(n )

48. Answers will vary. For instance:

°o ,..,n
(a) £ (b) £ (x + l) n
n=l

8.7 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

1. f(x) = In x, f'(x) = I, f"(x) = -i f "(x) = ^; f(l) = In 1 = 0, f'(l) = 1, f"(l) = -1, f'"(l) =2 =* P (x) = 0,

P 1 (x) = (x-1), P 2 (x) = (x-l)-i(x-l) 2 P 3 (x) = (x-l)-i(x-l) 2 +i(x-l) 3 ,

= = 1
= + x)- 2 = 2(1 +x)' 3 = 0,
2. f(x) In (1+x), f'(x)
i^ = (1+x)" , f"(x) -(1 , f"(x) ; f(0) = In 1

? (0) =1= 1, f'(0) = -(l)- 2 = -1, f"'(0) = 2(1)" 3 =2 =* P (x) = 0, Pjtx) = x, P 2 (x) = x-£ P 3 (x)

-x 2
+ 3
700 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

3. f(x) = (x + 2)~\ f (x) = -(x + 2)- 2 , f"(x) = 2(x + 2)- 3 , f"(x) = -6(x + 2)" 4 ; f(0) = (2)" 1 = \, f (0) = -(2)
-2

= -I,f'(0)=2(2)- 3 ; =i,f'"(0) = -6(2r 4 = -|=.P (x)=I )

P 1 (x)=I-| P 2 (x) >
= I-f + ^
2 4

4. f(x) = sin x, f (x) = cos x, f"(x) = - sin x, f'"(x) = - cos x; f

f %\
= sin \ = ^, f ff ^ = cos £ = ^
f"(})=--|=-^.f'"(|)=- cosJ = _^^ P -3/! p W -V2, v^r x _^

2 2
P2
«=^^(-f)-#-f) .P3«=^ + #-f)-#-f) -#-f
5. f(x) = cos x, f (x) = - sin x, f"(x) = - cos x, f "(x) = sin x; f
(|)
= cos | = -L=

<(« = -- }-^. «"(}) = — i=-£.<"(})—f=£*w=-i y/2'

6. f(x) = vS = x>/
2
,
C(x) = (i)x-'/ J ,
f"(x) = (-i)x-W, f »(x) =(|)x- 5 ' 2 ;
f(4) = v^ = 2,

f(4) = (l)4-'/ J =i,r(4)=(-l)4-^ = -i,f"(4)=(|)4-^ = fj=»P (x)=2,P 1 (x)=2 + I(x-4),

5

P 2 (x)=2 + l(x-4)-i(x-4) ! P 3 (x)=2 + i(x-4)-^(x-4) ! + jlj(x-4) 3 ,

00
,. ."=2
11=0 n!
£=«-- E
-„ 11=0
'-i^ = i- x+ ^-2d + xl_
n! "' 2! 3! 4!

J. f(x) = (1 +X)- 1 => f'(x) = ~(1 +x)- 2 , f"(x) = 2(1 +x)- 3 , f'"(x) = -3!(1 +x)- 4 => ... f«(x)
"
= (-l) k!(l +x)-k 1 i
k
f(0) = 1, f'(0) = -1, f"(0) =2, f'"(0) = -3! f
(k)
(0) = (-l) kk!
^ T^-=l-x + x 2
-x3 + ...= £ (~xf = £ (_1)V

Q
9.
.
sin x =
°° (-l)"x 2n+1
2^ —7^
ntb (2n+l)!
, %,
^
=> sin ,

"^-i,
co (-l)"(3x) 2
(2n +
"^
l)l "£,
00
(
_ 1) n 3 2 n+ l x2n + l
(2nTl)! " ta —
^ Sr + TT"-
5^

Mi„2n
n
00 (— 7 2 7 4 7 6
10. 7 cos (-x) =7 cos x = 7 £ —7^-^=— = 7 - lX
n =o \
l) x
ATl ) 1
-=1-
-
+ ~.
4!
jn-
0!
+ . . .
, since the cosine is an even function

11 u
11. cosh

= 2
x

,tb (2n)!
„X
= e*-fe
s

x2n
„— *
=h 1
1+x +!r + + + ' +
l! ¥
2 „3 „4
-' f
1 -" +
^ + ir- ^ 2! + 4! + 6!
 Section 8.7 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 701

,~X 2 3 3 4
+—
4 2 3 5
12. sinh x =
,J£
1 +X+ Ix T+ Ix r+ IX r+ ,
1 X+
2! 3!
+ 4! = X -»- —+—
x
3!
x x
5! 6!
fi

ntb (2n + l)!

13. f(x) = x4 - 2x3 - 5x + 4 => f'(x) = 4x3 - fix 2 - 5, f"(x) = 12x 2 - 12x, f "(x) = 24x - 12, f^\x) = 24
=> f
(n)
(x) = if n > 5; f(0) = 4, f (0) = -5, f"(0) = 0, f "(0) = -12, f(4) (0) = 24, fW(0) = if n > 5
=> x 4
- 2x - 5x + 4 = 4 - 5x - ^x3 + |f x4
3
= x4 - 2x 3 - 5x + 4 itself

14. f(x) = (x+ I) 2 =* f'(x) = 2(x + 1); f"(x) = 2 = f(n) (x) = if n > 3; f(0) - 1, f'(0) = 2, f'(0) = 2, f(
n
>(0) = if

n > 3 = (x + l) 2 = 1 + 2x + ^x 2 = 1 + 2x + x 2

15. f(x) = x3 - 2x + 4 => f'(x) = 3x2 - 2, f"(x) = 6x, f "(x) = 6 =* f(n) (x) = if n > 4; f(2) = 8, f'(2) = 10,
n) 3
f'(2) = 12, f'"(2) = 6, f< (2) = if n > 4 =>x -2x + 4 = 8 + 10(x- 2) + j#(x-2) +
2
£ (x-2) 3
= 8 + 10(x - 2) + 6(x - 2) 2 + (x - 2) 3

16. f(x) = 3x
5
- x4 + 2x
3
+ x2 - 2 => f (x) = 15x
4
- 4x3 + 6x 2 + 2x, f"(x) = 60x3 - 12x 2 + 12x + 2,

5
(x) = 360x - 24, f< >(x) = 360, f
(n)
f "(x) = 180x - 24x + 12, 2
(x) = if n > 6; f(--l) = -7,
i<
4)

f (-1) = 23, f'(-l) = -82, f "(-1) = 216, f<4) (-l) = -384, f(5) (-l) = 360, n) (~l) = if n > 6 f<

^3x 5 -x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 -2 = -7 + 23(x+l)-^(x+l) 2 +^(x+l) 3 -^(x4l) 4 + ^(x+l) 5

= -7 + 23(x + 1) - 41(x + l) 2 + 36(x + l) 3 - 16(x + l) 4 + 3(x + l) 5

17. f(x) = x- 2 => f'(x) = ~2x-3 f"(x) = 3!x- 4 f'"(x) = -4!x~ 5 => 6A \x) = (-l) n (n + l)! X - n - 2
, , ;

(n)
f(l) = 1, f'(l) = -2, f"(l) = 3!, f'"(l) = -4!, f (l) = (-1)> 4- 1)! => -\
X
n
= l-2(x-l) + 3(x-l) -4(x-l) + ...= 2 3
n=0
£ (~l) n (n + l)(x-l)

18. f(x) = ^ => f'(x) = (1 - x)- 2 , f"(x) = 2(1 -x)- 3 f"(x) ,

= 3! (1 - x)~ 4 => f^(x)

n+1
= o! (1 -x) -n-1.

f(0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f"(0) = 2, f "(0) = 3! => ,-*- = x +x 2 + x 3 + . . . = £ x

x (n (n)
19. f(x) = e =*. f'(x) = e
x
, f"(x) = e
x
=> f \x) = ex ; f(2) = e2 , f'(2) = e
2
, . . . f (2) - e
2

^ ex = e 2
+e
'2
(x _ 2) + el
2
(x _ ~j
2
2) + |J (x
V-v
J,
_ 2) 3 + >= , > _ g
n=0
g(x -2)
n

20. f(x) = 2 X =* f'(x) = 2X In 2, f"(x) = 2 x (ln 2)

2
, f"'(x) = 2 x (ln 2)
3
=> f
(n)
(x) = x
2 (ln 2)
n f(l)
;
= 2, f'(l) =2 In 2,
(n, n
f"(l) = 2(ln = 2(ln
2 3
2) f"(l) =2(ln 2) , ..., f (l) 2)

M^£
,

=> r=. +( ii.D(.-i) + >fiye(,-ij' + Ss^(.-ij> + ...= £

702 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

21 . e ^ 1+x ^ + ... =
|o g^ e
-sx = 1+( _ 5x)+ (z^ + ... = 1 _ 5x+ 5V_5y + .., *" n!
n=0

22.e-l + x + ^ + ...= gg^e^ = l +

( ¥ + (^- +
) ... = l^ -xi_jd + ...
2
2
2!
3
2 3!
n
-
— V
Zj
(-*)"x
on.,1
l "!
n=0

7
/ttxY* (jtx\5 fnx\
n v 2n+l
23.sinx = x^ + | -...= iS r
(-l)»x

(-i) n » 2n +V n+1
= E
n =o 2
2n+1
(2n + l)!

- — 2
ntb
«*~^ (2n)!
£ ta^T. g <^ =1 _* + 2!
"•"
^
4! 6!
+ ...

*'-£5» rf «(S!rJ-£ V=*+*'+!r+!r+^-

x" / 22. vi\ SS v^+l 3 „4

OH
26. sin x
'

= ^
22 —+
(-l) n X2n+1
=
""'* 2
x"" sin
"'"
.

" ~ "
x^x^
,/ OO
Y,
%
(_1JVA+1
I=E
(~l) n X 2n+3 _
~ X
3 _x5 + x 7 x
9
"'"
n^
1
ntb (2n l)! (2a +1)1 i (2n+l)i 3! 5! 7!"

2T- cos X= £
„f
^^_
^2 -—-2
(2n)«
"x 2n
1 + cosx = ^_ 1 + f
nf
t^l^
(2n)!
X
2
,
1 +1 « Y2
2
+Y
4
4!
Y6
6!
+
Y8
8!
Y 10
10!
+ '

y4 6 8 10
+ ^ r 2n
(~l)xn x
~4! 6!"*" 8! 10!
lj (2n)!
n=2

2s
-
-"=£
00

w^- i=UwK
c~ii x +
n 2n 1

A X
i+
„3 ( 00 f_iy, Y2n+1 \ 3

00 (_i)V"+i
Y —
T 5!
I j^ _ .
J
A. 1

^3!~5! + "
3! V. %\ ll!"*"'" 7! 9! 11! n=2 (2n + l)!

29. COS X = J2
00 (_i) n x 2n
,' => X COS = y* (
^2n
_ 1) n (r7TXJ-" _ _
~ (-1) W»+l _~ X ^3 ffV A T
- >. 7TX x + +
\«n
'

n=0 j! =0 (2n)! ntb (2n)! 2! 4! 6!

(-l)°(2x)"n
+—£°^C-I _l X )2 X )6
30
30. co
cos
2
S x- x-i5 + 5— -2 +
+I V
2 n^ (25)1
Tl
-^2 + 2
s* 1
(
l2!
, I
(2 )4
f,
4!
(
l6!
, I

'
(2X)8
8!

8
« (-l)»(2x)
- 2n
-
-l _(£>!
1 +
- -. T
(2x)l_(2x)^
+ „ „
2-2!
+
n „. ^
2-4! 2-6!
,
(2x)
„
2-8!
„.
_
...-l+^- 2 w
 Section 8.7 Taylor and Maclaur'm Series 703

si dQ 2 ;: ._ n- COS 2x \_i i
CQ:2::
-i i(i ( 2 *)
2
2 4
,( *) (
2*)
6
,
V (2x)2
(
2x ) 4
+ (
2x )
6

n+1 2n
- (-l) (2x)
v>

32.
l-2x
= xi(U-2x = x 2 1
£ (2x)
n = E 2"x
n+2
=x 2 + 2x3 + 22 x 4 + 2 3 x 5 + ...
n=0 n=0

1
0° (-l)"- (2x)" _ °° (-lT^yy^ __-2x
^2 2 3
2 x
3 4
2 x 24 x
33. xln(l + 2x)=x £ = z
n=l
g- + -g 5- + ...

,n-l

= 2 (n + lK

5 — 1>
35. By the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the error is less than ~^~ =>- Ixj < (5!)(5 x 10

=> x I I
s
< 600 x 10" 4 = [x|< \/6 x 10" w 0.56968 2

(.5)<
36. If cos x = 1 - tj- and | x |< 0.5, then the error | | = R3(x) = P^n-^x4 < 24
= 0.0026, where c is between
2
and x; since the next term in the series is positive, the approximation 1 — tj- is too small, by the Alternating

Series Estimation Theorem

-31
37. If sinx=xand|x|< 10 , then the error | | = R2 (x) = c
f
c
xJ k TO '
^.
'
sa 1.67 x 10~ J , where els

3
between and x. The Alternating Series Estimation Theorem says R2 (x) has the same sign as — x3!'
j. Moreover

< sin x => < sin x-x = R2 (x) =>• x< =» -10 J <x< 0.

