,_,:.·:".

,· ,

Thoroughly Revised and Updated

Reasoning
&Aptitude
c:for GATE 2019
ancl ESE Pre 2019

Comprehensive Theory with Examples

and Solved Questions of
GATE and ESE Prelims

Also useful for

UPSC {CSAT), MBA Entrance, Wipro, SSC, Bank (PO), TCS, Railways, Infosys,
various Public Sector Units and other Competitive Exams conducted by UPSC
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Reasoning & Aptitude for GATE 2019 & ESE 2019 Prelims
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 PREFACE

I have immense pleasure in placing this edii:ion of "Reasoning & Aptitude" before the
aspirants of Competitive Examinations. The book has been written to meet the growing
requirements of candidates appearing for GATE, ESE Prelims, UPSC-CSAT, SSC, various
Public Sector Examinations, Bank (PO), MBA Entrance Exams, Railways and Campus
Placements of Software Companies etc.

The comprehensive volume would enable the readers to acquire complete and detailed
understanding of "Reasoning & Aptitude". It covers all dimensions of Arithmetic,
Algebra, Geometry, Reasoning and Data Interpretation. My first-hand experience
of coaching the students has been a great source of inspiration and has helped me
immensely in writing this book. Preparation for Civil Services Examination taking
Mathematics as optional subject also helped me sharpen the ideas and arguments
developed here.

I am grateful to my parents and family members, who have been showering their
blessings from the very beginning. I offer my deep sense of gratitude to my Teachers,
Principals of Navodaya Vidyalayas and Professors of NIT Raipur for their blessings
and guidance. I would like to acknowledge the encouragement and useful guidance
provided by my colleagues and seniors serving in IAS, IFS, !PS and IRS etc. My publisher
Mrs. & Mr. B. Singh have been a constant source of support and encouragement. My
special thanks to the entire MADE EASY team for bringing out the book at the earliest
in the hands of readers.

Suggestions and constructive comments from the readers for the improvement of the
book are welcome.

Nem Singh
(Indian Revenue Service)
 Contents
Section-A: Arithmetic
i .1 Number System ....................................................................................................... 1-17

1 .2 Percentage ............................................................................................................. 18-31

1 .3 Profit and Loss ....................................................................................................... 32-42

i .4 Simple Interest & Compound Interest ...................................................................... 43-52

i .5 Ratio and Proportion .............................................................................................. 53-61

1.6 Average ................................................................................................................... 62-71

i. 7 Time & Work ............................................................................................................ 72-87

i .8 Time Speed and Distance .................................................................................... 88-105

2. 1 Surds, Indices & Logarithms ............................................................................... 107 -115

2.2 Progression ....................................................................................................... 116-129

2.3 Permutations & Combinations.. ... .. . ....... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ... ... ....... 130-141

2.4 Probability ............................. .. .......... 142-152

2.5 Set Theory ....................................................................................... . ......... 153-159

Sectiotj-:t{i,easoning & D8fa Interpretation

3.1 Blood Relationship ................................................................................. . ....... 161-167

3.2 Coding and Decoding ................................................................. . .. ... 168-171

3.3 Cubes and Dices .................................................................... . ..... 172-178

3.4 Direction Sence Test.. ....................................................................................... 179-187

3.5 Line Graph ........................................................................................................... 188-193

3.6 Tables..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ..... ........................ ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ....... 194-197

3.7 Bar Diagram ...................................................................................................... 198-206

3.8 Pie-Charts ............................................................................................................ 207-216

3.9 Miscellneous Puzzles ......................................................................................... 217-226

3.1 0 Logical Venn Diagrams ........................................................................................ 227-232

3.11 Analytial Reasoning ............................................................................................. 233-243

Previous Years GATE Solved Questions 245-317

Previous Year ESE Prelims Solved Questions 318-322
 II

l Section

rith ti
 Number System

In Quantitative Aptitude (QA), Number System is one of the module which is of critical importance. We can consider
this module as the back bone as well as basic foundation and building block for QA as well as for reasor,ing.
Applications of concepts of numbers can be easily found in puzzles, reasoning based questions, number series and
many more reasoning areas. This is why it is our suggestion to students to understand the concepts discussed in the
module thoroughly alohgwith understanding of applications.

Classifications of Numbers

Complex Number [a+ ib] [ab c E Real]

If b = 0 i~------''---~ilH=l]
Real numbers If a = O pure
imaginary number and
~ - - - ~ -_ _ _ _ I if a" 0 then number
Integers

L
Rational numbers [p/q] form
i will be complex
Irrational number [,s p/q] Natural numiier
-ve Integers Zero (01
[p. q belongs to integers] [q "OJ
I ( +ve inegers;
I
Integers
i SUfiDS
Fractions [If Iq I ct- 1]
Transdental numbers
like [rr. e] i 11 0•1e rs neither prime Prm1e [ except 2 all
[if q = 1 or'.] r~or composite ;)rimes are odcl]

iractions
l
Improper Mixed fractions
P <lql fractions
IP I> lei I

flea! Number

Rational

crs (~ ve integ

l1ole numb

tural Numb

Our main focus in this module of numbers in on real number system. How ever in context, of imaginary number only
following property is important.
 2 0 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!:::I

Imaginary Numbers (b) Nonterminating but recurring decimal forms.

(i) For example
i = ✓-i ⇒
0 = 0.37373737 ...
i2 = -i ⇒ i41< + 2 =_1 =i2 100 0 = 37.373737 ...
'3=
I -i ⇒ i41< + 3 = -i = i3 990 = 37 ⇒ 0 = 37 /99 ⇒ rational
j4
=i ⇒ i41< =1 =i4 (ii) For example
0 = 0.37292929 "'
Question: What is the value of expression
1000 = 37.292929 ...
j12 + j13 + j14 + i15 100000 = 3729.292929
·18 ·'9 ·20 ,')1 ?
I + I' + 1- + t 99000 = (3729 -- 37)
(a) i2 (b) -1
(c) i/i 2 _ (3720 37)
(d) None of these O- 9900
Ans. (d)

Solution: =~ form ⇒ rational

12 2 3
i ( 1+ i + i + i ) Fraction
i
18
(1 + i + i2 + i 3
) All rational numbers in which Iq I -:f. i comprise the
set of fractions.
If we commit a mistake of cancelling out common
terms in numerator and denominator options Proper Fractions
a, b, call one correct hence my answer should be (d) It Ip I < IqI
but then traction is proper fraction. Value of
expression i + i + i2 + i3 proper fraction is always in between
= 1 + i + (-1) + (-i) = 0 (-1 to + 1)
hence expression in question leading to undetermined [-1 < p/q < 1]

------,++,~=1
"' l0
°] RB-R-e-e--eeH-ee-i:--a-A-swe-F-fS-e-13"HeA--EelJ1-.______lm~p_ro~p_e_r_F_r_a_c_tio_n_____________~
It IpI > IqI
than fraction is improper fraction valve of improper·
Real Number System fraction is< -1 or more than(>) '1
Entire real numbers group of rational and irrational
numbers combined forms the set of real number, Mixed Fraction
which is represented by symbol ➔ R. All real Just a modified form it improper fraction.
numbers can be represented as points on a real 13 3_2
⇒
number line. Eg. 4
'--v-'
4
'-v-'
Improper fraction equivalent mixed fraction

-2 -1 -3/4 -1/2 0 I/2 3/4 1 2 e 3 4 5 ..

Integers
The set of all rational numbers in p/q form [ I q I = 1]
Rational Number
is called as integers. It is denoted by
All the numbers in p/q (q -:f. 0)form are rational
I= { .... -3, -2, -i, 0, i, 2, 3, ... )
n11mbms [p, q are integers] set of rational number
It includes.
is represented by ➔ 0.
Negative Integers
Rational Numbers Follow
1- = ( ... -7, --6, --·5, -4, --3, -2, - i)
Following forms of representations.
(a) Terminating decimal forms Positive Integers
for example 0.125 1+={1,2,3 ........ )
i25 Note: Status of 0 (zero) is neutral neither positive
⇒ 0.125 = , nn,::, = ⇒ Rational nor negative.
IUUU
 mRDE ERS\!:l! ® Number Systems 3

Example 1.
There are two, 2-digit numbers ab and cd, ba is the
I I I I I I I
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2345678 another two digit number prepared by reversing the
- 0
(Negative Integers EI l Neutral [Set of positive integer I+] digits of ab, if ab x cd = 493, ba x cd = 2059, what
is value 'g' sum of (ab + cd) =?
Natural Numbers (a) 43 (b) 45
All counting numbers or set of positive integers is (c) 47 (d) 46
considered as set of natural numbers. It denoted Ans: (d)
by set [Nor I+]
Value ·g· = ab x cd is odd.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, .... )
It means ab and cd both are odd.
Whole Number Hence there sum must be even, only one option is
Set of all nonnegative integers are considered as there which even. Hence answer is option d.
whole number; it is denoted by set
Example 2.
W = (0, 1. 2, 3, 4 "" ,)
I have multiple gift vouchers of value,
Note: If terms "numbers" is used without any
Rs. i01, 107,111,121,131, 141,151,171.
qualifier than it means natural number hence forth.
ethe I have to pick exactly 1Ovouchers to make payment
of Rs. 1121. In how many ways I can do that?
Even Numbers & Odd Numbers (a) one (b) two
(c) more than two (d) none of these
1. Even Numbers
e of All numbers divisible by 2 considered as even
Ans. (d)
✓ een numbers. Reasoning is very simple, if I'll add 10, odd numbers

Note: Property evenness is applicable their sum will be always even. Hence there is not

in entire integral number line. Hence way to accomplish this.

[-2, -4, -6, . ] are even integers but they are not
even numbers.
Prime Number & Composite Numbers
roper 2. Odd Number
Prime Numbers
All numbers not divisible by 2 one odd.
Number which are perfectly divisible either by 1 or
[1, 3, 5, 7, .. ] are odd numbers.
by itself only are called prime number. Then 25 prime
[........ -5, -3, -1 .... ] are odd integers.
number are there which are less than 100. 2 is the
only even prime number.# All prime numbers greater
Properties of numbers based on even & odd than 5 can be expressed as (6K ± 1) (KE N) form
Even + Even = Even but all the numbers in form of (6K ± 1) form are not
Odd + Odd = Even necessarily prime.
Odd + Odd + Odd = Odd
Composite Numbers
Odd x Odd = Odd
All the numbers which can be factorized into multiple
Odd x Even = Even
prime numbers are called composite number.
Even x Even = Even
P.S. Number ( i) one is neither prime nor composite.
(Even) 0 dd ⇒ Even
(Odd)Even ⇒ Odd How to check whether given number is prime or
(Even) 0 dd ⇒ Even not?
(Odd)Odd ⇒ Odd 1. Take the square root of number
2. Consider the prime numbers, starting from 2 to
These properties can be used extensively to find out
till number. Take all prime numbers upto this
Jsitive alternative method to get answers quickly with the help
of options. Here are few examples. square root value or nearest higher integer.
 4 e Reasoning & Aptitude ffiRDE ERS~

3. If number is divisible by any of these prime 6. Divisibility by 8

numbers. Then number is composite. A number is divisible by 8 if last three digit of it is
divisible by 8.
Learn it by example:
Eg.: 47472 here 472 is divisible by 8 hence this
Suppose I want to check, is G29 prirne or not? number 47472 is divisible by 8.
Square root of 627 is just more than 25. Then prime
no. till 25 are 2, 3, 7, 5, 11, 13. 17, 19, 23, 29.
7. Divisibility by 9
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digit is
629 is not divisible by 2, 3. 5, 7, 11, 13 but is
divisible by 9.
divisible by 17.
Eg.: 108936 here 1+0+8+9+3+6 is 27 which is
Hence it is not prime number
divisible by 9 and hence 108936 is divisible by 9.
One more example: 179
Square root of 179 is more than 13. Hence I need to 8. Divisibility by 10
fa, number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit
check divisibility of 119 against 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
is 0.
13, 17
Eg.: 90, 900, 740, 34920 etc.
179 is not divisible by either of these hence it is a
prime number. 9. Divisibility by 1i
A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of sum
of digit at odd places and sum of digit at even
Test of Divisibility places is either O or divisible by 11.
1. Divisibiiity by 2 Eg.: 1331, the sum of digit at odd place is 1+3 and
A number is divisible by 2 if the unit digit is zero or sum of digit at even places is 3+ 1 and their
divisible by 2. difference is 4- 4 = 0. so 1331 is divisible by 11.
Eg.: 22, 42, 84, 3872 etc.

2. Divisibility by 3 HCF and LCM of Numbers

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of digit in the H.C.F.
(Hi-ghes1-eomrTIDITf=actoT)c:ri-two or more number 1s the ii
number is divisible by 3.
Eg.: 2553 greatest number that divides each one of them exactly.
For example 8 is the highest common factor of 1o and
Here 2 + 5 + 5 + 3 = 15. which is divisible by 3
40.
hence 2553 is divisible by 3.
HCF is also called greatest common divisior
3, Divisibility by 4 "D,
(r:;..:i.L .. . )
A number is divisible by 4 if its last tvvo dlgit is
L.C.M.
divisible by 4.
(Least Common Multiple) of two or more number is the
Eg.: 2652, here 52 is divisible by 4 so 2652 is
least or a lowest number which is exactly divisible by C
divisible by 4.
each of them. 1
Eg.: 3772, 584, 904 etc.
For example LCM of 8 and 12 is 24, because it is the
4. Divisibility by 5 first number which is multiple of both 8 and 12.

A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit in number LCM and HCF of Fractions
is0or5. 2
Numerator
Eg.: 50, 505, 405 etc. Fractions are written in form of . · Where
Oenom1nator
5. Divisibility by 6 denominator is not equal to zero.
A number is divisible by 6 if the number is even
and sum of digits is divisible by 3. . (H.C.F. of Numerators)
H.C.F of Fraction = (LCM of Denan1ra
. tors) 3
Eg.: 4536 is an even number also sum of digit 4 +
ti+ 3 + 6 = 18 is divisible by 3.
I (' ~A ,-.,f C,,-,nl;r,n - (LCM of Numerators)
Eg: 72, 8448, 3972 etc. L.v.lVI V I ' 'avl/VII - -,-:(H'-C-F-of-0-en-an-im-to_r.:__s)
15!::I mADE EAS!::I * Number Systems I 5

All Fractions have to be in their simplest from: 4. an bn is divisible by a + b only when 'n' is even
'it is natural number.
1 2 3
Example: Find HCF & LCM of
2,3 and 7 Ex. : a 4 - b 4 =(a 2 -b 2)(a2 + b 2 )=(a- b)(a + b)
this (a 2 + b 2 ). Hence a4 - b 4 is always divisible by
HCF = HC.F. of (1,2,3) = _1 (a+ b) but a3 - b3 will not be.
L. C. M (2, 3, 7) 42
Factors of Composite Number
~it is LCM= LCM of (1,2,3) = ~ = 6 Composite numbers are the numbers which can be
HCF of (2, 3, 7) 1 factorised into prime factors, or simply we can say that
composite number are those numbers which are not
Important Algebraic Formulae prime.
1. (a+ b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b
2 For eg.: 8 is a composite number since it can be
digit factorised into
2. )2
( a - b = a - 2ab + b
2 2
8=2x2x2
Similarly 9 is also a composite number. i e
3. (a-b)(a+b) = a 2 -b 2 9=3x3

sum 4. (a+b)2 +(a-b}2 = 2(a 2 +b 2 ) Composite number = p;-, x p~- 2 x p~- 3 .... .P~"n here, P1, P2 ,
even
5. (a+ b)2 - (a - b )2 = 4ab P3 ..... P11 are distinct prime numbers and \ , A2 ,

land ...... A are their respective powers.

6. (a+b)3 = a3 +3a2b+3ab2 +b3 0
+heir
3 3 Factors of composite number =
y ii. = a + b + 3ab(a + b)
(1, 1 + i). (11, 2 + i) ... (A"+ i)
7. 3 2 2 3
(a-bj3 = a -3a b+3ab -b Foreg.: i8=2x3x3=2 1 x3 2
Factors of i8 = (i + i) x (2 + i) = 2 x 3 = 6
= a3 -b 3 -3ab(a-b)
Clearly it contains six factors i, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18
3 3 2 2
is the 8. a +b =(a+b)(a -ab+b ) Factors of other Composite numbers 6 = 2 1 x 3 1
actly. 3 3 2 2
Factors=(1 + 1)x(1 +1)=4= 1,2,3and6
9. a -b =(a-b)(a +ab+b )
3 and 72 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 = 23 X 32
3 3 3 Factors = (3 + 1) x (2 + 1) = i 2
a + b + c - 3abc ( b )
10. 2 2 2
= a+ + C
1 isior a · + b + c - ab - be - ca Ex.1 Find the factors of composite number 360
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 Sol.: 360 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3x 5
11. a -b =(a )2-(b 2 )2 =(a +b )(a -b )
= 23
32 X 5 1 X
= (a2 + b2 )(a+ b )( a - b) Factors= (3 + 1) (2 + i) (1 + i) = 24.
is the
lie by Condition of Divisibility for Algebric Function
□□□□
1. an + bn is exactly divisible by a+b only when n is
is the odd

Ex.: a3 +b 3 =(a+b)(a 2 -ab+b 2 ) is divisible by Counting Number of Trailing Zeros

a+b, also a5 + b5 is divisible by a+b
Sometimes we come across problems in which we have
11
2. an + b is never divisible by a-b (whether n is odd
to count number of zeros at the end of factorial of any
Vhere or even)
number. For example
Ex.: a3 + b3 =(a+ b) (a2 - ab+ b 2) is not divisible
Number of zero at the end of 1O1
by (a-b)
7 7 10! = 10 X 9 X 8X7X6 X 5 X 4 X 3 X 2 X I
a + b is also not divisible by (a - b)
3. an - b 11 is always divisible by (a- b) (whether n is Here basically we have to count number of fives, because
odd or even) multiplication of five by any even number will result in 0
9 9
Ex.: a - b is exactly divisible by ( a - b) also at the end of final product. In 101 we have 2 fives thus
12 12
a -b is also exactly divisible by (a-b). total number of zeros are 2.
 6 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Short Cut: 3. Cyclicity of 3. 7.

Counting number of zeros at the end of n ! 31 = 3
32 = 9
33 = 27
3 4 = 81
The integral value of this sum will be the total number 3 5 = 243
of zeros. 36 = 729
Ex. 1 Number of zeros at the end of 100! 37 = 2187
3 8 = 6561
mo 100 +-+
-+
100
Sol.: After eve1·y four intervals 3,9, 7 and 1 are repeated. So
5 53
cycleof3is3,9, 7, i.
integral value will be
Ex.
20 + 4 = 24 zeros Ex.1 Find unit digit of 133 133 .
Sol.
Sol.: Cycle of 3 is 3, 9, 7, 1 which repeats after every
Ex.2 Number of zeros at the end of i 26!
four intervals tili 133 132 . So next unit digit will
1 26 i 26 126 126 be 3.
Sol.: - + - ·2- + 3- + 4-
5 5 5 5 8.
integral value will be 4. Cyclicity of 4.
25 + 5 + 1 = 21 zeros. 41 = 4
4 2 = 16
□□□□ 4 3 = 64
4 4 = 256
Cyclicity Cycle is 4, 6, i.e.
Unit digit of 4n depends on value of n.
Cyclicity of a number is used mainly for the calculation If n is odd unit digit is 4 and if n is even digit is 6.
Ex
of unit digits.
~---~1-.--iG·yc+rc+t~'t-.---------------!"Yf-t----1FfA8-l:tA-it-Etf§-ftvf 1=0~24~._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S_o_l._ blc-·

In in, unit digit will always be i. Sol.: Since i024 is even number unit digit will be 6.

2. Cyclicity of 2. Ex.2 Find unit digit of 13363 x4 49 .

21 =2 Sol.: Unit digit of i 33 63 is 7 and unit digit of 449 is 4 so 9.
22 =4 unit digit of 13363 x 449 will be 7 x 4 = 28 i.e. 8.
23 =8
5. Cyclicity of 5.
24 = i 6
25 = 32 51 =5
2 6 = 64 5 2 = 25

2 7 = i 28 S3 = 125
2 8 = 256 54 = 625
After every four intervals it repeats so cycle of 2 is 2, 4, Unit digit will always be 5.
8, 6. Ex.·
6. Cyclicity of 6.
Ex.1 lJnit digit of 2323 61 = 6
Sol.:
Sol.: Here 2, 4, 8, 6 will repeat after every four interval 6 2 = 36
till 320 next digit will be 2, 4, @l. So unit digit 63 = 216
of 2 323 will be 8. 6 4 = 1296
Unit digit will always be 6.
Ex.2 Find unit digit of 12 12 x 22 22
Sol.: Unit digit of 12 12 will be 6 and 22 22 will be 4. So Ex.1 Find unit digit of 46 9 x 65
c:::o ' • ' '. ,,....c:; •
unit digit of 12 12 x 22 22 wiii be Soi.:
I ' • • I'

Unit OIQI{ Of 4v
'I . .r .. 0
IS 4 ana
I' • •

Unit Olglt OT
r
o·' IS o....... !SU
- -

6 x 4 = 2@]; 4 Ans. unit digit of 4 69 x 65 vvill be 4 x6 = 24 i.e. 4.

 ® Number Systems 7

7. Cyclicity of 7. Remember
71 = 7
2
7 = 49
Cyclicity table
1 :1
73 = 343
2: 2, 4, 6, 8
74 = 2401
3 : 3, 9, 7, 1
75 = 16807
4: 4, 6
76 = 117649
5 :5
77 = 823543
6 :6
78 = 5764801
ed.So 7 : 7, 9, 3, 1
Cycle of 7 is 7, 9, 3, 1
8: 8, 4, 2, 6
Ex.1 Find unit digit of 17 17 x 27 27 9 : 9, 1
Sol.: Unit digit of 17 17 is 7 and unit digit of 27 27 is 3. 0 :0
- every
So unit digit of 17 17 x 27 27 will be 7 x 3 = 21
git will
i.e. 1. □□□□

8. Cyclicity of 8.
81 = 8
82 = 64 Remainder Theorem
83 = 512
. d er of expression
. axbxc
- - [ i.e. ax bx c when
84 = 4096 Rema1n -
n
85 = 32768
So cycle of 8 is 8, 4, 2, 6. divided by n] is equal to the remainder of expression

;:iit is 6. Ex. 1 Find unit digit of 18 18 x 28 28 x 288 288 . an x bn x en [i.e. a11 x bn x c 11 when divided by n]. where
n
Sol.: Unit digit of 18 18 is 4, unit digit of 28 28 is 6, unit
ill be 6. digit of 288 288 is 6. So unit digit of 18 18 x 28 28 x a 11 is remainder when a is divided by n,
288 288 will be 4 x 6 x 6 = 144 i.e. 4. b 11 is remainder when b is divided by n. and
c 11 is remainder when c is divided by n.
) is 4 so 9. Cyclicity of 9.
91 = 9 Ex.1 Find the remainder of 15 x 17 x 19 when divided
I i.e. 8.
92 = 81 by 7.

93 = 729 15x17x19
94 = 6561 Sol.: Remainder of expression - - - - will be
7
Cycle of 9 is 9, 1.
In 9 11 unit digit will be 9 if n is odd and unit digit will 1x3x5
equal to - -
be 1 if n is even. 7
i.e. 1.
Ex. 1 Find unit digit of
On dividing 15 by 7 we get 1 as remainder
1111 + 1212+ 1313+ 14 14+ 15 1s
On dividing 17 by 7 we get 3 as remainder
Sol.: Unit digit of 1 i 11 is 1
On dividing 19 by 7 we get 5 as remainder and
Unit digit of 12 12 is 6
combined remainder will be equal to remainder
Unit digit of 13 13 is 3
Unit digit of 14 14 is 6 of~ i.e. 1.
7
Unit digit of 15 15 is 5
So unit digit of given sum will be
·. is 6 so □□□□
1 + 6 + 3 + 6 + 5 = 21 i.e. 1 .
.e. 4.
 8 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE E~S!:I m

Polynomial Theorem n x LCM of (4, 5, 6) - 1, = 60n - 1 C;

If n = i, 60 - i = 59 is smallest such natural if .
This is very powerful theorem to find the remainder. number. ar
According to polynomial theorem. Note: n such numbers are possible. Here we have taken
(x + a)n = xn + nc1 xn-1 + nc2 xn-2 a2 n as 1. Other numbers are 1i 9, i 79, 239, etc. Where
value of n is 2, 3, & 4 respectively .
.. .( 1)
Ex.1 On dividing a number by 5, 6 and 7 we get 3, 4 Sc
ricoxn +nc1 xn-1 a1 +nc2 xn-2 a2 +]' and 5 as remainder. Find the number.
[ nc n-3 nc 1 n- 1 nc n
. (x + af 3 x + .. . n-1 x a + n a
- - - - - - - - - - - - ' - ... (2)
Sol.:
X X 5, 6, 7

remainder of expression (2) will be equal to Remainder 3, 4, 5

n which is equal to (5-2), (6-2), (7-2)
remainder of ~ because rest of the term contains that number will be:
X
x are completely divisible by x. n x LCM of (5, 6, 7) - 2 = 2i0 -2 = 208.
Note: Here we have taken value of n as 1. Sq
999
Ex.1 Find the remainder of - . on
8 Ex.2 On dividing a number by 4, 5 and 6 we get 2, 3
re,
and 4 as remainder find highest possible three
999 (8+ ,)99 digit such number.
SoL: -
8 8 Sol.:
According to polynomial theorem remainder will 4, 5, 6
Remainder 2, 3, 4
i99
be equal to remainder of the expression - whichisequalto(4-2), (5-2),(6 - 2), that
8
number will be:
which is equal to 1. n x LCM of [4, 5, 6]-2 = n x 60- 2
When n = i we get 58. Highest possible three
--------------teA-----------------'-'-:_:_=..:_-'-'-'--~'-=---'cc.:::_:_~.:_:_c_='-=.=__:_i::_~~.::____~.::_____ _
Ex.2 Find remainder o f ~ digit such number will be 958.
7
Ex.3 On cJivicJir1~ a 11u111LJe1 LJy 5, 6 and 7 we get 3, 4
⇒
50 50 Frc
Sol.:
510J = [3x7+4j (4) and 5 as remainder. Find highest possible three
nur
7 7 7 digit such number.
Sol.:
2IOO (23 )3-'3 X 2 (7 + 1)33 iX2
⇒ - ⇒ -'---'--- ⇒ -'----'--- X 2 ⇒ - - 5, 6, 7
J 7 7 7
Remainder 4, 5 3,
⇒ Remainder is 2.
whichisequalto(5-2), (6-2),(7 - 2) that
number will be:
n * LCM (5, 6, 7)-2= n x 210 - 2
More on Remainders
Highest possible three digit number will be 838.
Case-I
On dividing a number by a, b & c if we get a-k, b-k and
Case-II
c-k as remainder respectively then that number will be On dividing a number a, b and c if we get k as
L:1:,
n x LCM of [a, b, c]-k. remainder always, then that number will be
Foi ex (I): On dividing a number by 4, 5 & 6 we get (n - 1 \ 1 r~A of (a b 0 \..1. l<
I/ I-VIVI j IV/ I I\,

3, 4, & 5 as remainder. Find the number.

Ex.1 On dividing a number by 5, 6 and 7 if we get 2 as
Sol.: remainder always, find that number Sc. 1

4, 5, 6 Sol.: That number will be be

Remainder 3, 4, 5, (n - 1) x LCM of [5, 6, 7]+ 2
which is equal to (4 -1 ), (5- i), (6- 1), ⇒ 2 is such smallest number
so that number wiii be: next number will be= 210 + 2 = 212
 ® Number Systems 9

Case-Ill Ex.1 65 2 =?
1atural If a number after adding k is exactly divisible by a , b Sol.: [6 X (6 + 1)]25 = 4225
and c then that number will be. Ex.2 85 2 =?
3taken n x LCM (a, b, c) - k
Sol.: [8 X (8 + 1)]25 ⇒ 7225
Where Ex.1 Find a number which after adding 7 is divisible
Ex.3 95 2 =?
by 10, 11 and 12.
Sol.: [9 X (9 + 1)]25 ⇒ 9025
Jet 3, 4 Sol.: That number will be
nxLCMof[10, 11, 12]-7
Base System
if n = 1 then
The Number system is used to represent any number
660 - 7 = 653 Ans.
using a set of symbols (digits/letters). The base defines
tl1e number of symbols in particular base system. We
□□□□
generally work in Decimal system as there are 10 digits
(0, 1, 2..... 9). Some others systems are;
Squares of Numbers
Binary base system: 2 symbols: 0, 1
1. Squares of numbers are frequently used for calculations Octal base system: 8 symbols: 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
on various types of problems. It is advisable to Hexadecimal system: 16 symbols:
;iet 2, 3
remember square of at least first thirty numbers.
e three 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A= 10, B = 11, C = 12,
t2 = 1 11 2 = 121
D=13,E=14,F=15
22 =4 122 = 144
Converting any number from any Base system to
32 =9 13 = 169
2
Decimal number system:
42 = 16 142 = i96
abed efg 8 = a x B3 + b x B2 + c x B1 + d x B0
), that 52 = 25 1s2 = 225
62 = 36 162 = 256
+ex s- 1 + f x s-2 + g x s- 3
72 = 49 172 = 289 Example:
e three 8 2 = 64 182 = 324 1234.568 = 1 x8 3 +2x8 2 +3x8 1 +4x8°
92 = 81 192 = 361 +5 X 3- 1 + 6 X 3- 2

;iet3,4
102 = 100 202 = 400 = 512 + 128 + 24 + 4 + 0.625 + 0.093750
From following table we come to know that square of a = 668.718750
,e three
number always ends with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 & 9 as unit digit.
Converting any number from Decimal to other Base
Square of a number can never have 2, 3, 7 & 8 in its
system:
unit place.
Divide the number by base and get the first remainder
On observing squares of numbers between 21 to 29 we r 1 and Quotient q 1.
~) that get following pattern. Now divided q 1 by base and get remainder r2 and
Quotient q 2 .
2 2
21 =441 29 = 8 41 Repeat the following process till we get the quotient
2 2
22 = 4 84 28 = 8 84
Je 838. 3 2 qn = 0.
23 = 5 29 27 = 7 29
2
24 = 5 76 26
2
= 6 76 Now the decimal number in base b is
2
25 = 6 25 rr/n-1 "•.rl l1 ·
3t k as
viii be Last two digits are common. Example 1:
1. (149)10 = ( )7

:iet2as Observation 7 149 Remainder

" Square of two digit number having 5 in unit places can 7 21 2
be calculated very easily 7 3 0
n5 here n may 1 to 9. 0 3
(n5) 2 = [n * (n + 1)]25
 iO II Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS!:i m1

2. Add (432) 7 + (355) 7 Ans: (d) 9.

11 f- carry LCM of numerators
LCM of fraction == - - - - - - - -
(432)7 H. C. F of Denominators
(355)7 Here, 5/2, 8/9, 11/14, so
1120
LCM== LCM of (5, 8, 11) == 440 =
as 2 + 5 == (7\ 0 == (10) 7 HCF of (2, 9, 14) 1
440
3+5+ 1 =(9) 10 =(12h
1 + 4 + 3 == (8)10 == (11)7
5. Find the number of divisors of 1420.
(a) 14 (b) 15
□□□□
(c) 13 (d) 12
Ans: (d)
5 = 22 X 51 X 71 1

D
1420 = 142 X 10 = 71 X 2 X 2 X

No. of divisor= (2+1) (1+1) (1+1) = 12 10

Solved Examples
6. A milkman has three different qualities of milk. 403
gallons of 1st quality, 465 gallons of 2nd quality and
1. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 10, 496 gallons of 3 rd quality. Find the least possible
while when the digits are reversed, the number number of bottles of equal size in which different.
decreases by 54. Find the the changed number. milk of different qualities can be filled without
(a) 28 (b) 19 mixing?
(c) 37 (d) 46 (a) 34 (b) 46
Ans: (a) (c) 26 (d) 44
Going through options we get 82 - 28 == 54 Ans: (d)
It is given that gallons of
ii
2. The sum of two numbers is 15 and their geometric
pt quality : 403
mean is 20% lower than their arithmetic mean. Find
-------:.th_e_n-um---.-b-e-rs-.----~-·_--_·•.._._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..6,?1_1d-'4\,,u~auulit1,L;_4.~6=5~---------------
31d quality : 496
11 4 12 3
(a) , (b) · IP;=ist number of bottles will be in size of HCF ( 403,
(c) 13 , 2 (d) 10 · 5 465 and 496)
Ans: (b) 403 = 13 x 31
Going through options only 12 and 3 satisfices the
4f-15 == 15 x 31
conditon
496 = 16 X 31
HCF == 31. So we required 13+ 15+ 16 = 44 bottles 12.
7. What is the greatest number of 4 digits that wher
GM= f0. x 3 == 6 ✓3 which is 20% less than 7.5. divided by any of the numbers 6, 9, 12, 17 leaves c
remainder of 1?
3. If A381 is divisible by 11, find the value of the (a) 9997 (b) 9793
smallest natural number A? (c) 9895 (d) 9487
(a) 5 (b) 6 Ans: (b)
(c) 7 (d) 9 LCM of 6, 9, 12, 17 == 612
Ans. (c) greatest number of 4 digit divisible by 612 is 9792
A 381 is divisible by 11 if and only if (A+ 8)-- (3 + 1) to get remainder 1 number should be 9792+ 1
is divisible by 11.
So, A= 7 Satisfies the condition 8. Which of the following is not a perfect square?
(a) 100858 (b) 3, 25, 137
4. Find the LCM of 5/2, 8/9, 11/14. (c) 945723 (d) All of these
(a) 280 /h\ '-l~n
\U/ VVV
Ans: (d)
(c) 420 (d) None of these
Square of number never ends up with 2, 3, 7, 8
 ® Number Systems I i1

