FHWA-TFHRC Update On Development and Delivery

AASHTO LRFD Design and
Construction Guide Specification for

Ultra-High Performance Concrete
FHWA-TFHRC Update on Development and Delivery
Ben Graybeal, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Highway Administration,

[email protected], (202)493-3122
Rafic G. El Helou, Ph.D., NRC Associate at FHWA-TFHRC,

AASHTO CBS T-10 Committee Meeting

June 26, 2018 – Burlington, Vermont
Objective
Develop a guide specification for the design and
construction of structural elements made with UHPC.
Address reinforced concrete and prestressed

concrete, as well as rehabilitation of existing structural
members with UHPC.
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Examples of Standalone AASHTO LRFD

Specifications Guide Specifications
FHWA-TFHRC (Graybeal and El-Helou) AASHTO CBS T-10 Meeting June 26, 2018 2
Proposed Outline
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Material Specifications
Section 3: Design Specifications
Section 4: Construction Specifications
Section 5: Promising Applications
Proposed Outline
1.1 Scope
2.2 Definitions
2.3 Limitations
2.4 Design Philosophy
Definition
• Cement-based composite with optimized gradation of
granular constituents
• Discontinuous pore structure that significantly reduces
permeability compared to conventional concrete
• Discrete steel fiber reinforcement
Portland Cement-Based Supplementary Materials Superplasticizers Fiber Reinforcement
Definition
What properties constitute a UHPC-class
material for the purpose of this Guide?
Definition
• Compressive strength ≥ 21.7 ksi (150 MPa)
o ASTM C1856
• Post-cracking sustained tensile strength ≥ 0.70 ksi (5 MPa)
o Direct tension method by Graybeal and Baby, 2013
Direct Tension
Graybeal, B. A., and Baby, F. (2013). “Development of Direct Tension Test Method for Ultra-High-
Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.” ACI Materials Journal, 110(2), 177–186.
Definition
• Propose assessment methods to establish durability
performance classes
• Target values for UHPC-class products
Pore Solution Resistivity
Porosity Connectivity
?
Formation Factor Model
Chloride Penetration, Freeze-Thaw Resistance, Surface Resistivity,
ASTM C1856 ASTM C666 AASHTO TP95
Proposed Outline
2.1 Scope
2.2 Definitions
2.3 Notations
2.4 Testing Fresh Properties
2.5 Testing Mechanical Properties
2.6 Testing Durability Properties
Section 3: Design Specifications Testing Mechanical Properties

Testing Mechanical Properties
Compression Strength
• ASTM C39 with modifications in ASTM C1856
Status Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio
Creep in Compression
Tension Behavior
• Graybeal and Baby, 2013
Graybeal, B. A., and Baby, F. (2013). “Development of Direct Tension Test Method for Ultra-High-
Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.” ACI Materials Journal, 110(2), 177–186.
Direct Tension Testing
• Considering including test method in document
• Determines the cracking strength, crack localization strength,
and strain capacity of UHPC materials
• Used to assess tension behavior of five commercially available
UHPCs with typical values published in FHWA-HRT-18-036
• Collaboration ongoing with Iowa DOT pooled fund (1434) to
assess the method through round robin testing
2.0
1.8 Localization
stress/strain
1.6
𝒇
1.4𝒄𝒓
Axial Stress (ksi)
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.2
1.0
0.8
First discrete crack
0.6
0.4 0.02% strain offset line
𝑬𝒄
0.2
0.0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Axial Strain (in/in)
FHWA-HRT-18-036: Properties and Behavior of UHPC-Class Materials