2
.,2 „3 (0.01)
38. \/l +x = 1 + £2 — tt + Tr - •••
8 M6
• ^y ^e Alternating Series Estimation Theorem the 1 error | < <

-5
= 1.25x10

(ol 3
39. (a) |R2 (x)j = e x3 <
c 3 ^0.1)
.
'

< 1.87 X 10
-4
, where c is between and x
3!

c 3 3
e x (0.1) '

(b)|R2 (x)| = < - =: 1,67 X 10 j where c is between and x

3! CJ*

40. lR4 (x)l<i^ih_Cx5

5!
e
c
+ e- c x s <
2 5!
1 - 65 + Lo5 (0.5)
-
r ,-
5
^ 1o H^- w
(1.3)
,(0.5)
5
0.000293653

c 2
e h e
ool h.h_/eool (0.01)
41. If we approximate e with 1 +h and <h< 0.01, then error | | < <
- 2
704 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

= 0.005005h < O.OOrih = (0.6%)h, where c is between and h.

42. IRJ =
(1+c) 2 2!
<^ = j^||x|< .01 |x| = (l%)|xj=>|f j<.01 => 0<|x|<.02

.,3 „5 „7
tan- 1 x=x-^- + 5|_-^ + ...=>|=t an- 1 l = l-I + i-I + ...;|eTror|<
43.
H^T <.01
=>• 2n + > 100 => n > 49
1

44. (a) smx = x-||- + ||--^- + ...=>-^^=l-|

?
-
+ ||--|y + ...,s = lands 2 = l-^-;1
if L is the sum of the

S1 " -
series representing '

, then by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, L — s1 = ^'" ^ - < 1 and

L _s2 = sinx-^i -*£) > 0. Therefore 1 -^ < ^ < 1

(b) The graph of y = §%^, x ^ 0, is bounded below by the

2
graph of y = 1 — ^- and above by the graph of y = 1 as

derived in part (a).

y

alnx

jllL
'-2

-2

-A »-'-*-

45. f(x) = In (cos x) => f'(x) = - tan x and f"(x) = - sec2 x; f(0) = 0, f'(0) = 0, f"(0) = -1
2
=> L(x) = and Q(x) = -y

46. f(x) = e
sinx
=> f (x) = (cos x)e sinx and f"(x) = (-sin x)esinx + (cos x) a e" nx ; f(0) = 1, f'(0) = 1,

f"(0) = 1 => L(x) = 1 +x and Q(x) = 1 + x +

,-1/2 -3 2 -3/2 x-5/2

47. f(x) = (l - x 2 )"^ => f'(x) = x(l -x2 ) /' and f"(x) = (l - x2 )"*" + 3x 2 (l - x2 )"^;
\
f(0) = 1,

f (0) = 0, = => L(x) = 1 and Q(x) = 1 =

f"(0) 1
^
48. f(x) = cosh x => f(x) = sinh x and f"(x) = cosh x; f(0) = 1, f(0) = 0, f"(0) = 1 =^ L(x) = 1 and Q(x) = 1
+y
49. A special case of Taylor's Formula is f(x) = f(a) +f(c)(x — a). Let x =b and this becomes

f(b) -f(a) = f (c)(b - a), the Mean Value Theorem

50. If f(x) is twice differentiable and at x =a there is a point of inflection, then f"(a) = 0. Therefore,
 Section 8.7 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 705

L(x) = Q(x)=f(a) + f'(a)(x-a).

51. (a) f" < 0, f (a) = and x = a interior to the interval I => f(x) -f(a) = —^(x - a) 2 < throughout I

=> f(x) < f(a) throughout I =^ f has a local maximum at x = a

f"(c-
(b) similar reasoning gives f(x) — f(a) = —s-^"( x — a) > throughout I =>- f(x) > f(a) throughout I => f has a

local minimum at x =a

3
52. (a) f(x) = (1 -x)- => f'(x) = (1 -x)-' => f"(x) = 2(1 -x)~3
1 2
=> t \x) = 6(1 -x)" 4
-5
(x) = 24(1 - x)
2 3
therefore j^— w 1 + x + x + x
(4) .3
=^ f ;
J- X
10
A
<T^<^=> <x 4 (^)
1
(b)|xt<0.1=>g < => => the error
:i-x) (1-x) 5

xfW(x)x' \5 4)
4 f< (x)
e3 < < (0. 1) =0.00016935 < 0.00017, since
4! (^ff 4! (1-x)-

53. Let P=x4-ir=3>|x] = |P — ir | < .5 x 10 n since P approximates ir accurate to n decimals. Then,

P + sin P = (tt + x) + sin {it + x) = {it + x) — sin x = + (x — sin x) ir => (PI + sin P) — ir I

= |sin x - x| < ^ < Q^£ x 10~3n < .5 x I0

_3n => P
+ sm P gives an approximation to tt correct to 3n

decimals,

54. If f(x) = £
n=0
anxn then
, f
(k)
(x) =
n=k
g n(n - l)(n - 2)- • -(n -k+ l)anx"-
k and f<
k
>(0) = k! ak

k)
=> ak — for
= —o(0)
f^
k a nonnegative integer. Therefore, the coefficients of f(x) are identical with the

corresponding coefficients in the Maclaurin series of f(x) and the statement, follows.

55. Note : f even =* f(-x) = f(x) => -f'(-x) = f'(x) => f (-x) = -f (x) => f odd;

f odd => f(-x) = -f(x) =$• -f'(-x) = -f(x) => f'(-x) = f (x) => f even;

also, f odd => f(-0) = f(0) => 2f(0) = => f(0) =

(a) If f(x) is even, then any odd-order derivative is odd and equal to at x = 0. Therefore,

a1 = a3 = a5 = . . . = 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only even powers.

(b) If f(x) is odd, then any even-order derivative is odd and equal to at x = 0. Therefore,

aD = a2 = a4 = . . . = 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only odd powers.

56. (a) Suppose f(x) is a continuous periodic function with period p. Let x be an arbitrary real number. Then f

assumes a minimum rrij and a maximum m2 in the interval [x ,x + p]; i.e., mj < f(x) < m2 for all x in

[x ,x + p]. Since f is periodic it has exactly the same values on all other intervals [x + p,x + 2p],
[x + 2p, x + 3p], . .
.
, and [x — p, x ], [x — 2p, x — p], . .
. , and so forth. That is, for all real numbers

-co < x < co we have m^ < f(x) < m 2 Now choose M = max/lm^
. I, |m 2 [). Then
-M < — m x < m x < f(x) < m 2 < m 2 < M
I I l
1
=J> |
f(x) |
< M for all x.
706 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

(b) The dominate term in the nth order Taylor polynomial generated by cos x about x = a is ^~Mx — v a")
'
n or
n!

j
— (x — a)". In both cases, as |xl increases the absolute value of these dominate terms tends to oo,

causing the graph of P n (x) to move away from cos x.

57. (a) (b) tan- 1 x = x~^ + ^-.,,=» x - ta? lx

. .. ; from the Alternating Series

3

Estimation Theorem, x - ta" —* -A <

=>

<i-^;
«^i_(j_^ >0= ,l
therefore, the lim
< «=

x-tan~ 1 x = l
^ i

o x—>0 y3 o

58. E(x) = f(x) - b - b (x - a) - b 2 (x - a) 2 - b 3 (x - a) 3 - ... - b„(x - a)"

a

=!> = E(a) = f(a) - b => b = f(a); from condition (b),

f(x) - f(a) - b x (x - a) - b 2 (x - a) 2 - b 3 (x - a) 3 - ... - b„(x - a)"

f'(x) - b, - 2b 2 (x - a) - 3b 3 (x - a) 2 -... - nb n (x -a)"" 1

..
=> lim -i-i
x—»a
- „/„ „\n-lf
^ =
nix — a)
f"(x) - 2b 2 - 3! b3 (x - a) - - n(n - l)bn (x - a) n-2
=>b 1= f(a) = im
li
. . .

=
X—»a n(n — l)(x — a) n-2
f
/
"(x)-3!b3 -... n(n l)(n-2)bn (x-a)^
=* b
2
= J2 f»(a) => lim : : n-3
= q
n(n-l)(n-2)(x-a)
(n)
f (x)-n!b„
b3 = if'"(a)^ lij s = => b„ = if! D '(a); therefore,
71! n!

f
g(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x~ a )+- x-a .

-^(x-a)« = P n (x)
2!

59-64. Example CAS commands:

Maple :

f:=x->(l+x)-(3/2);
plot(f(x), x = -1..2);
mp:=proc(n):
convcrt(series(f(x),x=0,n),polynom) end:
pl:= mp(2); p2:= mp(3); p3:=mp(4);
der;=proc(n):
simplify(subs(x=z,diff(f(x),xS(n + l)))) end:
der(2); der(3); dcr(4);
plot(der(3),z=0..2, title = >d Derivative);
Max:= 0.56: r:= (x,n) -> Max*x"(n+l)/(n+l)!;
r(x,2);
plot(r(x,2),x=0..2, title = 'Maximum Remainder Term Using P2 ); S

plot({f(x),mp(3)}, x = — 1..2, title = 'Function and Taylor Polynomial P2~);

 Section 8.8 Applications of Power Series 707

plot(f(x) — mp(3), x=— 1..2, title = "Maximum Error Function ");

R:= (x,z,n) -> der(n)*x"(n+l)/(n+l)!;

R(x,z,3);
witfa(plots):
plot3d(R(x,z,3), x=-1..2, z=0..2);

Mathematica l

Clear[f,x,c]
f[x_] = (1+x) (3/2)
{a,b} = {-1/2,2};
Plot[ f[xj, {x,a,b} ]

pl[x_] = Series[ f[x], {x,0,l} ] // Normal

p2[x_] = Series[ f[x], {x,0,2} ] // Normal
p3[x_] = Scriesf f[x], {x,0,3} ] // Normal
f'[c]
Plot[ f'[c], {c,a,b} ]

ml = f'[a]
f"'[c]
PIot[ He], {c,a,b} ]

m2 = -?"[a]
f""[c]
Plot[ f""[c], {c,a,b} ]

m3 = f""[a]
rl [x_] = ml x"2/2!
Plot[ t1[x], {x,a,b} ]

r2 [x_] = m2 x"3/3!
Plot[ r2[x], {x,a,b} ]

r3 [x_] = m3 x"4/4!
Plot[ i3[x], {x,a,b} ]

Note: In estimating Rn from these graphs, consider only the portions where c
is between and x. (Mathematica has no simple way to plot only that
portion.

Plot3D[ f"[c] x"2/2!, {x,a,b}, {c,a,b}, P lot Range -> All ]

Plot3D[ f'"(c] x"3/3!, {x,a,b}, {c,a,b}, Plot Range -> All ]
PIot3D[ i""{c] x"4/4!, {x,a,b}, {c,a,b}, PtotRange -> All ]

Plot[ {f[x],pl[x] lP 2[x],p3[x]}, {x,a,b} ]

^
8.8 APPLICATIONS OF POWER SERIES

. M ^Hi.mtti'-
(l + x)'^l+ix + + MiLiJp^ + ,.., 1 + l x ,p + l
x
3

2. (l-fx)
1 /3 = 1 + l x + ^X i> + GX IX D X3 + .,. = 1+ l
x
_l x2 + |_ x 3_„.
2
708 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

.a-^- 1+iw+ ax-j(-^ + ftx-tx-B(-^ + .„. 1 .,.

H_H ..,.

, vN-2 , X
<- 2 )(- 3 )(f) (- 2 )(- 3 )(- 4 )(l)
+i*-H

/ x
(- 2 )(- 3 )(-f) (-2)(-3)(-4)(-f)
_
6. 1
2j
-i 2 + + +...-l+x + x +2 X
,

+•••
i 2) 2! 3! 5

,r. vi
(1 + x,)-/>
, ;
: -I, ,.-,
2
x + ,
H)BX^
^ + B)B)H)^
^ + , ,
_,l__lj[3 + 3 x, __
x +§x 5,x 9 + ...

, (n.^-1
v+x '
i U + (-*X-fM + (4X-iX-iK +
3
X ,

2!
,

3!
,
+ ^_m
_,_i Xx2+ X X
.
x + -"
3 9 §T

.(uf=. Ja) + rt i4p 2

t
/, v / , v / „ v /„ \3

1 1,1

1/3
in
iu. (i
^ *)
x)
-nU
~ + i
i\
2\. (l)(~f)(~^)
xj + 2!
+ (jXzlKzlXziJ
.