9, The LCM of (i6 - x 2 ) and (x 2 + x- 6) is Ans: (c)

(a) (x - 3)(x + 3)( 4 - x2) GCD of (x+3)(x -2)(x + 1)2 and
(b) 4( 4 - x2 )(x + 3)
3
(c) (4 - x2 )(x - 3) (x+1}3(x+3)(x+4) will be (x+3)(x+1) 2
(d) None of these
Ans: (d) 14. Find the LCM of (x + 3) (6x 2 + 5x - 4) and
(2x 2 + 7x + 3) (x + 3)
I 6- _/ = ( 4 --· X)( 4 + X) (a) (2x + 1)(x+3)(3x+4)
(b) (4x 2 -1)(x+3) 2 (3x+4)
(x 2 +x-6)=(x+3)(x-2) (c) (4x 2 1) (x + 3) (3x + 4)
(d) (2x- '1) (x + 3) (3x + 4)
LCM will (rn-x2 )(x 2 +x-6) Ans: (b)
X 71 1 2
10. GCD of x2 - 4 and x 2 + x - 6 is (x+3)(6x +5x-4) = (x+3)(2x-1)(3x+4)
(a) x + 2 (b) x - 2
2
milk. 403 2
(c) x -2 (d) x 2 + 2 (2x + 7x + 3)(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 3)
1ality and
Ans: (b) 2
possible LCM= (2x + 1)(2x-1)(x + 3) (3x + 4)
2
different x - 4 = ( X - 2) (X + 2)
j without 2
= (4x 2 -1)(x+3) (3x+4)
2
(x + X - 6) = ( X + 3) (X - 2)
15. The product of three consecutive natural numbers,
GCD= (x-2)
the first of which is an even number, is always
divisible by
11. Decompose the number 20 into two terms such that
(a) 12 (b) 24
their product is the greatest.
(c) 8 (d) All of these
(a) x 1 =x 2 = 10 (b) x 1 =5,x 2 = 15
Ans: (d)
(c) x1 = 8, x2 = 12 (d) None of these
Three consecutive number will be n(n + 1)
-1CF(403, Ans: (a)
(n + 2) if n is even number then (n + 2) will also be
If x + y = constant then xy will be maximum when
an even number and one of them will be divisible
x=y
by 3. Hence number is always divisible by 12.
here, x1+ x 2 = 20
x 1 =x 2 =10 16. Find the pairs of natural numbers whose least
44 bottles common multiple is 78 and the greatest common
12. For a number to be divisible by 88, it should be divisor is 13.
that wher (a) Divisible by 22 and 8 (a) 58 and 13 or 16 and 29
7 leaves c (b) Divisible by i 1 and 8 (b) 38 and 23 or 36 and 49
(c) Divisible by 11 and thrice by 2 (c) 18 and 73 or 56 and 93
(d) Both(b)and(c) (d) 78 and 13 or 26 and 39
Ans: (b) Ans: (d)
A number to be divisible by 88 it should be divisible LCM= 78 and GCD = 13
by 8 and 11 because 8 and 11 are co prime numbers Clearly 13, 78 and 26, 39 are the two numbers
12is9792 whose multiplication gives 88.
1792+ i 17. Fill in the blank indicated by a star in the number
13. Find the GCD of the polynomials (x + 3) 2 4* 56 so as to make it divisible by 33
quare? (x - 2) (x +1)2 and (x + 1)3 (x + 3) (x + 4). (a) 3 (b) 4
(a) (x+3)3(x+ 1) 2 (x-2)(x+4) (c) 5 (d) None of these
(b) (x + 3) (x - 2) (x + 1) (x + 4) Ans. (a)
(C) (x + 3) (x + 1)2 4*56 is divisible by 33 if and only if it is divisible by
~. 3, 7, 8 (d) None of these 3 and 11.
 12 0 Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS~ mA
4* 56 will be divisible by 3 if * will be equal to 0, 3, (a) Rs. 1200 (b) Rs. 1400
6,9 (c) Rs. 1700 (d) None of these
4*56 is divisible by 11 if (4 + 5) - (* + 6) will be Ans. (a)
divisible by 11 so* should be 3.
One alternate method
18. Find the least number which being divided by 9, Let I havex rupees
12. 16 and 30 leaves in each case a remainder 3? i.
1 9x
(a) 623 (b) 723 After spending of it on house rent I have - .
10 10
(c) 728 (d) None of these
Ans. (b)
9x I 1 f . . 9
LCM of 9, 12, 16 and 30 is 720 so required number Now out of spent - o 1t 1.e., - x on
10 10 100
is I_CM + 3 = 723
conveyance so remainder will be 2.
19. Find the greatest number less than 10000 which is
9 9 81x
divisible by 48, 60 and 64 -x-~x=-·
10 100 100
(a) 9600 (b) 8500
(c) 7600 (d) None of these
1 81x . 27x
Ans. (a) Further I spent - of - 1.e. - into childrens
3 100 100
The required number will be the largest four digit
3. '
number in form of n*(LCM) of 48, 60 and 64 LCM of
. now I have -54x ,
e ducat1on
48, 60 and 64 is 960 100
So the largest four digit number will be 9600
54
20. Find the least multiple of 11 which when divided by So x = 648 x =1200
' 100 '
8, 9, 12, 14 leaves 4 as remainder in each case.
(a) 1012 (b) 1037 4.
(c) 1090 (d) None of these 5
23. A man had two sons. To the elder he gave T-1 of
Ans. (a)
The number is divisible by 11 and can be written in
5
form n(LCM) +4, LCM of 8, 9, 12, 14 is 50~ his property, to the youngRr of n=imainder, the
11
So the number may be 508 & 1012 but 508 is not
divisible by 11 so it is 1012 rest to the widow. Find the Share of the sons if the
widow gets Rs. 3600.
21. The LCM of two number i::; i 2 limes their HCF. The 5.
(a) Rs. 1200, 1000 (b) Rs. 6000,2000
sum of HCF and LCM is 403_ If one number is 93
(c) Rs.7500,1000 (d) Noneofthese
find the other.
Ans. (d)
(a) 134 (b) 124
Younger son gets
(c) 128 (d) None of these 6.
Ans. (b)
It is given that LCM=12 times HCF
also LCM + HCF = 403
3600 x (-2s-J
1- -
x ~
11
= Rs. 3000
11
So, 13 HCF = 403, ⇒ HCF = 31
LCM = 372 also we know that HCF Elder son gets ..,
I•
HCF x LCM= Number(i) x Number(2)
31x372 = 93xN2 :. N2 = 124
22. I have to spend 1/10 of my income on house rent,
8. '
1/10 of remainder on conveyance 1/3 of further
remainder on children's education after which I have 0000
Rs. 648 left over. What is my income?
 ® Number Systems 13

9. Two numbers, x and y are such that when divided

IT] Practice Exercise: I

by 6, they leave remainder 4 and 5 respectively.
Find the remainder when x 3 + y3 is divided by 6?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
3Joo+ 3 =?
e 9x 9+4/5 10. What is the remainder when N = (11 + 21 +
40
10 (a) ✓3✓5 (b) 3 3'+ ... 1000!) isdivided by 10?
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 3✓3 (d) 3+2✓5
(c) 7 (d) 8
-x on
)
x2 11 . Set A is formed by selecting some of the numbers
x and y are integers and If 3 is even integer then
y from the first 100 natural numbers such that the HCF
of any two numbers in the set A is 5, what is the
which of the following must be an even integer?
maximum number elements that set A can have?
(a) x - y (b) y + i
(a) 7 (b) 8
x2 (c) 9 (d) 10
ldrens (c) y4 (d) xy

12. Let x and y be positive integers such that xis prime

3. What is the tens' digit of the sum of the first 50
terms of 1, 11 , 11 1, 1111 , i i 111 , and y is composite. Then,
111111, ........................ ? (a) y - x cannot be an even integer
(a) 2 (b) 4 x+y
(c) 5 (d) 8 (b) - - cannot be an even integer
X

1 (c) (x + y) cannot be even.

4. If 81Y == - , , in terms of y, x=?
5 27 (d) I\Jone of the above statements are true
I - Of 3y 3y
11 (a) (b) 13. Let N = 1421 x 1423 x 1425. What is the remainder
4 4
when N is divided by i 2?
ler, the 4y 4y (a) 0 (b) 9
(c) (d)
3 3 (c) 3 (d) 6
1s if the
1 1 1 1 1 14. When a four digit number is divided by 85 it leaves
5. I f - < - + - + - < - · then n?
n+ 1 31 32 33 n ' · a remainder of '39. If the same number is divided by
(a) 9 (b) 10 17 the remainder would be?
(c) 11 (d) 12 (a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 9
6. If one integer is greater than another integer by 3,
and the difference of their cubes is 117, what could 15. Let S be the set of integers such that
be their sum? 1. 100 :0: X ::; 200
(a) 11 (b) 7 2. xis odd
(c) 8 (d) 9 3. x is divisible by 3 but not by 7

7 • Which of these has total 24 positive factors? How many elements does S contain?
(a) 21 x 5
23 (b) 27 x
123 (a) 16 (b) 12
(c) 26 x3 4 (d) 63x55 (c) 11 (d) 13

-11 16. Integers 34041 and 32506 when divided by a three-

8. What is the remainder of !_? digit integer n leave the same remainder. What is n?
5 .
(a) O (b) 1 (a) 289 (b) 367
(c) 2 (d) 3 (c) 453 (d) 307
 14 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~ ff

17. Let T be the set of integers (3, i 1, 19, 27, ...... , 451, 25. In a certain base
2
459, 467) and S be a subset of T such that the sum 137 + 254 = 402 then
of no two elements of S is 470. The maximum What is the sum of 342 + 562 in that base
possible number of elements in S is ? (a) 904 (b) 1014
(a) 32 (b) 28 (c) 1104 (d) 1024
(c) 29 (d) 30
7
18. A box contains 100tickets,numberedfrom 1 to 100. 26. What is the remainder when 77 is divided by 5?
A person picks out three tickets from the box, such (a) 2 (b) 3
that the product of the numbers on two of the tickets (c) i (d) 2
yields the number on the third ticket. Which of the 3
following tickets can never be picked as third ticket?
(a) 10 (b) 12 □□□□
(c) 25 (d) 26
Solutions
19. N is a natural number, then how many values of N
1. (c)
. 6N3+3N2+N+24.
are possible such that N 1s also a

Natural Number?
Method (i) ✓3Joo + 9 + ~ using rationalization
(a) 6 (b) 7 4.
(c) 8 (d) 9 = 3✓80 + 3 xr 9-4✓5]'
20. What is the unit digit of 3953 x 27 23 x 36 12?
9+4Js l9-4✓5
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8 _ 3Jso+ (3x9-3x4~
- 92 -(4'5)2
21. How many number of zeros are there if we multiply
~-----~H-tFTer,rfAWftt:Jm-be-rs-betweeri-0ctn&2efl-\e-.-------)+--~27~~12~F-5=------------
= 3-Jso+ -
(a) 1 (b) 2 81-80
(c) 3 (d) 4

22. A man wrote all the natural numbers starting from 1 = ✓3ff'?Sxs + 27 - 12✓5
in a series. What will be the 50th digit of the number?
~ ~hx 4x ✓S +27-12✓5
(a) i (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 = ✓12✓5 + 27 - i 2✓5
23. N = n(n + i) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4); where n is a = ffi=3✓3
natural number. Which of the following statement/s
is/are true? Alternative Method
1. Unit digit of N is 0.
2. N is perfectly divisible by 24.
3. N is perfect square. ✓(3fao+ 9+~✓5)
4. N is odd.
(a) 3 only (b) 3 and 4 only
3✓
80 = 3Jsi =27
(c) 1 only (d) 1 and 2 only 3
and ---=c <1
9+4✓5
24. How many factors of

✓3Jso + 9 + k = ✓3~
N = 12 12 x 1414 x 15 15 are multiple of
Thus,
K = 12 10 X 14 10 X ,5 10
(8) 2 X 4 X .5 (b) .3 x 5 x 6
(C) 8 X 7 X 4 X 5 (d) 9 x 8 x 6 x 5 = ✓3x9 = 3✓3
 ® Number Systems 15

2. (d) 6. (b)
x2 Use plugging in
if - = even as (x + 3}3-x3 = 117
y3
x2 = y3 even
x + 3 :2: 5 as (x + 3) 3 :2: 1i7
put X::::: 2
⇒ x 2 ⇒ even
⇒ 53 - 22 = 125 - 8 = 117
and x is integer
ed by 5? ⇒ X == 2, X +3= 5
⇒ x = even
so only xy must be even. So, sum of both numbers = 7
Alternative Method
; 3. (b) (x + 3)3-x3 = 117
1
x3 + (3) 3 + 3(x) (3) (x + 3) - x3 = 117
11
111 x3 + 27 + 27x + 9x 2 - x 3 = 1i7
⇒ 9x 2 + 27x-90 = 0
50 terms .............. 1 1 1 ⇒ x2 +3x-i0=0
40 ⇒ (x + 5)(x-2) = 0
unit digit (1 + 1...... 50 times)= 0
X = 2, -5
and carry = 5
⇒ so either 2, 5, or -5, -2
nalization tens digit (1 + 1 + .... 49 times)+ carry 5 = 4
Thus sum= 7, OR= -7
4. (d)
7. (d)
1
81Y = - - Put in prime factorization theorem.
2JX
(3)4Y = (3-3j (a) 21 5 X 23 = 35 X 75 X 23
⇒

(3)4Y = (3)-3x Total factors = 6 x 6 x 4 ;t 24

⇒

as a:11 = an (b) 27 X (2 2 X 3) 3 = 2 13 X 33
and a;t-i,0,+1 Total factors = i4 x 4 ;t 24
⇒ m=n (c) 26 x 34 = factors 7 x 5 -:1= 24
so 4y = -3x (d) 63x55 = 32 x7fx 15x iik
4 Factors = 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24
X = --y
3
8. (c)
5. (b) For remainder we have to calculate the unit digit
1 1 1 1 1 1
->-· ->--->-·
30 33 ' 30 31' 30 31'
of l 1

⇒
1 1 1 1 1
-+-+->-+-+-
1 ?11
⇒ Now,Rem =(-i) 11
30 30 30 31 32 33 4
3 1i 1
⇒ ->-+-+- =-i ⇒ -1+4=3
30 31 32 33
i 1 1 1 Thus, 3 4K + 3 gives unit
⇒ ->-+-+- Digit ⇒ 3x3x3=7
10 31 32 33
1 1 ?11
⇒ ⇒ n = 10
n 10 so, Rem~= (....... 7)
and 5 5
1 1 1 i 1 1 Thus remainder is 2. As for checking divisibilty by
OR ->-·-> ·--
31 33 ' 32 33 ' 33 - 33 5 is checked by dividing last digit of number.
1 1 1 3 N = i 23 X 132 X 14
⇒ -+-+->- = (2 2 X 3) 3 X 132 X (7 X 2)
31 32 33 33
= 27 x3 3 x7 1 x13 2
i 1 1 1 1
⇒ -+-+->-=- Number of factors
3 i 32 33 1 i n + 1
(7+ 1)(3+ 1)(1 + 1)(2+ 1)= 192
n == 10
 16 @ Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS!d m

9. (b) i 3. (c)
1421x1423x1425j
Rem [~] = 4, Rem [~] =5 Rem [
12
⇒ Rem [5x7x9] = Rem [35x9]
Rem= [.i+y3J = [43+53]
12 17
6 6
Rem [llx 9] = Rem [99 ] = 3
[6 + 125] 12 12
6
14. (b)

⇒
4 5 n=85 K + 39
Rem[ ; ] = Rem(i) =3 n 85K +39 34+5
Now -5 K+ - - -
17 17
10. (a)
5
N = (1 ! + 2! + 31 + 4! +.... 1000!) =5K+2+
Now we have to check only
17
⇒ Remainder is 5.
1! + 2! + 3! + 41 as after that will factorial has unit
digit as O 15. (d)
5! = 120 Number are 105, 11 L .... 195
6! = 720 and so on
Thus unit digit of (1 ! + 2! + 3! + 4! + O) for all other ⇒ Total
195 105
- +1 = 16
6
⇒ (1 + 2 + 6 + 4 + 0) 40
Unit digits of all factorial as number is odd and not multiple of 7. 20
⇒ (3)40 = (3)4k Thus in total 16 number there are 3 numbers
⇒ 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 ⇒ 1 unit digit. Hence when 21 X 5 = 125
(3) 40 + 1O, Remainder will be 1. 21 X 7 = 147
21 X 9 = 189
1i. (c) which are multiple of 7.
~ - - - - - · .8slherashouldbaoo1¥-5.wr:ir-Gi::i..&r=i01o1,k;l-G&Gemme0--------=T~hu-s--17-c6c---3~=-1
C":3:-n-u-m-cb-e·-rs---------
between any two number 21
so number may be (5x 1. 5x2 , 5x3 . ... 5xn) 16. (d)
and HFC (xi, xj) = 1 Suppose division 'd' and remainder is 'r'.
Thus, number are ⇒ 3404 1 = q 1 d + r
(5 X 1, 5 X 2, 5 X 3, 5 X 5..... ) and 32506 = q2 d + r
because (xi, xi) = ·1 ⇒ i5365 = (q 1 - q 2)d
Then only prime number will work. ⇒ d should be factor i 535
so 5 x 19 = 95 is biggest number. So, only 307 is factor of i 535 in given option.
SO 5 X 1 , 5 X 2, 5 X 3, 5 X 5, 5 X 7, 5 X 11 ,5 X 13, 5 22
17. (c)
x 17, 5 x '19, total 9 number. /3, 11, ...... 459, 467}
12. (d) This is an Arithmetic Progression
Plugging in 467 = 3 + (n - 1)8
(a) y = 10, X = 2 Total n = 59
:;.;10--2=8 X Now, (3, 407), ( 11, 459), (19,451 ) ....... .

x+ y y 59
(b) - - = 1+- Total - = 29pair
x X 2
y = 9, X = 3 All will make sum 470.
9 So we can take only 1 elements from each pair..
1+ =1+3=4 X
3 Thus total elements in T can be
(c) (x+y)=10+2=i2 X /one of (3,467), one of (11, 459) ... )
( d) None of above is true. Total 29.
 e Number Systems I 17

(c) 23. (d)

(a) 100 = 5 x 2 possible N = n(n+ 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4) is product of 5
(b) 12 = 6 x 2 possible consecutive number.
(c) 25 = 5 x 5 not possible as only one 5 Number Thus divisible by 5! = i 20
ticket So, (i) unit digit is OTRUE.
(d) 30 = 15 x 2 possible (ii) Perfectly divisible by 24 TRUE.
(iii) N is perfect square not TRUE.
19. (c)
(iv) N is odd X not TRUE.
Suppose
Thus (d) (i) and (ii) only.
6N 3 +3N 2 +N+24 24. (d)
- - - - - - = M = Natural Number
N N = 12 12 x 14 14 x i5 15
· 24 :::: (2 2 X 3) 12 X (7 X 2) 14 X (5 X 3) 15
So, M = 6 N2 + 3N + 1 + - = 224 X 312X 714 X 214 X 515 X 315
N
24 :::: 238 X 327 X 515 X 714
Thus to be M as an natural number N should be K = (12) 10 X (14) 10 X (15) 10
Natural number thus N should be factor of 24. = 220 X 310 X 710 X 210 X 310 X 510
SO 24 = 23 X 31 = 230 X 320 X 510 X 710
Factors = 4 x 2 = 8 Thus factors of N which are multiple of k are
8 values can be taken by N. 230 X 320 X 510 X 710 (28 X 37 X 55 X 74)
will be (8 + i) x (7 + i) x (5 + 1) x (4 + 1)
20. (a) 9x8x6x5
)rs Unit digit of
3953 X 27 23 X 36 12 25. (b)
Unit digit of (9 53 x 723 x 612 ) 1379
= (94K+ 1 X 74K+3 X 64K) 2549
⇒ (9 x 3 x 6) = 2 = units digit 4029
(7+4)=(11)10=(2)
21. (a)
unit digit is 2 thus 9 is possible base
Number of zero's can be calculated by getting Thus we have to add using base 9
power of i O in number or minimum among powers
so 3429
of 2 or 5 possible in n.
__0 5620
Thus 2 x 3 x 5 x ........ 97
10149
so only i ➔ S's and 1 ➔ 2's
Thus only one zero as both 2 and five will occur 26. (b)
tion. only once. For remainder by 5 we have to calculate the unit
digit only.
22. (c)
123 ..... 9i0 ....... . 77
For unit digit of 7 get (7) 4k + R from
One digit numbers (from 1 to 9) = 9
Now 2 digit number till 50 are 50 - 9 = 41 thus
total digits used to make pair.
1Q 11 .12 ......... 29.
Now Rem l77
: ]

= (--1) Thus (3) Remainder

"Hi" "Hl''d

So total 20 x 2 = 40 digits would be required to

write numbers from 1Oto 29.
:::: 777 = 74k+3
Total digits consumed so far till we write 29 will be
9 + 40 = 49. = unit digit is 7 x 7 x 7 = 3
:h pair. 50 th digit which we will write is 3 of 30.
Hence so th digit will be 3. So Rem[f] = 3 so (b)
49 digits are used. So far till 29.
Now, 50th digit would be first digit of 30 thus 3. 111111111111!111!!1
 rm

Percentage
SL
The term 'percent' indicates the value out of hundred. It has to be understood in this manner, that a
This concept of percentage is developed to mo.kc tho
comparison of ratio easier by taking the denominator quantity is 200. Its 60% value will be
60
~ o6
100' 5' .
value as 100. times of 200. Here all these values are the Ex
The concept of percentage is very useful in reasoning multiplication factor for the quantity 200.
& aptitude and specially for data interpretation section, Multiplication factors are very important when we
where every logic that has to be used, is based on talk about the percenrage increment or decrement
percentage. of a quantity. Let us understand with some So
examples.
Calculation of Percentage
As we know that percent value is the value out of Example 1.
hundred. The percent value is calculated as A quantity 200 is increased by 75% then what will
be the new quantity?
Value x100
Total Value Solution.
The basic thing that has to be kept in mind is that One thing we can do is to find out 75% of 200 i.e.
the value in the base must be taken care of. 75
-----=-------------------------+10H----------------------
-x200 = 150
Percentage & Fraction
The value percentage can be represented in three and then the new quantity will be 200 + 150 = 350
different form each form is important for making Out we can move in other way as the quantity iflilic1lly
calculation similar. Here are some percentage values was 100% i.e. i as a multiplying factor. Now it is
given to understand different form. increased by 75% i.e. 3/4 or 0.75 as a multiplying
factor.
% form Fraction form Decimal form So the new quantity becomes
100% 1 1

50% -
1
0.5
( 1+ ¾) X 200 = 350
2
- or (i + 0.75) x 200 = 350
1 -
33.33% - 0.33
3
i These(,+¾) and (i + 0.75) are the multiplying
25% - 0.25
4 ---- factors. Let us see one more example to understand
7 it clearly.
20% -
<'
0.20
::)

- 1 Example 2.
16.66% - 0.16
6 A quantity 300 when increased by some percenrage
becomes 360. Find out by what percentage it has
Multiplication factor increased? Cc
Multiplication factor is the value by which a particular
Solution.
quantity has to be multiplied to show the final
Now we know that
changed value. It is nothing but fractional or decimal
~nn
vvv
V ~,1,
.r-. ~v,u
,jtinh1inrt FC10t,.._,
l..'t--"'.1" '~ UVLVI
n\Pill~C\/ -= 3c:o
U
form of percentage.
 ® Percentage I 19

360 6 Example 1.
;,~ MF= 300 = 1.2or 5 The salary of Ram was increased by 40%. But Ram's
<This shows that the multiplying factor 1 is increased performance kept on declining. Because of which
his employer decreased his salary to the salary
by 0.2 or 2 .Which is equal to 20%. before the increment. Find out what percentage
5 deduction was provided by his employer?
so net increment percentage is 20%.
Solution.
successive Percentage Change Let us assume in starting salary of Ram was x and
Successive percentage change is one percentage after the increment it became y.
change over and above another percentage change. Now his salary was again decreased frorri
Let us take one example to understand it. y to x and we need to find out this percentage
change, we can say it as
Example 1.
A quantity 300 is increased by 20%. Then it was
decreased by 10%. Find out the new quantity is
y= (1+-±Q_)x
100
how much percentage more/less than 300?
⇒ y= (1+~)x
Solution.
300 when increased by 20% becomes 300(1.2) or 7
⇒ y= 5x
300( 1+ i). Now this new quantity is decreased 5
So x =
7y
by 10%. So the final quantity will be
200 i.e.
[300(1.2)](1-0.1) or x = (1-f)y
So we can say the % decrement in the salary of
2
Ram is the percenrage equivalent of which is
0 = 350 = 300(1.08)
7
r initially
~x100% i.e. 28.56%.
low it is 7
ti plying
Example 2.
4 Rama uses rice as his daily meal. But because of
So we can understand the net result is 0.08 or
50 inflation the price on rice were increased by 10%.
increment in MF. Which is equal to net 8% increment Find out by what percentage he has to decrease
in the quantity 300. his consumption to keep the expenditure same as
So it will be very clearly understood from the previous?
example that in successive percentage Solution.
:ti plying changes, the multiplying factors are multiplied Let us assume initial price was Pand the expenditure
directly. So the point that has to be understood ·1s was 'x' then,
erstand
"In case of successive percentage changes the net Price x consumption = Expenditure
multiplying factor is the product of all the
X
corresponding multiplying factors. ⇒ initial consumption =P
:enrage Let us take another examples as:
ie it has
Comparison Leading to the Base Change Now price ii
. became ( i + -10) P == -P
100 10
Sometimes whenever the percentage comparison
occurs between two different values. The base 10(x)
11 p
X
Then final consumption= ==
change occurs. Multiplying factors are again very 11
--P
useful here. Let us understand with some examples. 10
20 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~ m
Example 5.
10
So final consumption = (initial consumption) A shop provides flat 50% discount on one shirt.
11
While another shop provides the successive
or we can say the net percent decrement in
discount of 30% and 30%. If the difference of the
10
. w1·11 b e ( 1--) .1.e. - part.
consumption
1 bills is Rs. 43. Find out the net cost of shirt.
i.

11 11 Solution.
Let the price of shirt be x
1 For the first shop the bill is
The percentage equivalent will be
11 x100 = 9.09%
= (1 - 0.5)x = 0.5x
Alternately: The net percent change For the second shop the bill is
= 0.7 x 0.7x = 0.49x
100x-ioo 0
:::: - - - 1/n = 9.091/o The difference in the bills
100 + 10 2.
= 0.01x = 43
Example 3. ⇒ x = Rs. 4300

The price of a toy was increased by 20% & then it Example 6.

was sold at 20% discount. Find out the net change Radius of a sphere is increased by 10%. Find out
in the price of the toy. the net percentage increment in the volume.

Solution. Solution.
The net multiplying factor Net percentage increment in radius= 10%
New radius = 1. 1 r
= (1+~)(1-~)
100 100
4
So the new volume= -rc(1. 1 rr
3
'

3
= 1.2 X 0.8 = 0.96 = ( 1. 1) ( original volume)
= (1 0.04) = 1.331 (original volume)

So net percentage change So net percent increment= 3o~f0 o

3.
= 0.04 x 100 = 4% decrease. ExAmrle 7.
In an office 40% of the employee are males while
Example 4.
70% of the employees are married if 80% of male
The price of a ball pen & a gel pen is same. Now
Arn mmriArl finrl rn 11 the net percent of unmarrierl
the price of ball pen is decreased by 30%. While ot
female in the office.
gel pen is increased by 20%. Find out the net
percentage change in the net total price of both Solution.
pens. Let us assume total employees as 100 then

Solution. Married Unmarried Total

Let the price of individual pens be x Male 80% of 40 = 32 8 40
Total price= 2x Female 70-32= 38 60-38 = 22 bO
New price of ball pen = (1 - 0.3)x = 0.7x Total 70% of 100 = 70 100
New price of gel pen = 1.2x
New total is = 1.9x =0.95(2x) 22
So change= 5% decrement
So net percent - x 100 = 22%
100

□□□□
 ® Percentage I 21

Ans. (a)
:;hirt. Solved Examples Height increased =25%
;sive here x = 25 to reduce to normal % correction
,f the required is
Which of the following is the largest number?
25
(a) 20% of .200 (b) 7% of 500 = - - - X 100 = 20%
100 + 25
(c) 1300%of3 (d) 600%of7
Ans. (d) 5. A number is mistakenly divided by 5 instead of being
20% of 200 = 40 multiplied by 5. Find the percentage change in the
7% of 500 = 35 result due to this mistake.
1300% of 3 = 39 (a) 96% (b) 95%
600% of 7 = 42 (c) 2400% (d) None of these
Ans. (a)
Mr. Rajesh is worried about the balance of his Let number is 100
monthly budget. The price of petrol has increased
It is divided by 5 we get 20
by 40%. By what percent should he reduce the
Now actual result should be 5 x 100 = 500
consumption of petrol so that he is able to balance
So % change is result
nd his budget?
(a) 33.33 (b) 28.56 = 500 - 20 X 100 = 96%
(c) 25 (d) None of these 500
Ans. (b)
6. In a mixture of 80 litres of milk and water, 25% of
We know that% reduction required is
the mixture is milk. How much water should be
X added to the mixture so that milk becomes 20% of
= - - x 100 here x=40
100+x the mixture?
(a) 20 litres (b) 151itres
40
= - x 100 = 28.56% (c) 25 litres (d) None of these
140
Ans. (a)
3. In an election between 2 candidates, Ravikant gets Total mixture 80 litre
65% of the total valid votes. If the total votes were
is while 25
6000, what is the number of valid votes that the
·1 ·
M1k1s25% .
1.e. --x80= 20 1·1tre
of male 100
other candidate Shailendra gets if 25% of the total to make it 20% amount of water required to add
married
votes were declared invalid?
(a) 1625 (b) 1575 = 60 _+ X X 100 = 80%
(c) 1675 (d) 1525 80+x
Ans. (b) 6000 +1OOx = 6400 + 80x
Total votes 6000 20x = 400, X = 20
Invalid votes = 25% of 6000 = 1500
7. A landowner increased the length and the breadth
Total valid votes = 4500
of a rectangular plot by 10% and 20% respectively.
Ravikant gets 65%
1 So other candidate gets 35%
Find the percentage change in the cost of the plot
assuming land prices are uniform throughout his plot.
35% of 4500 = 1575
(a) 33% (b) 35%
4. In a medical certificate, by mistake a candidate gave (c) 22.22% (d) None of these
his height as 25% more than normal. In the interview Ans. (d)
panel, he clarified that his height was 5 feet 5 here x = i O or y = 20
inches. Find the percentage correction made by the
candidate from his stated height to his actual height. % change in area= (x + y + 100
xy )
(a) 20 (b) 28.56
1 20
(c) 25 (d) Noneofthese = 10 + 20 + OX = 32
100
 22 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!:I IT

8. The length, breadth and height of a room in the shape the population drops by 5%. Find the population at
of a cuboid are increased by l0%, 20% and 50% the end of the third year if in the third the population
respectively. Find the percentage change in the increases by 20%.
volume of the cuboid. (a) 12,340 (b) 12,540
(a) 77% (b) 75% (c) i ,27,540 (d) 12,440
(c) 88% (d) 98% Ans. (b)
Ans. (d) p =10000, X = +i0%, y =-5%, Z = 20%
Let!, b, h be length, breadth and height of the cuboid Population at the end of third year
Volume v = /.b.h
Now, l, b, h are increased by 10%, 20% 50% = P(1+-=-)(1+l)(1+~)
100 100 100
respectively
20 5 10 )( 1 -5-)( 1 +
= 10000 1+-- 20)
-
v = t[1+__!Q_]xb[1+
100 100
]+h[i+ 0]
100
( 100 100 100
= 1.98 /.b.h = 12540
% change = 98%
12. In an examination, Mohit obtained 20% more marks
9. The price of sugar is reduced by 25% but inspite of than Sushant but i 0% less than Rajesh. If the marks
the decrease, Aayush ends up increasing his obtained by Sushant is 1080, find the percentage
expenditure on sugar by 20%. What is the percentage marks obtained by Rajesh if the full marks is 2000.
change in his monthly consumption of sugar? (a) 86.66% (b) 72%
(a) +60% (b) -10% (c \I 7P ~301,
I v.v ,o ( d) None of these
(c) +33.33% (d) 50% Ans. (b)
Ans. (a) Marks obtained by Shushant is 1080
Let price of sugar be x & expenditure E 120
Mohit's marks =- x i 080 = 1296
3 100
Now it is reduced by 25%. So it is - x now
4 90
expenditure of sugar is also increased by 20% i.e. Rajesh Marks, R ⇒ - x R = i 296
--------------------------------~10=0~----------
6 R = 1440
1.2 E or E
5 H~O
So quantity of sugar that can be purchased % of Rajesh Marks= - - x 100 = 72%
2000
6
-E 13. The population of a village is 5500. If the number of
= - 5-= _§_§_ = 160% of~
3/4x 5 X .\ males increases by 11 % and the number offem ales
Hence consumption increased by 60%. increases by 20%, then the population becomes
6330. Find the population of females in the town.
10. 30% of a number when subtracted from 91, gives
(a) 2500 (b) 3000
the number itself. Find the number.
(c) 2000 (d) 3500
(a) 60 (b) 65
Ans.(a)
(c) 70 (d) None of these
x is population of male
Ans. (c) (5500-x) is female population
30
x = 30% of number x
X ~12:! + (5500 - X) X120 :.:. 6030
100
100 100 °
.Now
. 91 --x=x
30
100 On calculating we get x = 3000
So female population = 2500.
130
91=-X X = 70
100 ' 14. Vicky's salary is 75% more than Ashu's. Vicky got a
raise of 40% on his salary while Ashu got a raise of
11. The population of the village of Rampur is 10,000 at
this moment. It increases by 10% in the first year. 25% on his salary. By what percent is Vicky's salary