Proposed Outline
3.1 Scope
3.2 Definitions
3.3 Limitations
3.4 Notation
3.5 Material Models
3.6 Limit States and Design Methodologies
3.7 Design for Flexure and Axial Force Effects
3.8 Design for Shear and Torsion
3.9 Prestressing
3.10 Reinforcement
3.11 Durability
Tension Behavior
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
Axial Stress (ksi)
1.2
1.0
0.8
Conventional
0.6 Concrete (f 'c = 6 ksi)
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Tension Behavior
2.0
1.8
1.6
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.4
Axial Stress (ksi)
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.02% strain offset line
0.6
0.4
0.2 𝑬𝒄
0.0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Tension Behavior
2.0
Ultimate/Localization
1.8 stress/strain
𝒇𝒕𝒖
1.6
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.4
Axial Stress (ksi)
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.2
1.0
First discrete crack Localization
0.8 stress/strain
0.6
0.4
0.2 𝑬𝒄
0.0
𝜺𝒕𝒖 𝜺𝒕𝒖
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Proposed Tension Models
2.0
1.8 Strain Hardening UHPC Localization stress/strain

𝒇𝒕𝒖
1.6
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.4
Axial Stress (ksi)
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.2
UHPC with pseudo-stress plateau
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
𝑬𝒄
0.2
0.0
𝜺𝒕𝒖 𝜺𝒕𝒖
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Proposed Tension Models
𝑐 𝑐
𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

• Direct tension test method by Graybeal and
T3 Baby, 2013 T4
𝑓𝑡𝑢
T1 T2 • 𝛾𝑓First
𝑡𝑢 cracking stress, 𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑓 0.02 % offset method on stress-strain curve
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑐𝑟 𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
• Cracking strain limit, 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟
𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 = 𝛾
𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
𝑐 • Localization stress, 𝑓𝑡𝑢 , and strain 𝜀𝑡𝑢
𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 2.0
𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 Localization
1.8
stress/strain
1.6
T3 T4 𝒇
1.4𝒄𝒓
Axial Stress (ksi)
𝛾𝑓𝑡𝑢 𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.2
1.0
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
0.8
0.6
0.4 0.02% strain offset line
𝑬𝒄
𝑐 0.2
0.0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 Axial Strain (in/in)
Compression Behavior
25
20
Axial Stress (ksi)
15
10
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Proposed Compression Model
25
𝒇𝒄 ′
𝜶𝒇
20𝒄 ′
Axial Stress (ksi)
15
10
0 ′
0 0.001 0.002 𝜺𝒄𝒆 0.003𝜺𝒄 = 𝜺 𝒄𝒖
0.004 0.005 0.006
𝑐
𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 • Compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐′ , with = 0.85

ASTM C39 with modifications listed in ASTM C1856
C4 • Modulus of Elasticity, 𝑐
𝑓𝑐′ Or
𝑐 = 1,460 𝑓𝑐′ (ksi)
𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 Compressive Strength (MPa)

0 50 100 150 200
12,000 80
U-A
U-B 70
10,000 U-C
21
Elastic Modulus (ksi)
Elastic Modulus (GPa)

U-D 60
8,000 U-E
Figure XX (Graybeal 2007) 50
6,000 Figure XX
Properties and Behavior 40
of UHPC-Class Materials 30
4,000
FHWA-HRT-18-036
20
2,000
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive Strength (ksi)
𝑐
𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 • Compressive strength, 𝑓 ′ , with = 0.85

𝑐
C4 • Modulus of Elasticity, 𝑐
𝑓𝑐′
Or
𝑐 = 1,460 𝑓𝑐′ (ksi)

𝑐 • Elastic strain limit, 𝜀𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐′ / 𝑐
𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 • Ultimate compression strain, 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035
Axial Strain at Peak Compressive Stress 0.006