3!
i
-1 2
^~9?~81?~'"
4 40

2 3 4
+ x) 4 = 1 + 4x + A27 + /K "£ + w*">" _,
(4)(3)x (4)(3)(2)x (4)(3)(2)x
11. (1
v
= 1 + 4x „ 2 + 4x3, + x
„„ + 6x , v ' ,
, , fl ,
„ ,
,

124l + x°f = l + 3*> + ffi#^

2!
+
^
ffi^ = 3!
l + 3** + 3*< + *«

13. (1 - 2x)* = 1 + 3(-2x) + WVt^ + ~^*)? = ! _ 6x + 12x2 _ 8X 3

4
4 )( 3 (4)(3)(2)(-|f (4)(3){2)(1)(-|)
.4 )(-ff
14 h -xy = 1+ 4^_x\
, vX ,
,
(
\ il I
^ z' l V i - „o Y4.3 2_l„3
i
ir
,
iv 4

Assume the = aQ + a^x + a 2 x + +a n_ + a^x + 11

15. solution has the form y . . .
il _1x . .

=> -J- = a + 2a2 x +

x
. . . + na^x" -1 + . .

^S + y = +a ) + (2a2 + a ^ X + ^ a3 + a2)x2 + --- + ( na + an-l) xn_1 + -" =

(al r.

=> aj + a = 0, 2a2 + aj =0, 3a3 + a2 = and in general nan + an _j = 0. Since y = 1 when x = we have

—
~ an-l C -1 )"
- _ii --la - Z!l - I a — - Z!tl ~ L. " a - _
a — Thprpforpa
i uereiore *j—
. j 2 _ 2 | — 2 "3 q ~ gTjjf ti~ E — n!
,
<i
_ ' ' ' ' '

+ i<>-^-+^+-= £ t^—
 Section 8.8 Applications of Power Series 709

16. Assume the solution has the form y = a + a^x + a2x + • . . + an _ 1 x tl

+ anxn + . .

-^ y
dx
= a 1 + 2a2x + ... + nanxn ~ 1 + ...
~1
=> g£ - 2y = (aj - 2a ) 4- (2a2 - 2a 2 )x + (3a3 - 2a 2 )x 2 + + (nan - 2an _ 1 )xn
. . . + . . . =
=> aj — 2a = 0, 2a2 — 2at = 0, 3a3 — 2a 2 = and in general nan — 2an _j = 0. Since y = 1 when x = we have

J= ^,
a = 1. Therefore H= 2a = 2(1) = 2, a2 = |a, = |(2) = 3p, a3 = |a 2 = |(f ...,

an = ©a - n 1 =ft)(S:)a 11_2 = g^y = l+2x-f^x 2

+ fx3 + ...+gx n -f...

, ,n ,
(2x)
2
(2x)
3
(2x)
n ~ (2x)
n
2x

17. Assume the solution has the form y = ag + ax x 4- a2 x + . . . 4 a^ix" + a^x" 4 . .

-1
=*• -r^ = a-, 4 2a2 x 4 ... 4 na^x" + . .

=* g~ - y = (^ - ao) + (2a2 - aj)x + (3a3 - a 2 )x 2 + . . . + (na n - a^x"" 1 + . . . = 1

=> a 1 —a = 1, 2a2 — a x =0, 3a3 — a 2 = and in general nan — att _-, = 0. Since y = when x = we have

a = 0. Therefore aj = 1, a2 = -^ = ^ , a3 = -j- = ^-^ , a4 = -j- = 473-72 > • • • > an = n =^

=>y = + lx + ix 2 +
3
^x 3
+ ri^x + ... + x + ...
- 4 i n
f

= + + I x 2 + _l_ x3 + _T l_ x4 + ... + l[Xn + )_ 1:= 22 ,r«

l=e*-l
(
1 lx . <>
| g a

18. Assume the solution has the form y =a 4- ajX + a2 x +... + an _jX
n 4anxn 4...

1 11 -
=> gj+ y = ( a + «o) + 2a2 + a i) x + ( 3a3 + aa) x2 4 4 (nan 4 an _ )x
i ( + =1 . . .
)
. .
.

=$• aj 4 aQ = 1, 2a 4 a^ = 0, 3a + a =
2 3 2
and in general nan + an _i = 0. Since y = 2 when x = we have
~a n
a = 2. Therefore ax = 1- = -1, a2
—a,
= ^-j = ^,
1
a3 = -g-2 = -375
1
> • - 1 ^=— ^— = -^~
"Sn-i (— l)

=^y = 2-x+|x2 - 5^x3 + ... + ^~xn + ... =l+fl- x + ^x2 - 342X3 + ... + ^-xn + ...
co f_n n xn *—
n=0 "

19. Assume the solution has the form y = aQ 4 a x x 4 a 2 x + . . . + an _ 1 x tl

4 anxn + . .

=> J- - &1 4- 2a2 x + . .. 4 nanxn_1 4 ..

=> = a - ao) + ( 2a2 - ai)x+ (3a3 -a 2 )x 2 4 ... 4 (na„ -a^x" -1 4 = x . .

a^-y ( i .

=$ a^ — a = 0, 2a2 — a = 1, 3a3 — a 2 = and in general naQ — an _j = 0. Since y =

(
when x = we have
1 4 aj a
= "3"2 = 3T2
a
= "4"3 = 4.3.2
j
= an-i
n = T^T
1
a = 0. Therefore a t = 0, a2 = g =^ j
>
a3 '
a4 > •
• • >
an 1
710 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

4 i
=>y = + X
+ !x +
2
3V + TTlr2X ++... + [
x« + ...

= 1 + lx + iI„2-i_ 1 v3.l __1 4^ ^l v n_,_ \_, ^ Xn

20. Assume the solution has the form y = a 4- ajX 4 a 2x 4 • • • 4 an _ 1 xn_1 4 a^x™ 4 . .

-1
=*ol
= ai+2a 2 x + ... + na n x n +,..

n-1
^^4y = (a 1
4a )4(2a 2 4a,)x4(3a3 4a 2 )x 2 4...4(nan 4an _ 1
)x 4... = 2x

=> a^ + ag = 0, 2a2 + aj = 2, 3a3 + a2 = and in general nan 4 an _j = 0. Since y =— 1 when x = we have

2 ~ al
„
a __i
--i. Thprpforp a
inereiorea, -1l,
- a
a
2
-
- fj
-
"-2
1
1
_
3
~~
_Zfl-__i_ 3^2'
_
•> aan-
~ an-l
—n— -_ C"n
1

;
)"

=> y = -1 4 lx 4 |x 2 - 372 x 3 4 . . . + ^f-xn 4 . .

^ 1 )"X"
= U-lx + ix 2 -^x 3 + ... + t^x n + ...j-2 + 2x= £ (
- 2 + 2x = e
-x
+ 2x -
n

21. y' — xy = aj 4- (2a2 — a )x + (3a3 — aj)x 4 . . . 4- (na^ — an _ 2 )xn_1 4 . . . = => ax = 0, 2a2 — a = 0, 3a3 — a t = 0,
4a4 — a2 = and in general naa — an _ 2 = 0. Since y = 1 when x = 0, we have aD = 1. Therefore a 2 = -S = k,
al a a
a3
,
=y= 0, a4 = -j-2 = 2T4 1
a5 = "5"3 = °» • • • a 2n = 1
an j a 2n'

+1 = °
' '
2-4-6---2n
2
x

=*y
=?y —
= l4lx 2
^2-4 x 4-^-x
i-i-,x 4-i-x
2" +o
4
^2-4-6
9 4
x6 T
4 '--^ 4
-t-...-j-
#iJ
-t-
, _ fi
l
-
o.d..«,.,o
2-4-6---2n n
x
2n
4
+
T - f
nfo
Z^.
^ -~— fe ^2. -
n
on„i
2 n! n
2-/
n!
__ -*
e
2
/*

22. y' - x2 y = a! 4 2a2 x 4 (3a3 - a )x

2
4 (4a4 - aa )x3 4 ... 4 (na„ - a^Jx" -1 4 = - . . => a^ - 0, a2 = 0,
3a3 — a = 0, 4a4 — al — and in general nan - an _ 3 = 0. Since y = 1 when x — 0. we have a = 1. Therefore

a3 = y = 3> a4 — "4" — °t »5 = -g- = 0, ag = -g- = jyg ,

. .
. ,
a3n = 3.g . 9. . .j n
>
a 3n+l =° and a3n+2 =°

^ ,_1T 3 A ^3-6 A ^3-6-9* ^•••^3-6-9-.-3n J' T n ~ ~e

R^ 3 n! n-^ n!

23. (1 — x)y' — y =— a ) 4 (2a 2 — & l ~ aj)x 4 (3a3 — 2a2 — a2 )x 4 (4a4 — 3a3 — a3 )x -V ...
(aj
-
4 (na^ — (n — l)&n-l — an-l) x" 4 = => aj — a = 0, 2a2 — 2a 1 = 0, 3a3 — 3a 2 = and . . . in

general (nan — na^j) = 0. Since y =2 when x = 0, we have a = 2. Therefore

= y = 2 4 2x 4 2x n
a = 2, a2 =2 a„ =2 2
4 . . . = £
n=0
2x = j^— -1 x

24. (l 4 4 2xy = a! 4 (2a2 4 2a )x 4 (3a3 4 2at 4 a,)x2 4 (4a4 4 2a2 4 2a2 )x3 4 ... 4 (nan 4 nan _ 2 )x - 1 4
2
)y'
ft
. .

= => al = 0, 2a 2 4 2a = 0, 3a3 4 3a t = 0, 4a4 4 4a2 = and in general nan 4 nan _2 — 0- Since y = 3 when
x = 0, we have a = 3. Therefore a^ = —3, a3 = 0, a4 = 3, a2n+1 = 0, a2n = (— l) n 3 .. .,

^y = 3-3x2 43x4 -...= g n 2ll

3(-l) x = £ 3(-x2 f =_3
n=0 n=0 1+X*
 Section 8.8 Applications of Power Series 711

25. y = a + a-jX + a2 x2 + + a nxn + ...=» y" = 2a2 + 3 -2a3x + +n(n - l^x* 1-2 + ...=>- y" -y
.. . . ..

= (2a2 - a + (3 2a3 -a x )x + (4 -3a4 -a2 )x2 + + (n(n - 1)^ - an _ 2 )xa~ 2 + = =>• 2a2 -a = 0,
) • . . . . . .

3 2a3 — ax = 0, 4 3a4 - a2 = and in general n(n — lja^ — an_ 2 = 0. Since y' = 1 and y = when x = 0,
• •

we have a = and at = 1. Therefore a2 = 0, a3 = ^ , a4 = 0, ag = 5.4*3.2 ' . . . , a 2n+1 = .^ *_ ^ and

26. y = a + a x + a2x2 +
x
+ anxn + ...=> y" = 2a2 + 3 2a3x + + n(n - l)anxn_2 + ...=> y" +y
. . . • . ..

= (2a2 + a ) + (3 -2a3 + a^x + (4 -3a4 + a2 )x2 + + (n(n - IJa,, + an _ 2 )xn ~ 2 + = =*• 2a2 + &q = 0, .. . . . .

3 2a3 + aj = 0, 4 3a4 + a2 =
• and in general n(n - l^ + an _ 2 = 0. Since y' = and y = 1 when x = 0,
•

we have a = 1 and ax = 0. Therefore a 2 = — A, a3 = 0, a4 = . 1 . , a5 = 0, . .

. , a2n+1 = and a2n = \.
'..

oo n 2n
-,
, , .
f--l) x

27. y = a +a x + a 2x2 +
:
. . . + a^x" + . + n(n - l^x" -2 + ...=> y" + y
.. =}» y" = 2a2 + 3 -2a3x + . ..

~
= (2a2 + ag) + (3 2
2a3 + a1 )x+ (4 -3a4 + a2 )x + + (n(n - l)a n + a n _2 )xn 2 + = x => 2a2 + a = 0,
. . . . ..

3 - 2a3 + a1 = 1, 4 3a4 + a2 = and in general n(n - lja^ + an _ 2 = 0. Since y' = 1 and y = 2 when x = 0,
a+1
i
(-l)/
we have a =2 and a x = 1. Therefore a2 = —1, a3 = 0, a4 = t^i a5 = 0, . .
.
, a2n = —2 • .
t
and

28. y= a + a x + a2x z + + a^x +

x
. . .
11
. + n(n - l)anxn_2 + = y" -y
.. = y" = 2a2 + 3 -2a3x + . . . . ..

~
- (2a2 - a + (3 -2a3 - a )x + (4
) 3a4 -a2 )x2 +
a
+ (n(n - l)a„- an_ 2 )x 2 + = x ^ 2a2 - a = 0,
.. .
Il
. . .