However, in the second year, due to immigration, more than Ashu's novv?
 ® Percentage I 23

ion at (a) 96% (b) 51.1% i 7. 40% of 20% + 30% of 25% + 50% of 28% is
lation (c) 90% (d) 52.1% equivalent to
(a) 29.5% (b) 28.5%
Ans. (a)
Lets Ashu's salary = Rs. 100 (c) 30.5% (d) None of these
Vicky's salary = Rs. 175 Ans. (a)
Vicky's salary increased by 40% i.e.
40 20 8
40% Of 20% = - X- =- = 8%
140 100 100 100
= x 175 = Rs. 245
100
30 01/o of 25 01/o = 30 X 25 = 75 = 7 5%
Ashu's salary increased by 25% ie 125 100 100 100 .
Vicky's Salary is 120 more that Ashu's in % term
50 28
120 and, 50% of 28%=-x-
X 100 = 96 % 100 100
125
15. During winters, an athlete can run 'x' metres on one =~=14%
narks 100
bottle of Glucose. But in the summer, he can only
narks :. (40% of 20%+ 30% of 25% + 50% of 28%)
run 0.5x metres on one bottle of Glucose. How many
ntage
bottles of Glucose are required to run 400 metres = 8% + 7.5% + 14% = 29.5%.
2000.
.during summer?
18. A man's wages were decreased by 50%. The
(a) 800/x (b) 890/x reduced wages were increased by 50%. He had a
(c) 96 (d) 454/x loss of
Ans. (a) (a) 35% (b) 25%
During summer to run -5x one bottle of glucose (c) 20% (d) None of these
is required
Ans. (b)
1 Here, x = -50 and y = 50.
then to run 1 km - bottles
0.5x :. The net% change in wages

1
:. to run 400m - - x 400 = soq_ bottle
0.5X X

16. In an examination, 80% students passed in Physics, 5 5

1ber of = (-50+50- 0x 0)% or-25%.
70% in Chemistry while 15% failed in both the 100
males
subjects. If 325 students passed in both the Since the sign is -ve, he has a loss of 25%.
:omes
subjects. Find the total number of students who
)Wn. 19. The radius of a sphere is increased 10%. The surface
appeared in the examination.
area increases by
(a) 500 (b) 400
(a) 2i % (b) 3io/o
(c) 300 (d) 600
(c) 4 i% (d) None of these
Ans. (a)
Ans. (a)
Since 4n x radius x radius = surface area
Net% change in area

= (x+y+ 1-Jo)%
15% student failed in both subjects
=(10+10+ 10xi0)%=21%.
So total passed = 85% 100
/ got a
80 + 70 = 85+x, X = 65%
aise of
65% of total = 325
salary
total= 500. □□□□
24 0 Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS~ n

Percentage 7. If the side of a square is increased by 30%, its area

is increased by
(a) 49% (b) 69%
(c) 79% (d) None of these 1
I Practice Exercise: I
8. In measuring the sides of a rectangle, one side is
taken i 0% in excess and the other 20% in deficit
1. If a number is 20% more than the other, how much Find the error percent in area calculated from the
percent is the second number less than the first?
measurement.
(a) i 2% deficit (b) 10% deficit
(a) 122%
3 (c) i 2% excess (d) None of these
11
0. Water tax is i11creased by 20% but its consumption
(d) None of these is decreased by 20%. The increase or decrease in
the expenditure is
2. If the given two numbers are respectively 7% and (a) 4 % decrease (b) 4% increase
28% of a third number, then what percentage is the (c) 8% decrease (d) 8% increase
first of the second? 10. The population of a city increasi;;s at the rate of i 0%
(a) 20% (b) 25% annually. Its present population is 90.51 lacs. The
(c) 18% (d) None of these population 3 years ago was nearly.
3. The price cooking oil has increased by 15%. The (a) 72 lacs (b) 68 lacs
percentage of reduction that a family should effect (c) 80 lacs (d) None of these
in the use of cooking oil so as not to increase the 11. The value of a machine is Rs. 6250. It decreases by
expenditure on this account is i 0% during the first year, 20% during the second
1 year and 30% during the third year. What will be the
(a) 15~% (b) 13-% value of the machine after 3 years?
23 23
(a) Rs. 2650
(c) Rs. 3150 (d) None of these
(c) 17-% (d) None of these
23
12. An arrny lust 10% its men in war, 10% of the
4. The difference between a discount of 35% and two remaining due to diseases and i 0% of the rest were
successive discounts of 20% and 20% on a certain disabled. Thus, the strength was reduced to 729000 1.
hill was Rs. 22. Find tho omount of the bill. active men. Find the original strength.
(a) Rs. 3200 (b) Rs. ?200 (a) 1000000 (b) 1200000
(c) Rs. 1800 (d) None of these (c) 1500000 (d) None of these

5. Two shopkeepers sell a radio of similar brand and 13. In an examination, 30% and 35% students
type at the same list price of Rs. 1000. The first respectively failed in History and Geography while
allows two successive discount of 20% and 10% 27% students failed in both the subjects. If the
and the second allows the successive discount of
number of students passing the examination is 248,
15% and 15%. Find the difference in discounts 2
find the total number of students who appeared in ·
offered by the two shopkeepers.
the examination.
(a) Rs. 3.50 (b) Rs. 1.bO
(a) 425 (b) 380
(c) Rs. 2.50 (d) None of these
(c) 400 (d) None of these
6. The tax on a commodity is diminished by 10% and
its consumption increases by 10%. Find the effects 14. In an examination, there were 2000 candidates, oul.
on revenue. of which 900 candidates were boys and rest were
(a) 1% increase (b) 2% increase girls. If 32% of the boys 38% of the girls passed;
(c) 3% decrease (d) None of these then the total percentage of failed candidates is
 ERS!::i .DE ERS!::i'! ® Percentage I 25
---!Iii:""'·

,, its are (b) 64.7% 3. Ans. (b)

(d) 70% Reduction in consumption

'1{the price of gold increases by 30%, find by how :::: ( p xioo)%

.t~uch the quantity of ornaments must be reduced 100+P

so that the expenditure may remain same as before?

1
=( 100+15
15 1
x100)%ori3- %.
23
(b) 23- %
i3

,f~, (c) 30% (d) i9%

. f16. The price of an article is cut by 20%. To restore it to

4. Ans. (b)
The equivalent discount of two successive discounts
of 20% and 20%.
sumptionf < its original price, the new price must be increased
crease inf'
f· by
r (a) 20% (b) 22.5%
I ~ ~% ~)~%
20 X 20) % or-36%
= ( -20-20+---
100 .
17. In a fraction, numerator is increased by 25% and
the denominator is diminished by i 0%. The new Given: 36% - 35% = Rs. 22.
5 Amount of the bill = 22 x 100 = Rs. 2200.
· fraction obtained is .The original fraction is
9 5. Ans. (c)
I 2 5 The equivalent discount of two successive discounts
J (a) (b) -
r 5 9 of 20% and i 0%
reases by~
,e secondiJ 3
(c) (d) None of these
will be the': 5

ODDO = ( -20 10 +20-XI

-- 0) % or 28%
iO0

l% of the Discount on the list price of radio offered by

~ rest were Solutions the first shopkeeper

to 729000 1. Ans.(b) 28
= 28% of 1000 = -x1000
100 = Rs . 280 .
Here, x = 20
Also, the equivalent discount of two successive
Required answer= ( x x 1oo)· % discounts of 15% and 15%
i00+ X

students
:1.phy while:'
cts. If the,
tion is 248)
15x15) 1/o or 27-%
=( -15-15+-- 30
)peared 2. Ans. (b) 100 4
Here, l = 7, and m = 28.
First number Discount on the list price of radio offered by the
second shopkeeper.
l
= -x
m
100% of second number 3 111
= 27 - % Of 1000 = - X 1000
idates, oul 4 400
j rest were;. 7 = Rs. 277.50
== x 100% of second number
Is passed~ 28 Difference in discounts offered by the two
dates is Or 25% of second number. shopkeepers= Rs. 280- Rs. 277.50 = Rs. 2.50.
26 ® Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS'!:,i m

6. Ans. (d) 1 i. Ans. (c) 1e

Since tax x consumption = revenue Here, A= 6250, x = -10, y= -20 & z= -30.
Net % change in revenue Value of the machine after 3 years

= A(1+~)(1+l)(h-z)
100 100 100

=(- 1o+W+ 10x10)%

100
= 6250(1-.22__)(1- ~)(1-12__)
(here x = -10 and y = 10) = -1 % 100 100 100
:. The revenue decreases by 1%.
1i
7. Ans.(b) = 6250x90x80x70 = Rs.
3150
_
Since side x side = area 100x 100x 100
Net % change in area
i2. Ans. (a)
Let A be the original strength.

Then, A(1+~)(1+l)(1+-z ).
100 100 100
3 3
=(30+30+ 0x 0)%=69%.
100 = 729000 (Given)

The area is increased by 69%.

Here, x = -10, y = -10 and z = -10.

8. Ans. (a)
A(1-1~00)(1- 1~00)(1- 1~00)
Since side 1 x side 2 = area
= 729000
Error% in area= (x+ y + iO0
xy )%
⇒ A= 729000 x iO0 x 100 x 100
10 90x90x90
= - 10-20-~20) %
( mo~--+--------------=--i10eeeeE}rneH-.-----------
(Here, x = 10 and y = -20) 13. Ans. (c)
= -12%, i.e. 12% deficit. Percentage of students passing the examination
9. Ans. (a) = (100- (30 + 35- 27))%

Since tax x consumption = expenditure [here, x = 30, y = 35 and z = 27]

Net % change in expenditure = (100- 38)% = 62%.
Let the total number of students appearing in th:
=(x+y+ ,-Jo)% examination x.
2.
Given: 62% of x = 248
2 20
= ( 20 - 20 - ~; ) % [x = 20 & y = -20] 62 248x 100
0 or -xx= 248 or x = - - - = 400.
=-4%. ' 100 62
Expenditure decreases by 4%. Therefore, 400 students appeared in th
examination.
3.
iO. Ans. (b)
We have, P = 90.51, r = 10 and n = 3. 14. Ans. (b)
The population 3 years ago Boys = 900, Girls = 1100
P 90.51 Passed= (32 % of 900) + (38% of 1100)
= 288 + 418 = 706
Failed = 2000 - 706 = 1294 A.
9051 100 100 100
100 110
I
= - - x - x - x - = 68 acs.
110 110
Failed%= lr,294
2
oo6 x 100
\
)% = 64.7%
t ERS ® Percentage I 27

1
(a) 13 (b) 15
0. 3
duction = 30 x 100% = 23J_%
..··· 100+30 13 (c) 20 (d) 163_
.,"
3
Ans. (c) 5. If x% of a is the same as y% of b, then z% of b is
New price must be increased by
(a) yz% of a (b) xy % of a
•·.
,.
Co:~20 x 100)% 25% a
X z

a:JJ.Ans, (a) (c) -

xZ01 f
o a
10 (d) None of these
\!;.:.,; y
X
Let the fraction be y 6. From a container having pure milk, 20% is replaced
by water and the process is repeated thrice. At the

x+0.25x 5 x(1.25) 5 end of the third operation, the milk is:

Then, y-0. iOy = g' y(0.9) =9 (a) 40% pure (b) 50% pure
(c) 51.2% pure (d) 58.8% pure
x5 9Q X 2 7. The salaries of A and Btogether amount to Rs. 2000.
-=-x-, ⇒ -=-
y 9 125 y 5 A spends 95% of his salary and 8, 85% of his. If
now, their savings are same, what is A's salary?
(a) Rs. 1500 (b) Rs. 1250
(c) Rs. 750 (d) Rs. 1600

8. 300 grams of sugar solution has 40% sugar in it.

II Practice Exercise: II How much sugar should be added to make it 50%
in the solution?
(a) 10 gms (b) 40 gms
.· 1. Of the total amount received by Prerna, 20% was (c) 60 gms (d) 80 gms
nination spent on purchases and 5% of the remaining on 9. In an examination, there are 3 papers of Mathematics
transportation. If he is left with Rs. 1520, the initial of 100 marks each. A boy secures 60% in the first
amount was: paper and 70% in the second paper. In order to
(a) Rs. 2800 (b) Rs. 2000 secure 70% in the aggregate the percentage of
ring in th1 (c) Rs. 2400 (d) Rs. 1600
marks he should secure in third paper will be:
l· The price of jute has been reduced by 20%. if the
reduced price is Rs. 800 per quintal, the original (a) 90% (b) 80%
price per quintal was (c) 75% (d) 70%
(a) Rs. 900 (b) Rs. 640
(c) Rs. 960 (d) Rs. 1000 10. Two numbers are less than a third number by 30%
d in and 37% respectively. How much percent is the
5/9 part of the population in a village are males. If second number less than the first?
30% of the males are married, the percentage of
(a) 10% (b) 7%
unmarried females in the total population is:
(c) 4% (d) 3%
(a) 70% (b) 40%
11. In an examination, A got 10% marks less than B, B
(d) 20%
got 25% marks more than C and C got 20% less
A school has only three classes which contain 40, than D. If A got 360 marks out of 500, the percentage
50 and 60 students respectively. The pass of marks obtained by D was
percentages of these classes are 1o, 20 and 1O (a) 70 (b) 75
respectively. The pass percentage of the school is: (c) 80 (d) 85
 28 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSi~ i

12. If the numerator of a fraction be increased by i 5% 19. Ram sells his goods 25% cheaper than Shyam anc
and its denominator be dimimished by 8%, the value 25% dearer than Bram. How much percentage it
15 Bram's goods cheaper than Shyam's?
of the fraction
16 . The original fraction is (a) 33.33% (b) 50%
3 3 (c) 66.66% (d) 40%
(a) 5 (b) 4
20. Rajiv wanted to subtract 5 from a number
3 2
(c) - (d) 3 Unfortunately, he added 5 instead of subtracting
7
Find the percentage change in the result.
13. In an examination, 35% candidates failed in one (a) 300%
subject and 42% failed in another subject while i 5% (b) 66.66%
failed in both the subjects. If 2500 candidates (c) bU%
1
appeared at the examiniation, how many passed in (d) Cannot be determined
either subject but not in both?
(a) 325 (b) 1175 21. The salary of Amit is 30% more than that of Varur,
(c) 2125 (d) Noneofthese Find by what percentage is the salary of Varun les
than that of Amit?
14. The boys and girls in a college are in the ratio 3: 2. (a) 26.i2% (b) 23.07%
If 20% of the boys and 25% of the girls are adults, (c) 2i .23% (d) None of these
the percentage of students who are not adults is:
22. Ram spends 20% of his monthly income on his housi
(a) 58% (b) 67.5%
hold expenditure, 15% of the rest of books, 30% c·
(c) 78% (d) 82.5%
the rest on clothes and saves the rest. On countin~
15. The price of sugar is increased by 20%. As a result, he comes to know that he has finally saved Rs. 952(
a family decreases its consumption by 25%. The Find his monthly income.
expenditure of the family on sugar will be decreased (a) 10000 (b) 15000
by: (c) 20000 (d) None of these
-------;at-"J.G.?/c..--------1'.13}-§C>fc~----------------------
23. An ore contains 25% of an alloy that has 90% iror
(c) 14% (d) 15% Other than this, in the remaining 75% of the or,
16. A building worth Rs. 133. i 00 is constructed on land there is no iron. How many kilograms of the ore ar
worth Rs. 72,900. After how many years will the value needed to obtain 60 kg of pure iron?
of both be the same if land appreciates at i 0% p.a. (a) 250 kg (b) 275 kg 3
and building depreciates at 10% p.a.? (c) 300 kg (d) 266.66 kg
(a) 2.5 (b) 2
24. Ram sells his goods 20% cheaper than Bobby an
(c) i.5 (d) 3 20 dearer than Chandilya. How much percentage
17. A reduction of 21 % in the price of wheat enables a Chandilya's goods cheaper/dearer than Bobby's.
(a) 33.33% (b) 50%
person to buy 10.5 kg more for Rs. 100. What is the
(c) 42.85% (d) None of these
reduced price per kg?
(a) Rs. 2 (b) Rs. 2.25 25. Out of the total production of iron from hematite, a
(c) Rs. 2.30 (d) Rs. 2.50 ore of iron, 20% of the ore gets wasted, and out(
tho remaining ore, only 25% is pure iron. If the pur
18. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By iron obtained in a year from a mine of hematite wa
what percent would the width have to be decreased 80,000 kg, then the quantity of hematite mined frcJf:
to maintain the same area? that mine in the year is
(a) 5,00,000 kg (b) 4,00,000 kg
(a) 372% (b) 60% (c) 11,50,000 kg (d) Nono of these
2
n(·
(c) 75 % (d) None 26. Ram spends 30% of t-iis salary on t-1ouse rent, 3v
of the rest he spends on his children's educatic~
 ® Percentage I 29

'and 24% of the rest salary he spends on clothes. 4. Ans. (a)

"' .~r his expenditure, he is left with Rs. 2500. What
Number of passed candidates
Ram's salary?
f Rs. 67i3.2 (b) Rs. 20,000 10 20 iO
= ( -x40+-x50+-x60 )
'(c) Rs. i 0,000 (d) Rs. i 5,000 100 100 100
= (4 + i O + 6) = 20
□□□□
20
Passed percentage = ( ) x i 00
40+ 50+60
Solutions
= ( -20 X 100 ) % = i 3-%.
1
iS0 3

Purchases = 20% of x= 5.
X 5. Ans. (c)
X y
x% of a = y% of b ⇒ -a =-b ⇒ b
X 4x i 00 i 00
Balance= x-- = - .
5 5
.Transportation = 5% of 00) a-_ ( -X) a
-_ ( -X xI-
100 y y
4x 5 4x x
-=-X-=-.
5 100 5 25
:. z% of b = ( z% off a j
4x x 19x
Balance= - - - = - .
5 25 25
19x 1520 X 25
- - = 1520 ⇒
25 .
X =- -
19
- = 2000 .
6. Ans. (c)
Ans. (d}
Let total quantity of original milk= i 000 gm.
90% iror;;
80% Of X :::: 800 ⇒ 80
X = 800
Milk after first operation
>f the or(1 100 = 80% of 1000 = 800 gm.
,e ore aw
⇒ X = 800 X -100
80
= i 000 . Milk after second operation
= 80% of 800 = 640 gm.
3. .Ans. (c) Milk after third operation
= 80% of 640 = Si 2 gm.
Let, total population = x. Males = §_ x. :. Strength of final mixture= 51 .2%.
lobby an. 9
centage~\ Married males = 30% of 7. Ans. (a)
5 30 5 X
-x=-X-x=- Let A's salary= x, Then, B's = (2000 - x)
9 100 9 6
5% of A =15% of B, i.e.

Married females = ~. 5 15
x= (2000-x) or x= 1500.
6 100 100

Total females =( x-!x) = ~t.

8. Ans. (c)
40
Sugar= ( x 3oo)gms =120 gms,
100
Unmarried females= (4x - ~) = 5x water =i80gms.
9 6 18
:. Required percentage Let x gm sugar may be added.
120+x
Then, --x100 = 50 ⇒ 240+2x
==(~; x;x100)% = 27i%. 300+x
= 300 + X ⇒ X = 60
30 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERSI:! m

9. Ans. (b) 14. Ans. (c) 1t

70 Suppose boys = 3x and girls = 2x.
60 + 70 + x = 00 x 300 or x = 80%.
1

10. Ans. (a)

Not adults = ( SO x
100
3x) + ( 100
75
x 2x)

Let, third number be x. Then,

First number = 70% of x =

?x
10 ,
= c ~x + 3;) = ~~.
Required percentage
63x
Second number =63% of x = .
100 39x 1
= ( -x-x100 ) °/o = 78%.
Required Percentage 10 5x

7x
= ( -x-x100rn
%=10%. ) i 5. Ans. (a)
100 7x Let original consumption= 100 units & original pric1 1S
= Rs. 100/unit.
i 1. Ans. (c)
Original expenditure== Rs. (100 x iO0)
9 125 = Rs. 10000.
A:;;: 0 B B= c and C= SOD.
100 ' 100 100 New expenditure::: Rs. (120 x 75) = Rs. 9000.
Decrease in expenditure
iO 4 5
8 =-A.C =-Band D = -C.
9 5 4 1000
= ( -.-x100 ) % = 10%.
10 4 10000
B =- x 360 = 400, C =- x 400 = 320
9 5 16. Ans. (d)
5
and D = - x 320 = 400. 2C
4 o)n ( iO)n
·-,.------------7-29_0 00 -- = 133100x - 1- -100 -
Percentage of D = ( -
ziee
x 100 % = 80%.
)
500

12. Ans. (b) (..!J.)n

iO
x(10)n = 133100 = 13-31
9 72900 729 21
Let the given fraction be x/y.

Then 115% of x = 15 ⇒ 115x == 15 => [l = 3,

' 92% of y - 16 92y 16

17. Ans. (a)

Let original price= Rs. x/f<g. Reduced price
22
13. Ans. (b) = ( 79 x)/kg.
100
3
Failed in1S1 subject = ( ~ x 2500) = 875.
10 100 _ 100 -10.5 ⇒ 10000 _ 100 = 10.5
79x x 79x x
x 25001: : 1050.
42 100
Failed in 2nd subject= (
100 )
10000 - 7900 = 10.5 x 79x

Failed in both =( 15
00 x 2500 ) = 375. or
2100
x:::;:---
1
10.5x79
Failed in 1st subject only =(875- 375) ;;:: 500.
Reduced price
Failed in 2nd subject only=(1050-375) = 675.
( 7q ?1()() \
Passed in 2nd only + Passed in 1st only
= (675 + 500) = 1175.
: :;: Rs.l 1'o~ox 1~i:v79Jkg= Rs. 2/kg
E leRS ® Percentage I 31

s. (a) 23. Ans. (d)

l~ngth ==land breadth = b. Let amount of ore is 100 kg
tBlrequired decrease in breadth be x%. 25% or 25 kg has 90% iron

25x90 k .
.~:i~/x (j~o:;x) xb= lb = 100 = 22 .5 g iron

75% or 75 kg has no iron = 0 kg

To obtain 22.5 kg 100 kg ore is required
So to obtain 60 kg
10000 125
100-x = - - = -
. 160 2 100
~X 60 = 266.66 kg
22.5
x= ( 100- 125) =37 1 .
2 2 24. Ans. (a)
Let Bobby's sale price is Rs. 100
l\ns. (d) Ram sale price = Rs. 80
Let Shyam sells good at Rs. 100
Ram sale price is 20% dearer than chandilya So,
So Ram sells good at Rs. 75 Chandilya's price = CP
Now this Rs. 75 is 25% dearer than Bram i.e.
120
9000. if' 125 CPx-= 80, CP = 66.66
cwamx 100 = 75 100
Now Chandilya good is Rs. 33.33 cheaper than
Bram's price = 60 Bobby's i.e.
Bram's good is Rs. 40 cheaper than Shyam in %
33 63
= • X 100 = 33.33'%
term
1~~ x 100 i.e. 40% 100

n 25. Ans. (b)

Let x kg ore is there
I This cannot be determined because after adding or
20% washed away so remaining is
substracting 5 to different numbers variable results
80% i.e. 4/5x
are obtained.
4 . . 25 4 1
. Ans. (b) out of -x, 25% ,s pure iron - x - x = -x
5 100 5 5
Let Varun's salary is 100
1
Amit salary= 30% more that Varun's Salary= 130 in i.e. kg is obtained from x kg then 1 kg is
% salary of Varun less than Amit
5x
obtained from 5 kg
30 :. 80000 kg is obtained from
:::: X 100 = 23.07%
130 5 x 80000 = 400000 kg
price
Ans. {c) 26. Ans. (a)
Let he earns Rs. P Let total salary is Rs. x
x = -20, Y= -15, z = -30
0.5
P[1 + ~J[1 + 2-][1 +
100 100 100
~J·:::;.; 2500
P[1 + ~J[1+
iOO 100
L][, + ~-] = 9520
100 P[1 - 30 ][, - 30 ][1- 24 ·] = 2500
100 100 100

p[ 1~~] L~~ ][1~~] = 9520

x
[(-)ve sign because of spending)

Px. 476 = 9520, P == 20000

p[ 100
70 ][ 70 ] 76
100 100
== 2500

P = Rs. 6713.21
·/kg
111!111111
 '" ; .-·:'?;·,.,_-.:;_;:

Piofit and Loss

. .

In any organisation, the most important aspect is profit Mark up: This is the increment on the cost pricE
and loss calculation of any transaction conducted. Su before the article is sold to tho customer.
the profit/loss calculation is having a very important From these terminologies it has to be understooc
impact from business point of view. that the relation of selling price and cost price ii
While dealing with the profit/loss calculation, the nothing but a percentage increment or decremen B
situation based on profit or loss respectively. So•
following terminologies have to be understood. profit or loss is P% we can use the multiplying tactc
Terminalogies in Profit & Loss
Cost price: Cost Price (CP) of an article is the
. (1+_£_)
1.8.-100
expenditure incurred on the purchase or the
production of the article. it can be taken as the So SP= cP(1±_£_
\ 100)
I St
'INVESTMENT' on the article.
Now let us understand it with the help of som
Selling price: Selling price of an article is the examples.
revenue generated by selling that particular article.
So it is the 'REVENUE' Example 1.
Ram bought a scooter for Rs. i 0000 and sold it fc
Both CP & SP are respective quantities. They are
---frcrl'--&e-s-eil:fte--£!-lf8R-titi@S-L-e.,-lb.a-11.alu.e_ke_e.p_s. on ___ 20% loss to Rahul. Rahul invested Rs. 500 in
changing with respect to the person. and solaa.flU%profM:Tu""""3orran-:-firn:rotrtth&amet1'----E----
. )
paid by Sohan.
If A is selling a quantity to 8. In that case selling
price for A is the cost price for B. Solution.
Profit/Loss: The difference of SP & CP is the profit The CP for Rahul
value or loss value. If SP> CP, the value is profit. If 20
= iOOOOl( 1- ) Sc
SP < CP, the value is loss. 100
Percent Profit/Loss: The profit or loss as a = Rs. 8000
percentage of the 'INVESTMENT is profit or loss Net investment of Rahul on the scooter
percentage. = 8000 + 500 = Rs. 8500
Profit/Loss Value Rahul sold it for 10% profit
% Profit/loss = x 100
,
1nvestment So amount paid by Sohan
Margin: Margin is generally used in terms of
percentage. It is the profit or loss as percentage of = s5oo(, + -~) = Rs. 9350
100
the 'REVENUE' or selling price.
.. . Profit/Loss value
% Margin= - - - - - - x ,1 v
on Example 2.
Revenue Komal sold two articles at sarne selling price a·
Marked Price: It is the price of the product being at 20% profit while another at 20% loss. Find Ci
displayed on the label. Generally it is taken as MRP. his net profit or loss percent?
Discount: Discount is the rebate given to the Solution.
customer before the selling of the article. Generally Let the SP of one article be x
discount is given on marked price but to have a loss One article is sold at 20% profit so
the discount can be given on the cost price as well.
1.2 x (CP), =x
 e Profit and Loss I 33

X indicated quantity he supplies less quantity &

... (CP\ = 12 makes profit. So for the calculation of profit
~rly 0.8 x (CP) 2 =x percentage we have to see his investment & the
X
investment is the quantity he is providing to the
(CP\ == 0.8
customer. So profit or loss percent is calculated on
X 2x X
CP = 12+ 0.8 = 0.96 the amount being supplied to the customer.

2x Example 1.
- ---2x
- 0.96 A shopkeeper sells the quantity in the same price
_ 2x(0.04)/0.96 X 100 rate for which he has bought. But he gives 20%
- 2x/0.96 less quantity to the customer. Find his profit percent.
= 4% loss
Solution.
pie 3.
Let the indicated weight be 100 gm & CP & SP be
'~se bought a bullock and a cart in rupees 6000.
1 Rs./gm
.. he sold bullock, at 20% profit and cart at 10%
~rofit and got Rs. 7000. Find out the cost price of Now quantity given to the customer
:::: (1 - 0.2) X 100
ullock.
So investment of shopkeeper
on . = 80 x 1 = Rs. 80
.L~t the CP of bullock be 'b' & of cart be 'c' The amount gained from the customer
. " Then b + c = 6000 = 100 x 1 = Rs. 100
and 1.2 b +Uc= 7000
100-80 .
By solving both the equation we get Profit%= - - - x 100 = 25% profit
80
d sold itfi b = 4000 and c =2000
s. 500 ini So CP of bullock is Rs. 4000. Example 2.
the amoui'E' Ramesh purchased a radioset at Rs. 1500 and sold it at
. xamp 1e 4.
'1'. Rs. 1200. Find loss incurred by him?
A shopkeeper gives a discount of 10% on a article
but his net profit becomes 8% still. Find out by LOSS= CP - SP
what percent he mark up the article. = 1500 - 1200 = 300.
Also in this case we can calculate
Solution.
Let the CP ce x & the mark up be P°lo 300
Loss% = --- x 100 = 20%
1500
Then SP = (1 + __§_)
100
x (As per the profit)
Thus he incurred 20% loss.

SP = (1 + _£_)x(1--2.Q_) As per markup

100 100 Basic Formulae
(Since mark up & discounts are successive percent
changes on CP) 1. When SP and Gain% are Given then
1350
100
CP =( ) x S.P.
So (1+ ~ )o.9x=1.08x 100+Gain%
1 0
ng price 2. When the C.P. and Gain% are given then
)SS. Find ==> (1 + _£_)
100 = 1.2
S.P. = 100 + Gain% x C.P.
==> P = 20% 100
Weight 3. When C.P. and loss% are given then
Sometimes the shopkeeper keeps the CP & SP of
SP = 100 - Loss% x C.P.
the articles same. But instead of giving us the 100
 34 ® Reasoning & Aptitude

4. When S.P. and loss percentages are given True measure 100+ g
=
1
Faulty measure 100 + x
CP==( 00 )xiOO
100-Loss% iOOO iOOOxg
⇒ 950 = 950
5. If the cost price (C.P.) of m articles is equal to selling 1000x100 5
price of n article, then So, 100 + g == , g = 5 01/o.
950 19
m-n] x 100
% gain or loss= [ -n-
□□□□

If m >n, it is% gain and if m<n, it is% loss

Discount
6. When two different articles are sold at the same G. P.,
9. If two successive discount of an article are m% a
getting gain/loss of x% on the first and gain/loss of
n% respectively, then a single discount equival,
y% on the second, the overall% gain or% loss in
the transaction is given by to the successive discount will be (m + n - rnn_ ,
100,,,

100(x+y)+ 2xy lo/c It can also be calculated as

[ (100 + X) + (100 + y) o
(100-m) (100-n)l
100-i00x~--x-'-----"- %
The above expression represent overall gain [ 100 100
or loss according to its given ( + )ve or
(-ve).