0.0047
0.005 0.0042 22
0.0040
0.004 0.0033 0.0034
Properties and Behavior
0.003
of UHPC-Class Materials
FHWA-HRT-18-036
0.002
0.001
0
U-A U-B U-C U-D U-E
Flexural Analysis
• The simplified proposed models in compression and tension are
adopted.
• The strain conditions are based on strain compatibility and
equilibrium of forces.
UHPC Cross Section Strain Compatibility Stress Diagram
Flexural Behavior
𝜺𝒄 𝑬𝒄 𝜺𝒄 Compression Model
𝜺′𝒔 𝒇′𝒔
Extreme
compression strain
𝑓𝑐′
𝜺𝒔 < 𝜺𝒔𝒚 𝒇𝒔
𝜸𝜺𝒄𝒓 𝑐
𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓
𝑴
𝜀𝑐′ 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀
Tension Model
Extreme
tension strain
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑴𝒄𝒓
𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
Flexural Behavior
Extreme
compression strain
𝑓𝑐′
𝜸𝜺𝒄𝒓 𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓
𝜺𝒔 = 𝜺𝒔𝒚 𝒇𝒔𝒚
𝜺𝒕 𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓 𝑐
𝑴
𝑴𝒚 Tension Model
Extreme
tension strain
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑴𝒄𝒓
𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋𝒚 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
Flexural Behavior
Extreme
compression strain
𝑓𝑐′
𝜸𝜺𝒄𝒓 𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓
𝜺𝒔 > 𝜺𝒔𝒚 𝒇𝒔𝒚

𝜺𝒕𝒖 𝑐
𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓
𝑴
𝑴𝑳
Extreme
tension strain
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑴𝒄𝒓
𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋𝒚 𝝋𝑳 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
Flexural Behavior
𝜺𝒄𝒖 𝜶𝒇′𝒄 Compression Model
𝒇′𝒔
𝜺𝒕𝒖 𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓 𝑓𝑐′ Extreme

compression
strain
𝜺𝒔 > 𝜺𝒔𝒚 𝒇𝒔𝒚

𝜺𝒕 𝑐
𝑴
𝑴𝑳
𝑴𝑼
Extreme tension
strain
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑴𝒄𝒓
𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋𝒚 𝝋𝑳 𝝋𝑼 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
Proposed Shear Model Concept
Direct Tension Test Shear Test of UHPC AASHTO Type II Girder

2.0
1.8
1.6
𝒇
1.4𝒄𝒓
Axial Stress (ksi)
Vn  VUHPC  Vs
Axial Stress
𝒇𝒄𝒓
1.2
1.0
dv
VUHPC   ftcr cot   bw d v
0.8
0.6
0.4 𝑬𝒄
0.2 bw
0.0
0 0.002 Axial
0.004 Stress
0.006 0.008 0.01
Prestressing
Stress Limits
• Established in terms of compressive strength and cracking
stress
• Ensures section is uncracked at service limit state
• Reduced need for bonded auxiliary reinforcement to control
cracking at transfer
Creep and Shrinkage/Prestress Loss

• Creep and Shrinkage models based on commercially
available UHPCs
• Calculate time-dependent losses
Proposed Outline
4.1 Scope
4.2 Definitions
4.3 Limitations
4.4 Production Control
4.5 Execution
Flow Test Placement Method
Proposed Outline
Lighter Bridges/Longer Spans

3'-3" Simplified Connections
4'-1" 4'-1"
31
6"
8" 6" 10'

8'-6" 8'-6" 300’ Girder
3'-3" 3'-9"
3'-3" Cap-to-Column Precast Deck Panels
FIB 102 FIB 102 - 6" Web FIB 120 - 6" Web
0.7" Strands 0.7" Strands 0.7" Strands
Ongoing Related Research Activities at
FHWA-TFHRC
• UHPC direct tension testing
• Flexural and shear behavior validation of
proposed models
• Evaluation of existing creep and shrinkage
models for UHPC-class materials
• Assessment of durability methods and
establishing target values for UHPC-class
materials
• Structural design recommendations for 200 to
300 ft span pretensioned girders
Parallel Activities
PCI Bridge Committee’s UHPC Subcommittee
• Info gathering and Girder Design Exercise
Iowa DOT Pooled Fund (1434)
• Complimentary effort lending perspective and
insight to the FHWA-TFHRC guide development
• Round Robin test on proposed direct tension
method
NCHRP 18-18: Deck Bulb Tees w/ UHPC
• Refining DBT solutions while using UHPC connections
2nd International Interactive Symposium on UHPC
• June 3-5, 2019 in Albany, New York!