3 • 2a3 — aj = 1, 4• 3a4 — a2 = and in general n(n — l)an — aj,_ 2 = 0. Since y' = 2 and y = — when x = 0, 1

we have a = -1 and at = 2. Therefore a 2 =^i, a3 = ±, »4 = 2T3T4' a5 = 57^72 = "» a2n = T^fc

ft'

29. y = a + at (x- 2) + a2 (x- 2) 2 + + an (x -2)n + . .. . .

= y" = 2a2 + 3 -2a3 (x - 2) + + n(n - l)an(x -2)n " 2 + ...=> y" -y

. . .

= (2a2 - a ) + (3 2a3 - a,)(x - 2) + (4 3a4 - a2 )(x - 2) z + + (n(n - l)an - ajl _ 2 )(x - 2)"- 2 +
- • . . . . .

= -2 — (x — 2) => 2a2 — a = —2, 3 2a3 — aj = —1, 4 3a4 — a2 and in general n(n - l)an — &a _ 2 = 0.
• •

Since y' = —2 and y = when x = 2, we have &q = and = —2. Therefore a2 = :t£ = — 1, a-y

—1
&3= —2
3-2
=_ 3^2'
3
a
4
2
= ~4~^2' as 3
~ "5 -4 -3 -2' "" a2n = 2
a2n+1 = 3
~(2nj\' ~{2n + 1)!

=>y = -2(x-2)-|(x-2) 2 -l(x-2) 3 -^(x-2) 4 -l(x-2) 5 -...

712 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

2(x-2) 2n 3(x-2) 2n+1

= -2(x-2)-£
(2n)l (2n + l)!

30. y" - x 2 y = 2a2 + Qa^x + (4 3a4 - a )x 2 + + (n(n - l)an - an_4 )xn~ 2 + = => 2a2 = 0, 6a3 = 0, . . . . . .

4 • 3a4 - ag = 0, 5 4a5 — &t = 0, and in general n(n — l)aj, — an_ 4 = 0. Since y' = b and y = a when x = 0,

= b, = 0, a8 = 3.477.8 b
we have a = a, &1 a2 = 0, a3 = 0, a4 = j-^ f a5 = j^, %= 0, a7 * «9 = ^'.gjg.g
= a + bx + ^- 4 b x5 8 b
x9 + ...
3-4"x + 7 F + 3-4-7. + 4-5-8-9
-
y 4-5" r r*

31. = 2a2 + 6a3 x + (4 3a4 + a )x2 + + (n(n - l)a„ + a „4 )x ~ z + = x =}• 2a 2 = 0, 6a3 = 1,

y" + x 2 y • . . .
ll
11
. . .

4 3a4 + a — 0, 5 4a5 + aj = 0, and in general n(n — l)an + a^^ = 0. Since y' = b and y = a when x = 0,
- •

we have a = a and aa = b. Therefore a2 = 0, a3 = ^, a4 = -575, as = -575, a6 = 0, a 7 =

2.3.6.7
= a + hx 4- x3 §^x 4 ^-x 5 1 .7,
7
x +
ax8 bx9
v
y -l-+ 2-3
*
3-4 4-5 2-3-0-7 +
3.4.7.8^4.5.8.9 + ... .
-

32. y" - + y = (2a2 - 2a + a ) + (2 3a3 - 4a2 + a^)x + (3 -4a4 - 2 -3a3 + a2 )x 2 +

2y'
t
• . .

+ ((n - l)na„- 2(n - l)^^ + an _ 2 )x™- 2 + = =*• 2a2 - 2a! + 8^ = 0, 2 -3a3 -4a2 + ax = 0, . ..

3 4a4 — 2 3a3 + a2 = and in general (n — l)nan — 2(n — lja^j + an _ 2 = 0. Since y' = 1 and y ==
• • when

when x = 0, we have a = and a x = 1. Therefore a2 = 1, a3 = ^,

2'°4- a5 = ^ and a^, =
a4 = ^,>»5-
6 24
-. - -_ m
go
x„+i
y- + ^ + K
1„3 1„4, ,2
+ K+^*+-=
£
,

piur-S hr-'S,
x"_
ir
, 1 „s 99
xe"

15
x3
11 r
= = £_.7-3!~+r t t
£ x
33. F(x)
3!
+ 5! 7!
+" dt
3
r

ll-5! 15-7!
+ ... est
3
iV-
7-3!

I
error |

11-5!
« 0.0008

,.6 8 t 10
.12 3 S 11 13
=
.
t
+ ir-V + - = t t f
T T + 7^2! ~ 9^3! + TJT4T ~ 13^5! +
t t
34. F(x) •
t4+ ,dt "" ...
li~l!

,11
w XT ~ T
X X
+ 7-2T + T1T4T
~ 9T3T T I
error |

13-5!
« 0.00064

2 v2 v4 (0,5r
(t-£ + £-£ + ...)dt = t _ii ti_
35. (a) F(x)=
j 2 12"1" 30
,

' •
;

y - Y2 =* i error i < ^j(p w -00052

v
(b)|error,<^*.00089soF(x)^~^ +
1 ^,2 4
^~^ +
v6 „S
... + (~l)
*

"3^
•> -.32

32

36. (a) F(x) = i-i+^+...idt= 2-2 + 3-3 4-4"*" 5-5' 2 2 2 2

2 3 4 5
 Section 8.8 Applications of Power Series 713

(0.5)*
=> error
| I < -
.00043
6'

w
(b) |
error |< -^2 n
32
.00097 so F(x) w« x -~42 +
2
4~4
3 4 2 2
-I);
31
^31
31

x
2 3 -(l + x)
+ x + VT+3!
V e
37.
:

-(i+x))=4 1 +- 1-x = 2 '"Sl"^!"

""'
1 Hm
x-»0

= Ja(l+* + * + - -1

1 - cos t - 1
t-

38. M tM_
l-cost-V =4 l-£- 11 .1

+ 4! + + '" lira
2 6! 41^6! 8! t-*o

= lim I -tt + |t-3T + "- '24

t->o \ 4! 6! 8!

39.
,-i/xM
xM-l+e"
.21 , ,
v a/ ,
1
1,1
+ 1--V
, t
+ --4-— *+. = -l + A- 1
.. =» lira
2L-Vx"
x"Ve -1
x —>oo
.
2 4 6
x 2x 6x 2f 6x"

= lim
x ^°°
J-1+-L2 L + ...| = -1
4
*
2x 6x

5
y_ 23y 1
23y^
*-T + T--M*-tr '5!
,

6"1"
tan y — sin y 6 5! 5!
40.
cos y
y cos y y cos y y cos y

2
1 , 23y
6" "
^ycos—
1

.. tan ' sin V 5!

=> hm - = ,.hm cos y
y— yJ y
y-»0

1- 1- — + —
1 1 +
ln(l + x
2 2 3 2 3 _ hm ,. ln(l+x 2 ); .. 2 3
41.
—
)
=> -T-i
— COS = hm = 2!
1 COS X X-»0 1 X x-*0 2
i_x: x_
l
2! 4! '" 2! 4! '4!

=2

42. (x + 1) sin
1 \_
+ T) = (* + l)( x + 1 -... =1- + 1

3!(x+l) 3 3!(x+l) 2 + l) 4
; :
x 5!(x + l) 5!(x

=>• lim
x—too
(x+1) sinf—-+
\x i-r)=
hm
= x—
x-oo
[1 [
± —
—^ + 5!(x+l) ±
-r
v ' 1 / «oo I1
3!(x + l) 2 4

43. ln(ii|) = lii(l+x)-ln(l-x)=(^x- x^ + ^- x + ... x _x!_£_xl_ = 2 x

x
f 2 3 4 " '

44. ln(l+x)=x- xr + xr - xr + ... + ^ 1J

n + -l)
n -1 xn
=
nlO
iTWhen x = ' 1;
714 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

8
-ks < -K8 =» "10" > 10 when n >
~ 8 => 7 terms
nlO" io

3 5 7 9 (_J.)*-l x 2n-l n-l„2n-l

X (-1>
+ Xfr.fr
X
+ Xfr-...- ^ ^_
-1
45. tan ix^-fr + . . . => error = = whenx = 1;
]_
| I

2n-l 5n^T
1
<TT5=*-n> IMi ~ 500.5 => the first term not used is the 501
st
=> we must use 500 terms
2n-l^i 3

46. tan
_1
x = x-^- + |--y + y-...+ —2im— +-- and nHSo 1
x
2n
2 " +1

+ l"x K =T
2n-l = x 2 lim 2n-l = x 2
n—>oo 2n + l
oo (-l)n
=> tan x converges for |x |< 1; when x =— 1 we have ^
n=i
k— -
*n
— s-
i
which is a convergent series; when x = 1

we have £^ - - which is a convergent series => the series representing tan x diverges for x | I > 1
n=l 2n ~ l

47. (a) (l-x2 ) ^wl+^ + ^ + ^^sin^x^x + ^ + ^ + ffJ;

2n+3 (2n + l)(2n + l)
l-3-5---(2n~l)(2n + l)x 2-4 -6---(2n)(2n +
lim
n—too «!"" . />
2-4-6---(2n)(2n /n..\/«._
+ . n\/o_
2)(2n + , i\
3)
" . _
'l -3 -5...(2n -l)x
lull
.
2n+1 ,„ .,
1)
K ^^
j

*
2
tim
i'
n—»oo (2n + 2)(2n + 3)

=> x |< I 1 => the radius of convergence is 1

(b^U^x^-U-x2 )" '^^^^

1

3
7/2
(4)(-l)(-l)(^)- (-2 )
_i . x2 . l-3x4 , l-3-5x « l-3-5---(2n-l)x 2n
,

3! 2 2 2
-2!
3
2 -3! n=l "FTnT

=^ sin 1
x (l-t 2 )"
,/2
dt f l+u Sl« l-3-5-^a-l)i^
2^|
Jt
dt
_.,
"X+
n
^
S
l-3-5-(2n-l)x2n+l
2.4...(2n)(2n + 1)"'
[ J
where x | | < 1

oo oc

49. [tan-
1
t]~ = |-tan- I x=
f
-^ = f
(*)
*-TK i
-* + *-* + -)*
X X 1 +
(*)
>
1.1
.1+_L__L -1
_1
4 + ^-4 + 3 1 5 + J_7
= I _L_4..X
± _L i J-J.
l
8+
f4-^ -- )dt= lira
.
3i 5
.

x
I
Vt
N
6
t J t b-o t '
t 3t 5t 7t 3x "5x ~7x7
X

^tan- x = |-i + ~^--i5 + ...,x>l;[tan _1 tlI 00 = tan- , x + |=

1
j
- dt
+ ta
 Section 8-9 Fourier Series 715

= lim + = 1 + 1 _ 1 + 1 _...^tan- x =
x
1
-f-i
2 x
+ -i3--iT+...
J
3x3 5x 5 7x7
3 5 7 3 J

b—>— oo t 3t 5t 7t 3x 5x
-b
X<-1
1
tan(tan- (n + l))-tan(tan ^n-l)) _ (n + 1) - (n - 1) __ 2
50. (a) tan(tan
_
(n + l)-tan
_ w(" ~ 1)) = ,

~ 1 + n + l)(n _ 1) " ^
(n _ 1)}
-l
! + tan(tan -l (n + 1)} tan(tan (

(b) £ tan-
1
{4)= E 1
[tan- (n + l)-tan- 1
(n-l)] = (tan- 1 2-tan- 1 0) + (tan- 1 3-tan- 1
i;
n=l \n n=l
I

(tan- 1 4-tan- 1
2) + ... + (tan- 1 (N + l)-tan- 1 (N-l)) = tan"
1
(N + l)+tan- N-^
1

'\}= lim [tan-^N + lJ + tan^N-J —

~ 1La.1L — 2L — 2zl
(c) Yu tan 2~'~2 4 4
11=1 \n

8.9 FOURIER SERIES

1 . a —r ldx=|i)x = 2

iir

an =\ J
cos nx dx = ^sin nx \
'—
=

b„ =£ sin nx dx =- i cos nx = ^ [cos (— nir) — cos (n?r)] =

Therefore,

«W=*-i-

2> a — 7T
-dx + ^ dx = (£](-x) .+(*'* =
-7T

an =¥ -cosnxdx + i cos nx dx = — [ jfjjT ) sin nx =

—J 7T

•>„ =* —sin nx dx + ^f sin nx dx = ( jj^p ) cos nx cos nx

= i [cos - cos (-nir)] + (- jnf j (cos nir - cos 0)

= i[i-(-iri-i[(-ir-i]=^[i-(-ir]

Therefore,

fW=E ^[l-(-l) n ]smnx.

n=l
716 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

3. a =i | xdx = ix2 = 0. (Note: x is an odd function)

2ir'
~7T

*»=£ x cos nx dx = 0. (because x cos nx is an odd function)

bn =i x sin nx dx =^ x sin nx dx (because x sin nx is even)

= 7f[ — ff cos nx + "2 s i n nx -|coS nx = |(-l)' + 1 l

Therefore,

%)=£^r^ n=l
sin nx.