7. When two different articles are sold at the same Ex.1 Find the single discount which is equivalent:
selling price getting gain of x% on the first and loss successive discounts of 50% and 40%.
of x% on the second, then the overall% loss in the Sol.: Single discount will be equal to

~---------------+-1~v~-)~2____________~Cm+n
transaction is given by
10
% ~
1moon)o=·-------~

8. A merchant uses faulty measure and sells his goods

⇒ 5
( 50+40- ~~ ) 10
0 0

at gain/loss of x%. The overall % gain or loss (g) is ⇒ 70%

given by
Ex.2 Hnd a single discount which is equivalent to th
100 + g True measure successive discounts of 20%, 30% and 20~
--=-----
100 + x Faulty measure Sol.: Single discount equivalent to 20% and 30%
Note: If merchant sells his goods at cost price then
X = 0.
⇒ [ 20+30-
2
~~i ]% 0

⇒ 44%
Example 1.
Now, we will find single discount whid
A dishonest shopkeeper professes to sell his goods
at the cost price bL:1: ·__;ses faulty measure. His 1 kg equivalent to two successive discounts of 4
and 20%.
weight measures 950 gms only. Find his gain percent.
Solution: ⇒ rL44+ 20- ~~3°1%
J IUU
Here, True measure = i 000 gms ⇒ 55.2%
False measure= 950 gms Alternative:
Since the Shopkeeper sells the goods at cost price. x x 0.8x x 7x x 8 = 0.448x
So the final value is 0.448x
X = 0,
Which is reduced by 55.2%
overall gain % is given by
□□□□
EE ® Profit and Loss I 35

Ans. (b)
Solved Examples CP of 12 chocolate = Rs. 9
9
elling a watch for Rs. 495, a shopkeeper incurs CP of i chocolate=-= Rs. 0.75
12
ss of 10%. Find the cost price of the watch for Now SP = Rs. 1 Proift = Rs. 0.25
' shopkeeper.
25
~) Rs. 545 (b) Rs. 550 Profit% = 0· x 100 = 332%
0.75 3
q) Rs. 555 (d) None of these
s. (b) 5. A coal merchant makes a profit of 20% by selling
coal at Rs. 25 per quintal. If he sells the coal at Rs.
22.50 per quintal, what is his profit percent on the
irem% whole investment?
: equivale SP (a) 6% (b) 6.66%
p :: - - - - - , - X 100
· · (100 -Loss%) (c) 7.5% (d) 8%
n-:~) · 495
Ans. (d)
P =-x100 = Rs. 550 Profit % = 20%, SP=25
90
25 125
hopkeeper sold goods for Rs. 2400 and made a CP = x100 = Rs.= 20.83
120 6
fit of 25% in the process. Find his profit percent
Profit if SP = 22.50
Hf:he had sold his goods for Rs. 2040.
= 22.50 - 20.83 = 1.667
(a) 6.25% (b) 7%
(d) 6.5% 1 667
Profit%= · x 100 = 8%
Ans. (a) 20.83
0%. SP = 2400, Profit% = 25 [in fractional term this can be solved very easily]

SP 2400 6. The cost price of a shirt and trouser is Rs. 371. If

C.P. = ( x 100 = - - x 100 - 1920 the shirt costs 12% more than the trousers, find the
100+ P%) 125 -
cost price of the trouser.
If sold at 2040, profit = Rs. 120 (a) Rs. 125 (b) Rs. 150
. 120 (c) Rs. 175 (d) Rs. 200
Pro f1t % ⇒ - - x 100 = 6.25 Ans. (c)
1920
Let CP of trouser be Rs. x
ilent to thre13 _
A digital diary is sold for Rs. 935 at a profit of 10%. 112x
and 20%. Now CP of shirt = Rs.
What would have been the actual profit or loss on it, 100
~nd 30%
if it had been sold for Rs. 810? 112 x 371
Accor d'1ng to given
. . x + iOO
con d'1t1on = ,
(a) Rs. 45 (b) Rs. 40
(c) Rs. 48 (d) Rs. 50 212
x=371
Ans. (b) 100 '
,t which x = Rs. '175
SP= 935, Profit 0/o= 10%
unts of
7. The marked price of a table is Rs. 1200, which is
CP = ~x 100 = 850 20% above the cost price. It is sold at a discount of
110
10% on the marked price. Find the profit percent.
Diary if sold at 81 O, Loss = Rs. 40
(a) 10% (b) 8%
A shopkeeper bought 240 chocolates at Rs. 9 per (c) 7.5% (d) 6%
dozen. If he sold all of them at Rs. 1 each, what Ans. (b)
was his profit percent? MP= 1200
(a) 66(1/6)% (b) 33(1/3)% 1200
(c) 24% (d) 27% C.P. = x 100 = 1000
120
36 e Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!iml

If sold at 10% discount (a) 23.07 (b) 30% 13

90 (c) 21.21 % (d) 25%
S.P. = i 200 x - = i080 Ans. (b)
100
Profit on CP = Rs. 80 Let the cost price be Rs. x and marked price be Rs. 1
. 80 . 10 17
Profit%= - - x 100 = 8% Given, y-yx-=x+xx-
1000 100 100
90 117 117
8. A dozen pairs of gloves quoted at Rs. 80 are ⇒ y X l 00 = X X I 00 ⇒ y = 90 X
available at a discount of 10%. Find how many pairs
of golves can be bought for Rs. 24? 27
y X = X
(a) 4 (b) 5 90
(c) 6 (d) 8 Required profit percent
Ans. (a) y-x 27
= - - x 100 = - x 100 = 30%
12 pairs of gloves are available at Rs. 80 (with 10% X 90
90
discount) 80x iOO = Rs.72 11. The cost of production of a cordless phon;
set in 2002 is Rs. 900, divided betwee,
In Rs. 72, 12 pairs are available then in
material, labour and overheads in the rak
12 . 3 : 4 : 2. If the cordless phone set is marked ate
Rs. 1 ·-- pairs
72 price that gives a 20% profit on the component c
price accounted for by labour, what is the marke1(
12
In 24 Rs.-x24 = 4 price of the set?
72
(a) Rs. 980 (b) Rs. 1080
9. How much percent more than the cost price should (c) Rs. 960 (d) None of these
a shopkeeper mark his goods, so that after allowing Ans. (a)
a discount of 12.5% he should have a gain of 5% on Cost of phone accounted for by labour
his outlay?
4
(a) 9.375 (b) 16.66% = x900 =Rs.400
3+4+2
~-20°*0------1-a}--2&¼~---------------------------
Ans. (c) Component of price accountant for by labour
Let the cost price be Rs. x and printed price be Rs. 20
= 400 + 400x- = Rs. 480
y. 100
Hence. price after giving a discount of 12.5%
Marked price of the set
1:::>.b = 480 + (900 - 400) = Rs. 980
= y-yx 100
12. If subsequently in 2003, the cost of material, laboL
12.5 5
Given = y - y x - - = x +xx - - and overheads increased by 20%, 30% and 10'.
, iOO 100
respectively, calculate the cost of rnanufacturingi'
87.5 105 2003.
⇒ yx-=xx--
100 100 (a) Rs. i 150 (b) Rs. 1050
105 105 17.5 (c) Rs. 1080 (d) Rs. 1100
:. y=-x ⇒ y-x=--x-x=--x
87.5 87.5 87.5 Ans. (d)
Required Percentage In 2003, cost of material
11 5 20
= y-xx100= · x100=20% = 300 + 300x = Rs. 360
X 87.5 iOO
i 0. In order to maintain the price line, a trader allows a 30
Cost of labour = 400 + 400 x - = Rs. 520
discount of i 0% on the marked price of goods in 100
his shop. However, he still makes a gross profit of iO
i7% on the cost price. Find the profit percent he Cost of overhead = 200 + 200 x - - =Rs. 220
100
would have made on the seiiing price had he sold Hence, cost of manufacturing
at the marked price. = 360 + 520 + 220 = Rs. 1 mo
 0 Profit and Loss 37

uction of 10% in the price of sugar enables a (a) Rs. 175 (b) Rs. 200
yvife to buy 6.2 kg more for Rs. 279. Find the (c) Rs. 225 (d) Rs. 160
'ed price per kilogram. Ans. (a)
t
5 (b) Rs. 4.5 Let the cost price = Rs. x
1. 4.05 (d) None of these
Price 5% less than cost price=
9
~x
10
. (b) Selling price when sold for Rs. 7 more
Let original rate= Rs. x per kg
. New rate = 90% of = 110x+ 7
100
x = Rs. ( 1~~ x) = Rs. ~; 110 95 95x 20
Given - x + 7 - - x = - x -
, 100 100 100 100
' 279
Original quantity for Rs. 279 = - 20 7x500
X ⇒ -x=7 :. x = - - =Rs.175
500 20
10 310
New quantity = 279 x -
9x
=- X 16. A dishonest dealer professes to sell at cost price
but uses a 900 gram weight instead of a 1 kilogram
X
weight. Find the percent profit to the dealer.
(a) 10% (b) 11.11%
(c) 12.5% (d) Noneofthese
Ans. (b)
9x5 Let the cost price be Rs. x per kg.
Reduced Price =·-=Rs. 4.5 per kg
10
. 9
Then cost price of 900 gm =
f14. A man sells an article at 5% above its cost price. If 10 x
I he had bought it at 5% less than what he paid for it Hence% profit
( and sold it for Rs. 2 less, he would have gained 9
~ x----x
.,if 10%. Find the cost price of the article. :::: .
9
1O. X I 00 = 1OO
9
% = 11 11 °6
. R
abour i (a) Rs. 500 (b) Rs. 360
~- -x
ir (d) Rs. 425 (d) Rs. 400 10
Ans. (d)
□□□□
,1. Let the cost price of the article = Rs. x
~
i Price when it is bought at 5% less than cost price
5 95
erial, labou:_ =x-xx-=-x Profit and Loss
% and 10%1 100 100
~

Jfacturing i' Selling price when it is sold for Rs. 2 less.

i
tti"
ii
=x+xx--2=-x-2
100 100
5 105
[I] Practice Exercise: I

ft G'1ven, -
105 95
t x-2-- x =95
- x x -10- 1. Cost of 3 cricket balls = cost of 2 pairs of leg pads.
u 100 100 100 '100
I Cost of 3 pairs of leg pads= cost of 2 pairs of gloves.
I 10 95 Cost of 3 pairs of gloves = cost of 2 cricket bats.
i ⇒ 100x- 2 =1ooox If a cricket bat costs Rs. 54, what is the cost of a

520
'
ri
{ x ==
2x1000
= Rs. 400
cricket ball?
(a) Rs. 12 (b) Rs. 14

~ 5
15 - A_ briefcase was sold at a prof it of 10%. If ,ts cost (c) Rs. 16 (d) Rs. 18
ls. 220
1
I
_ price was 5% less and it was sold for Rs. 7 more,
i th e gain would have been 20%. Find the cost price
of the briefcase.
2. There would be 10% loss if a toy is sold at Rs. 10.80
per piece. At what price should it be sold to earn a
profit of 20%?

I
 38 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~ffl!

(a) Rs. 12 (b) Rs. i 2.96 (a) 2for a rupees (b) 1 for a rupees
(c) Rs. 14.40 (d) None of these (c) 4 for a rupee (d) 5 for a rupees
f
3. If books bought at prices ranging from 11. By selling 45 lemons for Rs. 40, a man loses 20% 19
Rs. 200 to Rs. 350 are sold at prices ranging from How many should he sell for Rs. 24 to gain 20% ir
Rs. 300 to Rs. 425, what is the greatest possible the transaction?
profit that might be made in selling eight books? (a) 16 (b) 18
(a) Rs. 400 (c) 20 (d) 22
(b) Rs. 600
(c) Cannot be determined 12. A man gains 10% by selling a certain article for,
(d) None of these certain price. If he sells it at double the price, thi 2C
profit made is
4. If the selling price of 18 articles is oquo.l to the C.P. of
(a) 20% (b) 120%
21 articles, the loss or gain percent is:
(c) 100% (d) 140%
2
(a) 16~% gain (b) 14 - o/co gain
. 13. A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20% and B sell1
3 7
it to Cat a profit of 25%. If C pays Rs. 1500, wha
2 did A pay for it? 21
(c) 16~% loss (d) 14-% loss
3 7 (a) Rs. 825 (b) Rs. 1000
(c) Rs. 1100 (d) Rs. 1125
5. A man sold 250 chairs and had a gain equal to selling '
price of 50 chairs. His profit percent is: 14. If the manufacturer gains 10%, the who!esa!e dea!et
(a) 5% (b) 10% 15% and the retailer 25%, then the cost of productia 22
(c) 25% (d) 50% of a table, whose retail price is Rs. 1265 is
(a) Rs. 632.50 (b) Rs. 800
6. If I purchased 11 books for Rs. 10 and sold all the
(c) Rs. 814 (d) Rs. 834.34
books at the rate of 10 books for Rs. 11, the profit
percent is 15. Two mixers and one TV. cost Rs. 7000, while two TV.! 22
(a) 10% (b) 11% am:Lamixer..c..os.lBs_9800'-----1b8...llalua.oLooe..LV.Js: ____~-
- - - - - - - - - ( c ) 21 % (d) 100% (a) Rs. 2800 (b) Rs. 2100
7. Ajay bought 15 kg ot dal at the rate of Rs. 1~ .50 per (r-) Rs 4?00 (cl) Rs. 8400
kg and 10 kg at the rate of Rs. i 3 per kg. He mixed
16. A horse and a cow were sold for Rs. 12000 eacr
the two and sold the mixture at the rate of Rs. 15
The horse was sold at a loss of 20% and the cowe
per kg. What was his total gain in this transaction?
a gain of 20%. The entire transaction resulted in 24
(a) Rs. i.10 (b) Rs. i6.50
(a) no loss m no gain
(c) Rs. 1 i (d) Rs. 27.50
(b) loss of Rs. 1000
8. Pure ghee costs Rs. 100 per kg. After adulterating (c) gain of Rs. 1000
it with vegetable oil costing Rs. 50 per kg, a (d) gain of Rs. 2000
shopkeeper sells the mixture at the rate of Rs. 96
per kg, thereby making a profit of 20%. In what ratio 17. An Article is sold at a certain price. By selling H25
does he mix the two? 2
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 3 : 2
3 of that price one loses 10%. The gain percente
(c) 3 : 1 (d) None of these
original price is
9. A dealer professing to sell his goods at cost price, uses
a 900 gm weight for a kilogram. His gain percent is (a) 20% (b) 33_:!_%
(a) 9 (b) 10 3

1 (c) 35% (d) 40%

(c) 11 (d) 11~-
9 18. A grocer sells rice at a profit of 10% and
1O. Toffees are bought at the rate of 3 for a rupee. To weights which are 20% iess than the market
gain 50%, they must be sold at: The tota! gain earned by him vvill be
 ® Profit and Loss I 39

(b) 35% 27. A table is offered for Rs. 300 with 20% and 10% off.
5% (d) None of these If in addition, a discount of 5% is offered on cash
payment, then the cash price of the table is:
·ird of a consignment was sold at a profit of (a) Rs. 240 (b) Rs. 216
nd the remainder at a loss of 2%. If the total (c) Rs. 210 (d) Rs. 205.20
ifwas Rs. 400, the value of the consignment (in
28. A tradesman marks his goods 30% above the C.P.
ees)was:
20000 (b) 15000 1
If he allows a discount of 6 %, then his gain
(d) 10000 4
percent is:
ruit seller has 24 kg of apples. He sells a part of
'eat 20% gain and the balance at a loss of 5%. (a) 23~% (b) 22%
4
the whole he earns a profit of 10%, the amount
apples sold at loss is:
(d) None
. 6 kg (b) 4.6 kg
) 9.6 kg (d) 11.4 kg
29. What price should a shopkeeper mark on an article,
C. P. of an article is 40% of the S. P. The percent costing him Rs. 153, to gain 20% after allowing a
,t the S.P. is of CR is: discount of 15%?
; 250 ., (b) 240 (a) Rs. 224 (b) Rs.216
60 (d) 40 (c) Rs. 184 (d) Rs.162

<··•·an article is sold at 5% gain instead of 5% loss, the 30. If the S.P. of Rs. 24 results in a 20% discount on list
is r seller gets Rs. 6.72 more. The C.P. of the article is price, what S.P. would result in a 30% discount on
(a) Rs. 67.20 (b) Rs. 120 list price?
(c) Rs. 134.40 (d) Rs. 240 (a) Rs 27 (b) Rs. 21
(c) Rs. 20 (d) Rs. 9
etwoT.V.123.
~,,. A man bought an article and sold it at a gain of 5%.
ne T.V. is:* If he had bought it at 5% less and sold it for Rs. 1 31. A shopkeeper earns a profit of 12% on selling a
' less, he would have made a profit of 10%. The C.P. book at 10% discount on the printed price. The ratio
of the article was: of the cost price to the printed price of the book is:
(a) Rs. 100 (b) Rs. 150 (a) 50: 61 (b) 45: 56
:ooo eack (c) Rs. 200 (d) Rs. 500 (c) 99: 125 (d) 55: 69
the cows
:ulted in ,24. Raghu bought 4 dozen oranges at Rs. 12 per dozen
□□□□
and 2 dozen oranges at Rs. 16 per dozen. He sold
them all to earn 20% profit. At what price per dozen
. did he sell the oranges?
; (a) Rs. 14.40 (b) Rs. 16 Solutions
t
selling it~i
(c) Rs. 16.80 (d) Rs. 19.20
1. Ans. (c)
~5. The profit earned by selling an article for Rs. 900 is 3G = 54 x 2 = 108 ⇒ G = 36.
percentl double the loss incurred when the same article is
3P = 36 x 2 = 72 ⇒ P = 24
~- sold for Rs. 450. At what price should the article be
~ sold to make 25% profit? 3C = 24 x 2 48 ⇒ C = 16
j (a) Rs. 600 (b) Rs. 750 :. Cost of a cricket ball=Rs.16.
ft (c) Rs. 800 (d) Data inadequate 2. Ans. (c)
f 6 · A man sold an article for Rs. 75 and lost something.
90: 10.80 = 120 : x or
90
_
120
= ~-
J Had he sold it for Rs. 96, his gain would have been 10 80
and us~ double the former loss. The C.P. of the article is: :. x= 120x10.80 = 14 .4 0
etweigf (a) Rs. 81 (b) Rs. 82 90
I 8
(c) Rs. 3 (d) Rs. 85.50 Hence, S.P. = Rs. 14.40

l
40 ® Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERsm,

3. Ans. (d) Required ratio = 30 : 20 = 3 : 2. 15

Least C.P. = Rs. (200 x 8)= Rs. i600.
9. Ans. (d)
Greatest S.P. = Rs. (425 x 8) = Rs. 3400.
Required profit= Rs. (3400-i 600) Gain%= (iOO xioo)% = i 1~%.
= Rs. i800. 900 9
4. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (a)
Let C.P. of each article be Rs. 1.
C. P. of 3 toffees = Rs. 1
C.P. of 18 articles= Rs. 18.
S.P. of i8 articles = Rs. 2i. 3
S. P. of 3 toffees = 150% of Re 1 = Rs.
2
.. Gain%=(]_ x mo}%= 16~-%. 3 16
i8 3 For Rs. ? , toffees sold = 3.
5. Ans. (c)
Gain= (S.P. of 250 chairs) - (C.P. of 250 For Rs. i, toffees sold = ( 3 x ~} = 2.
chairs).
. . (S.P. of 250 chairs) (C.P. of 250 chairs) 11. Ans. (b)
= S.P. of 50 chairs.
S.P. of 200 chairs= C.P. of 250 chairs. Let S.P. of 45 lemons be Rs. x
Let C.P. of each chair be Rs. 1 80 i20
80 : 40 = i 20 : x or = ----;-
C.P. of 200 chairs = Rs. 200. 40
S.P. of 200 chairs = Rs. 250.
or x = 40 x i 20 = 60
50 80
Gain%= ( x 100}% = 25%. For Rs. 60, lemons sold = 45
200
For Rs. 24, 1
6. Ans. (c)
Suppose, the number of books purchased is 110 lemons sold = ( :~ x 24} = i 8.

Rs.( 1°1_~x_1_1_0_,_1) _ _ _ _ _ __1~-~-_(_~)

1
C.P. of 110 books = . ns. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
= Rs. iOO i iO : x = ( i 00 + P) : 2x or

S.P.of110books = Rs.( 1101-x110) 110

X
= iOO+p or100+P=220
2x
=Rs.121,Profit%=2i% .. p=i20%.

7. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (b)

C.P. of 25 kg= Rs. (15 x 14.50 + iO x 13) 125% of 120% of A= 1500
= Rs. 347.50
S.P. of 25 kg = Rs. (25 x 15) = Rs. 375.
. . Gain= Rs. (375 - 347.50) = Rs. 27.50 18.
8. Ans. (b) A = ( 1500 xi) = i 000

Mean price = Rs{~~~ x 96) = Rs. 80/kg. 14. Ans. (b)

By the rule of alligation: i 25 % of 1 i 5% of 110% of p = 1265.

C.P. of l kg Ghee C.P. of! kg Oil i 25 115 1iO
100 . 50 - X- X--p = 1265
100 iOO iOO

/
>M,~Jri"< "..
or
253
i
60
p = 1265.

/...1,-..,-..r-
l;:'OOXlbU l Rs. 800
.. ,.....,..,."\,

30 20 p =- r
0
- - " )-
0- - =
\ L.50 )
 ® Profit and Loss I 41

19. Ans. (b)

,p. of a mixer be Rs. x and that of a T.V. be Let the total value be Rs. x
2 2x 1 X
Value of -rd=-, Value of-rd=-.
eh!2x + y == 7000 and 2y + x = 9800. 3 3 3 3
t.lltiplying 2 nd equation by 2 and subtracting first 2
Total SP. =(105% of ~-r +98% ofi)
from it, we get

= ( 23~0~-r + ~~~) =
3y = 19600 - 7000 = 12600 or y = 4200
3 33008~-r
3.- :-. C. P. of a T. V. = Rs. 4200
2
308x _ x = 400 ⇒ 308x - 300x = 400
300 300
:. X = 300x400 = 15000
. C.P. of horse 8

.• = Rs{ ~og x 12000 }= Rs. 15000. 20. Ans. (c)

Suppose, the quantity sold at a loss be x kg and
C.P. of a cow let C.P. per kg be Rs. 1
Total C. P. = Rs. 24.
=Rs{~~~ x 12000 )= Rs. 10000. Total S. P. = 120% of (24 - x) + 95% of x.

Total C.P. = Rs. 25000. =.§_( 24 _x)+ 19x=576-24x+19x

5 20 20
:. Loss = 24000 - 25000 = Rs. 1000
576-5x
Ans. (c) =---
20
Let original S P. be Rs. x,

2 576 5
- x = 110% of 24
New S.P. = -x, loss= 10% 20
3
576- 5x 264

:. C.P. = cii ~x)x = 2i;'

or

or 576
20 10
5x = 528 or 5x = 48
20x
New, C.P. = , S.P. = Rs. x, or x = 9.6 kg
27
0 21. Ans. (a)
Gain = ( x _ ~ ; ) = ;; 40
C.P. = x S.P. ie. S.P. = ~C.P.
100 2
.
•·
Ga1n10 7xx -
. 01 = ( - 27x 100 ) °101 = 35°101
27 20x
= ( %x 100) % of C.P.
·

Ans. (c)
Let us consider a packet of rice marked 1 kg. :. S.P. = 250% of C.P.

Its actual weight is 80% of 1000 gm 22. Ans. (a)

= 800 gm. Let C.P. be Rs. x
Let C.P. of each gm be Rs. 1. (105% of x) (95% of x) = 6.72
or 10% of x = 6.72.
Then, C. P. of this packet= Rs. 800.
S.P. of this packet= 110% of C.P. of 1 kg. 23. Ans. (c)
Let original C.P. be Rs. x/lts
a ( ;~ X 1000 )" Rs 1100 = 105 = 21x
Sp
. . X
100 20
. == (300 x 100) % = 37.5%
Ga,n
800 New C.P.= 95 x = 19x
100 20
42 0 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

110 19x 209x

New S.P. = 100 X ·20 = 200 s. P. == ( i 00- ~ )% of Rs.130
21 209
x- :. = 1 or x = 200 375 ) ==121.875
20 200 == ( ~x130
400
24. Ans. (b)
21875
Total C.P. = Rs. (12 x 4 +16 x 2) = Rs. 80. Profit%= 21 .875 = = 21i%
1000 8
S.P. of 6 dozen oranges
29. Ans. (b)
C.P. == Rs. 153, Gain == 20%.
=Rs{~~~ x 80 )= Rs. 96. Sir

S. P. per dozen == Rs. 16

.. SJ>.= ( ~~~ x 1b(! )= Rs.183.60 tis
'art
25. Ans. (b) Let, the marked price be Rs. x
Let C.P. be Rs. x
85
X:::: 183.60
900-x =2 (x-450) 100
⇒ 3x =1800 ⇒ x = 600. ⇒ x= 183.60x100 = 216
C.P. = Rs. 600, gain required == 25%. 85

( ~ "5 \
30. Ans. (b)
:. S.P. =RS.l~~ox600J=Rs.750
Let, the list price be Rs. x
26. Ans. (b) 80 X = 24 ⇒ X = 24 X 100 = 30
Let C.P. be Rs. x. 100 80 orin
2(x - 75) = (96 - x) Required S.P. = 70% of Rs.30 = Rs. 21
⇒ 3.r- 246 31. Ans.(b)
Let the C.P. be Rs. 100.
⇒ x=82
Then, S.P. = Rs. 112.
27. Ans. (d) Let the printed price be Rs. x
Cost price = 95% of 90% of 80% of Rs. 300. 90 ::a~
Then, 90% of x = 112 ⇒ -x==112 ::irn(
95 90 so 100
= ( -x--x-x300 =
\ 100 100 100 1Rs. 205.20
1
X = cI2;O100) : : I1:0
28. Ans. (c)
Let C. P. be Rs. 100. Then, marked price
1120
= Rs. 130. (C.P.): (Printed price)= 100:
9
= 900 : 1120 = 45 : 56

IHlili
 Simple Interest & Compound Interest

ulated on the basis of a basic amount borrowed Solved Examples: 1

!entire period at a particular rate of interest.
Example 1.
aunt borrowed is the principal for the entire period
A sum of 12000 Rs. is deposited into SBI Bank for
owing'.
3 years. If the bank is providing 5% rate then
JipxRxT
)= 100 calculate the amount after the maturity period.
.ere P is principal amount Solution:
~'.¾irate of interest
SI= PRT
100

pound Interest SI= 12000x 5x3 = Rs.1S00

lte interest of the previous years are added to the
100
ff incipal for the calculation of the compound interest. Amount= Principal + SI

f
l
C.I. = P[1+ 1~r-p
Where Pis principal amount
13800 = 12000 + i 800

Example 2.
An amount become double in 8 years calculate the
(. R is Rate of interest rate of interest.
i T is time duration Solution:
lase1: When interest ,s compounded annually then Let the amount be Rs. x
Jnount A will be Since it become double in 8 years so SI in 8 years

I
l
A~[1+ 1~0]
T

ase 2: When interest is compounded half yearly then

= Rs. x

Now SI = P x Rx T, x = xx Rx 8
iO0 100
120
A= [1+-
R/ 2]2T :. R= 100=122%
9 8 2
100
Example 3.
. . se 3: When interest is compounded quarterly An amount become 5 times in 20 years at simple
A= [1+-
R/ 4]4T interest. Calculate the rate of interest given.
100 Solution:
se 4: When differential rate of interest is charged i.e. Principal = Rs. x
ate of interest is Total Amount = Rs. Sx. So
R1% for first year. SI= Rs. 4x
R2% for second year and
R3 % for third year then Now SI= PRT, 4 x= xxRx20
100 100
Amount = P(1 +~ ] x [1 +
100
£.g_J[
100
1+ R3 ]
100 R== 400 = 20%
20
DODO
 44 @ Reasoning & Aptitude

Example: 4. Ans. (a) Co

An amount of 25000 is deposited in to Citibank for Here P = Rs. 2000, R = 5%, T = 2 years am
2 years. Calculate the interest incurred if rate of
interest is 10% compounded annually. Cl-SI= [p[1+-'2_]T -Pl- PRT
iO0 100
Solution:
2
Here P= Rs. 25000 105 5
R= 10%
= I[2000
1 100 iO0
x x i0 ] -2000)
R = 2 years
2000x5 X 2 Fin
100 rat
Cl=P[1+ 1~0r-P
= 205 - 200 = Rs. 5 (a)
;c: (c)
0 Alternative:
= 2sooo[1+ 1~0J -2sooo An
Difference between Cl and SI for two years
= 30250 - 25000 = Rs. 5250
2 2
0000 (Cl - Sl\v = p(_B_
100 )
= (200)(_§_)
100
= 5

D Solved Example: 2
4. What is the difference between the simple
on a principal of Rs. 500 being calculated at 5%
annum fOi 3 years and 4 % per annum for 4
1. Rs. 1200 is lent out at 5% per annum simple interest (a) Rs. 5 (b) Rs. 10
for 3 years. Find the amount after 3 years. (c) Rs. 20 (d) Rs. 40
(a) Rs. 1380 (b) Rs. 1290 Ans. (a)
(c) Rs. 1470 (d) Rs. 1200 P = Rs. 500, R1 = 5%, R2 = 4%,
Ans. (a) T1 = 3 years, T2 = 4 years
Here P = Rs. 1200
~--------R-=_5_'3/c_o_,T_=_3_y-ea_r_s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _D-if-fe-r-en_c_e_=-:._M_
1_T-.:__-P-_~_ 2 = Rs. 5.
2 _·
an:
100 100
(a}
SI= PRT = 1200x5x3 = Rs.1S0
100 100 5. What is the simple interest for five years on a s1• (c)
of Rs. 700 if the rate of interest for the first 3 Ari
Amount= P +SI= 1200 + 180 = 1380
is 8% per annum and for another? yp,;:irs is 7%
2. Rs. 2100 is lent at compound interest of 5% per annum?
annum for 2 years. Find the amount after two years. (a) 400 (b) 392
(a) Rs. 2300 (b) Rs. 2315.25 (c) 352 (d) 266
(c) Rs. 2310 (d) None of these Ans. (d)
Ans. (b)
Here P = 2100, R = 5%, T = 2 years. 700 X 3 X 8 + 700 X 7 X 2 =
266
100 iO0
R lT
A=P [ 1+- . .[ 5
--'i'.IU0 1+-
]2 6. Find the compound interest on Rs. 1000 at the
1'::0J 100
of 20% per anntJm for 18 months when
21 21 compounded half-yearly.
= 2100x-x- == Rs. 2315.25
20 20 (a) Rs. 331 (b) Rs. 1331
(c) Rs. 320 (d) None of these (a)
3. Find the difference between the simple and the
Ans. (a) (c)
compound interest at 5% per annum for 2 years on
Here P = Rs. 1000, R = 20%,
a principal of Rs. 2000.
(a) 5 (b) 105 1
A r:::
T = 18 months or 1-;; years.
(
~\
.._,, '-t.J (d) None of these L
 tll Simple Interest & Compound Interest I 45

tmd interest when interest is compounded Let Rs. x be amount invested at 12% Rate
y =xx12x1+(1500-x)x14 =
186
"· [ R/2]2T 100 100
= 1000 1+ 100 2 2
iQOO - x = 186 X = 1200
100 100 '
3
= 1000 [ 1+ 10 ] = Rs. 1331 10. Two equal sums were borrowed at 8% simple interest
100
per annum for 2 years and 3 years respectively. The
he principal if the interest compounded at the difference on the interest was Rs. 56. The sum
f 10% per annum for two years is R::r 420. borrowed were
s.2000 (b) Rs.2200 (a) Rs. G90 (b) Rs. 700
s. 1000 (d) Rs. 1100 (c) Rs. 740 (d) Rs. 780
;(a) Ans. (b)
ars
f =?,Cl= Rs. 420, R = 10%, T = 2 years. PRT PRT
- -1 - - -
2

..c.I=
·• ·
P[1+ ~]T
100
-P 100 100

p[ 8 X 3 - 8 X 2] = 56 p= ?00
20af 1:0)'-1] +
100 '

11. If the difference between the simple interest and

= p[ 1~~]
compound interest on some principal amount at 20%
per annum for 3 years in Rs. 48, then the principle
amount must be
p = 420 x 100 =Rs. 2000 (a) Rs. 550 (b) Rs. 500
21
(c) Rs. 375 (d) Rs. 400
· What is the rate of simple interest for the first 4 years Ans. (c)
if the sum of Rs. 360 becomes Rs. 540 in 9 years Here P = ?, R = 20%, T = 3 year
the rate of interest for the last 5 years is 6%? Difference Rs. 48
(aj 4% (b) 5%
R ]T
(c) 3% (d) 6% 48= Pi+-
[ - PPRT
--
Ans. (b) 100 100
P = Rs. 360, A = Rs. 540, SI = Rs. 180.

SI= PRT 48 = p[(, + 1.2_)3 -1- 20 X3]

100 100
100

180 = 360 x R x 4 + 360 x 6 x 5 On solving P = 375.