• Goal:
o Share knowledge
o Facilitate collaboration
o Advance the use of UHPC
• Interactive Expert Discussions
• Paper Presentations
• Student Competition
• Design Awards
• Hands-On Site Visits and Peer Exchange
34
AASHTO LRFD Design and
Construction Guide Specification for
Ultra-High Performance Concrete
FHWA-TFHRC Update on Development and Delivery
Ben Graybeal, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Highway Administration,

Rafic G. El Helou, Ph.D., NRC Associate at FHWA-TFHRC,

AASHTO CBS T-10 Committee Meeting

June 26, 2018 – Burlington, Vermont
Additional Slides
Proposed Tension Model
𝑐 𝑐

T3 Baby, 2013 T4
𝑓𝑡𝑢
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
Obtain maximum attained stress during the test,
𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟
𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜀
𝜀𝑡𝑢its corresponding strain.
𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 2.0
Maximum tension
1.8 stress
𝒇𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙
T3 T4 1.6
𝛾𝑓𝑡𝑢 𝒇𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙
1.4
Axial Stress (ksi)
1.2
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟 1.0
0.8
0.6
𝑐 0.4
0.2
0.0
𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Proposed Tension Model
𝑐 𝑐

T3 Baby, 2013 T4
𝑓𝑡𝑢
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑓𝑐𝑟
𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
Obtain maximum attained stress during the test,
𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟
𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜀
𝜀𝑡𝑢its corresponding strain.
𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
If 𝑓𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 1.2𝑓𝑐𝑟 ,
T3 UHPC with pseudo stress plateau
T4
𝛾𝑓𝑡𝑢 Obtain localization strain, 𝜀𝑡𝑢 , right before
softening when the stress falls below 𝑓𝑐𝑟
without recovery.
𝛾𝑓𝑐𝑟
If 𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 1.2𝑓𝑐𝑟 ,
Strain Hardening UHPC,
𝑐 set 𝑓𝑡𝑢 = 𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥
Obtain localization strain, 𝜀𝑡𝑢 , at 𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀
UHPC Girder with Cast-in-Place O.C. Deck
F.I.B.-102, O.C. Girder F.I.B.-102, UHPC Girder
4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1"
Convention
al concrete
UHPC
8" 8" 8" 8" 6" 6"

8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3"

(66) 0.6 in. 102
diameter (66) 0.6 in. diameter FIB 102 FIB
- 6" 1
FIB FIB 102 FIB 102 FIB 102
strands0.6"
at bottom
0.6"flange
Strands Strands strands at bottom
0.7"
0.7" Strands Strandsflange 0.7
0.7" Stran
Maximum Possible Bridge Span
4'-1" 4'-1"
F.I.B.-102, Ordinary Concrete Girder

(66) 0.6 in. diameter strands at bottom flange Convention
al concrete
200 ft 8" 8" 6"
8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
UHPC
F.I.B.-102, UHPC Girder with O.C. Deck
(66) 0.6 in. diameter strands at bottom flange
0 ft 205 ft
3'-3" 3'-3"
FIB 102 FIB 102 FIB 1
0.6" Strands 0.7" Strands 0.7
UHPC Girder with Cast-in-Place O.C. Deck
F.I.B.-102, O.C. Girder Modified F.I.B.-102, UHPC
4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1"
Convention
al concrete
8" 8" 8" 8" 6" 6" 10'

8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3"