4. a = i| (l-x)dx=i(x-Ix 2 =2
)
— 77

IT

*»=4 (1 — x) cos nx dx = Tg n (1 ~ x) sin nx — i cos nx =

— Ti-

ff

bn — if (1 -x) sin nx dx = -i i(l-x) cos nx + ^sin nx = §f cos n7r =§(-l) n .

_ 7T L . _ 1r
Therefore,
n ~ \n+l
.^ S° 2(-l) 2 (-l)*
*(*)=#+ £ b„sinnx:= 1+ E
n=l
---
ri"
- sin
.

nx =1- £ y
n
.
•
sin nx.

(Compare this result with the Fourier series found in problems 1 and 3.)

it 1T

5.^=^1 x'dx = ijx'dx=£

-*
5t ir

a„ = j- x 2
cos nx dx = g— x
2
cos nx dx (even function)
-* o

_
~2tt
1 x
-^- sin
• 2x
nx + —
n
j cos nx — 2 •
n
3 sin nx
0
= -T? cos njr ;
(-If

47T
x sin nx dx = (odd function)

Therefore,

ji 00 r_n n
12" nfi 2
cos nx.
n
 Section 8.9 Fourier Series 717

"

x2dx =
6. ao = i T
TT
n
t2 9y 2(-l)
a -I x2 cos nx dx =
_ 1
^-
.
sin nx+=4 cos nx
2
~ sin
•
nx = —k COS I15T = „
11 2
n n3 o n* n^

b„ —i
= 1
I x sin nx dx _ =1 -^cosnx + 2|smnx + 4cosx] = -^[(-l) - l] + £(-l) n+1
= 11

'n IT

Therefore,

2 oo 2(-l)
n
fW = V+£ n
cos nx +
n=i
e lira
E/'_i\n+l
^-^[(-ir-i]+5(-i sin nx.
n=i

1- a — 7T
e
x
dx = %{** - e~* = f sinh J
tt

an = e
x
cos nx dx = -^
n V { 1 ,,
n sin nx + —1» cos nx
- 1 2cosn 7r / e'r -e-'r \ _ 2 (-!)
sinh it
7T
1+u" 21
n ._ Ml+n 2
)^ 2 ' jrU' +l
-
2n cos mrf e * -e^_ 1 2n(-l) n+1
=£ nx dx = -— J —A cos nx + isin nx
1
sinh *
*>n
e sin
1+nH n 2
n Ml+n^ ^ v+i:
Therefore,

. oo 2(— l) n ~ 2n(-l) n+1

f(x) = 4 sinh + 7T X) / > sinn * cos nx + T, sinh T sin nx
n=i 7r(n 2 + l n=i irln +1

oo »n+l
2(-l)« 2n(-l
.
sinh x
1 + £
n=i ir
z
+ , ,
1
cos nx + E
n=l n 2~T7
z
l +
sin nx

2 sinh z I+
[2 ,i
fH£
+ ) n
2
l
cos nx — n sin nx

a
d, -I
— 7T
e
x
dx = £e*

IT

^i J
e
x
cos nx dx = 1
7T
- S
1+nH
f
i. sin nx+-^2 cos
n
nx
o

- 1)n -
HiS? X5— '-* =^m^ ( 1]

bn =^ e
x
sin nx dx = ^ -ne n [
- An cos nx + -5z sin nx
1+nH n o
718 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

+ i)=i7*-nE e,r (- 1 ,1+1

2 ) +1
7r(n + l) ]

Therefore,

w= fc + £ ^i) [eW( - 1)n - 1]c°8nx+

£ ^TT) [e
"
(
- 1)n+1+1
^in -

71

9. *o = x cos x dx = |r sin x [ =

0, n#l
*„=4 cos x cos nx dx =
n=l
f,

K-sin2 x| =0, n= 1
bn =y cos x sin nx dx = <
0, =ln
-
/ cos (n l)x cos (n -f l)x
. n#l
(1 + (-!)") f
? v n^l
V 2*(n-l) 27r(n + 1)

Therefore,

f W _= icosx + l£* + H>">,

1
- rv=2 n" 1
sin nx.

10. ^=1 f
-xdx + i 2 dx =3
-2

t0
l
an = |
-xcos^dx + J |
2cos^dx = |[-2Xsi n af--^ Cos.nnx
-
+ nt 8ln
2 n it 2
-2 Jo
-2

2
2j[(-l)"-l] +
n w
o 2

^4 —x sin
nirx
dx + I
f
2 8 in^dx = i 2x
n7r
mrx _
2
_J_
„V
•

T
mrx
t0

-2
nx cos
2

= n^(-l) n -lilf[(~l) n -l] = n^

Therefore,

2[(-l)"-l] cc
fW = 3+f TX ffx
n=l n 7T

w/2

11- *0 =* dx= 1

-*/a
 Section 8.9 Fourier Series 719

jt/2
r/a
**=4 cos nx dx = r?-
1171
sin nx
'-»r/2
, =Sw
"*
sin ¥2
-ir/2

«r/2

bn =^ sin nx dx =
-n/2
Therefore,

W^Ejfsinfcosnx.

0, n = 21c (even)
K
Note: sinSf =^ '
2
|(-l)k
,

, n = 2k + l (odd)

Thus we can write f(x) in the form:

f(x)=I + | g|^-cos(2k + l)x.

k

12. a lx|dx =2 xdx= 1

= =2 =2 it 1 _ 2
a„ I

-l
|x| cos(nTrx) dx x cos (nirx) dx Wat sin nirx +
nV cos n?rx
» »
n V
2 2
[(-1)"-1]

bn = I |x sin (n?rx)
i dx = (because x sin n?rx
| I is odd)
-l

Therefore,

f
W=4+£
n=i 2
^[(-l)
n
2
7T
n
-l]coS (n7rx).

1/2 i
2
13. a =
-- f -(2x-l)dx+ j (2x-l)dx = (x~x 2 t 1 +(x 2 -x]J /2 =
-1
-1 1/2

1/2

a^ = I — (2x — 1) cos (nirx) dx + (2x — 1) cos (nirx) dx

-i 1/2
,1/2 -ii

— — sm
(l-2x)
ffff
. .

(nffxj
. o
j
-
J
cos ( n,rx ) + — — sm
(2x-l)
i^P
. ,
(nTrxj
.

+
o
2 2
cos (n?rx)
-1 n ir
•1/2

(-1)"- cos^ + (-l) n -cos2f (_!)»_ C0S M

n
2
r2 2 2 2 2

1/2

bn = -(2x - 1) sin (njrx) dx + (2x — 1) sin (nxx) dx

-l 1/2
720 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

J/2
— cos (riTrx) 5—5 sin (n?rx) + — —
(2x-l) .

cos (mzx)
,
+ 2 /
„ sin (n7rx)
-il

jpg
n ir
-1
fix
nV
2 2
•1/2

rHf cos n,r - -2-2 s'n

Tf + 1
-^ r OOBIW--^-j«lI^

-
— J_f_ii
x
n 4 •
bln nn_2_\(_iyi_J2_
— 1 Sln
• mr
nir^ ) 2 2 2 nir V ) mr 2

Therefore,

f(*)=! +
^
4 n£=l
jr
^f(-l) n -cosf ]cos(n^x)+|
n I z J
£
n =l
i[(-l) n
l
-^sinf
z
sminTrx
lsi
J

14. f(x) = x| x! is an odd function.

a -I x|x|dx =

s-* x|x| cos nx dx =

7T

»k=* x| x sin I
nx dx = -^ (
x sin nx dx =^ - yr- cos nx + =$ 5
sin nx + -%J cos nx
n" n o

_ 2 %-C-i)n+1 -%(-i) ,,
— -pj- cos n?r + —2tt
n*
s- sin n?r + =*a cos n?r —
n nd
+ -%

-1 (2-jr 2 n 2 )(-l)n -2
— 7T

Therefore,

_2 S (2-irV)(-ir-2
f(x) = # £
n=l
.

sin nx.

15. From exercise #5,

.2 00 (-I)"
4
* 19^
J-*2
n=l n"
2

Setting x = x,
n
X 2 _7T 2 , © (~ 1 ) rrwnw

3^2_^2_ ~ (-l) n (-l)°

12 12 "^ n2 '

or

g -in 2 ^l^Q^lfi^
4^9^16 1
'
r + -
 Section 8.9 Fourier Series 721

2 oo 2f— IV °° f2f( — IV— ll 1

16. From Exercise #6, f(x) = £- + £ -i-J-
n=l n
cos nx + £
n=l
<^

v.
l ^ ;

irn
3
J+£(-iJ»+i [ sin nx.
)
Setting x = and

2(— l) n 1V+
multiplying both sides by i gives fo
z
1
_.2

" = ~g
*

E
^nsi
oo

n
> -
°°

n=l
—rr^— =
E f— i
1
i

- 7 + * —re +
i
i

y
1

io
Note: The

Fourier series will converge to at x = because the discontinuity in f at x = is removable.

mpdx = inSip - L sin

= r _ L
mff-sm(-mir)] =imf(0-0) =
niv
17. cos S ci
j

mV[ 0.
'J:l -L

L
1 8 .
I
sin
nv™ dx = _ m?r
L cos
mp: |L - my [cos mw — cos (— m7r)] = — j^= (cos mir — cos ma ) =
-

-L
-L

19. cos A cos B = | [cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)]

If m 56 n,
L r

ap cos Sg£ dx = i (m + nWx (n — mWx

cos cos i y. cos _ dx = 0, by exercise 17
-L -L

If m = n,
L L L
cos
n^cos mpdx=i cos 2m2rx + 2m-n-x j,.
dx + , 1
dx
L [ (
l
)*-l| cos
TT 5
-L

= + L, by exercise 17

= L.

20. sin A sin B = ± [cos A - B) - cos (A + B)]

(

If m 7^ n,
L P
n^c n^x = (n — m)7rx — (n + m)7rx
Si n sin dx l
coa cos dx = 0, by exercise 17
-L -L

If m = n,
L

I-
sin sp sin ^ dx
4|-L (i _ cos 2np )dx4
-L
dx-i
-L
cos
2rmrx
dx

= L — 0, by exercise 17

= L.
722 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

21, sin A cos B = |lr-4

[sin (A + B) + sin (A - B)]

If m 76 n,
L L -

Q^c m7rx (n + m)7rx . (n — m)irx

sin cos dx = 1
sm + sm dx = 0, by exercise 18
-L -L

If m = n,
L L
sin Op cos 23p dx = i (sin ta* + Cj) dx = 0, by exercise 18
[

22, If two functions, f and g, are piecewise continuous on an interval f, then so is f + g. This is true because of the

properties of limits: Jim [f(x) + g(x)] = lim f(x) 4- lim g(x) = f(c + ) + g(c + ) and lim_ [f(x) + g(x)]
X—*C X —>C x—*c

= Iim_ f(x) + lim_ g(x) = f(c ) + g(c ). Therefore, if f and g are piecewise continuous on I, then so is f + g.
X—»C X—»c
This result also applies to the functions f and g', that is, if P and g' are piecewise continuous on I, then so is

f + g' = (f + g)'. Consequently, Theorem 18 applies to f + g, and f +g is equal to its Fourier series at all points

of continuity, and at jump discontinuities in f + g, the Fourier series converges to the average

(f+g)(c+) + (f + g)(c-) = f(^)+f(

+g
(c+)+g(c-)
wherc f(c+)i f(0i g(c+)) ^ g(c
_
} ^^ .

the r ghfc

and left limits of f and g at c.

23. (a) Since the function f(x) = x and its derivative f(x) =1 are continuous on —k < x < it, the function f satisfies

n+
conditions of Theorem 18, and f(x) = x = £
n=l
(— l) H sin (nx).

(b) g ("l)n+1 I
^ n=l sin(nx) = g (-!)»+!
§ ^(sin(nx)) = g (_!)»+» 2cos(nx)

n+1
This series diverges by the n term test because lim ((— l) 2cos(nx)) ^ 0.