100 100
12. Raju lent Rs. 400 to Ajay for 2 years, and Rs. 100 to
72 = 360 X R X 4 - 0 Manoj for 4 years and received together from both
100 ' R- 5 1/o
Rs. 60 as interest. Find the rate of interest, simple
Ajay borrows Rs. 1500 from two money-lenders. He interest being calculated.
pays interest at the rate of 12% per annum for one (a) 5% (b) 6%
;:Joan and at the rate of 14% per annum for the other. (c) 8% (d) 9%
1.Ttietotal interest he pays for the entire year is Rs. 186.
Ans. (a)
How much does he borrow at the rate of 12%?
(a) Rs. 1200 (b) Rs. 1300 P1R1T1 + P2 R2 T2 =
60
100 100
(c) Rs. 1400 (d) Rs. 300
Ans. (a) 400 x 2 x R + 100 x 4 x R = 60
P = 1500, R1 = ·12%, R2 = 14%, T == i year 100 100
Si== 186 12R = 60, R = 5%
46 ® Reasoning & Aptitude

13. A sum of money doubles itself in 5 years. In how many (a) Rs. 4000, Rs.2000
years will it become four fold (if interest is compounded)? (b) Rs. 5000,Rs. 1000
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) Rs. 3000, Rs. 3000
(c) 20 (d) 12 (d) None of these
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)
Let sum= x Let one part be Rs. x then
19.
5
X X 2 X 6 _ (6000 - X) X 3X 8
Then, 2t = x[1 + ~ ]
100 100 100
i 2.x = 144000 24.x
⇒ [1 + _B_J
iOO -
- 21/5 ".( i) 36x = 144000
X = 4000

4x = x[i + ~1T 100

16. fa, sum of money becomes 7/4 of itself in 6 years,
a certain rate of simple interest. Find the rate,
⇒ 4 = (21/5 ]T interest.
⇒ 22 = 2r1s (a) 12% (b) 12.5%
T (c) 8% (d) 14%
⇒ s· = 2 Ans. (b)
T = 10 yrs. Let sum be x

14. A sum of money placed at compound interest

doubles itself in 3 years. In how many years will it
amount to 8 times itself? T = 6 years,
(a) 9 years (b) 8 years
(c) 27 years (d) 7 years R = SlxiO0 lxx 100
Ans. (a) PxT
=4 = i2.5%
.xx6
Let sum x

Then, 2r = x [ 1 +
~13 17. San jay borrowed Rs. 900 at 4% p.a. and Rs. 11i
at 5% p.a. for tl1e same duration. I le had to pl
100J
Rs. 364 in all as interest. What is the time period in year: 1.
⇒ [1 + _B_J
100
= 2113 ". (i) (a) 5 years (b) 3 years

sx = x[1+ ~
1 0 r (c) 2 years
Ans. (d)
(d) 4 years

P1R1 T1 + P2R2 T2 = 364

⇒ 8 = [21/3}T 100 100
2.
⇒

⇒
~

T
- =3
= 2Ti3
[
900 x 4T + i 100 x 5T
100 i00
l = 364
3
36 T + 55 T = 364
T = 9 yrs.
T = 4 years
Alternative:
If certain sum of money becomes 'm' times in V 18. If a certain sum of money becomes double at
years. Then it will become (mn) times in 'n x y' years. interest in i 2 years, what would be the rate of
Hence 23 in 3 x 3 = 9 years. per annum?
15. Divided Rs. 6000 into two parts so that simple
interest on the first part for 2 years at 6% p.a. may
(a) s2 (b) iO
3
be equal to the simple interest on tr·1e second part (c) i2 (d) 14
for 3 years at 8% p.a.
mADE EIRS!::j ® Simple Interest & Compound Interest I 47

Ans. (a) (a) Rs. 1520 (b) Rs. 1880

xx12xR (c) Rs. 2120 (d) None
x=
100
5. The simple interest on a certain sum of money at
R= 100 = 3i the rate of 5% p.a. for 8 years in Rs. 840. At what
12 3
rate of interest the same amount of interest can be
19. A sum of Rs. 600 amounts to Rs. 720 in 4 years at received on the same sum after 5 years?
simple Interest. What will it amount to if the rate of (a) 6% (b) 8%
interest is increased by 2%? (c) 9% (d) 10%
(a) Rs. 648 (b) Rs. 768
(c) Rs. 726 (d) Rs. 792 6. A sum of money was lent at simple interest at i 1%
Ans. (b)
P = Rs. 600, A= Rs. 720 p.a. for 3 _:1_ years and 4_:1_ years respectively. If the
2 2
T = 4 years, R =?
difference in interests for two period was Rs. 4 i 2.50,
R = S.I. x 100 = 120 x 100 = 5% the sum is:
PxT 600x4
(a) Rs. 3250 (b) Rs. 3500
at 7% Rate
(c) Rs. 3750 (d) Rs. 4250
SI= 600x7x4 ="16 8
100 7. Prabhat took a certain amount as a loan from a bank
A= 600 + 168 = 768 at the rate of 8% p.a. S.I. and gave the same amount
to Ashish as a loan at the rate of 12% p.a. If at the
□□□□ end of 12 years, he made a profit of Rs. 320 in the
deal, what was the original amount.
(a) Rs. 2000 (b) Rs. 3000
Simple Interest (c) Rs. 4000 (d) None of these

8. Rahul borrowed Rs. 830 from Mr. Lal at i2% p.a.

I Practice Exercise: I
S.I. for 3 years. He then added some more money
to the borrowed sum and lent it to Shobha for the
1. Avinash borrowed Rs. 5000 from Sanjay at simple same period at 14% p.a. rate of interest. If Rahul
Interest. After 3years, Sanjay got Rs. 300 more than gains Rs. 93.90 in the whole transaction, how much
what he had given to Avinash. What was the rate of money did he add from his side?
interest per annum? (a) Rs. 35 (b) Rs. 55
(a) 2% (b) 5% (c) Rs. 80 (d) Rs. 105
(c) 8% (d) 10%
9. Mr. Roopchand finds that an increase in the rate of
Rs. 800 amounts to Rs. 920 in 3 years at simple
interest. If the interest rate is increased by 3%, it interest from 42:_% to 5.!% per annum increases
would amount to how much? 8 8
(a) Rs. 992 (b) Rs. 1056 his yearly income by Rs. 25. His investment is:
(c) Rs. 1 i 12 (d) Rs. 1182
(a) Rs. i 0,000 (b) Rs. 12,000
The simple interest on a sum of money at 5% is (c) Rs. 15,000 (d) Rs. 20,000
Rs. 48 for 4 years. The simple interest on the same
10. The rate at which a sum becomes four times of itself
sum for 5 years at 4% will be.
in 15 years at 8.1. will be:
(a) Rs. 40 (b) Rs. 48
(c) Rs. 50 (d) Rs. 60
(a) 15% (b) ,7_:1_%
2
A sum of money at simple interest amounts to
Rs. 2240 in 2 years and to Rs. 2600 in 5 years. (c) 20% (d) 25%
What is the principal amount?
 48 ® Reasoning & Aptitude

11. The simple interest on a sum of money at the end of get the same amount after 2, 3 and 4 year

four years is i th of its principal. What is the rate of

respectively. If the rate of simple interest is 5%
then the ratio of amounts invested among, A, Ban
interest per annum? Cwillbe:
(a) 4% (b) 5% (a) 10:15:20 (b) 22: 23: 24
(c) 6% (d) Data inadequate (c) 6: 4: 3 (d) 2: 3: 4

12. A sum of money triples itself in 15 years 6 months.

In how many years would it doulJle itself? □□□□
(a) 6 years 3 months
(h) 7 yAms 9 months
(c) 8 years 3 months Solutions
(d) 9 years 6 months
1. Ans. (a)
13. A sum of Rs.10 is lent to be returned in 11
monthly installments of Rs. 1 each, interest being Rate= (iOO x 300)% = 2%.
5000x3
simple. The rate of interest is:
2. Ans. (a)
(a) 9~% (b) 10%
11 Principal= Rs. 800, S.I. = Rs. 120,
Time = 3 years.
(c) 11% (d) C.."1 -910/
0
11
14. The rate of simple interest on a sum of money is 6% ... Rae-
t -("100
-- X 120)0/
- 10.-- 501
10.
800x 3 .·
p.a. for the first 3 years, 8% p.a. for the next 5 years
and 10% p.a. for the period beyond 8 years. If the New rate= 8%, Principal = Rs. 800
simple interest accrued by the sum for a total period Time 3 years.

of 10 years is Rs. 1560, what is the sum?

------~:-;--=--:-=~----,~~==---------S.~~s..
(a) Rs. 1500 (b) Rs. 2000
f800. ixoo.x.
8 3j
R. g_.:f_g,<;i.,·-·
..,_.~ - - - -
- . .·· :
(c) Rs. 3000 (d) Data inadequate -

:. New amount = Rs. (800 + 192)c,,,,' Rs. 992

15. A monthly installment of Rs. 180 is required to be
3. Ans. (b)
paid for repayment of an interest free loan in 40
months. If it is decided to pay it in 30 months, how
much will be the monthly installment in rupees? Principal= Rs.(
\
:x.:81= Rs.240.
10
:::>Xlf)
(a) 60 (b) 198
(c) 240 (d) 330
SI =Rs.(240x5x4)=Rs.48
16. A sum of Rs. 1550 is lent out into two parts, one at 100
8% and another one at 6%. If the total annual income
4. Ans. (d)
is Rs. 106, the money lent at 8% is:
S.I. for= Rs. (2600 - 2240) = Rs. 360.
(a) Rs. 650 (b) Rs. 720
. .
(c) Rs. 840 (d) · Rs. 900 3 0
S.I. For 2 years= Rs. ( ~ x2) = Rs.240
17. A sum of Rs. 1550 was lent partly at 5% and partly
at 8% p.a. simple interest. The total interest received Principai = Rs. (2240 - 240) = Rs. 2000
after·3·years·was·Rs. 300. The ratio of . the money
5. Ans. (b)
lent at 5% to that lent at 8%.
(a) 8 : 5
(c) 31 : 6
(b) 5 : 8
(d) 16 : 15
Sum=( 100xS40)=
5x8
Rs. 2100.

18. A man invests an amount of Rs. 15860 in the names ( 100x840j 0

Rate required= ~ x ) Yo= 8%.
of his three sons A, Band C in such a way that they 2100 5
fflRDE EASY ® Simple Interest & Compound Interest I 49

6. Ans. (c)
Let the sum be Rs. x. Then, Rate= (100 x 2x x _?_)% = (400)%
X 31 31
1 1
( xx 11 x ~x-- -x x 11x.I.x-- )
2 100 2 100
= 412.50 Now, sum= x, S.I.= x & Rate ( 400) o/c°.
31
22
or x = 412.50
200 . (100
Time= x - 31 ) years
- -XX
⇒ 11x = 41250 X 400

⇒ x= 3750 = 7 years 9 months

7. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (d)
Let the original amounts be Rs. x. then, Rs. 10 + S.I. on Rs. 10 for 11 months
X X 12 X 12 _ X X 8 X 12 = = Rs.11 + S. I. on Rei for (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
320
100 100 .... + 10) months
2000 Rs. 10 + S.I. on Rs. 1. for 110 months
⇒ x = - - = Rs. 666.67
3 = Rs. 11 + S.I. on Rs. 1 for 55 months
S. I. on Rs. 1 for 55 months = Rs. 1.
8. Ans. (d)

(830+x)x14x3 _ 830x12x3 = Rate= (100 x 12)% = 21~%.

100 100 g3 .90 1X 55 11

or 830 x 42 + 42x - 830 x 36 = 9390 14. Ans. (b)

42x = 9390 - 4980 Let the sum be Rs. x. Then

⇒ X = 4410 = 105. X X6 X 3 + .X X 8 X 5 + X X 10 X 2 =
1560
42 100 100 100
Money added = Rs. 105. or 78x = 156000
9. Ans. (a) or x = 2000
Let the investment be Rs. x, Then, 15. Ans. (c)
41 1 39 1 .
x x - x - - x x - x - = 25
180 x 40 =xx 30 or x = 240
8 100 8 100
16. Ans. (a)
⇒ 2x = 20000 ⇒ X = 10000.
Let the money lent at 8% be Rs. x. then,
10. Ans. (c) XX 8 XI+ (1550 x) X 6 X 1 =
Let sum= x, Then, S.I. = 3x 106
100 100

:. Rate= ( 100 x
xx 15
3
x)% = 20% or 2x + 9300 =10600 or x = 650.
17. Ans. (d)
11. Ans. (b) Let the sum at 5% be Rs. x. Then,

Let sum= x, Then, S.I. == f Time= 4 years. XX 5 X 3 + ( 1550 - X) X 8 X 3 =

300
100 100
1
:. Rate== (100 xix-·- -· )% = 5%, or x = 800
. 5 xx4
Money at 5% 800
12. Ahs. (b) -----=----
Moneyat8% (1550-800)
Let sum= x,
. 31 800 16
Th en, S .I.= 2x & T 1me = -years.
2
 50 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

18. Ans. (c) (a) 12 (b) 9

Let the amounts invested be x, y, z respectively. (c) 6 (d) 8

Then x x 2 x 5 _ y x 3 x 5 _ z x 4 x 5 _ 6. In how many years will a sum of Rs. 800 at 10% per
, -----------k
100 100 100 . annum compoundod semiannually bocomo
Rs. 926.10?
20
x=10k, y= k &z=Sk.
3 (a) 222 (b) 122
20
So, x: y: z =10k: k: 5k
3 (c) 223
= 30 : 20 : 15 = 6 : 4 : 3.
7. To find out the total compound interest on a sum of
□□□□ money after 5 years, which of the following
informations given in the statements P and O will
be sufficient?
Compound Interest P : The sum was Rs. 20000.
0 : The total amount of simple interest on the sum

1• i•~ Practice Exercise: I

after 5 years was Rs. 4000.
(a) Only P is sufficient
(b) On!y Q is sufficient
(c) Either P or O is sufficient
1. The difference in compound interest, and simple
(d) Both P & Qare needed
interest on a certain amount at 10% per annuIT} at
the end of the third year is Rs. 620. What is the 8. The least number of complete years in which a sum
principal amount? of money put out at 20% compound interest will be
(a) Rs. 40000 (b) Rs. 12000 more than doubled is:
-----·+--R£-~j.0000------(d}--8s.-20000~-------------1(a}-·c>--------+e}•<+----------4---•
(c) 5 (d) 6
?
2. If the compound interest on a certain sum at i 6.'.:. % ' i
3 9 . A tree increases annually by th of its height. By
8
for 3 years is Rs. i 270, the simple interest on the
how much will it increase after 2 years, if it stands
sarne surn at the sarne rate and fur the swr1e period
today 64 cm high?
is:
(a) 72 cm (b) 74 cm
(a) Rs. 1200 (b) Rs.1165
(c) 75 cm (d) 81 cm
(c) Rs. 1080 (d) Rs. 1220

3. What is principal amount which earns Rs. 132 as

10. The compound interest on a sum for 2 years is
Rs. 832 and the simple interest on the same sum
compound interest for the second year at 10% per
annum? for the same period is Rs. 800. The difference
(a) Rs. 1000 (b) Rs. 1200 between the compound interest and the simple
(c) Rs. 1320 (d) Rs. 1188 interest for 3 years will be :
4. A sum of money amounts to Rs. 4624 in 2 years (a) Rs. 48 (b) Rs. 66.56
and to Rs. 4913 in 3 years at compound interest. (c) Rs. 98.56 (d) None of these
The sum is: 11. A sum of Rs. 1100 was taken as a loan. This is to ·
(a) Rs. 4096 (b) Rs.4260 be repaid in two equal installments. If the rate of
(c) Rs. 4335 (d) Rs. 4360 interest be 20% compounded annually, then the
5. A sum of money at compound interest amounts to value of each installment is
thrice itself in 3 years. In how many years will it be 9 (a) Rs. 842 (b) Rs. 792
times itself? (d) Rs. 700
fflRDE ERS'!:fl ® Simple Interest & Compound Interest I 51

12. What annual payment will discharge a debt of 3. Ans. (b)

Let the principal at the end of first year be Rs. x.
Rs. 7620 due in 3 years at i6~% per annum
3 Then, xx10x
4 = 132 or x = 1320.
compound interest? 100
(a) Rs. 2540 (b) Rs. 3430 Now, let the original principal be Rs. P.
(c) Rs. 3260 (d) Rs. 3380 Then, amount after 1 year

=P+Px10x1= 11P_
□□□□ 100 10
11
p = 1320
10
Solutions 132
or P= 0x10 =Rs.1200.
~ 11
1. Ans. (d)
4. Ans. (a)
Let the sum be Rs. x. Then, Interest on Rs. 4624 for 1 year
3 = Rs. (6083.50 - 5290) = Rs. 793.50
Cl. = x ( 1+ 10 )
00 - x
1
Rate--(100x793.50) _
- - - - 0110- 6 -11010
4624x1 4
= ( 1331 _ x) = 331x. 2
1000 1000
Now, x ( 1+ x25 ) = 4624
XX 10 X 3 3x 4 100
S.I. = 100 10 17 17
or x x - x - = 4624
(C.1.)-(S.l.)=(331x _ 3x
1000 100
)=~-
1000
i6 16

x = 4624x 16 x 16) = Rs. 4096.

( 17 17
31x = 620
1000 5. Ans. (c)
or X = 20000.
Hence, the principal amount is Rs. 20000. p(1+ 1~0)3 = 3P ⇒ ( 1+ 1~0)3 =3 ... (i)

Alternative:

(CI-S1\y= 3P(1~r+P( 1~0 r Let P(1+ 1~0 r = 9P ⇒ (1+ 1 ~J = 9.

2. Ans. (c)

=[(1+ 1~orr =(1+ 1~ol' {using(i)I

Let the sum be Rs. x. Then,
3
5
C.I. = [x x( 1+ o )
3x100
]- x
Hence, n = 6 years.
6. Ans. (b)
= ( 3 ~3~.; _ X) = ~2 7;. Rate = 5% per half year
2 1
Let time 2n half years = n years.
127x = 1270 2

or
216
x= 1270x216= 2160 _
Then, 800(1+ _2_)
100
n = 926.10
127
Thus, the sum is Rs. 2160. ⇒ (32) 2
n = 926.10 = 9261 = (~)
3

S.I. = Rs{ 2160x

5
°
3
x3x ~ )
1
20

3
800

2n = 3 or n=- years.
8000 20

= Rs. 1080. 2
 52 1111 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRD&: ER§Y

7. Ans. (d)
Clearly, both P and O together are needed. Using P = Rs{ 832x ~ x1)= Rs. 66.56.
1 0
and Q rate can be calculated as
Total difference = Rs. (32 + 66.56)
Rate= (i00x4000) = 4% = Rs. 98.56
5 x20000
11.Ans.(c)
Now, C.I. can be calculated.
Let the value of each installment be Rs. x.
8. Ans. (b) Then,
(P.W. of Rs. x due 1 year hence)+ (P.W. of Rs. x due
P = ( 1+ . 20 )n > 2P or (6)n
-; > 2 2 years hence) = Rs. 1100.
100

Now (§_ x §_ x §_ x §_) > 2

5 5 5 5
So, n =4 years. 5x 25x
Or - +- = 1 iOQ ; 55x = 36 X 1100
6 36
9. Ans. (d)
:. x = (36x5~100 )= Rs. 720.
0
Increase% =(i-x100)%=i2J 10.

Height after 2 years

i 2. Ans. (b)
Let each installment be Rs. x. Then,
2
25
=[64x(1+ 2x100 ) ]cm X X

1
( + 3:~oo) + ( 1+ 3:~oo)'
---------(64-x¾ X¾)GITT~-+Gr1+-. ------------------------------+--~

X
10. Ans. (c) + 3 = 7620.
Diff. in C.I. & S.I. for 2 years= Rs. 32. (,+ :~oo)
3
S.I. for 1 year= Rs. 400.
S.I. on Rs. !JOO for 1 year= Rs.32. or 6x + 36x + 2i,6x = 1620 _
7 49 343
100x32) 294x + 252x + 216x = 7620 x 343
Rate= ( - - - % = 8%.
400x 1
7620x343
or x=----=3430.
Hence, diff. in C.I. and S.I. for 3rd year 762
= S.I. on Rs. 832
Amount of each installment= Rs:3430.

11111111111!11111
Ratio
~
similarly B will be p q part of total sum of the
Ratio is the relationship between the quantities of same
quantities.
kind. In ratio the quantities are compared as the multiple
or parts of other quantities. If ratio is a : b then a is Example 1.
called antecedent and b is called consequent. ratio of Given that for two quantities a & b, 2a = 3b. What
the quantities is expressed after removing the common will be the ratio ( 4a + 5b) : (2a + 3b )?
factor between the quantities. Solution:
Generally, the ratio is useful in comparision. If the a 3
quantities A & B are compared & their ratio comes out 2a = 3b ⇒ - = -
b 2
asp: q
⇒ a = 3K, b = 2K
We can say A/B = p/q
4a + 5b 4 x 3K + 5 x 2K
or A & B can be expressed as pK, qK respectively. so =
2a + 3b 2 x 3K + 3 x 2K
This provides a scope of comparison in terms of
22K 11
multiples of p & q.
= 12K = 6
In Equalities in the Ratio So the required ratio is 11 : 6
If a ratio is given as a : b & a quantity x is added in
both antecedent & consiquent then Example2. ·
If a : b = 3 : 5 & a : c = 6 : 7 then what is
a+x a
➔ -- >
b+x
b if a< b ... (i) a:b:c?

a+x a Solution.
➔ -- <
b+x
b if a> b ... (ii)
a:b=3:5
a+x a a:c=6:7
➔ -- = - if a= b
b+x b In this case the common quantity is
(i) and (ii) was considering x = +ve 'a' so we will make a's value as const.
If x = --ve (i) and (ii) inequalities will reverse. So we can say
a : b = 6 : i O (multiplying by 2)
Ratio as a part of total value
and a: c = 6: 7
If two quantities A & Bare in the ratio p : q then
so a : b : c = 6 : 10 : 7
A p
B = q⇒ A= pK, B = qK Example 3.
So A+ B = (p + q)K 10a 2 + ab 10
If ab b 2 = - what will be a: b
A p 3 1
So
A+B p+q (a) 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 5
(c) 3 : 4 (d) 3 : 7
or A= _P_(A+B)
p+q Solution.

~
So A wi 11 be p q part of total sum of the quantities
10a 2 + ab
2
:::::
iO
3ab-b
54 ® Reasoning &. Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::11

or 10a2 + ab = 30ab - 10b2 so b2 == ac

10a + ab
2
30ab-10b
2
or b = ✓ ac
⇒ ;:;:

ab ab so mean proportion is the geometric mean of the

two quantities. Here the quantities b and c will be
⇒ = 30-a(~) in 'continued proportion' similarly if a, b, c d are in
10(~)+1
continued proportion then
a
Assuming ::: X a b c
b
E=c==a
or in other way we can say that if the terms are in
⇒ 10x = 29-10(;)
G.P. then they will be in continued proportion.
or 10x2 = 29x - 10
⇒ 1Ox 2
- 29x + 10 = 0 Example 1.
Find out the mean proportion of 3 & 27 also find out
10 25
⇒ X = 25 or 10 their third proportion.

2 5 Solution.
⇒ X = -5 or -
2 For mean proportion 3, x, 27 are in proportion
Hence option (b) 3 X
i.e.
X 27
Types of Ratio
⇒ x = 3 x 27 or x = 9
2
If two quantities A & B have their ratio as
So mean proportion of 3 & 27 is 9
A : B = P : q then
For third proportion 3, 27, x are in proportion
e Duplicate ratio of A : B is P2 : q 2
3 27
11 Triplicate ratio of A : B is P3 : q 3 i.e.
27 X
11 Sub-duplicate ratio of A : B is Jp: Jq ⇒ 3x = 272
11 Sub-triplicate of A : B is VP: efq ⇒ X = 243

So third proportion of 3 & 27 is 243.

Exam le 1.
Applications of Proportion
The ratio of two quantities A & B is 4 : 9 what is the
Proportion is very much useful in removing the
triplicate ratio of sub-duplic:Rte ratio of A & B.
complexity of the problems in ratios. There are some
Solution. basic rules that has to be taken care:
if a, b, c, dare in proportion
The sub-duplicate ratio of A & B is ✓4 : Jg
a C
= 2: 3 i.e. b = d then
The triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is 23 : 33
a+b c+d
= 8: 27 -b- = -d- (componendo rule)

a-b c-d
Proportion b- = -d- (dividendo rule)
Proportion is comparison of two equal ratio when
the two ratios are equal then all the quantities
a+b c+d ___
a-b - c-d
comprising the ratios are called in proportion i.e. (componendo-dividendo rule)
a C b d
b = d then a, b, c & d are in proportion & 'd' is - = - (invertendo rule)
a C

called as fourth proportion of a, b & c. a b

- = -d (alternendo rule)
If three quantities a, b, care taken then C

~ = %, here c is called as third proportion of a &

b, b is called as second proportion or mean
proportion of a & c.
fflRDE EASY ® Ratio, Proportion & Variation 55

Variation or A.B = K = canst.

The basic meaning of variation is respective change.

In arithmetic, use of variation makes problems very easy Example 1.
to approach. It is the relationship bewteen the changes A car running with some speed increases its speed
of two quantities. to 4/3 times & reaches its destination 30 minutes
Let us assume there are two quantities A & B if any earlier. What time it will take if it runs with original
change is done 'A' & that change results the change in B speed?
then the quantities are called in variation. One thing h2s Solution.
to be remembered the change we are counting is multiple Here we know that speed cc 1/time
change not the differential change i.e. If a quantity is 60 So we can use variation property
and then it becomes 80 then the change will not be taken Let us assume the initial speed as 'S' & initial time
as ( +20). It will be taken as 80/60 = 4/3. as t
• Direct variation : For two quantities a & b if the Now by the property of inverse variation
nature of changes are similar then they will be (speed) 1 x (time\= (speed) 2 x (time\
directly varying i.e.
if a oc b SXt = ~s x (time) 2
3
then if 'a' becomes twice then 'b' will also be twice.
3
If a becomes 2/3 times then b will also be 2/3 times. ⇒ -t
4
Example 1. given that (time\- (time) 2 = 30 mins.
Two quantities A & B are varying directly. Initially, 3t
A was 30 & B was 50 what has to be the value of B t-- = 30
4
if A becomes 24?
t
⇒ = 30 or t = 120 mins.
Solution. 4
Here A (X B So the car will take i 20 mins with original speed.
Change in A is 24/30 times = 4/5 times
Compound Ratio & Concept of Partnership
So the change in B will be the same
So B will be 4/5 times of 50 = 4/5 x 50 = 40 If there are two ratio a : b and c : d then their compound
In other way we can make it as ratio will be ax c: bx d.
A oc B This leads to the concept of partnerships the main part
or A= BK of the partnership is the division of profit between the
or A/B = constant partners. The profit among the partners is always
A1 A2 divided in the compound ratio of investment ratio and
⇒ = time of investment ratio i.e.
B1 B2
30 24 If the partners' investment ratio is P1 : P2 : P3 & the ratio
⇒ = of their investment time is t 1 t2 : t3 then the ratio of
50 X :

24 profit= P1t1 : P2t2 : P3t3

So X = x50
30 So there may be three cases of the profit sharing.
⇒ X = 40
Case 1.
Inverse Variation If the ratio of investment is unity i.e. the invest equal
When in variation the nature of changes in the two amount then
quantities are inverse then the quantities will be in p1 : p2: p3 = 1 : : i : i
inverse variation? So ratio of profit sharing will be t 1 : t2 : t3
1
i.e. A oc - Example 1.
B
It three persons A, B, C invests rupees 20000 in a
K
then A= business for 3 years, 2 years & 5 years respectively
B
then what will be the ratio of their profits.
 56 111 Rea~wning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::.:11

Solution. (a) 20 (b) 30

Since the investment is same for all the persons so (c) 40 (d) 50
the profit will be divided in the ratio of Ans. (c)
1x3:1x2:1x5 'I The amount of alcohol = 4 K
i.e. 3 : 2 : 5 will be the profit ratio. The amount of water = K

Case 2. 4K 2
By adding water K + =
If the investment time is same for all the persons 10 1
⇒ 4 K = 2 K + 20
i.e. t 1 : t2 : t3 = 1 : 1 : i, then the profit will be shared
⇒ 2 K = 20 or K = 1O
in the ratio of their investment i.e. the ratio of profit
So amount of alcohol =4 x i O = 40 litre
will be
p1: 1-\: i·\ Example 3.
The present ratio of ages of Ram & Shyam is 5 : 4.
Example 1.
i 8 years ago the ratio of their ages was 16 : 11. The
A, B, C invest rupees 10000, 15000 & 20000
present sum of their ages is
respectively in a business for 2 years each what
(a) 90 years (b) 105 years
will be the ratio of their profit?
(c) 80 years (d) i 10 years
Solution.
Ans. (a)
Since the investment time is constant. So profit will Let the ages be 5 K, 4 K
be shared in the ratio of their investment i.e. ratio
5K-18 16
of profit .ik~=w = 11 ⇒ K = ·jo
= 10 K : 15 K : 20 K
So sum of the ages = 50 + 40 = 90
= 2: 3: 4
Hence option (a)
Case 3.
Example 4.
When the investment is variable we have to look for
The income of Ram and Shyam are in the ratio 2: 3
the effective investment value for the profit sharing.
and their expenditures are in the ratio 3 : 5. If each
_:__ _ _~-c-:c--:-r:c-:r------------------ssia~v7EelSs:RRs:-muo-menRam7s1ncome
Example 1. is
A, B, C invested rupees 10000, 15000 & 20000 (a) 8000 (b) 6000
respectively. Next year A & 8 invested 5000 more (c) 5 000 (d) 4ooo
while C withdrew 10000 rupees. What will be the Ans. (d)
ratio of their profit after 3 years? Let income be 2x, 3x
and expenditure ue 3y, 5y
Solution. 2x - 3y= 1000
Here we will see the effective investment value of 3x - Sy= 1000
A, B & C respectively. So x = 2000
Effective Investment Value of A So income is 4000
= 10 K + 15 K + 15 K Hence option (d)
= 40 K
EIV of B = i 5 K + 20 K + 20 K □□□□
= 55 K
EIV of C = 20 K + 10 K + 10 K
= 40 K
So ratio of profit will be Solved Examples
40 K : 55 K : 40 K
=8:11:8 1. Divide Rs. 500 among A, B, C and D so that A and B
together get thrice as much as C and D together, B
Example 2.
gets four times of what C gets and C gets i .5 times
A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio
as much as D. Now the value of what B gets is
4 : 1 by adding 10 litre of water the ratio becomes
(a) 300 (b) 75
2 : 1. Find out the amount of alcohol in the mixture
(c) 125 (d) Noneofthese
fflRDE ERS'!:::;11 ® Ratio, Proportion & Variation 57

Ans. (a) (a) Rs. 3000 (b) Rs. 4000

A +8 +C+D = 500 (c) Rs. 6000 (d) Rs. 9000
Here A + 8 == 3 (C + D) Ans.(c)
So 4 (C + D) = 500 Let incomes are 3x : 2xx
C + D = 125 expenditures are Sy : 3y
A+ B = 375 then
also 8 = 4C and C ;:;:: 1.5 D 3x-5y = 1000 (1) also
C + D = 125 2x - 3y = 1000 (2)
2.5 D = 125 from (1) and (2) we get
D = 50, C == 75 6x - iOy = 2000
:. 8 = 300 +6x - 9y = 3000
⇒ -y = -1000
2. If 4 examiners can examine a certain number of
y = 1000, x= 2000
answer books in 8 days by working 5 hours a day,
A's income is 6000
for how many hours a day would 2 examiners have
to work in order to examine twice the number of 6. Divide Rs. 680 among A, 8 and C such that A gets
answer books in 20 days. 2/3 of what B gets and B gets 1/4th of what C gets.
(a) 6 (b) 7 Now the share of C is?
(c) 8 (d) 9 (a) Rs. 480 (b) Rs. 300
Ans. (c) (c) Rs. 420 (d) None of these
Man. Day. Hour = constant Ans. (a)
=4.8.5=160 680 =A+ 8 + C
Next ➔ Man. day. hour= 160 x 2 (twice as earlier)
2 1
2. 20. h = 160 x 2 A= -B and 8 = -C, 4B = C
3 4
h=8

3. In a mixture of 40 litres, the ratio of milk and water is A= 3_B, C = 48

3
4 : 1. How much water must be added to this mixture
so that the ratio of milk and water becomes 2 : 3? 2
680 = -8 + B + 4B
(a) 20 litres (b) 32 litres 3
(c) 40 litres (d) 30 litres
Ans. (c) 680= ~8. B = 120, C == 480
3
Let water is x
7. The students in three batches at Made Easy are in the
4 x : x = milk : water
ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If 20 students are increased in each
32 : 8 = 4x: x (since total 40 liters)
batch, the ratio change to 4 : 5 : 7. The total number of
Now -32- = -2 , x= 4 O· 1·1tre students in the three batches before the increase were.
8+x 3 (a) 10 (b) 90
4. The ratio between two numbers is 3 : 4 anci their (c) 100 (d) 150
LCM is 180. The first number is: Ans. (c)
(a) 60 (b) 45 Let students are 2x : 3x : 5x now
(c) 15 (d) 20 According to the given condition
Ans. (b) 2x + 20: 3x +20: 5x + 20 = 4: 5: 7
Let number are 3x and 4x X =:10
3x x 4x = HCF x 180 20 : 30 : 50 = 2 : 3 : 5 and after adding 20
Clearly HCF will be x. 40: 50: 70
12x2 =XX 180, X = I 5
8. The speeds of three cars are in the ratio
numbers will be 45 : 60
2: 3: 4. The ratio between the times taken by these
5. The incomes of A and 8 are in the ratio 3 : 2 and cars to travel the same distance is
their expenditures are in the ratio 5: 3. If each saves (a) 2: 3: 4 (b) 4: 3: 2
Rs. 1000, then, A's income is (c) 4: 3: 6 (d) 6: 4: 3
58 • Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Ans. (d) (a) 48 (b) 72

Speeds are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 (c) 60 (d) None of these
1 1 1 Ans. (d)
ratio of time taken will be
2 : 3 :4 Coins are 12.x : i Ox : 7x

= 6:4:3 =6:4:3 1 7
12 It is given that 12.x + 10x x
2 4 x = 75
+

9. After an increment of 7 in both the numerator and

denominator, a fraction change to 3/4. Find the
48x+20x+ 7x = 75
4
original fraction.
(a) 5/12 (b) 7/9 75x = 4 X 75, x=4
(c) 2/5 (d) 3/8 13. A varies jointly with B and C directly and
Ans. (c) A= 6 when B = 3, C = 2; find A when B = 5, C = 7.
x+ 7 3 (a)17.5 (b)35
--=-
y+ 7 4 (c) 70 (d) 105
4x + 28 = 3y + 21, 4x + 7 = 3y, Ans. (b)
only x : y = 2/5 satisfies the given condition. Let A = k (BC) then
6 = k (3.2)
i 0. If Rs. 58 is divided among 150 children such that each
So, k = 1 then
girl and each boy gets 25 p and 50 p respectively.
A= k (BC)
Then hovv' many girls are there?
= i X (5 X 7) = 35
(a) 52 (b) 54
(c) 68 (d) 62 14. If x varies as y directly, and as z inversely and
Ans. (c) x = 14, when y = 10; find z when x = 49, y = 45.
Let the number of girls and boys are x and y then (a) 14/10
0.25x + 0.5y = 58 ... (1) (b) 10
also (c) 10/14
X =Ff=-to ... (2y----------Tcrreann6tbe ae- ermine
from (1) and (2) we get Ans. (d)
0.5x+y=116
X + y = 150
So, 0.5x = 34, x = 68, y = 82 According to given values
14 = k 1 .10
11. A mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 5 : 1. -< A -,
I'+ /
On adding 5 litres of water, the ratio of milk to water
So, k1 = 10 = 5
becomes 5 : 2. The quantity of milk in the mixture
is: k2
also, 14 = -
(a) i 6 litres (b) 25 litres z
(c) 32.5 litres (d) 22.75 litres So, k2 = 14z,
Ans. (b) But value of k 2 is not given.
Let milk and water are 5x: x Hence Z cannot be determined.
5x +5 5 15. A cask contains a mixture of 49 litres of wine and
now, --c:--
x+5 2 water in the proportion 5 : 2. How much water must
= iOx = 5x +25 be added to it so that the ratio of wine to water may
5x = 25, X =5 be 7: 4?
milk : water= 25 : iO (a) 3.5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) None of these
12. Vijay has coins of the denomination of Re. 1, 50 p Ans. (b)
and 25 p in the ratio of 12 : 1O : 7. The total worth of Let wine and water are 5x and 2.x litres
the coins he has in Rs. 75. Find the number of 25 p
coins that Vijay has
5x + 2.x = 49
Sx = 35, 2.x = i 4
I
mRDE EASY @ Ratio, Proportion & Variation I 59

8. The number that must be added to each of the

35 7
Now--=- numbers 8, 21, 13 and 31 to make the ratio of first
14+w 4
two numbers equal to the ratio of last two number is
98 + 7w= 140 (a) 5 (b)7
7w == 42, w = 6 (c) 9 (d) None of these

9. A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio of

12 : 5. On adding 14 litres of water, the ratio of
alcohol to water becomes 4 : 3. The quantity of
Ratio & Proportion alcohol in the mixture is
(a) 18 litres (b) 42 litres
(c) 26 litres (d) None of these
I Practice Exercise: I
□□□□

1. Find a fourth proportional to the numbers 60, 48, 30.

(a) 36 (b) 24 Solutions
(c) 48 (d) None of these 1. Ans. (b)
Let x be the fourth proportion, then
2. Find a third proportional to the numbers 4, 42.
(a) 441 (b) 541 60 38
60: 48 : 38: x or,-== -
(c) 641 (d) Noneofthese 48 X

3. The prices of a scooter and a television set are in X :::: 30 X 38 :::: 24 .

the ratio of 3 : 2. If a scooter costs Rs. 600 more 60
than the television set, then the price of television
set is: 2. Ans. (a)
(a) Rs. 1800 (b) Rs. 1200 Let x be the third proportion, then
(c) Rs. 2400 (d) None of these 4 42
4 : 42 : : 42 : x or, = -;- .
42
4. If A : B = 7 : 5 and B : C = 9 : 11, then A : B : C is
equal to :. X:::: 42x42:::; 441 _
(a) 55:45:63 (b) 63:45:55 4
(C) 45:63:55 (d) None of these
3. Ans. (b)
5. The ratio of money with Anju and Sanju is 4: 5 and Here, a = 3, b == 2, and x = 600.
that with Sanju and Manju is 5 : 6. If Anju has The price of a television set
Rs. 280, then the amount of money Manju has = bx_= 2 x 600 = Rs. 1200 _
(a) Rs. 320 (b) Rs. 420 a-b 3-2
(c) Rs. 640 (d) None of these
4. Ans. (b)
6. The ratio of present ages of Suresh and Mahesh is Here, n 1 == 7, n2 = 9, d 1 = 5 and d 2 =11.
7 : 5. If after 6 years their ages will be in the ratio of A: B: C == (n 1 xn 2 ): (d 1xn 2 ): (d 1 xd 2 )
4 : 3, the present age of Mahesh is :::: ( 7 X 9) ; ( 5 X 9) : ( 5 X 11)
(a) 32 years (b) 36 years == 63 : 45 : 55.
(c) 30 years (d) None of these
5. Ans. (b)
7. Two numbers are in the ratio of 5 : 7. If 25 be We have, A : B = 4 : 5 and B : C ::::: 5 : 6.
subtracted from each, they are in the ratio of Here, n 1 = 4, n2 = 5, d 1= 5 and d 2 = 6.
35 : 59. Find the difference of the two numbers. A: 8: C = (n 1xn 2): (d 1xn 2 ): (d 1 xd 2)
(a) 48 (b) 52 = ( 4 X 5) : ( 5 X 5) : ( 5 X 6)
(c) 24 (d) None of these = 20 : 25 : 30 or, 4 : 5 : 6.
60 • Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::11

Thus, ratio of money with Anju, San ju and Manju Partnership

is 4 : 5 : 6. Since Anju has Rs. 280, the amount
of money Manju has

280
= - x 6 = Rs. 420.
ITI Practice Exercise: I

4
1 . Amit, Nitin and Ravindra entered into a partnership.
6. Ans. (c) Amit invested Rs. i 6000 for 9 months. Nitin invested
We have, a : b = 7 : 5, c : d = 4 : 3 and x=6. Rs. 12000 for 6 months and Ravindra invested
bx(c-d) Rs. 8000 for 12 months. At the end of a year there
The present age of Mahesh = d b
a - C was a profit of Rs. 26000. Find the share of Nitin in

5x6x(4-3) the profit.