(66) 0.6 in. diameter (74)
FIB0.7102
in.- diameter
6" Web FIB 102 - 6"
FIB 102 FIB 102 FIB 102 FIB 102
strands0.6"
at bottom flange
Strands 0.7" Strands strands0.7" Strandsflange
0.7" Strandsat bottom 0.7" Stran
0.6" Strands
4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1"

al concrete
8"
200 ft 8" 6" 10'
8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
UHPC
205 ft
3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3"
FIB 102 FIB 102 FIB 102 - 6" Web F
F.I.B.-102 with 6” web, UHPC Girder with O.C. Deck
0 ft 257 ft
4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1"

al concrete
8"
200 ft 8" 6" 10'
8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
UHPC
205 ft
3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3"
FIB 102 FIB 102 FIB 102 - 6" Web F
F.I.B.-102 with 6” web, UHPC Girder with O.C. Deck
257 ft
UHPC Girder with O.C. Deck?
0 ft 300 ft
300 ft Girder Composite UHPC Girder with
regular Concrete Deck
3'-3"
Convention
al concrete
6"
10'
UHPC
Extreme
tension
strain
3'-9"
(92) 0.7 in. diameter strands at
FIB 120 -flange
bottom 6" Web
0.7" Strands
300 ft Girder Composite UHPC Girder with
regular Concrete Deck
 Crack Localization of UHPC at extreme tension fiber
0.0016 3.97 𝑘𝑠𝑖
3'-3" 0.0013 3.70 𝑘𝑠𝑖
0.0023 16.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Convention 4′ 4′′
al concrete
6"
10'
UHPC −1.00 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Extreme
tension
strain
−1.00 𝑘𝑠𝑖
3'-9" −0.004
(92) 0.7 in. diameter strands at Strain Diagram Concrete Stress Diagram
FIB 120 -flange
bottom 6" Web
0.7" Strands

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AASHTO LRFD Design and

Construction Guide Specification for

Ben Graybeal, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Highway Administration,

Rafic G. El Helou, Ph.D., NRC Associate at FHWA-TFHRC,

AASHTO CBS T-10 Committee Meeting

Address reinforced concrete and prestressed

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Examples of Standalone AASHTO LRFD

Portland Cement-Based Supplementary Materials Superplasticizers Fiber Reinforcement

Pore Solution Resistivity

Section 4: Construction Specifications

FHWA-HRT-18-036: Properties and Behavior of UHPC-Class Materials

1.8 Strain Hardening UHPC Localization stress/strain

𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 • Compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐′ , with = 0.85

𝑐 = 1,460 𝑓𝑐′ (ksi)

𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 Compressive Strength (MPa)

Elastic Modulus (GPa)

𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 • Compressive strength, 𝑓 ′ , with = 0.85

𝑐 = 1,460 𝑓𝑐′ (ksi)

𝜀 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝜀 • Ultimate compression strain, 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035

Axial Strain at Peak Compressive Stress 0.006

UHPC Cross Section Strain Compatibility Stress Diagram

𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋𝒚 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

𝜺𝒔 > 𝜺𝒔𝒚 𝒇𝒔𝒚

𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋𝒚 𝝋𝑳 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

𝜺𝒕𝒖 𝜸𝒇𝒄𝒓 𝑓𝑐′ Extreme

𝜺𝒔 > 𝜺𝒔𝒚 𝒇𝒔𝒚

𝝋𝒄𝒓 𝝋𝒚 𝝋𝑳 𝝋𝑼 𝝋 𝛾𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

Direct Tension Test Shear Test of UHPC AASHTO Type II Girder

Creep and Shrinkage/Prestress Loss

Lighter Bridges/Longer Spans

8" 6" 10'

• June 3-5, 2019 in Albany, New York!

Ben Graybeal, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Highway Administration,

Rafic G. El Helou, Ph.D., NRC Associate at FHWA-TFHRC,

AASHTO CBS T-10 Committee Meeting

𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀 𝜀𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑡𝑢 𝜀

4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1"

8" 8" 8" 8" 6" 6"

3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3"

F.I.B.-102, Ordinary Concrete Girder

4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1" 4'-1"

8" 8" 8" 8" 6" 6" 10'

3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3" 3'-3"

F.I.B.-102, Ordinary Concrete Girder

F.I.B.-102, Ordinary Concrete Girder

UHPC Girder with O.C. Deck?

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