(c) We cannot be assured that term-by-term differentiation of the Fourier series of a piecewise continuous
function gives a Fourier series that converges on the derivative of the function and, in fact, the series might
not converge at all.

a
24. f(x) = tj-Q + J^ (
an cos ( nx ) ~*~ kn s*n ( nx )] smce f > s piecewise continuous on — <x<it it. Therefore,
1 n=l

ao
f(s) ds = y+ S [aj, cos (ns) + bn sin (ns)] ds =
1 ti=i
an cos (ns) ds + bn sin (ns) ds

= -s- (x + it) + 53 TT ( s n ( nx )
i
— sin(— nx)) — -j^ (cos (nx) — cos (-nx)
11=1

an °° 1
= -*- (X + K) + Y, 5 ( an sin ( nx ) - b n( cos ( nx ) - cos («"")))
n=l
 Section 8,10 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series 723

8.10 FOURIER COSINE AND SINE SERIES

=#
1. a I x dx
=H=*
TV

*»=! x cos nx dx =4 i S^ D nx + -g cos nx

o

-=a
2
cos nir x
2
= -^[(-l) n -H
n n irn

-3 -2 -1 u 1x2 3
Therefore, Even extension of /(*)
n -l]
fW=f+#E^ ir , 2 t(-l)
cos nx.
n=l n"

2 a -£ sin x dx = | [-cos x]
J
= |; aj =§ sin x cos x dx = 0;

For n = > 2, an =f sin x cos nx dx

o
a
2/ n A sin x sin nx + —~ cos x cos nx
a
*\n -l

2 n2 COS 7T COS n7T -3 -2 -I

17 1 x2 3
*\ „2
a»-lAn Even extension of f{x)
b„ =
Therefore

cos nx.
n=2 1 —n

x
3. an =2 e dx = 2e t
l

a =2 e* cos nwx dx

= 2 : 2
i+nvy.
" **
)
e *(
v
mr sin n,rx +i n w
cos n7rx
/.
)

U
-D.8-0.4 0.4 0.8
2[e(-l)I, -l]
= 9
^5—5 (e cos nir — 1) = — nV— r~o Even extension of f(x)
X
1 + nV + 1

bn =
Therefore
00 -ll n
= (e-l) + 2 £ —e(-l)-*s-*
[

+ nV
f(x) cos nirx.
n"l 1
724 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

4. a =| cos xdx = | sin x j =0

cos x cos nx dx

2
"U 2
n^
-! jj cos x sin nx —n4 sin x cos nx
o
= 0, ifn^l.
For n = 1: Even extension of f(x)

,-i x dx = |j| + i sin 2x1 = 1

Therefore,

f(x) = Bj COS ^p = COS X.

5
o. a -I
— dx + ~x dx =i + (4=
g |

0.5i
-2 -1 1
an = cos npdx + -x cos M*- dx
—01
-0.5 ;

— n7r sin j
2x
n7r sin
• n7rx.
2 ,2,2 ^ 2 Hi
-1.5:
2 4 4
=m sm
- nir
~2 ~ nf sm n * ~ ZTZ2
.

n jt
cos rw + Jf sin ^ + -j-5
n jt
cos "£ -2-

-A M. + -A (-!)»+!+ cos Even extension of /(x)

s; n
^
Therefore,

nxx
11=1
l»nf+^((-ir+1 +-f cos

1/2

6.a = f1 f
_dx + ? dx =
o 1/2 11
1/2
yQ-5:
a„ =2 -cos riTrx dx +2 dx
1/2 > 1
1
1

,1/2 -0.8 -0.4 0.4 0.8

2 „;
nx sm n^rx mr I1/2 x
-0.5-3

= ^f (-sin^ + sinn^- Sin n

^) — H-
Even extension of f(x)
-^(-l)", if n = 2k +l (odd)
_ 4
T=
H7T
1n
!T¥ s <

0, if n = 2k (even)
 Section 8.10 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series 725

Thus,
oo 4f_n k + 1

f w= 5 k ikTi)
CO8(2k+1)jrx -

1/2

7. a = 2 -(2x-l)dx + 2 (2x-l) dx =l
1/2

1/2

an =2 — (2x — 1) cos nn-x dx + 2 (2x — 1) cos n?rx dx

1/2
J/2
=2
(l"2x)„
nir sm ;
wrx. —V D
s—* cos n?rx
0
-0.8 -0.4 D 0.4 0.8
x
-.1
Even extension of f(x)
(2x-l) . 2
n7r
sm n?rx + -*— ^ cos njrx
n jr
1/2

°—nfe cos ¥" 0+ n

2
=2
?r 7T

+ 2 0+-J-o
nV cos nir-0--J^
nV cos ^f ^

= 4^[l-2cosf +(-l) n l

n ir L *

Therefore,

fW = i^ + E
n=l n'w't
-M i + (- 1 - 2 cos ¥l
)
^
11
cos
J
n7rx-

r/2

a — -(2x-7r)dx + f (2x — ir) dx = 7T

7T

r/2

»/2
_2 -(2x — 7r) cos nx dx + ^ (2x — jt) cos nx dx
*r/2

>-2x) r /2
n sm nx ^ cos nx
o

^ 71
i
——
(2x-sr)
s
n - sm nx +,2
.

—oz
n
cos nx
J W /2
Even extension of f(x)

0-Acosfif-0 + ^7T + A cos n?r - - X cos

A[l + (-!)"] -4 cos ^
Therefore,

f(x) =|+| E i[(-l) n +l-2cosf cos nx.

^ *
n=l n I
726 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

9- b =2 —x sin xittx dx = 2[jj|p cos n?rx

o
r
2(-l)
a „ sin n?rx
dV
•

-D

Therefore,
S2. (-1
f
(
x) =2 22 - ntf sin n,rx '

n=l
Odd extension of /(.t)
x 2x 2
cos nx + —n
2 — -a-
">!>» =* x2 sin
• j
nx dx =^ •

sin nx + —J^ cos nx

n"* n o
_2 n
~ ir
— -yr- COS nTT + -5d
n
COS H7T
nJ
5 -D (4-^]-
Therefore,

f(x) =# E <->n*-*M sin nx.

-10 4
!!•!>„ =# cos x sin nx dx Odd extension of f(x)

—;£ — ( — T7 cos x cos nx —W sin x sin nx 1

2n
I f-a
3
^ (~ cos ^ cos riTT + 1) = 1
irU'-l,
, , ^ [(~l) n + 1]

Therefore,

n[(-l)n +l]
n=l n — 1
.

« = *£
^a4k 2
-i
sin 2kx.

Odd extension of f{x)

x
12. bn =2 e sin n^rx dx

-il
2 2 / 1 i

= n T
2 e
x
— frV cos n5rx + „
2 o
sin nirx
nV + 1
f n?r
n
2
7r
3

= 2n 2 ^ 2 e
cos nff LI-~ 2n?r f
_2~ 2 e(
^n+l + 1
n 2 j 2,1 Vv ~*n7f
'"
nir / ,'
+1 '
'
1 +n ,
7r
]

Therefore,

«> n+1 + lln

f(x)=2ir E
fe('-l)
l(
,1 2 V J
sin
si nwx. Odd extension of f(x)

11
13-bn -# sm x sin nx dx

= 0, if n ^ 1

Odd extension of f{x)

 Section 8,10 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series 727

\=i sin
?
x dx = =2 |-^ sin 2x
0
4m=i.
*(i)

Therefore, f(x) = bj sin x = sin x.

14. b„ = xsinM*dx + sin ap dx

11

2x
n7r C0b
httx ,

2
4
2
• na-x -2_ cos
n?r
roR QM y0,5:
2 n ir 2 2
7
= -YPjf cos 9jL
n
2
2_
+ -£j sin ^-^rcos
H7T
7r
mr + nx ^ cos
n7r
-2 -1

.5:
- 2 n n+1 4 njr
~ me\r ') ~_2,,2
i

2
*
:
n sr -1

n+1 Odd extension of f(x)

(-1)
Therefore, f(x) =f £ + 4-sinM
z
nTTX
n-l XI It

15. b„ = (l-xjsin^dx

•ii
2(1 -x) D7TX n?rx
-mr—™s-2 sin -2 n7r
n
5Ia
7r
3 n 2„2
ir
2

Therefore,

2_ sm mr
fW = #E I
n
• n_7rx

n 2 7r 2 2 •

n=l
Odd extension of f(x)
ir/3

16.b n =# — (2x — tt) sin nx dx + -^ (2x — -r) sin nx dx

ir/2

-2 (2X-7T 2 (jt - 2x)

cos nx ft sin nx + cos nx + -4f sra nx
2
n" D n

-2
— 7T
.-?_ sin HL + ir _ ir cos ^_ _2_
sin
mr

_ 2 n+1
1 7T* 1x2 3
7T f[(-i) +i]-4 s!n ¥

Therefore, f(x) =f £ £[(-!)»+* + 1]- 4

4 „;„
sin
H7T
sin nx.
n=l Odd extension of f(x)

2(1 *}
17. (a)b„ =# sin nxdx = ^ [-cos nx]J = Jr (-cos nrr + 1) = ^[l - (-1)°] => f(x) = £
n=l
(
n,
)
sin nx

= 4 „:
sin „r^
2n ~ ,wi_4.,..„
!) x = ¥ s5n x +
t(
, 4 „:
sin
„ ,„
3x +
4 ...
.
sin 5x + •
n5i (2n-l)> ] 3i 5i

^f(x)=|[sinx + §^ + ^5x + sin_7x

+ .,.j ^ J f(x) = sin x + «r^ + sin^ + sin_7x + _

(b) Evaluatef(x) atx = |=>J-l = sm(|) + isiii(^) + isin(^) + isin(^) +...

728 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

4
1
3
+5 7
+1 "

18. (a)

(b) Use the even extension of f(x) over the interval —2 < x < 2,

a , =
: |f(x)dx = |-l = l;
§

2 1 2

>-! I"

.
f(x) cospipW =
. .
coste)dx+
-J»(1-x)c)cos(5p)dx+
[
f
f
(x- 1) cos(*¥]dx
1

11 2 1
1 2
•>.

= co 8 (3S)dx- COSi(ap)dx- |xcos(^)dx+ x 6os(apW

I I
b i 1

Evaluate the two integrals:

{cos(^)dx = ^ Sin(Hf)

u = x;dv=cos( n|^)dx
[
x a*(sp)dx = = 2x sin
(n|x^X| sin (lip)idx
(

du = dx;v=^FSin(S|5^

Therefore, a^ = * «(»J»)[ ~ A *•(?x"\f_[2x " : / njnc\ , _4_ /mrx\]

)[

+ nw - KfO+s
"/n
f) + nt^
Bi C0S
'(V)" l+ ^fS in(f)~ 2 FS
= 4sin(f))+4d.(Y)-A-(¥)-
¥
l
(
T
s t,«(¥)
2
sin w/W^-A-Jl-t-rnan^^COsf^l
IT \ ' / n ff \ - / ii n l •(f)]
The bn 's are all zero since the Fourier
irier series
ries is for an even extension of f(x).

Table of coefficient values:

 Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 729

Therefore, the Fourier series representation of f(x) is:

(c) Same answer as in part (b).

19. f(x) = sin x = 4 + 4

n=l
S -
1
—*-* cos nx = #- f
- n' £ —±-
n=l 4n I
cos (2nx) for < x< *

Evaluate the function and its series representation at x = ?.

1-2
1_ir
4
f ^(^-2
*^^ 4^^f 1
8
(-1)"
f Mr ,^2 i)_l
)~2
*
^inn^l™ 1 4n 2 -l^„t'i4n 2 -l-4U
1
4

20. Any piecewise continuous extension of f(x) over the interval -2 < x < 2 will give a Fourier series representation
that will converge to f(x) in the interval < x< 2. For example, the function g(x) = 2 — x for — 2 < x < 2 will
work.

CHAPTER 8 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. converges to 1, since lim n = ri—

ain= lim ^1 H
too \
0-^ )~^ g

2. converges to 0. since < a„ < —j=, lim = 0, lim —?= = using the Sandwich Theorem for Sequences

3. converges to -1, since Yw^ an = nlim l^-) = £**, (^- ) = -1

1
(

4. converges to 1, since lim an = lim n

[l •+ (0.9) ] =1 + = 1

5. diverges, since isin ~i = |0, 1,0,-1,0,1,...}

6. converges to 0, since {sin nw} = {0,0, 0, . .

.}

7. converges
° to 0, since lim a_
n— too *»
= n—
lim
*oo
J
''
1
= 2 lim ~i—
n—+oo 1
=

In(2n+1) \.2n + l,
q
8. converges * n •
'
r
° to U, since nm n—>co
a_
"
= n—
nmi-

too
s
«
= n—
lim
»oo
..
-. = n
J.

9. converges
^ to 1, since lim
n—*oo
a„
"
= lim
n—-*oo
i
\
n
— ,—= n— 1^=1
—+^lnn\ -!J /
,;„,
*oo
,-

6n a

10. converges
a to 0, since lim
n—»oo
a„
n = n—
lim
>oo
—— - 55
'i
- = lim
n—>oc
— ;

1
= lim ^=%—
n—>oo g_^
lim
n—too
4=
<l
730 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

11. converges to e"

5
, since Jim a„ = Jjm, (^) = Jim, (l +^) = e" 5 by Table 8.1

12. converges to i
4
e
, since lim
n-too
a„
a
= n-too
lim ( 1 + 4"/ ) = n—oa
lim - &~~—. = A|e by Table 8.1
V I 1 \"

n\*/n
13. converges
° to 3,> since lim
n-too
a_
i*
= n-too
lim f^j
\ n I
= n~too
lim -£7-
_l/n
= f1 - 3 by Table 8.1

MY'" = I /"
1

~~r = 4 =
1
14. converges to 1, since lim a_ = lim (£1 lim 1 by Table 8.