= (7x3-5x4) = 30years. (a) Rs. 8000 (b) Rs. 7500
(c) Rs. 6000 (d) None of these
7. Ans. (c)
2. A starts business with Rs. 3500 and 5 months after
We have, a: b = 5: 7, c: d = 35 : 59 and
B joins A as his partner. After a year the profits are
X = 25.
divided in the ratio of 2 : 3. How much did B
The first number= a,(d-c) contribute?
ad-be (a) Rs. 7000 (b) Rs. i 1000
= 5 X 25 X ( 59 - 35) = GQ (c) Rs. 9000 (d) None of these
( 5 X 59 - 7 X 35) .
3. A, B and C invested capitals in the ratio
bx(d- c) 3 : 5: 9; the timing of their investments being in the
and, tl1e second number = d b
a - C
ratio 2 : 3 : i. In what ratio would their profits be
= 7 X 25 X ( 59 - 35) = 84 distributed?
(5x 59- 7x 35) (a) 2: 5 : 3 b 3:2:5
The difference of two numbers (c) 7 : 5 : 3 (d) None of these
= 84-60 = 24
4. A, B and C start a business. It the ratio of their
8. Ans. (a) periods of investments are 2 : 3 : 6 and their profits
Here, a= 8, b = 2i, c = i3 and d = 31. are in the ratio of 4 : 5 : 6, then the ratio of capitals
:. The required number of A, l:l and C is
be-ad (a) 6: 8 : 10 (b)i2:10:6
=-----
(a+ d)-(b + c) (c) 10 : i 2 : 6 (d) None of these

= 2ix13-8x31 =
5 5. A and B started a business with initial investments
(8+31)-(21+13) . in the ratio 5 : 7. If after one year their profits were in
9. Ans. (b) the ratio 1 : 2 and the period for A's investment was
Ratio of alcohol and water i 2 : 5 7 months, B invested the money for
Let their qualities be i 2x and 5x respectively. (a) 6 months (b) 2'
After adding the litres of water ratio becomes 4: 3 (c) 10 months (d) 4 months
12x 4
= 6. A, B, Center into a partnership with shares in the
5x+ 14 3
7 ratio ?_:-=!:.: ~- After 4 months, A increase his share
X = 2 2 3 5
7 by 50%. If the total profit at the end of one year be
Quantity of alcohol = 12 x = 42 litres.
2 Rs. 21600, then B's share in the profit is
(a) Rs. 2100 (b) Rs. 2400
□□□□ (c) Rs. 3600 (d) Rs. 4000
 @ Ratio, Proportion & Variation I 61

7. Bis a sleeping partner and A working. A puts in Rs. Then, profit of A : profit of B : Profit of C
5000 and B puts in 6000. A received 12.5% of profit :::: C1 X t1 : C2 X t2 : C3 X t3
for managing the business and rest is divided in = 3x x 2y : 5x x 3y : 9x x y
proportion to their capitals. A's share of profit in a == 6: 15: 9 or, 2: 5: 3.
total profit of Rs. 880 is 4. Ans. (b)
(a) Rs. 350 (b) Rs. 400 We have, P 1 : P2 : P3 = 4 : 5 : 6 an~ t 1 : t2 : t3 == 2 :
(c) Rs. 420 (d) Rs. 460 3: 6.
8. A starts business with a capital of Rs. 1200. Band P P P 4 5 6
Required ratio = -1 : _1_ : -1. = - :- :-
C join with some investments after 3 and 6 months, t1 t2 t3 2 3 6
respectively. If at the end of a year, the profit is or, 12 : 1O : 6
divided in the ratio 2: 3: 5 respectively, what is B's Thus, A, Band C invested their capitals in the ratio
investment in the business? 12:10:6.
(a) Rs. 2400 (b) Rs. 1800 5. Ans. (c)
(c) Rs. 3600 (d) Rs. 6000 Let investments of A and B respectively be 5x and
7x and period of B's investment bey months.

□□□□ (5x) X 7 I
Then, (?x)xy= 2 ⇒ y=10.
Solutions
6. Ans. (d)
1. Ans. (c)
7 4 6
Here, C 1 = 16000, C2 =12000, C3 = 8000, Given ratio = - : - : - = 105: 40: 36
2 3 5
t 1 = 9, t2 = 6, t3 = 12 and P = 26000.
Nitin's share in the profit Let the initially invest Rs. 105, Rs. 40 and Rs. 36,
respectively.
C x t xP
::: - - - ' " 2
- - - -2- = - - - - Ratio of investments
= [105 X 4 + (150% Of 105) X 8]: (40 X 12):
12000 X 6 X 26000 (36 X 12)
= ------------
16000 X 9 + 12000 X 6 + 8000 X i 2 = 1680 : 480 : 432 = 35 : 10 : 9

= 1872000000 = Rs. 6000

B's share = Rs. ( 21600x ~~)=Rs. 4000.
312000

2. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (d)

We have, C 1 xt 1 == 3500 x 12 == 42000 and A's share for managing the business
C2 X t2 = X X 7 = 7x. = 12.5% of Rs. 880 = Rs. 110
Remaining proift = Rs. 770.
Pr of it for A C1 x t 1
Profit ratio of A and B = 5 : 6
Then' Profit for B = C2 x t 2
A's share=.!?__ of Rs. 770 = Rs. 350.
2 42000 11
⇒ =--
3 7x A's total profit= Rs. 350 + Rs.1 iO = Rs. 460.

8. Ans. (a)
or, x = 42 000x 3 = Rs. 9000.
2x7 Profit ratio of A, B and C is
(1200 X 12): (x X 9): (y X 6) = 2: 3: 5
3. Ans. (a)
Ratio of capitals of A, B and C are 3 : 5 : 9. Let the 1200x 12 9x
capitals of A, Band C be 3x, 5x and 9x, respectively.
⇒
2
=
3
Ratio of timing of their investments are
x = Rs. 2400.
2 : 3 : 1. Let A, Band C invest their capitals for 2y,
1111111111111'1!111111
3y and y months, respectively.
 Average Alternate way of Calculation of Average
Let us say that a group contains n numbers P1' P2'
Average is a number which represents the general
P3 .... Then take a value which can be assumed as
characteristics of a set of numbers. It is a very effective
the mean value. Take the deviations of mean value
way of representing the entire group by a single value.
'x' from the given values. If deviations are Q 1' Q 2'
Average of the group is defined as:
03 .... 0 0 . Then the average will be
Sum of all items in the group
A verage = ---------------'=---=- 01 + 02 + 03 + .... +on
x+--~----''-----"'-
No. of items
n
Example 1.
Basic Points related with Average
6 Students have their weights as 60, 62, 63, 67, 69,
@ !f the value of each item is increased by the some
7 4 kg. Find their average weight.
value P, then the average of the group or items will
also increase by P. Solution:
Let us assume the mean value as 67, then average
Example 1.
will be
Let us take a group of 5 numbers 25, 30, 15, 35, 40
and each number is increased by 3, then find out 67+ -7-5-4+2+7
------he-oowave.r:agAc---------------------- 1 . 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - · - · · · · · · -~

Solution:

·t· l 25+30+15+35+40 Concept of Weighted Average

l ni ,a average =- - - -- - - -
5 When we talk about the average of two different
groups or more than two different groups. The
average value of ail groups taken together will not
be just depending upon the average of groups. For
20 + 33 + i 8 + 38 + 43 example if we take two different groups of average
Final average = weights as 60 & 70 kg respectively then the average
5
of all the groups element taken together need not
= 160 =32
5 60+ 70
be - - - = 65 kg always. It can vary based on
So final average =initial average +3
2
If the group items are decreased by any common the number of elements in the group. So in this case
value then the average value will also decrease by the numbers of group elements plays a very
same. important role, let the first group has 20 persons
@
If the group items are multiplied or divided by any whHe the second group has 30 persons. Then the
constant value then the average value witf also be average will be
multiplied or divided by the same. Tota! weight 20x60+30x70
(!)
The average value will always lie between the Totaf numbers 20+30
smaiiest vatue of the group and the largest value of
i 200 + 2100 3300
the group.
= 50 = r~o =66 kg
fflRDE EASY ® Average, Mixture & Alligation 63

This sort of average is called as weighted average Mixture & Alligation technique
and weighted average is calculated as When it comes to the mixing of two different
quantities. Weighted average comes into the picture.
average= If two solutions of concentration c 1 and c2 are mixed
in the ratio m : n. Then the weightage concentration
where n1, n2 , n3 ... are the number of elements in the cwill be
groups. While A 1 , A 2 , A3 .... are the average of the
mxc 1 +nxc 2
groups. C=
m+n
Instead of exact value of numbers of elements we
or we can rearrange the formula as
can also take the ratio of the number of elements.

Example 1.
The average marks of students of class A is 37
while that of class B is 23. If the number of students This is called as alligation formula. It can also be
in class A & B are 42 & 63 respectively then find understood with pictorial representation.
out the average marks of all the students taken SI
(I cone.)
nd
(II cone.)
together.

Solution:
2x37 +3x23
'•~/'' c (Weighted avg.cone.)
Average=
2+3
(·: since 42:63 ==2:3)
/~
74+69 =
143 = 28.6 (!In d Cone. - Weighted avg. Cone.): (Weighted avg. Cone. - I• Cone.)
= m n
5 5
The weighted average has wide range of
So it can be understood as the alligation technique
applications. The weightage need not be
provides us the ratio of mixing directly. Alligation
necessarily the number of elements. It can be any
technique has to be used when the weighted
characteristic of group that affect the group's
average is given & weighted average formula has
standing in the total. We will see some examples
to be used when weighted average is not given.
here.
Let us understand it better with some examples.
Example 2.
Example 1.
If two alloys having the ratio of copper & gold in the
How much water has to be added in 60 litre of 70%
ratio 3 : 4 and 2 : 5 are mixed and 14 kg of first
milk solution. To make it as 40% milk solution.
alloy is mixed with 21 kg of the second alloy. Find
out the new ratio of gold and copper in the mixture. Solution:
The concentration of water will be 30% and 60%
Solution:
respectively.
The ratio of mixing = 14: 21 = 2: 3
So this will be the weightage for the mixing. x litre ----+ 100% 30% -11> 60 litre

Now if we talk, about the quantity of gold in both

the alloy. ~ 60%

4 5
It is
7 and
7.
30 40
So the amount of gold in the mixture
So ratio of mixing is 3 : 4
2x4 3x5
-7- + -7- __23
X 3
==
2+3 - 35 ⇒ -60 - 4
So the ratio of gold to copper is 23 : 12. ⇒ x = 45 litres
 64 e Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSW

Replacement Milk Water

In case of replacement problem, one part of a solution 100 0

90 10 ➔ After 1st replacement
is taken out and is replaced with another ingredient.
81 19 ➔ After 2 nd
replacement
We have to look for the ingredient having constant
72.9 27.1 ➔ After 3 rd
replacement
trend and the ingredient which is continuously
decreasing will keep on decreasing with the same Total volume of the solution = 100 litre
percentage value. Let us understand this with one total replaced volume = i O litre
example. Now we can understand in every cycle 10% of the
total solution is being replaced.
Example 1.
Talking about the flow of inqredients, milk has on
A container h8s i 00 lilre of pure milk, after every i O outward flow (only being taken out not being added)
minutes 1O litre of the solution is taken out and is While water has both inward & outward flow. So it
replaced with water find out what will be the net we see the trend of the single flow ingredient, the
amount of milk, after 30 mins. in the solution? value of milk is continuously decreasing by 10%
successively
Solution:
From 100 litre of the solution 10 litre of the solution
90 = 100 ( i - 0.1)

is being replaced. Three such operations will be

81 = 100 c1 - o. 1) 2

carried out in 30 mins. Let us understand this in an

72.9 = 100 (1--0.1) 3
Thus, it has to be kept in mind that
elaborate manner.
"During replacement if the solution that is being
After 1 O mins: replaced is P% of the total solution, then the
1O litre of the milk will be replaced with water. So in ingredient having single-directional flow will
the solution there will be decrease by P% after every cycle."
Milk = 90 litre This is the basic idea behind replacement.
Water= 10 litre E
.:a___---------------'-----------i..-Xam.pi.t::-.:;..;-----------------.
1~ ,.,

After 20 minutes: A person makes a profit of 15% on 20% of the

Now when the i0 litre 0olution will be taken out, quantity sold while on the rest he makes a profit of
5%. Find out the net profit percentage?
it will be having milk and water in ratio
9: 1. Solution:
So out of iO litre solution milk taken out is = 9 litre Let us say the total quantity is x
remaining amount of milk= 90- 9 = 81 litre
X
the remaining portion will be water so the amount of 20% of the quantity =
5
water= i00- 81 = 19 litre
4x
Now ratio of milk and water= 81 : i9 80% of the quantity =
5
After 30 minutes:
X i5 X 3x
Now the 1O litre solution which is taken out will have on
5 the profit made=
100
x
5= 100
milkandwaterinratio81: 19
So amount of milk taken out 4x . 5 4x 4x
or1 --- U1e profit made= - - x - == -
5 iO0 5 iOO
81
= 10x ' = 8.1 litre 7x
81+19 Net profit = = 7% of x.
100
the amount of milk remaining
= 81 - 8.1 = 72.9 litre Alternate
the amount of water= 100 - 72.9 = 27. i litre The same pr~bl.em can be ~aken as the two parts
are 20% & 80 Yo 1.e. they are 1n the ratio 1 : 4 and he
Now let us take the amount of milk and water for is making different profit so net profit percent
the previous example.
 ® Average, Mixture & Alligation I 65

== ix15+4x5
1+4
= 35 = %
5
7 D Solved Example
Example 3. 1. The average age of 24 students and the principal is
Ramesh deposits some amount in BIS bank at 7%
15 years. When the principal's age is excluded, the
interest rate p.a. & some part of amount in IBU bank,
average age decreases by 1 year. What is the age
at 9% p.a. & he gets Rs. 850 on Rs. 10000 yearly.
of principal?
Find out the amount invested in BIS bank.
(a) 38 (b) 40
Solution: (c) 39 (d) Data inadequate
850 out of 100000 means the net interest rate Ans. (c)
Average age of 24 students
= ~ x 100 = 8.5%
10000
sum of ages of 24 students
So BIS IBU = ------'----------

7~ /9 ⇒
14
24

= sum of ages of 24 students

8.5 24

/~
0.5 1.5
:. sum of ages of 24 students = 24 x 14
= 336 years
So the amount invested are in the ratio 1 : 3 for BIS Let the Age of principal be x year
&IBU Then, average age of 24 students and the principal
1
So the amount in BIS= - - x 10000 sum of ages of 24 students & principal
1+3 =------'--------------
25
= Rs. 2500

Example 4. ⇒ 15 = 336+ X
25
A Jar contains solution having milk and water in the
ratio 3 : 2. If out of 100 litres, 10 litre is taken out & ⇒ x = 25 x i 5 - 336 = 39 years
is replaced with water in one cycle. Find out the
amount of water after 2 cycles. 2. The average weight of 3 men A, Band C is 84 kg.
Another man D joins the group and the average now
Solution: becomes 80 kg. If another man E, whose weight is
Out of 100 litre solution.
3 kg more than that of D, replaces A then the average
3 weight of B,C,D and E becomes 78 kg. The weight of
Milk = - x 100 = 60 litre
5 A is
(a) 70kg (b) 72 kg
2 (c) 79 kg (d) 78 kg
Water = - x 100 = 40 litre
5 Ans. (c)
Now percent of solution which is being replaced Sum of weights of A,B and C
with water =3 x 84 = 252 kg
10 sum of weights of A.B. C and D
= -x100 = 10% = 4 x 80 = 320 kg
100
so amount of milk after 2 such cycles weight of D = 320 - 252 = 68 kg
=60x(i--0.i)(i 0.i) :. weight of E = 68 + 3 = 7i kg
= 48.6 litre Now, sum of weights of A,B, C, D and E
Net amount of water = 320 + 7i = 39i kg
= 100 - 48.6 = 51.4 litre sum of weights of B,C, D and E
= 4 x 78 = 312 kg

□□□□
:. weight of A= 39i -312 = 79 kg
 66 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

3. Vijay Tendulkar has certain average for 9 innings. In 2x

The average speed = - - -
the tenth inning, he scores 100 runs thereby x X
-+----
increasing his average by 8 runs. His new average 100 150
is
= 2 x 100 x 150 = 120 km/hr.
(a) 20 (b) 24 250
(c) 28 (d) 32
6. The age of Mitali and Pooja is in the ratio 2: 6. After
Ans. (c)
5 years, the ratio of their ages will become 6 : 8.
Let the old average and new average by x and y
Find the average of their ages after 1O years.
respectively
(a) i2 (b) 13
Then, y = x + 8 ... (i)
(c) 17 (d) 24
d _9x+100 Ans. (a)
an Y- 10 ... (ii)
Let the present age of Mitali and Pooja be 2x and
From (i) and (ii) we get 6x years respectively.
10(x+8)=9x+100 2x+5 6
After 5 years, x + "'
⇒ x= 20 6 5 8
:. y = 20 + 8 == 28
⇒ 16x + 40 = 36x + 30
4. The average age of 8 persons in a committee is ⇒ 20x = iO
increased by 2 years when two men aged 35 years
1
and 45 years are substituted by two women. Find the x=-
2
average age of the two women.
Hence Present ages are i and 3 years
(a) 48 (b) 45
After ten years, their ages will be i 1 and i 3 years.
(c) 51 (d) 42
:. Average of their ages
Ans. (a)
11+ 13
Let the average age of 8 persons in the committee ::;--= i2years
~-----ax.._¥.0-ar 2
Let the sum of ages of two women be y years. 7. Find the average of the first 97 natural numbers.
Then sum of ages of 6 persons excluding two men (a) 47 (b) 37

aged 35 and 45 years (c) 48 (d) 49

= 8x - (35 + 45) ::: 8x - 80 Ans. (d)
Sum of the first 97 natural members
8x-80+y
Again, x + 2 =
8 = 97(97 + 1) = 4753
2
⇒ 8x + 16 = Bx - 80 + y
. 4753
⇒ y = 96 :. Their average = = 49
97
:. average age of two women 8. Find the average of all prime numbers between 30
96 and 50.
= - = 48 years
2 (a) 39.8 (b) 38.8
(c) 37.8 (d) 41.8
5. The speed of tn0 train in going from Nagpur to Ans. (a)
Allahabad is i 00 km/hr while when coming back The prime number between 30 and 50 are
from Allahabad to Nagpur, its speed is 150 km/hr. 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
Find the average speed during the whole journey. :. Their average
(a) 125 (b) 75
= 31+37+~1+43+47 ==39.8
(c) 135 (d) 120
5
Ans. (d)
9. The average cf 5 consecutive number is n. If the
Let the distance between Allahabad and Nagpur be
next two numbers are also included, the average
x km.
will.
 ® Average, Mixture & Alligation I 67

(a) increased by i (b) remain the same (a) 75

(c) increased by 1.4 (d) increased by 2 (b) 55
Ans. (a) (c) 50
Let the five consecutive numbers of x, x + 1, x + 2, (d) Cannot be determined
x + 3, and x + 4. Ans. (c)
Let the age of the captain be x years
G' x+x+1+x+2+x+3+x+4
1ven, n =
5 Then x + 29 x 5
30 :::: 27 x 5 + 11
I
⇒ n:::: x+2
The average after including the next two numbers ⇒ 330 == 135 + X + 145
:. x = 330 - 280 :,:: 50 years
x+x+1+x+2+x+3+x+4+x+5+x+6
7 13. Out of three numbers, the first is twice the second
:::::x+3=n-2+3 and three times the third. The average of the three
=n + 1 numbers is 88. The smallest number is
Hence the average increases by 1. (a) 72 (b) 36
(c) 42 (d) 48
10. The average of 50 number is 38. If two numbers,
Ans.(d)
namely, 45 and 55 are discarded, the average of
Let the first number be n. then the other two numbers
the remaining numbers is
(a) 36.5 (b) 37 . n n
will be and
(c) 37.6 (d) 37.5 2 3
Ans. (d) n n
Sum of 50 numbers n+-+-
Again, 88 == 2 3
;:;:: 38 X 50 :::: 1900 3
Sum of remaining numbers
== 1900 - (45 + 55) = 1800 =} 88 == ~(1 + + 2)
3
_:!_
2 3
average of remaining numbers
n 11
= 1800;::: 37.5 =>88:::::-X-
3 6
48
n 144
11 . The average weight of 5 men is decreased by 3 kg · The smallest number== - = - ""48
.. 3 3
when one of them weighing 150 kg is replaced by
another person. Find the weight of the new person? 14. The average of first five multiples of 3 is
(a) 165 (b) 135 (a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 138 (d) 162 (c) 12 (d) 15
Ans. (b) Ans. (b)
L.et the average weight of 5 men be x kg before
Average:::: 3(1+2+3+4+5) = 3x15 =9
replacement of one person.
5 5
Also, Let the weight ot new person bey kg.

Then, 5x-3::::: 5x~ 15o+y 15. The average temperature of 1st , 2nd 3 rd December
5 was 24.4°C. The average temperature of the first
⇒ 5x - 15 = 5x - 150 + y two days was 24°C. The temperature on the 3rd of
⇒ y = 135 kg December was
(a) 20°C (b) 25°C
12. The average age of the Indian cricket team playing
(c) 25.2°C (d) None of these
the Nagpur test is 30. The average age of 5 of the
Ans. (c)
players is 27 and that of another set of 5 players,
Let the temp. on 3 rd of December be x C. Then
totally different from the first five, is 29. If it is the
captain who was not included in either of these two
groups, then find the age of the captain.
24.4 == 2 X 24 + X "' 25.2 oc
3
 68 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

16. The average of 20 results is 30 and that of 30 more 4. The average monthly salary of a staff of 9 persons
results is 20. For all the results taken together, the is Rs. 2450. One member of the staff whose monthly
average is salary is Rs. 2650. Find the average salary of the
(a) 25 (b) 50 remaining 8 persons of the staff.
(c) 12 (d) 24 (a) Rs. 2425 (b) Rs. 2625
Ans. (d) (c) Rs. 3025 (d) Rs. 2825
The required average
= 20 X 30 + 30 X 20 = 1200 = 24 5. 3 years ago the average age of a family of
50 50 5 members was 17 years. With the birth of a new
baby the average remains the same even today.
17. The average temperature on Monday, Tuesday and
Wednesday was 4 i °Candon Tuesday, Wedne::;Jc1y Find the age of the baby.

and Thursday it was 40°C. If on Thursday it was (a) i years (b) 3 years
exactly 39°C, then on Monday, the temperature was 1
(c) 2- years (d) 2 years
(a) 42°c (b) 46°c 2
(c) 23°C (d) 26°C 6. A batsmen in his "17th innings makes a score of 85,
Ans. (a) and thereby increases his average by 3. What is
The sum of temp. on Tuesday and Wednesday
his average after the i 7 th innings? He had never
=3 X 40 - 39 = 81°C been 'not out'.
The sum of temp. on Monday, Tuesday, and
(a) 47 (b) 37
\Nednesday = 3 x 41 - 81 = 42°C
(c) 39 (d) 43

□□□□ 7. The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio between

first and second be 2 : 3 and that between second
and third be 5 : 8, then the second number is
Average (a) 30 (b) 20
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (c}__5,~_ _ _ _ (d)-c.=
. .)___ _ _ _ _ _ _---l11----

I Practice Exercise: I 8. A number x equals 80% of the average of 5, 7, 14 and

a number y. If the average of x and y is 26, the
i. There are 35 students in a hostel. If the number of value of y is
students increased by 7, the expenses of the mess (a) i3 (b) 26
were increased by Hs. 42 per day while the average (c) 39 (d) None of these
expenditure per head diminished by Rs. 1. Find the
original expenditure of the mess.
9. The average age of 8 men is increased by 2 years.
When two of them, whose ages are 20 years and
(a) Rs. 480 (b) Rs. 440
24 years respectively, are replaced by two women.
ic) Rs. 520 (d) Rs. 420
What is the average age of these women?
2. An aeroplane travels distances 2500 km, i 200 km (a) 36 years (b) 30 years
and 500 km at the rate of 500 km/hr, 400 km, and (c) 40 years (d) 42 years
250 km/hr, respectively. The average is
(a) 420 km/hr (b) 4 iO km/hr 10. The average speed of a train running at a speed of
(c) 405 km/hr (d) 575 km/hr 30 km/hr during the fii-st I 00 kilometers, at 40 km/hr
during the second iOO kilometers and at 50 km/hr
3. The average weight of 24 students of section A of a during the last 100 kilometers is nearly
class is 58 kg whereas the average weight of 26 (a) 38.5 km/hr (b) 38.3 km/hr
students of section B of the same class is 60.5 kg. (c) 40.0 km/hr (d) 39.2 km/hr
Find the average weight ot aH the 50 students of the
class. i 1. The average weight of 3 men A, B and C is 84 kg.
(a) 57.4 Kg. (b) 59.3 kg Another men D joins the group and the average now·
(c) 58.9 kg (d) 59.7 kg becomes 80 kg. If another men E, whose weight is
fflRDE ERS!:I ® Average, Mixture & Alligation I 69

3 kg more than that of D, replaces A, then average 18. The average age of a committee of 8 members is
weight of B, C, D and E becomes 79 kg. The weight 40 years. A member, aged 55 years, retired and he
of A is was replaced by a member aged 39 years. The
(a) 70 kg (b) 72 kg average age of the present committee is
(c) 75 kg (d) 80kg (a) 39 years (b) 38 years
(c) 36 years (d) 35 years
12. The average of marks obtained by i 20 candidates
was 35. If the average of marks of passed
□□□□
candidates was 39 and that of failed candidates
was i 5, the number of candidates who passed the
examination is
(a) 100 (b) 1iO
Solutions
(c) 120 (d) i50 1. Ans. (d)
Let the original expenditure = Rs. x
13. In a class, there are 20 boys whose average age is
decreased by 2 months, when one boy aged 18 Original average expenditure= ~
years in replaced by a new boy. The age of the new 35

boy is x+42
(a) 14 yrs. 8 months New average expenditure = ~
(b) 15 years
(c) 16 yrs 4 months X + 42 _
⇒ -X - - -- - -1
I ⇒ .\• -_ 420
(d) i7 yrs. iO months 35 42
:. Original expenditure = Rs. 420
14. The average daily wages of A, B and C is Rs. 120.
If B earns Rs. 40 more than C per day and A earns 2. Ans. (a)
double of what C earns per day, the wages of A per The total time taken can be calculated as shown
day is below:
(a) Rs. 80 (b) Rs. i 20
Distance Speed Time
(c) Rs. i 60 (d) Rs. 100
25km 500 km/hr 5 hrs.
15. With an average speed of 40km/hr a train reaches 1200 km 400 km/hr 3hrs.
its destination on time. If it goes with an average
500km 250 km/hr 2hrs.
speed of 35 km/hr, it is late by 15 minutes. The total
Total 4200 km 10hrs.
journey is
(a) 30 km (b) 40 km Total Distance
(c) 70 km (d) 80 km Average speed= Total Time

16. In a competitive examination, the average marks 4200

Average speed== = 420 km/hr.
obtained was 45. It was later discovered that there iO
was some error in computerisation and the marks of 3. Ans. (b)
90 candidates had to be changed from 80 to 50 and Average weight of 24 students of section
the average came down to 40 marks. The total no. of A= 58 kg
candidates who appear-ed in examination is Total weight of 24 students of section
(a) 520 (b) 550 A = 58 x 24 = 1392 kg
(c) 540 (d) 525 Total weight of 26 students of section B(a) an
17. A man whose bowling average is 12.4 takes Average of == 60.5 kg = 60.5 x 26 = i 573
5 wickets for 26 runs and thereby decreases his Total weight of 50 student = (1392 +1573) kg
average by 0.4. The number of wickets, taken by = 2965 kg
him before his last match is Average weight of students of students in the class
(a) 85 (b) 78
== 2965 == 59.3 kg.
(c) 72 (d) 64 50
 70 1111 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

