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BPSK Modulator: Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK

PSK is a digital modulation technique that changes the phase of the carrier signal based on the input data. There are two main types: BPSK uses 0 and 180 degree phase shifts, while QPSK uses 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree shifts. BPSK modulation is performed by multiplying the carrier wave and binary data signal. BPSK demodulation recovers the message signal in two stages - first by mixing and filtering, then by detection using a decision circuit. Detection of the transmitted signal involves calculating the probability of each possible signal given the received vector and choosing the most probable one.

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75 views4 pages

BPSK Modulator: Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK

PSK is a digital modulation technique that changes the phase of the carrier signal based on the input data. There are two main types: BPSK uses 0 and 180 degree phase shifts, while QPSK uses 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree shifts. BPSK modulation is performed by multiplying the carrier wave and binary data signal. BPSK demodulation recovers the message signal in two stages - first by mixing and filtering, then by detection using a decision circuit. Detection of the transmitted signal involves calculating the probability of each possible signal given the received vector and choosing the most probable one.

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manikandan
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13 A I) Phase Shift Keying 

PSKPSK is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is
widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and
Bluetooth communications.
PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are −

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSKBPSK

This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the
sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.
BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed
Carrier DSBSCDSBSC modulation scheme, for message being the digital information.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSKQPSK

This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four
phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
If this kind of techniques are further extended, PSK can be done by eight or sixteen
values also, depending upon the requirement.

BPSK Modulator
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator
which has the carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other
input. Following is the diagrammatic representation.
The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two
signals applied at the input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high
input, the phase reversal is of 180°.
Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK Modulated output wave along
with its given input.

The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier or the
inverted 180°phaseshifted180°phaseshifted input carrier, which is a function of the
data signal.

BPSK Demodulator
The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a mixer with local oscillator circuit,
a bandpass filter, a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows.
By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the help of the mixer circuit and
the band pass filter, the first stage of demodulation gets completed. The base band
signal which is band limited is obtained and this signal is used to regenerate the binary
message bit stream.
In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is needed at the detector circuit to
produce the original binary message signal. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier
frequency, then the bit clock regeneration is simplified. To make the circuit easily
understandable, a decision-making circuit may also be inserted at the 2nd stage of
detection.

13 A II) Detection by Correlation


Demodulation and Detection

Detection

Decide which sm(t)s m t from the set of {s1(t),…,sm(t)}s1t…smt signals was transmitted based


r1r2⋮rN
⎛⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜ ⎞⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟
on observing r= r r 1 r 2⋮ r N, the vector composed

of demodulated received signal, that is, the vector of projection of the received signal onto
the NN bases.
mˆ=argmax1≤m≤MPr[sm(t) was transmitted | r was observed]m^ 1mM  r  was observed s m t  

was transmitted 
Pr[sm|r]≜Pr[sm(t)was transmitted| r was observed]=fr|smPr[sm]frr s m ≜  r  was observed s m t 
was transmitted f r | s m s m f r

If Pr[sm was transmitted]=1Ms m  was transmitted 1 M, that is information symbols are equally


likely to be transmitted, then
argmax1≤m≤MPr[sm|r]=argmax1≤m≤Mfr|sm1 m M r s m 1mMfr|sm
Since r(t)=sm(t)+Ntrt s m t N t for 0≤t≤T0tT and for some m={1,2,
…,M}m 1 2 … M then r=sm+ηr s m η where η= η1η2⋮ηN
⎛⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜ ⎞⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟
η η 1 η 2⋮ 

η N and ηnηn's are Gaussian and independent.


∀rn,rn∈R: fr|sm=1(2πN02)N2e−∑N =1(rn−sm,n)22N02
⎛⎝⎜⎜⎜ ⎞⎠⎟⎟⎟
n

r n r n f r | s m 1 2 N 0 2 N 2 n 1 N 

r n s m n 2 2 N 0 2

mˆ====argmax1≤m≤Mfr|smargmax1≤m≤Mln(fr|sm)argmax1≤m≤M(−(N2ln(πN0)))

−1N0∑Nn=1(rn−sm,n)2argmin1≤m≤M∑Nn=1(rn−sm,n)2m^1mMfr|sm 1 m M f r | s m 1mM N 2 N 0 1 N 
0 n 1 N r n s m n 2 1 m M n 1 N r n s m n 2

where D(r,sm)Drsm is the l2l2 distance between vectors rr and smsm defined


as D(r,sm)≜∑Nn=1(rn−sm,n)2Drsm≜ n 1 N r n s m n 2
mˆ==argmin1≤m≤MD(r,sm)argmin1≤m≤M(∥r∥)2−2⟨(r,sm)⟩+(∥sm∥)2m^ 1 m M Dr s m 1 m M r 

2 2 r s m s m 2

where ∥r∥r is the l2l2 norm of vector rr defined as ∥r∥≜∑Nn=1(rn)2−−−−−−−


−√r≜ n 1 N r n 2

mˆ=argmax1≤m≤M2⟨(r,sm)⟩−(∥sm∥)2m^ 1 m M 2 r s m s m 2

This type of receiver system is known as a correlation (or correlator-type) receiver. Examples of


the use of such a system are found here. Another type of receiver involves linear, time-invariant
filters and is known as a matched filter receiver. An analysis of the performance of a correlator-
type receiver using antipodal and orthogonal binary signals can be found in 

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