(-2 1 /n ln2)
n 1/n
15. converges
° to In 2, since lim
n— a_ = n—
lim n(2' n — l) = n—
lim , . = n—
lim '

, . ' = lim 2 In 2
too « too too
f 1\ too /— 1\

2°-ln2 = !n2

"^ 2 " + l ')

16. converges to 1,' since lim an
n— too
= n—
lim
too
£/2n
V + 1 = n—
lim expf
too Y\
1

n /
= lim expl
n~»co K
\
2^^ / = e° =
1
) 1

17. diverges, since

° '
lim a„
n— too *»
= n-*oo
lim
n]
* — - = n—
lim
too
(n
s
+ 1) = oo
'

18. converges
° to 0,' since lim n-*oo
a„
n = n-too
lim —— =
(-4)
;
n!
n
by Table 8.1

19.
(2n
1
- 3)(2n - 1) —
^(1) o
2n-3
— oz(» r =<
2n - 1
*.sn — —
-f(«
-tj
(i)l + f(«
r~ ~c~ —(«1 + J —-
"
<r~ • • • ~r ?s:
2n
(1)
o
3 2n -—
— oz(» r l-(*)
— ~o
1 3
—
— 2n-l
»)
hz

= n— 1 ft) _1
2n-l ~6
lim s„
n— lim
too n too 6

20
-r^ = ^ + nTT^ S
«
=
(x + i) + (x + l) + "- + (^ + A) = -i + nTT^fe S
n

lim f-l+—2_ "*__!

= n-too
V n+ 1/ '

21.
(3n-l)(3n + 2) 3n
3
- 1 3n +2 ^HMHWi-A) + --+(»^-EW
_3 3
2 ~W+1^M, S
n = nij8 (f-Sn^)"!
1

-2
22.
(4n - 3)(4n + 1)
~ +
4n - 3 ^ 4n +
•
-

T^ sn = (f + n) + (^ + A) + (TT + 2l) + --- + (CT + 4HTT)

N

-^+ 2 2 -2
= /" => lim s„= n—oo f-|+
lim
U=
l .

9 4n + 1 , i"
n-too n 9 4n + v,
,
1
l

9
r
 Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 731

23.
00
£ e_n — n=Q
n=0
OO -i

£ 4t» a convergent geometric

e
series with r =
1
-x and a = 1 => the sum is —K— = 1
=r
e
c
"-+
-

l-(")

'J °° / Q\/ 1 \n 1 Q
24. ^3 (
— l) n ^i = 1C (
—
4 /("I
- a convergent geometric series with r = —4 and a = —£ =>• the sum is
n=l ^ n= \ 4/\ i /J 4 4

4J _ 3

25. diverges, a p-series with p ==

28- £
n=l
TT— ~^
n=l
2 n>
diverges since it is a nonzero multiple of the divergent harmonic series

27. Since f(x) = —ryj => f (x) = t^ <<)=*• f(x) is decreasing =>^ a^+i < ^i an d lim a^ = lim —t=- = 0, the
X ^X "y

oo(— n «o 1
series ^ —7=~ l)
converges by the Alternating Series Test. Since
,

^ ~7= diverges, the given series converges

conditionally.

28. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since —g < —5 for n > 1, which is the nth term of a

convergent p-series

29. The given series does not converge absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since -. — -. rr > —W, which is
In (n + 1) n +l
the nth term of a divergent series. Since f(x)
KJ = i
ln(x +
? — r^rr => f'(x)
l)
w— (ln(x
=-Ti
+ l)) 2 (x + l)
< => ffx) is

decreasing => aj,

+1 < an and , lim. an = lim : -,— -rr = 0, the given series converges conditionally by the

Alternating Series Test.

OO 1
1 1
30. - - dx= lim dx =J im [
~(v ln x ;) K = - >?. f kTk - nfo ) = In
ufo2 =* the series
x(ln x.y b-»oo x(ln x)
2 b-^oo . L *J2
b-.oo Un b In 2)

converges absolutely by the Integral Test

n
31. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since - -^< -^ = —=, the nth term of a convergent p-series
n' n' n

32. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test for e

a >n => hue? 1 ) > In n =* n
n
> In n => In n
n
> In (In n)
^nbn > In x(In n) =>
'
: ?n
In (In n)
. > -4
"
, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series
732 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

33. im
lim
n—^°°
»oo
Uf^L V fjJ\
./lim
n ~*°° n2
-^- = ^1
+
v 1 = 1 =» converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test
l
1

34. Since f(x)

V '
= -^-
X3 +
l
=> f'(x)' =
^
3x ^ 2
3
(x +
V<2
1 )
when x >
_ 2 =>• a_
n+1
+1 < a_n for n>
- 2 and „_„<,
lim -^~
n3
=
+^
0, the

series converges by the Alternating Series Test. The series does not converge absolutely: By the Limit

3n'
n3 +>-l
Comparison Test, lim
™ -,

(i)
= lim
n ->0°
—3
n +l
= 3. Therefore the convergence is conditional.

n+2 m
35. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test since lim
(n+1)! n+1
= n-~
im I
/ ++ 2
(n
-

1)
.

2
= <l

36. diverges since lim a„

n-co -»
= n-oo
lim b
2
does not exist
2n +n-l

37. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test since lim 3-+L.n!]_

n =
„
lim — fr = < 1
(n+1)! 3 j
rfiife n + 1

38. converges absolutely by the Root Test since lim. f/a~ — lim n —g- = lim g= < 1

,3/2
39. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test since lim ,

Xn + l)(n + 2)

= ,/ii m -c+iy+'Li

*2
40. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test since lim y .,/«.,
lim
n—*oo K-') =1
n\/n 2 -l

41. lim
n—foo
J
n+1
"n
< 1 => lim
n—*oo
(x+ 4) n+1
(n + l)3
n+1 (x
n3
+ 4f
p
< ! =*
jx +• 4
^-p A, 1 ..

(htt) < *
=*
|x
,J
^ + 4j
< !

oo (_11 n 3 n oo (-l) n
=> jx + 4|<3 =>• -3<x + 4<3 => -7<x<-l;at x = -7 we have £
n=l
i
— 55—=
n,J
£ ^T". the
n=l

alternating harmonic series, which converges conditionally; at x = — 1 we have £j ~35T = 2J ji s

the divergent
n— 1 no
n=l aa n=l
harmonic series

(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is —7 < x < — 1

 Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 733

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —7 < x < — 1

(c) the series converges conditionally at x =—

J
n+1 x-iy D (2n-l)I
42. lim < 1 => lim
n—»oo 2n - 2
< 1 => (x-1) 2 lim = < 1, which holds for
n—>oo (2n + l)! (x-l) "-«> (2n)(2n +1
all x

(a) the radius is co; the series converges for all x

(b) the series converges absolutely for all x

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (3x-l)"+ 1 n
2
n
43. lim < => lim <1 =>|3x-l| nlim - <1=»13x-1|<1
(3x-l) n
1 ,
n—»oo n-*oo
(„ + l )2 -*°°
(n + 1)
2

=>-K3x-l<l=>0<3x<2^-0<x<f;atx = Owe have

oo
co
£
11=1
i
(_nn-V-lf
'—J> — '— = £
oo

n=l
(-fl 2n-l

=—
00
1

5^ -4,8 nonzero constant multiple of a convergent

• ...
p-series, which is absolutely convergent; at x = #9 we

oo oo 1
(-lV'-Vl)"
have ^
n=l n
2 = 2v
n=l
(-l)"-
2
n*
— , which converges absolutely

(a) the radius is

i.l. the interval of convergence < x <x
4 ; is

o
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is <x<#
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

n+1
44. lim
n—>oo
J
n+I
< 1 => lim
II—CO
+2 n
2n + 3
(2x +
2n+1
l) 2n
n+
+l
1
2"
(2x+l)n
< 1 =* !
—+
2x s
Z
l|
!
..
lim
n + 2 2n +
n—'co 2n + 3 n+1
<1

'
2x
—j—
+ 1
-!(!) < 1 =>|2x+l|<2 => -2<2x + l<2 => -3 <2x< 1 =^
^i
-|<x<i; at x
^
= -|we have

oo n (n +
n
J^ o
n=l
n
ZR +
i (— 2)
i

i" on
X i |
— £
n=l
—
°° (—
o n
—
*n +
l)
1
1) . .
which diverges by the nth-Term Test for Divergence since

£8b (2S1) = ^ 0; at x = 1 we have g £±^ -g = jg £t^ f

which diverges by the nth-

Term Test

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is — 3* < x < 1

^

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —^ < x <

^
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

45. lim
J
n+1
< 1 => lim
xn+l „»
< 1 => (xl lim
a— too n—-co (n + l) n+1 * n n~*co n + li Vn + 1 e n-«oo \n + 1/

=* '-pJ-O < 1, which holds for all x

734 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

(a) the radius is co; the series converges for ail x

(b) the series converges absolutely for all x

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

46. lim
n—>oo
j
n+i
< 1 => lim
n—»oo v/nTT
i+l y^
*
n < 1 => x | I
Jim^ J— r < 1 =* x |<
| 1; when x = —1 we have

(-l)
n , °° 1
which converges by the Alternating Series Test; when x
.
= 1 we have J2 ~7= a > divergent

p- series

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) the series converges conditionally at x = —1

2n+1

=*t^(Ht) <1 ^-^ <x< ^

j
n +i (n + 2)x 3
"
47. lim
n— < 1 => lim
n+1 < 1
too n-*oo 3 (n + l)x.2n~l :

the series £ 7=~ an<^ ]C —y 37=~ i

obtained with x = ± y3, both diverge
n=l y3 n=l

(a) the radius is y 3; the interval of convergence is —y 3 < x < y3

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is — y 3 < x < yd
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

J
n+1 (x~l)x 2n + 3 2n +
48. lim
II—'OO
< 1 => lim
2n +3 -i)3»+i
l
<l^(x-l)Mim (t^)<l=>(x-l) 2 (l)<l
(x

- .Rf_l\2n+1
=> (x-1) 2 < 1 =$-|x-l|< 1 => -1 <x-l < 1 ^ 0<x<2; at x = we have Y, (-1H-1)
= .

n=l tn + i.

oo 3n + 1 oo 1
= £
(_l)
~~5
TT~
in +
—
(-l)™-
53 ~nzn TT~
—
which converges conditionally by the Alternating Series Test and the fact
n=i l
n=i +l
_ lWl \2n+l _ ,\n
^ —
a, (
that
n=l zn +
J5 -^- diverges; at
l
x =2 we have T*
n=l
x —
r~i
Jn + l
= £ o—
n=ln +TT -* - 1
i
which also converges

conditionally

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is <x <2

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is <x<2
(c) the series converges conditionally at x = and x =2

J
n+1 csch (n + l)xn+1 en+ l_ e _ n _!
49. lim
n—oo < 1 => lim n < 1 ^-|x| lim
n—>oo < 1
n. *<x> csch (n)x
Wr-)
-l_ e -3»-l
[xl lim
e
<1 = -g- < l ^ —e < x < e; the series Jj ( ± e) 11
csch n, obtained with x = ± e,
n— »oo
1-e -2n-2 n=3
 Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 735

both diverge since lim ( ± e) csch n £

(a) the radius is e; the interval of convergence is —e < x < e
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —e < x < e
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

50. Sim
J
n+1;
< 1 => lim
n+1
x coth(n + i;
< 1 => x lim
l +e -2n-2 ^^n < 1 ^|X|< 1
n—»oo x n coth (n) -2"-2
1+e -2 n
| |
n—>oo l_ e

=> -1 < x < x; the series J2 ( ± 1> coth n, obtained with x = ± 1, both diverge since lim
a -*°° C ± if coth niO
^
n=l
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is —1 < x < 1

(b) the interval of absolute convergence is —1 < x < 1

(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

51. The given series has the form 1 - x + x2 - x3 + . . . + (-x)n + . . . = j——, where x =\ ; the sum is — L-r- =|

52. The given series has the form x- ^+^- . . . + (-l) n_1 %- + ... = In (1 + x), where x =1 ; the sum is

In
(§)»»• 510825624

3 5 2n+l
53. The given series has the form x -x +x - ,
. . + (-1)" T^ TTy + '-
= sin x, where x = ir; the sum is
|y ~f • • •

sin 7T =
2n
-x ,x4 -
~ +^2
= =f 5T_
= ±1
54. The given series has the form 1
2! '
4!
. . . + (-1)" t^-tt
(2n)!
+ . . . cos x, where x ; the sum is cos %
3~2

x ,n(2 >
55. The given series has the form 1
+x+ff + |f + -- + 2S" + ••• = e , where x = In 2; the sum is e =2

56. The given series has the form

,3
x — tj- + ^£- —
„5
o
. . . + (-l) n £—tt + . . . = tan
1
x, where x = -4= ;
1
the sum is
•3 [in— I) ,/%
y/l

tan -if
1

AT 6

57. Consider .
_ a as the sum of a convergent geometric series with a = 1 and r = 2x => y~A-
_ _ OO CO -j

l+(2x)+(2x) 2 + (2x)
3
+ ...= Z
n=0
(2x)
n
= £ 2
n
x Il where|2x|<l^|x|<I

58. Consider 5 as the sum of a convergent geometric series with a =1 and r =— 3

=> —
1+x3 1+x3 l

2 3
= l+(_x3) + (_x3) + (_ x3) + = g
n=0
(-l)V*where|-x3 !<l=>|x3 |<l

co (_lYV!n+1 00 n(W\2n+l
f-lW7rxr n+1 n_2»+l v 2n+l
«> (-1)^
(2n + 1)!
736 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

2n+1
/9*\
=
60 - SinX
S l2m)T^ Sm T- go
n o t
(2n + l)! = Jg, ^(2n +
3 l)!