4. Ans. (a) From (i) and ((ii), we get

Average salary of 9 persons= Rs. 2450
Total salary of 9 persons 52 - y = 26 + y ⇒ y = 39.
5
= Rs. 2450 x 9 = Rs. 22050
Salary of the person who is transferred 9. Ans. (b)
= Rs. 2650 Let the average age of 8 men be x years
Thus, the total salary of remaining 8 persons :. Sum of the ages of 8 men = 8x years
= Rs. 22050 - 2650 = Rs. 19400 Now, according to the condition of the question,
The average salary of the remainin0 8 persons average age of (6 men+ 2 women)
19400 = (x + 2) years
=Rs. = Rs. 2425.
8 :. Sum of the ages of (6 men+ 2 women)
5. Ans. (d) = 8 (x + 2) = Bx+ 16 years
Present age of 5 members Hence, it is clear that on replacing two men by two
= (5 x 17+ 3 x 5) years. women, sum of their ages increased by i 6 years
= 100 years. Therefore, sum of the ages of two women
Present age of 5 members and a baby = (20 + 24) + 16 = 60 yrs
= 17 x 6 = i 02 yrs. 60
:. Age of the baby= (102 - 100)yrs = 2 years. Average age of the women = 30 yrs
2
u.
C I\ - - lU
f"\11-::,, '"-) 10. Ans. (b)
Average score before "17 th innings Time taken to cover first 100 kilometres
= 85 - 3 X 17 = 34 100 i
:. Average score after 17th innings =-=3-hrs
30 3
= 34 + 3 = 37. Time taken to cover second 100 kilometres

7. Ans. (a) _ i 00 _ 2-2,_hr

-----,--ettA8--AHFAGef·l3e-x;-y--aft&z:---fh-ef'>-·, - - - - - - - - ~ e - , 4 0 " 2 5'--------·---

x 2 y 5 Time taken to cover last i 00 kilometres

.x + y +7 = 98, - = - and - = -
y 3 z 8
100
= = 2 hrs
2
:. x = Yand z= Sy 5
3 5 Total time taken
2v 8v 1 1 iO 5 47
So _, +y+-' = 98 3-+2-+2=-+-+2=-hra.
3 5 3 2 3 2 6
. 49y Total distance covered = 300 km
or,·-= 98 or, y == 30.
15 300
Average speed=
4716
8. Ans. (c)
300 6
5+7+14+y = x = 38.3 km/hr
Average of 5, 7, 14 and Y = 47
4
Therefore, .x = 80% of 11.Ans.(c)
7 +_
5 +_ +y = -
14 ,......;.... 26-+-
80x - y \Neight of D = (80 x 4 - 84 x 3) kg = 68 kg
_
4 100 4 Weight of E = (68 + 3) kg == 71 kg
(B + C + D + E)'s
26+y Weight= (79 x 4) kg= 316 kg
⇒ x=-- ... (i)
5
:. (B+C)'s weight= [316-(68 + 7i)] kg
x+ y = i77 kg
Also -=26 (ii\
• ''\Of/
2 Hence, A's weight= ((84 x 3)-177] kg = 75 kg
 ® Average, Mixture & Alligation 71

12. Ans. (a) 16. Ans. (c)

Let the number of candidates who passed = x. Let the number of candidates be x, Then, total marks
Then, 39 x x + 15 x ( 120 - x) = 120 x 35 obtained by all the candidates = 45x

:. 24x = 4200 -1800 Total change in marks for 90 candidates

"" 30 X 90 = 2700
2400
or, x = T4""' x = '100. Total reduced marks = 45x - 2700

13. Ans. (a) 45x-2700

Reduced average= - - - -
Total decrease= (20 x 2) months x
== 3 years 4 months
.·. Age of the new boy == 18 years -3 years 4 months :.
40
= 45x - 2700
X
= 14 years 8 months.
or, 40x = 45x - 2700
14. Ans. (c)
Let daily wages of C = x ⇒ 5x = 2700 or, x = 540
Then, daily wages of A= 2x
and, daily wages of B = x + 40 17.Ans.(a)
Hence, average daily wages of A, B and C Let the number of wickets taken before the last
match= x
x+2x+x+40 4x+40
=-----=-~
3 3
Then,
12
.4x+
26
=12 ⇒ x=85
4 40 x+S
x+
3
= 120 or ' 4x+40 = 360
⇒ 4x = 320 or, x = 80 18. Ans. (b)
New average of the committee (in years)
:. Wages of A per day= 2 x 80 = Rs. 160.
8 X 40 - 55 + 39 320 -16 304
15. Ans. (c) = =-
8 8 8
x x 15 Sx 1
= 38 years.
- - - = - or---=-
35 40 60 '35 X 40 4

l!lllllllfllllill
or x = 35 x 40 = 70
' 5x4
In real life situations we come across practical problems of Example 2.
accomplishing the given project in prescribed time limit. A can finish a work in iO days & B can finish the
Since efficiency of different person is different, the same work in i 2 days. In how many days, they will
management has to take proper note of it before distributing finish the task working together.
the task to subordinates or executives. We discuss all such
Solution.
problems under the heading 'Time and work'.
Given:
In Time & Work, the problems are based on real life A takes 10 days
situations to allot the work between the subordinates B takes 12 days
based on their capacities. Since we can not assume the same capacity here.
The basic understanding of the problems comes by So we will assume the work. Let us assume the
quantizing a work. We will start understanding the work is 60 units.
quantization with the following example. 60
So capacity of A = = 6 units/day
Let us assume a person finishes 2 units of the work in 10
one day. So for finishing 60 units he will take 30 days. Capacity of B = ~~ = 5 units/day
So to find out the net time we should know the capacity
Combined capacity of A & B = 11 units/day
of the person & the net amount of work to be finished.
,zun,me & work problems depends upon one particular SotrmETTaKerroy-/\·& ~ · ~ ays
1i 11
relation i.e.
Example 3.
Work
Capacity = -T.- A finishes a task in 30 days. But with the help of B,
1me
he finishes the same task in 12 days. How much
So to find out any variables we need to know the other time B alone will tako to finish the task.
two variables. If they are not given they can be assumed
based on the situation. Let us start with a simple example. Solution.
l_et the work be 60 units
Example i. A Capacity =2unit 30 days
5 Persons finish one work in 7 days. In how many
A+ B Capacity =5unit 12 days
days 7 persons will finish the same amount of work.
B Capacity = 3unit ?
Solution.
Here we don't know how much amount of work, is 60
to be finished & what is the capacity of the
So the time taken B =
3 = 20 days
individuals. So we will assume the capacity.
Let us assume 1 person finishes i unit in 1 day Alternate ·work
Sometimes the availability of the person is limited.
⇒ 5 persons will finish 5 units in 1 day
in that case they work in a particular sequence i(
⇒ 5 persons will finish 35 units in 7 day can be understood with the following example. ·
⇒ The net work is 35 units
Example 1.
Now taking 7 persons,
A can finish a task in 12 days while B can finish a tac
they will finish 7 units/day in 15 days. In how many days both of them will finis
So time taken to finish 35 units = 35/7 = 5 days. the work if they work on alternate days started by'/;!,;
ffllRDE ERS~ @ Time & Work / 73

Solution. Solution.
Let work = 60 units Let the work = 60 units
A Capacity =5unit/day 12 days A Cap.=+6 units/day
iO days
Constructs

B Capacity =4unit/day 15 days B Cap.=+5 units/day

12 days
Constructs

Now since they work on alternates day, the work Cap.=-3 units/day
C destructs
20 days
distribution will be in following manner for individual
6+5--3=8 units/day
day A+B+C 8 units/day
As all of them are working together.
5 + 4 + '--v--'
..........,,...
5+4+5 + 4 + .. .. .
'--v-'
= 60
. 60 1
So we can understand that in 2 days they finish
So time taken =- = 7-days.
8 2
9 unit and the work is being completed as a multiple
of 9 unit. Concept of Wages
So 9 x 6 units will be finished in 12 days. If the work is finished by more than one persons
So tl1e 60 units of work can be allocated as then the wages for them will be distributed among
them based 011 the amount of work done by them.
Work So
allocation 9 x 6 units + 5 units + 1unit = 60 units Ratio of wages = Ratio of work finished
1 (A+B) 1A 1B Now if all the persons are working for same no. of
Time
days then the ratio of work = ratio of capacities,
allocation 2x6days 1day 1/4day=13)'.jday
i.e. ratio of wages= ratio of capacities.

Suppose three people can finish work individually Example 1.

in A, B, C days respectively. If all three of them 5 man or 3 women finishes a work in 1O days if 6
start working on some alternate pattern then if A > women finishes the work along with 7 man then find
out the wages received by them if the total work
1 1 1
B >CE N. - + - + - = -1 . A, BC & Nall are natural costs Rs. 3000.
A B C N
number then work will get completed in integral Solution.
Lee the work 150 units
number of days who is starting the work will not
effect the total time taken. 5 man --------t 10 days
Cap.=3unit/day
⇒ 1 man 50 days
B ut 1'f -1 + -1 + 1 =t -1 t h en 1n
. or d er to get t h e JO
. b
A B C N 3 women ~ 10 days
done in minimum no. of days, we should use most Cap.=5unit/day
⇒ 1 women 30 days
efficient person on day one, 2 nd best person on day
Since all of them are working for same no. of days
2 and least efficient person on day 3 and so 011.
so the wages will be divided in the ratio of their
Concept of Negative Work capacity
Negative work indicates the destructing conditions. i.e. 3000 should be divided in
Take for example if a bridge has to be made the 6 x 5 : 7 x 3 = 30 : 21 or 10 : 7
flow of water of river will cause distruction of the 30 X 3000
work. So the river water does the negative work.
so amount received by 6 women =
51
These problems have to be dealt same as in
21x 3000
previous cases. amount received by 7 men =
51
Example 1.
Pipes & Cisterns
A can build a house in 10 days, B can build the same
The Pipes and Cisterns problems are once again
house in 12 days while C can completely destruct the similar as of the general time and work problem
house in 20 days. in how many days the work will be only thing that has to be understood is the concept
finished if all three are working together. of positive and negative work.
74 ~ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

The inlet pipe always does the positive work while Example 2.
the outlet pipe always does the negagive work. Let A tank can be filled completely in 6 hours but
us see some problems. because of the leak at its bottom, it takes 2 more
hours to get filled. In how much time the leak can
Example 1.
empty a full tank?
Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 hours while pipe B can
empty a completely filled tank in 15 hours. How Solution.
much time it will take to fill a 2/3rd filled tank Pipe Cap. 4 litre/hr
6 hrs
completely by both of the pipes.
Cap. 3 litre/hr
Pipe+ Leak 8 hrs
Solution.
Tank 24 litre
Take volume ;: ; : 30 litres
Leak capacity== 1 litre/hour
Cap.=31itre/hr
A Fill
10 hours 24
Time = - = 24 hrs
Cap.= -21itre/hr
1
B Empty 15 hours
Example 3.
Capacity of (A + 8) = 3 - 2 = 1 litre/hr A monkey climbs on a greeced pole. In 1 minute it
Amount of water to be filled goes up by 3 meter while in the next 1 minute it comes
down by 2 meter if the height of the pole is 50 meter.
= (-½) x 30 = 20 litre In how many minutes the monkey will be at the top?
20 Solution.
So the time taken = - = 20 hrs.
1 When monkey will reach@ the height of 47 m. In
the next minute, it will reach at the top. So we will
Efficiency Comparison find out how much time the monkey takes to reach
When two person's efficiencies are compared then @ the height of 47 m.
in that case, the basic work and time calculations in first minute monkey moves= +3 m
become much easier. In this sort of case, we will is second minute monkey moves = -2 m
eaoteTo assume the capacities ct1rectly. Fo~r~---s-o-in_2_m_in_u_t_e_s_m_o_n__,.k_e_y_e_f_fe_c_t_iv_e_l_y_m_o_v_e_s----J1--·-
example: = i m

Example 1. So it will take 47 x 2 min to reach 47 m

So total time taken == 47 x 2 + 1 min == 95 mins.
A is 3 times efficient than 8 and can finish the work
1Odays earlier as compared to B. How much timA Example 4.
both will take to finish the same amount of work? In a hostel there was food for 100 persons for 30
days. After 1O days 100 more persons joined the
Solution.
hostel for how many days the food will last?
If A is 3 times efficient than 8
Then, B will take thrice the no. of days what A takes Solution.
After 10 days the situation will be as follows:
1 100 person can take the food for 20 days. If i 00 more
asri ex: -T.-
1me persons joined, total person in the hostel== 200
So if A takes x days then B takes 3x days given If i 00 persons take 20 days
that . 20 X 100
Then 200 persons will take · == 1O days.
X + 10 = 3X => X ::: 5 SO 200

A Cap.3unit/ day
) 5 days Example 5.
Ram can finish 1/2 of a task in 9 days while Shya
Cap.1unit/ day
B > 15 days can finish ,;4 th of the same task in 3 days. Ho
Work 15 unit many days they will take to finish the work together
(A+ B)'s capacity= 4 unit/day
Solution.
15 3 Ram finishes 1/2 work. in 9 days
Time taken == - = 3- days
4 4 He will finish full work in 18 days
 0 Time & Work I 75

Shyam finishes 1/4th work in 3 day's Solution.

He will finish full work in i 2 days Let the capacity of man by 'm' and capacity of boy
Let work 36 units be 'b'
2 unit/day
So Ram "18 days 5 m + 3b 5 unit/ day
12 days
3 unit/day
Shyam 12 days 1 unit/day
im+3b 60 days
Capacity of Ram & Shyam = 5 unit/day
Work 60 unit
. k 36 i ⇒ 5 m + 3b = 5
T,me ta en= - = 7-days
5 5 im+3b=i
So m=i,b=O
Example 6. Total capacity of 4 boys and 3 men
Ramu is thrice as finish efficient as Rahul. If working =4x0+3xi
together they finishes the work in 20 days. How = 3 units/day
many days Rahul will take to finish the work?
. 60
TIme taken = = 20 days.
Solution. 3
Let us assume the capacity of Ramu is 3 unit/day
then capacity of Rahul = i unit/day
□□□□
Total capacity of Ramu & Rahul = 4 unit/day
If they finishes the work in 20 days then net work
= 20 x 4 = 80 unit
Concept of Man-Day
. k
So time ta en by Rahul = -80i = 80 days. If 100 workers can finish the task in 50 days, then i
worker can finish the task in i 00 x 50 = 5000 day.
This is represented in form of man-day
Example 7.
So, man day is nothing but the time required to finish
Suresh can finish a task in 24 days. Along with
the task by i person.
Monika, Suresh completed the task & they were paid
Rs. 108 & Rs. "162 respectively. How many days Three Cases:
they would have taken to finish the work together? Case-I.
Let iOO workers can finish the task in 50 days, then
Solution.
how many days are required to finish the task by 25
If they are working together for same number of
workers?
days then
Solution:
Ratio of wages = ratio of capacities
Here man Day = i 00 x 50 = 5000
i.e. Monika: Suresh = "108 : "162 = 2: 3
how according to question only 25 workers are
Let us assume
available so
Monika's capacity = 2 unit/day
25 x day = 5000
Suresh's capacity= 3 unithay
Then net work = 24 x 3 = 72 units 5000 . . .
Day= - - - = 200 days are required to finished
So time taken when working together 25
72 2 the task by 25 workers.
= +
2 3
= i 4"t days.
Case-II.
Let iOO worker can finish the task in 50 days. 100
Example 8.
worker started completing the task by working for
5 men & 3 boys can finish a work in 12 days and
10 days. Now to finish the task as soon as possible
i man and 3 boys can finish a work in 60 days.
i 00 more workers are employed. Now calculate the
How much time 4 boys along with 3 men will take to
total number of days required to complete the task.
finish the work?
 76 • Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Solution:
Here Man x Day = constant
mo x 50 = 5000
Initially 100 workers are working for 10 days So they
!1 b1 h1 M 0 H
1 1 1
can finish = =~--
l2 b 2 h2 M2 0 2 H2
100 x 10 = 1000 (Man.Day)
Now 4000 man - Day is still 1·emaining which has to
be finished by 200 workers Concept of Efficiency
So, 200 x Day= 4000
Efficiency of persons performing same task may not
4000 bo some. It may be differ<::ml for different persons. If
Day = - - = 20 days
200 efficiency is high a person can complete the work much
So total it requires iO + 20 = 30 days to complete faster than stipulated time period. Similarly if efficiency
the task. is low, it requires more time to finish the same task than
that of stipulated time.
Case-Ill.
We will observe following examples to have a glimpse
Let iOO workers can finish the task in 50 days. 100
of problems based on concept of efficiency.
workers started the task and working for 20 days.
Now because of unforeseen situations 80 workers Ex.1 A is three times as efficient as B and finish the
have to left the work Find total number of days task 32 days ahead of B. Find the number of
required to complete the task. days required to finish the task if both are 1

Solution: working simultaneously.

Here Man . Day = constant Sol.: Let A requires x days then
100 . 50 = 5000 B requires 3x days
initially 100 workers are working for 20 day so, they 3x _ x = 2x ⇒ 32
can finish
. ~ - - - - - tBt'.rx2u=200TTtl\7rarY:-uay~------------~:;;;_ia.ctays--------·-
' x = 16 3x = 48 days
Now, 3000 (Man . Day) is still remaining which has
Together they can finish
ue
tu finished by 20 workers
Man x Day = 3000 1 1 4 1
-+- = - part= - part
20 x Day = 3000 16 48 48 12

3000 Thus 12 days are required by them to finish the

Day =c -- = i50 days task.
20
So total it requires 20 + 150 = 170 days to complete Ex.2 A is four times as efficient as of Band can finish
the task. a task 45 days ahead of B. Find total number of
days required to finish the task if both are
Manx Day ><Hour working simultaneously.

M1 x 0 1 x H 1 = work, also Sol.: Let A requires x days then

B requires 4x days.
M2 x 0 2 x H2 = work
Work n1ay be anything like construction ot a wall of According to given condition
different size. 4x -x = 45 ⇒ 3x = 45 ⇒ x =15.
Together they can finish
M1 0 1 H1 _ M2 0 2 H2
W1 W2 1 1 5 1
-+- = - = - part,naday
15 60 60 12
Also if W 1 == / 1 b 1 h 1 where length is / 1 breadth b 1
and height h 1 and if W2 = !2 b 2 h2 where !2 , b 2 and h2 So; it requires 12 days to finish the task togetr1er..l·•·.1.
are length, and height respectively of second wall
then □□ a □ ?
mRDE ERS'!::ll @ Time & Work / 77

3. A can do a piece of work in 10 days and B can do

SOLVED EXAMPLES the same work in 20 days. With the help of C, they
finish the work in 5 days. How long will it take for C
alone to finish the work?
i . Nishu and Archana can do a piece of work in 10 (a) 20 days (b) iO days
days and Nishu alone can do it in 12 days. In How·
(c) 35 days (d) 15 days
many days can Archana do it alone?
Ans. (a)
(a) 60 days (b) 30 days
1 1 1
(c) 50 days (d) 45 days -----=-
5 iO 20 20
Ans.(a)
This is C's one day work so 20 days are required for
1 C alone to finish task
One day work of both =
10
1 4. A can do a piece of work in 20 days. He work at it
and Nishu's day work = for 5 days and then B finishes it in iO more days. In
12
So, Archana's one day work how many days will A and B together finish the work?
(a) 8 days (b) 10 days
i 1 2 1
=---=-=- (c) 12 days (d) 6 days
10 i 2 120 60
So, 60 days required to finish the work by Archana. Ans. (a)
1
2. 4 men and 3 women finish a job in 6 days. And A's one day work =-
20
5 men and 7 women can do the same job in 4 days.
1
How long will 1 man and 1 women take to do the in 5 day 'A' can complete - x 5 = part 2
work? 20 4

y
(a) 22( )days (b) 25(i)days
. .
remaining wor k = -3 part
4
3
B finishes
(c) 5(~}days (d) 12(; }days. 4 part in 10 days
2
. . . 10 40
And. (a) B f1n1shes 1 part 1n = days
314 3
Let man completes m part in a day and woman together they can finish it in
completes w part in a day then
1 1
4m+ 3w =
1
also ... (i) 1
--+-
3
=
1- = 8 days
6 20 40 8
1
5m+ 7w =
4 ... (ii) 5. Twenty workers can finish a piece of work in 30 days.
After how many days should 5 workers leave the
After simplifying we get
job so that the work is completed in 35 days?
5
20 m + 15 w = - (a) 5 days (b) iO days
6 (c) 15days (d) 20days
20 m + 28 w = 1
Ans. (c)
1 Man x Day = Man . Day
So 13 w = -
6 20 X 30 = 600
1 Let 5 workers leave after x days then
w=- ... (iii)
78 20x + 15 (35-x) = 600
From (i) and (iii) we get 5x + 525 = 600
5 5x = 75, X::: 15
m=-
156
6. Subhash can copy 50 page in 10 hours; sub hash
5 1 7
m+W= - + - = - and Prakash together can copy 300 pages in 40 hours.
156 78 156 In how much time can Prakash copy 30 pages?
. . 156 d 2 (a) 13h (b) 12h
So 1t require - ays = 22 -
7 7 (c) 1 i h (d) 9 h
 78 ® Reasoning & Aptitude ffiRDE ERS!::11

Ans. (b) Together they can finish in

Subhash in 1Ohours can copy 50 pages 1 144
1 1
= i7 days
in 1 hour SO = 5 pages -+-
10 16 18
Both can copy 300 pages in 40 hours
9. Manoj takes twice as much time as Ajay and thrice
300
So, in 1 hour = 7.5 as much as Vijay to finish a piece of work. Together
40 they finish the work in 1 day. What is the time taken
Clearly prakash can copy 2.5 pages in 1 hour So 30
by Manoj to finish the work?
1
pages in _ x 30 = 12 hours (a) 6 days (b) 3 days
25
(c) 2 days (rl) NonA of thAsA
7. Sashi can do a piece of work in 25 days and Rishi Ans. (a)
can do it in 20 days. They work for 5 days and then M:A:V
Sashi goes away. In how many more days will Rishi 2 : 1 : 2/3 or 6:3 :2
finish the work? Let Manoj takes 6x days Ajay takes 3x days and
(a) 10 days (b) 12 days
.. 2:d
v11ay x ays t h en - 1 +-1 + - 1 = 1
(c) 14days (d) None of these
6x 3x 2x
Ans. (d)
1 2[2+2+21= 1
Shashi's one day work = X 6 3 2__,
25
1
Rish i's one day work = - 2X = 1 Sox = 1
20
1 1 Manoj will take 6 days
Together they can finish +
25 20 10. Apurva can do a piece of work in 12 days. Apurva
9 . and Amit complete the work together and were paid
_____ = 100 part 1n a day
R~,_154 and. Rs. 81 wspectiveJy.1::-Low many dm,Ls...__
must they have taken to complete the work together?
. ~ x 5 - 45
Work 1n 5 days - i part (a) 4 days (b) 4.5 days
100 00
(c) 4.8 days (d) 5 days
Ans. (c)
55 t. . . R' h' f' h ·t . ( ~ )
par 1s remaining. 1s I can ins 1 1n ( \ Payment ratio = 54 : 81
100 1
1 1
20) days work = - :-
12 X
= 11 days.
1 1
8. Priya can do 1/2 of the work in 8 days while Preeti
54 : 81 : : i2 :;
can do 1/3 of the work in 6 days. How long will it 1 1
take for both of them to finish the work?
8i X -- = 54 X -
12 X

88 144 54x12
(a) -day (b) -days x = --- , x = 8 days
17 17 81
. 12x8
72 together they will tnko = - - = 4.8 Jays.
(c) -days (d) 8 days 12+ 8
17
11. Raju is twice as Vijay. Together, they finish the work
Ans. (b)
in 14 days. In how many days can Vijay alone do
(1/2) i the same work?
Priya's days work =
8 =i6 (a) 16 days (b) 21 days
Preeti's days work (c) 32 days (d) 42 days

(1/3) i Ans. (d) Ii

Let Raju can do the work in x days then vijay in 2, -
⇒ 5= 18 days days I
fflRDE ERS~ ® Time & Work J 79

Together they can complete in Ans. (c)

Man x Day == Man . Day
2x xx d
- - = 14 ays 15 x 2i0 = 3150, so after 100 days
3x
15 x 100 = i500 will be completed
x = 21 days, 2x = 42 days remaining work == 1650 Man . Day
12. If 12 men and 16 boys can do a piece of work in 5 Man. Day= 1650
days and 13 men and 24 boys can do it in 4 days, 30. Day = i 650
compare the daily work done by a man with that Day= 55
done by a boy?
15. In a fort there was sufficient food for 200 soldiers for
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3
31 day. After 27 days 120 soldiers left the fort. For
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
Ans. (c) how many extra days will the rest of the food last for
the remaining soldiers?
1
12M+16B=s ... (i) (a) 12days (b) 10days
(c) 8 days (d) 6 days
1
13M+24B=- ... (ii) Ans. (b)
4
3
Man x Day = Man.Day ·
Also, 36 M + 48 B =S 200 X 31 = 6200
After 27 days
2
26 M + 48 B = 200 x 27 = 5400 Man. Day is finrshed
4
remaining = 800
1 1
10 M = 10 , M = 100 Man . Day = 800
80. Day = 800
1
from eq ( 1) B = ,M :B= 2 : 1 Day = 10
200

13. A can do a work in 1O days and B can do the same 16. A cistern is normally filled in 5 hours. However, it
work in 20 days. They work together for 5 days and takes 6 hours when there is leak in its bottom. If the
then A goes away. In how many more days will B cistern is full, in what time shall the leak empty it?
finish the work? (a) 6 h (b) 5 h
(a) 5 days (b) 6.5 days (c) 30 h (d) 15 h
1 Ans. (c)
(c) 10 days (d) 8- days

Ans. (a)
In 5 days the can complete
3
In one hour i part is filled now leak can empty in x

hour then
i ] x5 = -part
1+ - 3
[-
10 20 4 1 1 1
--- = --
5 X 6
1
Remaining is
4 part 1 1

B will finish it in = 5 days

1 1
⇒ == -:; , x = 30 hours
1/20 30

14. 15 men could finish a piece of work in 21 0 days. But 17. Pipe A and B running together can fill a cistern in 6
at the end of 100 days, 15 additional men are minutes. If B takes 5 minutes more than A to fill the
employed. In how many more days will the work be cistern, then the time in which A and B will fill the
complete? cistern separately will be respectively?
(a) 80 days (b) 60 days (a) 15 min, 20 min (b) 15 min, 10 min
(c) 55 days (d) 50 days (c) 10 mir., 15 min (d) 25 min, 20 min
 80 I ® Reasoning & Aptilude mRDE ERS~

Ans. (c) Time&Work

Let pipe A can fill in x and pipe B in x+5 minutes
1 i i
-+--=-
x x+5 6 I Practice Exercise: I

or
x(x+ 5) =6
2x+5 1. 10 men can complete a piece of work in 15 days
X = iO, X + 5 = i5 and 15 women can complete the same work in 12
days. If all the 1Omen and 15 women work together,
18. There are two pipes in a tank. Pipe A is for filling
in how many will the work get completed?
the tank & Pipe B is for emptying the tank. If A can
fill the tank in 10 hours and B can empty the tank in 2 1
(a) 6 days (b) 8
15 hours then find how many hours will it take to 3 3 days
completely fill a half empty tank? 2
(c) 7 days (d) None of these
(a) 30 hours (b) 15 hours 3
(c) 20 hours (d) 33.33 hours
2. A is thrice as good as B and is therefore able to
Ans. (b)
finish a piece of wmk in 60 days less than B. Find
1 i 5 1 the time in which they can do it, working together.
---=-=-
10 15 150 30
So it takes 30 hours to fiii the tank and 15 hours to (a) 22~ days (b) 222 days
4 2
fill half the tank
(c) 24 days (d) None of these
19. There are three Taps A, Band Cina tank. They can
fill the tank in 10 hrs, 20 hrs and 25 hrs respectively. 3. Ramesh takes twice as much time as Mahesh and
At first, all of them are opened simultaneously. Then thrice as much time as Suresh to complete a job. If
after 2 hours tap C is closed and A and B are kept working together, they can complete the job in 4
-------rt::tftfltrtg:-After-ttw-4thttooi,i"ap-&fs-a+so-closecr:--'fh=e---~daysrtber::\.-the-tlme-taker::i-b-~acl+Qf_tJ:i@A+~a+at@lY---'--:
remaining work is done by Tap A alone. Find the to complete the work is ;
percentage of the work done by Tap A by itself. (a) 36, 24 and 16 days
(a) 32 % (b) 52 % (b) 20, 16 and 12 days
(c) 75 % (d) None of these (c) 24, 42 and 18 days
Ans. (d) (d) None of these

A B C 4. 5 men can complete a work in 2 days, 4 women can

st 1 1 1 19 complete the same work in 3 days and 5 children
1 hours - - - 100 part
10 20 25
1 1 1 19
can do it in 3 days. 1 man, 1 women and 1 child,
llnd hours - - - - part
10 20 25 100 working together, can complete the work in
1 1
llfdhours -10 - X -3 15
-part
(a) 6 days (b) 4 days
20 20 100 (c) 8 days (d) None of these
1 ➔,
IV th hours - +- X -3 15
100 part
10 20 20 5. Ajay and Su nil can do a piece of work in i o days,
So remaining part after 4 hour is sun ii and San jay in 15 days and Sanjay and Ajay in
20 days. They together work at it for 6 days and
32 .- ,., h
100
= ~-~ ours then Ajay leaves arid Sunil and Sanjay go on together
for 4 days more. If Sunil then leaves, how long will
1/10
Sanjay take to complete the work?
% of work done by A (a) 12days (b) 10days

(10+ iO + 10+ 10+32) v rnn.,.. (c) 16 days (d) None of these

7901,...
i 00 n O ~ ~ - O ~ N

6. Bansal, Gupta and Singha! together can complete

a work in 4 days. If Bansal and Gupta together can ·
□□□□
fflRDE ERS~ • Time & Work I 81

leaves after some days and B finished the remaining

complete the work in 4~ days, Gupta and Singha! work in 23 days. After how many days, did A leaves?
5
(a) 6 days (b) 8 days
together can do it in 8 days, then Gupta alone can (c) 9 days (d) 12 days
complete the work in
(a) i6 days (b) 12 days 14. A can do a piece of work in 30 days, B in 50 days
and C in 40 days. If A is assisted by B on one day
(c) 20 days (d) None of these
and by C on the next day alternately work will be
7. Working 7 hours daily 24 men can complete a piece completed in
of work in 27 days. In how many days would 14 32 2
(a) 17- days (b) "19- days
men complete the same piece of work working 9 3
35
hours daily? 1
31
(a) 36 days (b) 30 days (c) 16-days (d) 18- days
37 3
(c) 32 days (d) None of these
□□□□
8. 4 men or 6 women can finish a piece of work in 20
days. In how many days can 6 men and 11 women
finish the same work?
Solutions
(a) 9 days (b) 6 days
(c) 7 days (d) None of these 1. Ans. (a)
Here,x = 15 and y = 12
9. A does half as much work as B in three- fourths of
Working together, 10 men and 15 women will
the time. It together they take 18 days to complete
complete the work in
a work, how much time shall B take to do it?
(a) 30 days (b) 35 days =_!!__ days
(c) 40 days (d) 66 days x+y
15 X 12 . 20 2
10. Two men undertake to do a piece of work for = + , 1.e. or, 6 days.
Rs. 600. One alone could do it in 6 days and the
15 12 3 3
other in 8 days. With the assistance of a boy they 2. Ans. (b)
finish it in 3 days. Boy's share should be Let B takes x days to do the work. Then, A takes
(a) Rs. 300 (b) Rs. 225 (x - 60) days to complete the work.
(c) Rs. 75 (d) Rs. 100 Since ratio of work done by A and B is 3 : 1 , ratio of
11 . 5 men and 2 boys working together can do four times as time taken by A and B is 1 : 3.
much work per hour as a man and a boy together. The x-60 1
We have,--=
work done by a man and a boy should be in the ratio X 3
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 ⇒ 3 (x - 60) =x or, x = 90.
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 4: 1 Time taken by B to finish the work = 90 days

12. A and B working separately can do a piece of work

in 9 and 12 days, respectively. It they work for a
and time taken by A to finish the work = J=
9
30

day altenately with A starting the work. In how many days.

days the work will be completed? A and B, working together, will complete the
1 1
(a) 10- days (b) 10- days
2 4 work in days
x+y
2 1
(c) 10 days (d) 10 days = 90 x30 d . 45
3 2 90 + 30 ays, 1.e. 2
13. A and B can do a piece of work in 45 and 40 days, 1 e
or, 22- days.
respectively. They began the work together, but A 2
82 0 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::I

3. Ans. (d) Also, work done by Sunil and Sanjay in 4 days

Let Ramesh takes x days to finish the work.
4
X X
Then, Mahesh takes and Suresh takes days 15
2 3
to finish the same work. Remaining work
:. Ramesh, Mahesh and Suresh, working together,
will complete the work in = 1-G~ + 1~) = ,~
xyz Which is to be done by Sanjay.
day
xy+yz+zx Now, Ajay Su nil and Sanjay, can complete the

1?0
work in ·-
xx ' x- 43 days and Ajay and Sunil can
X
2 3
== - - - - - - - days
X X X X complete the work in 10 days.
xx-+-x--+xx-
2 2 3 3 Sanjay alone can complete the work in

x3/6
.1•e• - x days 120 X 10
- or. -
x2 · 6 13 == 120 days.
. X
10-~20
G1ven : - == 4. :. x == 24 13
6
24
Ramesh takes 24 days. Mahesh takes
2 or
1
~ 2
of the work is done by San jay in \ C!. = 1o
2
24 days.
12 days and Suresh takes = 8 days to finish
3
the work. 6. Ans. (b)
Bansal, Gupta! and Singha! together can finish the
4. Ans. (b)
work in 4 days.
1 Man can complete the work in 5 x 2 = i Q . d e y s . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 woman can complete the work in 4 x 3 = 12 days. 24
Bansal and Gupta together can do it in days.
And 1 child can complete the work in 5 x 3 = 15 5
days. Gupta and Singha! together can do it in 8 days. 1
1 man, 1 woman and 1 child, working together,
can complete the work in
Therefore, Bansal alone can complete the work in
j
xyz d
xy X 4 "1
= - - days == - - davs
(8 l
- - - - ays y-x · \8-4) ,
xy+yz+zx
[Here, x = 4 and y = 8 days
== 10 x 12 xi 5 == 4 days
Also, Singha! alone can complete the work in
10x12+i2xi5+15x10

l
5. Ans. (b)
Ajay, sunil and Sanjay, working together, can
complete the work in
= f244 x4J days
(x:_Y)days= --x4
5
. 2xyz \
== (
xy + yz + zx
·-J (,7,31/S
24
Here,x=4and y= =24days.
( 2 X 10 X I 5 X 20 )\
5
l
== iO x 15 + 15 x 20 + 20 x 10
Bansal and Singha/ can complete the work in

6000 . 120 =(_!]_)days.= (24 x8)days

, 1.e. ~ days x+y 24 + 8
650
= 8]

J
Work done by all of them together in 6 days [Here x = 24 and y = 6 days.