61 . cosx= £
n=0
(zg^
( 2n ) !
cos ( x5 / 2)= £
n=0
^^= £ ( 2n ) ! n=0
fcfflf
( 2n ) !

(-l) n ^(5x)^
2
S° (~l)V n /- / , l/2 \ £9,
j
oo (-iy»w

n
(m\
n=0 n! n=0 n! n=0 ^ n!

oo n 2 oo f v2 ^ <» (— 11 n y 2n

/2 1/2 3/2 V2
65. f(x) = y/zV? = (3 + x2 / = f (x) = x(3 + x 2 )~
=> f"(x) = -x 2 (3 + x 2 )" +{3 + x2 )~
5/2 3/2
=> f'"(x) = 3x 3 (3 + x2 r -3x(3 + x 2 r ; f(-l) = 2, f'(-l) = f'(-l) = -| + I = |,
-J,

t (-lJ--32 + 8-32=^ V^+x _i_— j_ +

^ ^ + 25 ^ +...

-x)- 2 -x)- 3
66. f( x)
=rL_. = (1 -x)- 1 =» f(x) = (1 =» f"(x) = 2(1 => f"(x) = 6(1 -x)- 4 ; f(2) = -1, f'(2) = 1,

f'(2) = -2, f"(2)=6=> ^=-l + (x-2)-(x-2) 2 + (x-2) 3 -...

I

67. f(x) « jiy = (x + I)" 1 = f'(x) = -(x + I)" 2 => f ' (x) - 2(x + I)" 3 =* f "(x) = -6(x + 1}S f(3) =
J
f'(3) = -^,f"(3)=^,f"(2)=^^^ = I-i(x-3) + ^(x-3) 2 -i(x-3) 3 + ...

68. f(x) = £ = x- 1 => f (x) = ~x~ 2 => f"(x) = 2x~ 3 => f"'(x) = -6x~ 4 ; f(a) = i, f (a) = -^,
a2
w
'*f"(a)
- ^,
"a3 '

f"W=^^i = i-^(x-a)+^(x- a )
2
-^(x~a) 3 + ...

69. Assume the solution has the form y = ag + a x + a2x + t

. . . + an _ x xn -f anxn + . .

-1
^^ = a 1
+2a 2 x + ... + nanxn + ...=»g| + y
= (a1 +ao ) + (2a2 +a1 )x + (3a3 + a2 )x 2 + ... + (nan + an _ 1 )xn " 1 + ... = 0=> t^ + ^ = 0, 2a2 + a =0, x

3a3 + a2 = and in general na^ + &n_i = 0. Since y = — 1 when x — we have a = — 1. Therefore aj =

B -ri__i a
a , _zfi-0_ „ -zfs_
2~2-l~ 2' 3~ 3 "3-2' 4~" 4
- _j„
*~4•3•2 •• „
*>»
_ -^-i _
~ »
"~
n
-i (-i) _
n (n-l)!~ n!
, ,

n*n
g 1,

^y--l+x-Ix
=*y- i+x 2 x2 + 3 ^xx
. 2
3 - ...+
+ t^l^
n
+ ,
x = ,£ (-D ^ n
,
= _e -*
-
 Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 737

70, Assume the solution has the form y = ag + a x + a2 x + t

. . . + an _]Xn + a^x + 11
. .

-1
^g = ai+2a2 x + ... + nanxn + ...=>g-y

— (a^ - &q\ + (2a2 - aj)x + (3a3 - 2

)x
2
+ . . . + (nan - an _ 1 )xn_1 + = . . . =* a
}
- ag = 0, = 0,
2a2 - a2
3a3 — a 2 = and in general nan — an_ 1 = 0. Since y = — 3 when x = we have a = —3. Therefore aj = —3,

_ a i _ -3 a3 _ -3
- 32 ,an _ *n-l _ -3 =>y_
_ J x3 _ _=3_ x» +
a ,jx
21 x
. ...

3 n n! 3-2 •••
n!

— 22 „n
_
= -3(l+x + £ T+ £ + .„ + 5 + ...)=-8 n=0
2! 3!
£
~ n! n
X
n!
= 5 „x
-3e*

71. Assume the solution has the form y =• ag + ajX + a2x + - . . + a^jx" + anxn + . .

- y
dx
= a + 2a2x +
x
. . . + na^x"' 1 + ...=$• ^ + 2y
= (a, + 2a ) + (2a2 + 2a x )x + (3a3 + 2a 2 )x z + . . . + (na„ + 2an_ 1 )x n_1 + . . . = 0. Since y = 3 when x =

have a = 3. Therefore aj = -2a = -2(3) = -3(2), a2 _ -|aj

= 2. -i3
= -|(-2 -3) = 1 a --%*»

(-l) n 2 n
-8[•(*)]— (A). -.h-(-«^-(-»)(.(^^)) = 3
ni

=> y = 3 - 3(2x) + 3 ^-x 2 - 3 j^x 3 + . .. + 3 ("^V-K..

n!

(2x)
2
(2x)
3
-l)
n (2x) n - (-ir(2x) n _ 2x
l-(2x) + 2! 3!
+ ... + n!
+ ... 3
n=0
E n!
=3e

72. Assume the solution has the form y = a + a t x + a2 x + . . . + an _jXn + a^x" + . .

-1
=>^ = a 1
+2a2x + ... + nanxIl + ...^g£ + y
= (
+ ao) + ( 2a2 + &\Y + ( 3a3 + a2) x2 +
al + (»an + a^jjx"" + = 1 => 1
. .. ax +a = 1, 2a 2 + a a = 0,

3a3 + a2 = and in general najj an _j = -+- for n > 1. Since y = when x = we have a = 0. Therefore

— — j _ — a,
&) J. "~" Gin L <Ao
2-1 ~ 7> a3
2> 3~ 3 ~3-2 ,a 4 4.3-2'"-' «
\n+l
n -Inj^.!)!- nI
=>y-u + x 2
x +
3 .
2
x ...+
n,
x+...
-11"
-£ oo (-lW 1

= -i l-x + jx ~ X ••• + '

+!= Lii2L + i = i_ e -x
3 .2 n=0

73. Assume the solution has the form y = aQ + a x

x + a2x + . . . + a^-iXn-l an x" + ...
1

dy
gi = ai +2a2x + ...+nanxn i+...^g-
dy
y

= (a x — ag) + (2a2 — aj )x + (3a3 — a2 )x2 + + (na^ — an_ 1 )xn_1 + = 3x => a — a = 0, 2a 2 — a = 3, . . . . . .

2 }

3a3 — a2 = and in general nan — an-1 = for n > 2. Since y = — 1 when x = we have a = — 1. Therefore

3+a l_2 .= a _
a2_ 2 „ -
a3-_2_ a"
-1, a = -i2__2_ a _ 3_
- 2 , - n-l - 2
3 -3.2' 4- 4 -4.3.2'
2 3- >•••' an~ n - a!
2
738 Chapter 8 Infinite Series

= 2^1 + x + ^x 2 + ^x 3
+
4 J 2
x4 + ... + jfX + ...)-3-3x = 2
I1
£ jJ-3 -3x = 2e
x
-3x-3

~1
74. Assume the solution has the form y = a + ajX + a2 x + . . . + an _ 1
x I1 + anxn + . .

-1
=> g= ai + 2a 2 x + ... + na n x n + ...=>^+y
-1
= (a + a ) + (2a2 + a, )x + (3a3 + a2 )x2 +
t
. . + (na„ + a^.j)^ + = x => a + a = 0, 2a2 + a^ = 1,
. . . .
2

3a3 + a2 = and in general nan + an _ 1 = for n > 2. Since y = when x = we have a = 0, Therefore
1 ~ a i _l _~*a_ _ -gn-i _ (- 1 )"
aj _ 0, a2 — s — 2'
» ,
„
a 3
—
~ 3 ~ 1
3-2
a
a„
n~ n ~ n!

^y = 0-Ox + ix2 -^x3 + ... + ^^xn + ... = fl-x + ix2 -^x3 + ... + i^xn + ...J-l+x
oo f~11 nxn

75. Assume the solution has the form y = a + ajX + a2x + . . . + an_ 1 x11- + anxn + . .

-1
^^ = a 1
+2a2x + ... + na„xn + ...=>g- y
~
= (&! - ao) + (2a 2 - ax )x + (3a3 - a 2 )x 2 + . . + (na,, - an _ 1 )xn 1 + = x =>
. . . . ax - a = 0, 2a2 - ax = 1,

3a3 - a2 = and in general nan — a _ 1 = JJ

for n > 2. Since y = 1 when x = we have a,, = 1. Therefore

-
-ii a2- X + al - 2 _ _f2__2_ _ 3_ 2 a _ ^i-l _ 2
al- '
2 ~2' a3- 3 -3.2'
a-»- 4 ~4-3-2' "" »~ n ~ nT

^y= 1+x + (|) x2 + A x3 + 4TfT2 x4 + - + S xn + -

= 2(l+x + lx2 + ^x 3
+ ^x + 4
.., + ir x- + ...)-l-x = 2go g-l- x = 2ex -x~l
76. Assume the solution has the form y = aQ + ax x + a^x + . . . + an _jXn ~ + a^x + 0,
. .

-1
^^ = al+2a x + 2
... + nan x n +...=!>^-y

= (at — a ) + (2a 2 — a x )x + (3a3 - a 2 )x 2 + + (na,, - an _ 1 )xn_1 + = —x => a x — &q — 0, 2a2 — a x = -1,

. . . . . .

3a3 — a2 = and in general nan — an _j = for n > 2. Since y = 2 when x = we have a,j = 2. Therefore

_ ~ 1 + al _ 1 , _ a2 _ 1 , 4_ _ a3 _ 1 , _
a*-! _ 1
al-^' a2- ~2' 3 ~ 3 ~3-2' 4 ~4-3-2' •••' n

= (l
2

^y = 2 + 2x + Ix 2 + ^ + T-L^^ + ... +

+ x + |x2 + 3^2X 3 + 4 ^. 2 x4 + ... + ^xn + ...]+l + x=:

m
^ + ...

£ J+l+x = ex + x + l
x

—j-M-)
T
„ t-x X ——^ = ('-If^--)4- = rI
77. hm
r St- - = hm
, 7 hm
, 7-^
 Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 739

-26 0±
i
+ '+Jt+St 3! 5!
78. $im £ „-e-*-2<J = lim = lim
g_0 — sin
'3! + 5! ••'
3! 5!

2[^ + ^ +...
^l + ,
3 5!
lim = 2
0-tO
3! 5!

2 -2-
t
aU-fr + fc- 2
'4rfo +
79. lim
t^6 V
2 -2
1

cos t
M-
t
i
,.
lim
t-t>
— (l-cost)
t
2

2t
-2
s- + 2cost
2
—=
t-o
,.
lim
2
= lim
t-»o
2t
2
| 1 — 1+V-7T
t tl
+ -
2 4!

= lim
2
'Hr + -
t-tO 12
1-2*1+
1 +" 4!

(§JnJA coah 1- hi _ 1
1
_ii_4.y__
+
3! 5! I 2! 4!
x a ' =
80. Hm n lim
h—o h-^0

h!_hf , hj_hl . h!_h!,""

SJ^S! 4!~ "6!1
7!" 1

Um (l_i + h^_hi + hi_hl +

2!
= lim "

h->0 h™ U» 3! 5! 4! 6! 7!

i_ i- z ^ + v -... 3
+"
81. lim 1 —cos z
= lim lim
8-»0 In (1 — 7,) + sin z z-»0 z-»0
2z d