-
6xi3
- - !.8. -
120
13
20
Gupta alone can complete the work ~C~- ~ 12.
fflRDE EAS!:11 0 Time & Work I 83

7. Ans. (a) Work done by a man and boy are in the ratio
2: 1
We have M 1 == 24 D 1 = 27, W 1 = i, t 1 = 7,
M2 = 14, D2 = ?, W2 = 1, t2 = 9, 12. Ans. (b)

M1D1t1W2 = M2D2t2W1 1 1 7
(A + B)'s 2 days' work + = Evidently, the
⇒ 24 X 27 X 7 XI :::: 14 X 0 2 X 9 XI 9 7 36
⇒ D2 = 36 days. work done by A and B during 5 pairs of days

8. Ans. (b) = 5x!__ == 35

Here, a = 4, b = 6, n = 20, c = -6, 36 36
and d = 11. . . k 35 1
RemaIning wor = 11 - - =-
Required number of days 36 36
1
= ( -nab
- -) days Now,
9 work is done by A in 1 day
bc+ad
1
20 x4 x6 ) work, will be done by A in
= - - - - days= 6 days. 36
( 6x6+4x11
1 1
9x -=-dav
9. Ans. (d) 36 4 '
If B does x part of work in 1 hour . 1
So, total time taken = 1O
3 3 4 days.
Then B does 13. Ans. (c)
4 x part in 4 hour
Now, A does
3
x work in 1 hour
B's 23 days' work == ~~
40
8
. . k 23
3 1 RemaIning wor = 1- - = -17
It is given that x + x = 40 40
8 18 Now, (A+B)'s 1 day's work
4 1 1 17
Sox= - = -+-==-
99 45 40 360
99 17
B complete work in days and A in 66 days. wor k.Is d one b y A an dB.In i d ay
4 360
1 o. Ans. (c)
17
3 1 work is done by A and B in
1st man's 3 days' work = - = - 40
6 2
3 360 x 17
---=
g d ays
2-nd man's 3 days' work= -8 17 :< 40
So. A left after 9 days.
Boy's 3 days' work= 1 - (i+¾) = i 14. Ans. (a)
They should get money in the ratio
1 1 8
1 3 i (A+ B)'s 1 day's work= + =
2 :8 : 8 i.e. 4: 3: i 30 50 150

(A+C)'s 1day's work

i
Boy's share= Rs.
8x600 = Rs. 75. 1
= --+-=-
1 7

11. Ans. (b) 30 40 120

Obviously. Work done in first 2 days
(5 M + 28) == 4(1M + 18) 8 7 67
:. M = 2B ::: - + - = - -
150 120 600
 84 111 Reasoning & Aptitude

Work done in 8 x 2 = i6 days simultaneously, in how much time the tank will be
67x8 67 filled?
= 600 = 75 (a) 7 hours 30 minutes
67 8 (b) 6 hours 40 minutes
Work left = 1 - = (c) 8 hours 30 minutes
75 75
On i 7 th day(A + B) will work and they will finish (d) None of these
8
5. A cistern is normally filled in 8 hours but takes
150
2 hours longer to fill because of a leak in its bottom.
8 8 8 4 If the cistern is full, the leak will empty it in
Work l e f t = - - - = - = -
75 150 150 75 (a) 35 hours (b) 45 hours
On 18th day (A + C) will work and they will finish (c) 40 hours (d) None of these

120 4 32 6. If two pipes function simultaneously, the reservoir

it in x = days
7 75 35 will be filled in 12 hours. One pipe fills the reservoir
10 hours faster than the other. How many hours does
32
Whole work will be done in 17 days the faster pipe take to fill the reservoir?
35
(a) 35 hours (b) 30 hours
(c) 40 hours (d) None of these
□□□□
7. One fiii pipe A is 3 times faster than second fill pipe
B and takes 32 minutes less than the fill pipe B.
When will the cistern be full if both pipes are opened
Pipes & Cisterns together?
(a) 28 minutes (b) 12 minutes
(c) 30 minutes (d) data inadequate
I Practice Exercise: I
~-------_____j~~--------------~. --Two p1pesA ancf S-canfill a cistern 1n 4 minutes and
6 minutes, respectively. If these pipes are turned on
1. One tap can fill a cistern in 2 hours and another can
empty the cistern in 3 hours. How long will they take alternately tor 1 minute each how long will it take for
to fill the cistern if both the taps are opened? the cistern to fill?
(a) 6 hours (b) 7 hours (a) 4 min 40 sec (b) 3 min 20 sec
(c) 6.30hours (d) Noneofthese (c) 4 min 50 sec (d) 3 min 30 sec

2. A tap can fill a tank in 25 minutes and another 9. A cistern is provided by two taps A and B. A can fill
can empty it in 50 minutes. Find whether the tank it in 20 minutes and B in 25 taps minutes. Both the
will be filled up or emptied and in how many taps are kept open for 5 minutes and then the second
minutes? is turned off. The cistern will be completely filled in
(a) Tank is filled up in 50 minutes another
(b) Tank is emptied in 25 minutes (a) 11 minutes (b) 10 minutes
(c) Tank is filled up in 25 minutes (c) 15 minutes (d) 12rninutes
(d) None of these
10. A cistern has two taps which fill it in 12 minutes and
3. Two taps A and B can fill a tank in 1O hours and 15 15 minutes respectively. There is also a waste pipe
hours, respectively. If both the taps are opened in the cistern. When all the pipes are opened, the
together the tank will be full in: empty cistern is full 20 minutes. How long will the
(a) 8 hours (b) 6 hours waste pipe take to empty a full cistern?
(c) 5hours (d) Noneofthese (a) 8 minutes (b) 1O minutes

I
(c) 12 minutes (d) 16 minutes
4. Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hours and 12 hours,
respectively. While a third pipe can empty the full
tank in 20 hours. If all the three pipes operate □□□□
mRDE ERS'!::ll @ Time & Work I 85

Solutions ⇒ x(x-10)=12(x+x-10)
1. Ans. (a) ⇒ x2 - 34x + 120 = 0
Here, x = 2 and y = 3
or (x - 30)(x - 4) = 0
Part of the cistern filled in i hour
x = 30 or x = 4
1 1 i i 1
=---= - - = - The faster pipe takes 30 hours to fill the reservoir.
x y 2 3 6
Total time taken to fill the cistern = 6 hrs. 7. Ans. (b)
As pipe 'A' is 3 times faster than pipe 'B'. So if 'A'
2. Ans. (a) takes 'x' min, 'B' will take '3x' min. to fill tank.
Here, x = 25 and y = 50 According to question 3x - x = 2x = 32, x = 16,
Part of the tank filled or emptied in 1 minutes
4
1 1 1 1 1 3x=-.
::: =---=- 8
X Y 25 5Q 50
Both pipe together can fill tank in
Which is positive, therefore the tank will be filled.
1
Total time taken to fill the tank
1 1
= 12 min.
= 50 minutes -+--
i6 48
3. Ans. (b) 8. Ans. (a)
Here, x = iO and y = 15. As the pipes are operating alternately, thus their
The tank will be full in
. . b. 1 1 5
2 minutes JO 1s -+- = -
=(_!'j_)hours 4 6 12
x+y
5
= (iOx 1~) hours or6 hours. In the next 2 minutes the pipes can fill another
12
10+15
part of cistern. Therefore, in 4 minutes the two pipes
4. Ans. (a)
which are operating alternately will fill
Here, x = iO, y = 12 and z = -20
The tank will be full in 5 5 10 5
- +- =- = - part.
12 12 12 6
= ( -xxyxz)
- - - hours
xy-yz-zx
The part of the cistern left unfilled = 1- ~ = 2
6 6
iQ X 12 X -20
=( --- - - - - - - )' hours
10 X 12 - 12 X 20 - 20 X 10 1
Pipe A can fill
4 of the cistern in 1 minutes.
1
= ( ;) hours or, 7 hours 30 minutes 1
Pipe A can fill
6 of the cistern in
5. Ans. (c) 1 2
4x- = minutes
Here, x = 8 and y = 8 + 2 = 10. 6 3
The leak will empty the cistern in Total time taken to fill the cistern

2 2
= ( -xy)
- hours 4+ =4 min.
y-x 3 3

(8x10) hours or, 40 .

Or, 4 minutes 40 seconds.
= -- nours
i0--8 9. Ans. (a)
6. · Ans. (b)
1 1 9
Let one pipe takes x hours to fill the reservoirs. Part filled in 1 minute + =
20 25 100
Then, another pipe takes (x -10) hours.
1 1 1 Part filled in 5 minutes= ~ x 5 =~
+--= 100 20
X x-10 12
86 @ Reasoning & Aptitude

5. Bucket P has thrice the capacity as bucket 0. It

Unfilled part = 1-~ ==
20 20
J.2 takes 60 turns for bucket P to fill the empty drum.
How many turns it will take for both the buckets P
This is to be filled by A alone and hence will be and 0, having Aach turn together to fill the empty
11 drum?
filled in 20 x = 11 minutes. (a) 30 (b) 40
20
(c) 45 (d) 90
10. Ans. (b)
6. Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 12 minutes and
Work done by waste pipe in 1 minutes
15 minutes respectively but a third pipe C can empty

~ 11) ~
3 th0 f11II t:::rnk in 6 minutes, A and Baro J,;opt open for
= (i I 2~ == ( 20 - -2~) = 1 5 minutes in the begining and then C is also opened.
In what time is the cistern emptied?
Waste pipe can empty the cistern in 1Ominutes.
(a) 30 min. (b) 33 min.

□□□□ (c) 37 22 min. (d) 45 min.

7. Three pipes A B and C can fill a tank in 6 hours.

After working at it together for 2 hours, C is closed
Pipes & Cisterns and A and B can fill the remaining part in 7 hours.
The number of hours taken by C alone to fill the
cistern, is:
II Practice Exercise: II (a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 14 (d) 16

1. Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hours and 12 hours 8. A leak in the bottom of tank can empty the full tank
respectively while a third pipe empties the full tank in 8 hours. An inlet pipe fills water at the rate of 6
---+rt--2&--rt&tirs-:-H--a-lt--the4hre-e--pi-p es operate lrrers per m1nute~-Wnen-fnefank is full, the inlet is
simultaneously, in how much time the tank will be opened and due to the leak, the tank is empty in 12
filled? hours. How many liters does the cistern hold?
(a) 7 hrs (b) 8 hrs (a) 7580 (b) 7960
(c) 7 hrs 30 min. (d) 8 hrs 30 min. (c) 8290 (d) 8640

2. An electric pump can fill a tank in 3 hours. Because 9. A cistern has two taps which fill it in i 2 min. and 15
of a leak in the tank, it took 3½ hours to fill the tank. min, respectively. There is also a waste pipe in the
The leak can drain out all the water of the tank in: cistern. When all the three are opened, the empty
(a) 10:30 hrs (b) 12 hrs cistern is full in 20 minutes. How long will the waste
0) 21hrs ~) 24hrs pipe take to empty the full cistern?
(a) 8 min (b) 10 min
3. If two pipes function simultaneously, the reservoir (c) 12 min (d) 16 min
will be filled in 12 hours. One pipe fills the reservoir
1O hours faster than the other. How many hours it 10. Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 12 minutes
takes the second pipes to fill the reservoir? and 16 minutes respectively. If both the pipes are
(a) 25 hrs (b) 28 hrs opened together, then after how much time B should
0) 30hrs ~) 35hrs be closed so that the tank is full in 9 minutes?
1
4. 12 buckets of water fill a tank when the capacity of (a) 3 (b) 4min.
each bucket is 13.5 liters. How many buckets will
2 min.
1 3
be needed to fill the same tank, if the capacity of (c) 4 min. (d) 4-
2 4 min .
each bucket is 9 liters?
(a) 8 (b) 16
□□□□
(c) 15 (d) 18
fflRDE ERS~ ® Time & Work I 87

Solutions 1
Now, part is emptied in 1 min
60
1. Ans. (c)
Net part filled in 1 hour ¾part will be emptied on ( 60x¾}

=C~ + 1~ - 2~) =60 =

8 2
= 45 min.
15
7. Ans. (c)
1
The tank will be full in ; hrs.

= 7 hrs. 30 min.
Part filled in 2 hours = *= i
2. Ans. (c) . . part = (1- 1) = 2
Rema1n1ng
Work done by the leak in 1 hour 3 3
(A+ B)'s 7 hour's work= 2/3
=(i-~)= ;1 (A+ B)' s i hour's work = 2/21

Leak will empty the tank in 21 hours. C's 1 hour's work

= [(A+B+C)'s 1 hour's work] - (A+B)'s 1 hour's
3. Ans. (c)
Let the reservoir be filled by first pipe in x hours. work = (-~ - ~) = _2_
The second pipe will fill it in (x + 1O) hours. 6 21 14
C alone can fill the tank in 14 hours.
1 1 1 x+10+x 1
-+--=-¢::::>---=
x x+10 12 x(x+10) 12 8. Ans. (d)
Work done by the inlet in 1 hour
⇒ x2 - 14x -120 = 0
⇒ (x - 20)(x + 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 20
Second pipe takes 30 hrs to fill the reservoir.
= (i- 1~) = 2:
Work done by the inlet in 1 min.
4. Ans. (d)
Capacity of the tank= (12 x 13.5) litres
= 162 litres.
=( 2: 6~) =
X 14:0

Capacity of each bucket = 9 litres 1

Volume of part= 6 litres
1440
1 2
Number of buckets needed = ( : ) = 18 Volume of whole= (1440 x 6) litres
= 8640 litres
5. Ans. (c)
Let capacity of P be x litres. 9. Ans. (b)
X
Work done by waste pipe in 1 min.
Then, capacity of O = litres.
3 1 (' 1)
=20-12+15=-w 1
Capacity of the drum = 60x litres.
Required number of turns [-Ve sign means emptying]
Waste pipe will empty the full cistern in 10 min.

c ( 6QX ( ( 6Q X ; } 45 10. Ans. (b)

x+ 3
a
Let 8 be closed after x minutes.
Then, Part filled by (A +8) in x min. + Part filled by
6. Ans. (d) A in (9 x) min. = 1
Part filled in 5 min
x( 1~ + 1~·)+(9-x). 1~ = 1
= 5C ~ + 1~) = ( s x 690) = ¾ 7x 9-x
Part emptied in 1 min., when all the pipes are opened or -+ =7
48 12
or 7x + 36 - 4x = 48 or x :::, 4.
=; C~ + 1~) = ( ~
3
20) = 6~ So, 8 must be closed after 4 minutes.
ll!llll!lll!i!llilll
 Time, Speed & Distance is a very important chapter to Example i.
understand the logical develop,nenl w,J lhe A car covers first 4UU meters with the speed
visualisation capacity of students. The problems on TSO 72 km/hr and next 300 meters with the speed 36
are always favourite to the question setters. So for this km/hr. Find out the average speed of the car.
chapter we need to come back on the basics of ratio
and variation to solve the problem in TSO. Solution.
In this chapter, we will study Time taken to cover first
0 Relative speed 400
• Average speed 400 m =
5
= 20 s
72x-
0 Races i8
• Circular tracks Time taken to cover next
e Application of variation
The whole chapter is based on one relation i.e. 300 m = 300 = 30 s
5
Distance 36x-
Speed = -T-irr-,e- i8
Total time= 50 s
The units of speed & distance have to be kept same so
Total distance= 700 m
----~its.pee.ct.bas ta_bfLCDD_\LeLte.clwELcao_us.e'------------------------------,--
5 700
1 km/hr= -m/s Average speed = = 14 m/s
18 50

18 Where equal distances are covered with

or 1 m/s = -km/hr different uniform speed, the value of distance
5
does not matter while calculating the average
Example 1. speed.
A car travels 200 m with the speed 72 km/hr. How
Example 2.
much time it takes to travel the distance.
A train covers a distance with the speed 90 km/hr
Solution. and then double of the previous distance with the
5 speed 60 km/hr find out its average speed.
The speed = 72 km/hr = 72 x - = 20 m/s
18
Solution.
200
Time=-= iO sec 90 km/hr 60 km/hr
20

Average Speed
For calculating the average speed the first thing
that has to be wiped out from the mind is that the
Time taken for first distance = _Q_
averge speed is not the average value of different· 90
speeds. It is the ratio of the total distance travelled
20
& the total time taken to cover that distance. Time taken for second distance= = J2..
60 30
Total distance
Average speed= - - - - - Net distance = D + 2D = 3D
Total time
fflROE IERS~ ® Time, Speed & Distance / 89

30 30 ⇒ 200 + L0 = 500
So average speed = 0 0
= 0+30 or L0 = 300 m
-+--- ---
90 30 90 Rivers & Boats
30 270 For the case of boats and river the condition is
=
40
x 90 ==
4 = 67.5 km/hr similar as of the trains problems. Only thing to
understand is
Relative Speed
0 Upstream ➔ Moving against the river flow
Relative speed is very good application part of TSO.
• Downstream ➔ Moving along the river flow
Relative speed is defined as the speed of one
moving body with respect to the another moving If U0 is speed of object and Ur is the speed of river
then
body.
If two bodies are running with the speed a and b for upstream ➔ relative speed is U 0 - Ur
then the relative speed of one body when for downstream ➔ relative speed is U0 + Ur
• They are moving on same plane (FOR is same)
Example 1.
( a - b) for same direction
A person covers a distance downstream in 3 hrs.
( a + b) for opposite direction
While returns back in 9 hrs. If the speed of river is
• They are moving as one on another
10 m/s find out speed of fv1an.
(As man on an moving escalator)
( a + b) for same direction Solution.
( a - b) for opposite direction Upstream speed = UO - 10
The basic funda of using relative speed in the Downstream speed = U0 + 10
problems is make one body as constant and let
Since the distance covered are same
the other bodies run with the relative speed.
(U 0 - 10)9 = 3(U 0 + 10)
Problems on Trains ⇒ 9U 0 = 3U 0 + 30 + 90
When a train crosses any body it has to cover its ⇒ 9U 0 = 120
own length apart from the length of other object so U0 = 20 m/s
relative distance will be the sum of length of train
Circular Tracks
and length of the object if LT is length of train, L0 is
When talking about circular track the first thing to
length of the object UT is speed of train and U0 is
speed of object then the time taken for the crossing be kept in mind is the time interval between any

will be given by two consecutive meetings is same. There are 3 basic

things that can be asked
LT +Lo • First ever meeting time (T1)
t= - - ~
UT ±Uo ° First meeting time at starting point (T 8 )
For same direction we will take -ve sign while for
0 No. of distinct point on the track where the
opposite we will take +ve sign. meeting occurs. (ri)
There are two cases that can be taken.
Example 1.
A train running with the speed of 90 km/hr crosses Case 1.
a platform in 20 secs. If the length of train be 200 m. When two persons are running on the track. If the
Find the length of platform. length of the track be D and the speed of person
be a and b then
Solution.
Here LT= 200 m, t = 20 sec
5
UT = 90 km/hr = 90
18 = 25 m/s
U0 = 0, L 0 =?

200+ L-. T, = __Q___ (based on direction)

So 20 = v · a±b
25±0
90 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

T :::: LCM of
s
fDa' -D}
1- b
Soiution.
----+ t hrs. -+ 4 hrs

A p B
9 hrs +-- t hrs +--
Let us assume that train takes 't' time to reach at
Case 2. 'P', then
When more than two persons are running then

⇒ ratio of speeds = ratio of times

T1 = LCM of {__Q_, _Q_, _Q_ ..... }
b-a c-a d-a
A 9
⇒ -=-=- ... (i)
B t/9
T8 = LCM of {.D, D, D ..... } Similarly for PB
a b c
A 1
=-=- ... (ii)
B 4/t 4
By eq. (i) & (ii)
9 t
Example 1. - = - ⇒ t=6
t 4
Two persons start running on a circular track with
A 9 3
speed 20 m/s & 30 m/s in opposite direction if length
of the track is 100 m. Then find out at how many
distinct point they will meet. Example 2.
Two trains strart from Delhi & Mumbai towards each
Solution. other at 10 a.m. in morning & they reach their
100 destination on same day at 4 pm & 8 m respectively
F . d'I . T 2
or opposite rection r = -20+---....1-=
__ s_ _ _ _ _ _ _-,~nGl--ou-t-at-wltaHime-t!crey--eresseaeh--othe1.
3
Solution
100 rnn 100
I = LCM of __::_::_ - = - = 10 s --+
s 20 ' 30 10
Delhi 10 am 4 pm Mumbai

Ts 10 8 prn
Son .:.c -::.:--5
. T. 2 10 am

So Time taken by Delhi train = 6 hrs.

Application of Variation Time taken by Mumbai train= 10 hrs
There are three different sort of variations possible
D 10
inTSD So speed ratio M = (inverse variation)
® When distance is constant
6
5
1
Speed oc - . -- (inverse variation) 3
Time
Let speed of D= 5 K
As per this variation if speed becomes m/n times
M=3K
of previous speed then time will become n/m times
The distance between Delhi & Mumbai
of previous time.
=5 K x 6 = 30 K unit
Example 1. or 3 K x 10 = 30 K unit
Two trains start from different stations towards each
other at same time & meet at point P from point P Delhi Mumbai
both trains take 4 hrs & 9 hrs to reach their
destination find out tho ratio of their speeds.
,.
5K 3K
fflAOE IERSY ® Time, Speed & Distance I 91

So now the problem is two trains are at a distance

30 K apart running towards each other ~T to keep D constant i.e.
3
30K _ 15h
So time taken to meet = SK+ K - 3 4
3 4 rs -Sx-T=D
4 3
= 3 hr, 45 min
So both train will meet at i : 45 pm 3
Now -T = T +16
4
Races
1
In races there are two sort of comparisons which So T = 16; T = 48
3
are generally carried out.
2. Two trains, Calcutta Mail and Bombay Mail, start at
® Compraison of distance & speed.
the same time from stations Calcutta and Bombay
® Comparison of speed & time.
respectively towards each other. After passing each
Let us see some examples. other, they take i 2 hours and 3 hours to reach
Example 1. Bombay and Calcutta respectively. If the Calcutta
In a i 00 meter race A beats B by 20 m & B beats C Mail is moving at the speed of 48 km/h. the speed
by 20 m. Find out by what distance A beats C. of the Bombay Mail is
(a) 24 km/h (b) 22km/h
Solution (c) 21 km/h (d) 96 km/h
A beats B by 20 m ⇒ Ans. (d)
When A covers 100 m, B covers 80 m so ratio of
speds of A : B = iO :8
Calcutta Bombay
~,
so ratio of speed of A : B = 5 : 4 3h t
meeting point
12h
Similarly B :C =5:4
So A:C = 25 : 16
So when A covers 25 m, 'C' covers 16 m. S1 JG
in this case - = Fr
So when A will cover 100 m, 'C' will cover 82 \I T1
16 X 4 = 64 m.
So 'A' beats 'C' by 36 meters. 48 /3 1
= S2 = Jf2 = 2 S2 == 96 km/h

□□□□
3. Rajdhani Express travels 650 km in 5 hand another
940 km in i Oh. What is the average speed of train?
(a) 1590 km/h (b) 63 km/h
(c) i06 km/h (d) 126 km/h
Solved Exampls
Ans. (c)
Total Distance Travelled
1. Walking at 3/4 of his normal speed, Ankur is A verage spee d = - - - - - - - - -
Total Time taken
16 minutes late in reaching his office. The usual time
650 + 940
taken by him to cover the distance between his home = = i06 km/h
and his office is 15

(a) 48 minutes (b) 60 minutes 4. A car travels from A to B at V 1 km/h, travels back
(c) 42minutes (d) 62 minutes from B to A at V2 km/h and again goes back from A
Ans. (a) to Bat V2 km/h. The average speed of the car is:
Speed x Time = Distance (a) 2V1V2 (b) 2V1V2
SxT=D V1+ 2V2 V2 + 2V1

Here S is changed to ~ S , so T must be changed to

4
 92 ~ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Ans. (c) The whole journey took 5 hours. What is the distance
Total Distance he covered on the car?
Average speed:;:; ~.~Total Time - (a) 12 km (b) 30 km
(c) 15 km (d) 6 km
3D 3 _ 3VN2 Ana. (a)
- D ·~ Q + o = . T; 2 . ""' 2v; +v; Let Distance be D km
V1 V2 V2 V1 V2
5. Narayan Murthy walking at a speed of 20 km/h o(~. 1 +2);;;: s
. 12 3
reaches his college 1o minutes late, Next time he
5 12
increases his speed by 5 km/h, but finds that he Is D
. =e • >< : ""' 12 km
5 .
still late by 4 minutes. Wh~t is the distance of his
college from his house, 8. Two tains A and B start simultaneously in the opposite
(a) 20 i\m (b) 6 km direction from two points Aand B and arrive at their
(c) 12 km (d) None of these destinations 9 and 4 hours respectively after their
Ans. (d) meeting each other. At what rate does the second
Let distance be D km train B travel If the first train travels at 80 km per hour.
D . 10 (a) 60 km/h (b) 100 km/h
=""T+= ... (i) (c) 120 km/h (d) None of these
20 60
A.ns. (c)
4
Als o g
25
:;:; T + 60
-
"'
('1i)

From (i) and (ii) we get, A B

Meeting point

Dx~"'~
100 10 Here

- - - - -~- 1_ ? ? - , ; , - H } k m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 80 J4 80 2
6. A motor car does a journey in i 7.5 hours, covering s2 -:':' Jg Sg 3
the first half a.t 30 km/h and th~ second half at s2 ""' 120 km/hour
40 km/h, Find the distance of the journey.
(a) 684 km (b) 600 km 9. A journay of i~? km tak~s 2 hours less by a fast
(c) 120 km (d) 540 km train than by a slow train. If the average speed of ,
Ans. (b) the slow train be i 6 kmph less than that of fast train,
Here Total time;;;: 17.5 hours what is the average speed of the faster train,
let total Distance be 2 D km (a) 32 kmph (b) 16 kmph
D D (c) 12 kmph (d) 48 kmph
then~+=~ i7,5 A
· 30 40 . ns. (d}
•·.
let speed of fast train be S km/hour then
D [. 3··.10·· + _410:. ] ;,; i 7.5
192 192
---~1c2 ... (i)
7 8=16 S ..
DX 126 :s; 17,5
This type. ot questions can be dlrectiy solved by
D 1_7_,~~ i ~9-
;:\a
going through option.
7 Hea.re using equation (i) and putlng options,
D,;,; 300km We get S ;;;; 48 km/hour.
Total Distance;;; 2D 600 km

~::t~;~~ri;:a~;: :~si:ci;:ss:~ ~~o~~n~;~f0~~~

:g

7. Mani sh travels a certain distance by car at the rate 1o. ; 1 ·'•·.-.

of 12 krn/h and walks back at the rate of 3 km/h. its usual speed, Find the usual speed.
1
 ® Time, Speed & Distance I 93

(a) 10 kmph (b) 12 kmph Ans. (a)

(c) 20 kmph (d) 25 kmph S x T = Distance (constant)
Ans. (d) 4
~Sx T=D
4 3
300 _ 300 =
2 ... (i) . 4
S S+5 Trme has become
Going directly through options and using equation
3T
4 .
(i) we get, Now T - T = 16 minutes
S == 25 km/hour
3
T = 48 minutes
11. A plane left half an hour later than the scheduled 14. Two trains for Patna leave Delhi at 6 a.m. and 6.45
time and in order to reach its destination 1500
a.m. and travel at 98 kmph and 136 kmph
kilometre away in time, it had to increase its speed
respectively. How many kilometres from Delhi will
by 33.33 per cent over its usual speed. Find its
the two trains meet?
increased speed.
(a) 262.4 km (b) 260 km
(a) 250 kmph (b) 500 kmph
(c) 200 km (d) None of these
(c) 750 kmph (d) None of these
Ans.(d)
Ans. (c)
1 Delhi Patna
33.33% = of normal speed
3
D D 1
-=- Distance travelled by i st train in 45 minutes
S+]__S S 2
3 45 147
=98x- = 73.Skm=-km
1500 1500 1 60 2
(4/3)S --S- = 2 ... (i) Relative speed = S2 - S1 = 136- 98 = 38 km/hr
Going through option and (i) we get, Time taken to cover 73.5 km is
S = 750 km/hour 73.5 = 147 = 147 hour
38 2/38 76
12. A car travels 1/3 of the distance on a straight road
with a velocity of 1Okm/h, the next 1/3 with a velocity 147
Distance = x 98 = 189.55
of 20 km/h and the last 1/3 with a velocity of 76
60 km/h. What is the average velocity of the car for Total distance= 73.5 + 189.55
the whole journey? = 263 km approx.
(a) 18 km/h (b) 10 km/h
15. A motorboat went downstream for 28 km and
(c) 20 km/h (d) 15 km/h
immediately returned. It took the boat twice as long
Ans. (a) to make the return trip. If the speed of the river flow
A d Distance Covered were twice as high, the trip downstream and back
verage spee = --T-im-e-ta_k_e_n_
would take 672 minutes. Find the speed of the boat
in still water and the speed of the river flow.
D D D
-+--+- 3 (a) 9 km/h, 3 km/h (b) 9 km/h, 6 km/h
=---3"'-~3'-~3---=----
D 1 D 1 D 1 1 1 i (c) 8 km/h, 2 km/h (d) 12 km/h, 3 km/h
--x--+-x-+--x--- -+--+-
3 20 3 i O 3 60 20 10 60 Ans.(a)
= i 8 km/hour Let speed of boat be S8
Speed of stream = Ss
13. Walking at 3/4 of his usual speed, a man is 16
28 28
minutes late for his office. The usual time taken by Then = 2x
him to cover that distance is Ss -Ss Ss +Ss
(a) 48 minutes (b) 60 minutes
28 28 72 .
(c) 42 minutes (d) 62 minutes Also S +S S =- 6 mtnutes
s+ 8 s s- s
 94 1111 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::11

Going directly by option (a) 200 metres (b) 185 metres

SB= 9 km (c) 225 metres (d) 210 metres
Ss = 3 km Ans. (a)
t = time required
16. A train requires 7 seconds to pass a pole while it
requires 25 seconds to cross a stationary train which Lr +Lo
is 378 metres long. Find the speed of the train. ... (i)
Sr -So
(a) 75.6 km/h (b) 75.4 km/h
Sr - S0 = 40 - 20 = 20 km/h
(c) 76.2 km/h (d) 21 km/h
Ans. (a) 5 50
=20x -=-m/s
To cross a pole 18 9
t = Lr = length of train
L Lr
Sr speed of train Now t = 50~9 ⇒ 36 = 50/9

7= ~ ... (i) So, Lr= 200 m

Sr
19. The speed of the boat in still water is 12 km/h and
. . Lr+ Le Hie speed of the stream is 2 km/h. A distance of
AIso to cross a stationary train t = 0

Sr 8 km, going upstream, is covered in

Ls = length of stationary train (a) 1 hr (b) i hr 15 min
25 = LT +378 (c) 1 hr12min (d) None of these
... (ii)
Sr Ans. (d)
From (i) and (ii) D
t = - - - (upstream)
7xSr=Lr SB -Ss
25 x ST= LT+ 378
,_ _ _ __:18_:~SIL=~37:__:8::-_____~-------------____,~~8~ -8 - 8 x-60-=-48-min-----~·
~-· 18 12-2 10 10
ST = 21 m/s = 2'1 x = 75.6 km/h
5
20. A boat goes 15 km upstream in 80 minutes. The
'17. A boat sails down the river for 10 km and then up speed of the stream is 5 km/h. The speed of the
the river for 6 km. The speed of the river flow is
boat in still water is
1 km/h. What should be the minimum speed of the
(a) 16.25 km/h (b) 16 km/h
boat for the trip to take a maximum of 4 hours?
(c) 15 km/h (d) 17 km/h
(a) 2 kmph (b) 3 kmph
Ans. (a)
(c) 4 kmph (d) 5 kmph
Ans. (c)
t= D (upstream)
SB -Ss

80 15 4 15
--=-- ⇒ -::::--
60 SB -5 3 S8 -5
'10 6
--+--=4hour ... (i)
S8 + 1 SB -i SB= 16.25 ktr1/h

Going by option and (i) we get, 21. in a stream, B lies in between A and C such that it
SB = 4 km/hour is equidistant from both A and C. A boat can go
from A to B and back in 6 hr 30 minutes while it
18. Two trains are running on parallel lines in the same
goes from A to C in 9 hr. How long would it take to
direction at speeds of 40 kmph and 20 kmph
go from C to A?
respectively. The faster train crosses a man in the

I
(a) 3.75 hr (b) 4 hr
second train in 36 seconds. The length of the faster
(c) 4.25 hr (d) 4.5 hr
train is
 ® Time, Speed & Distance I 95

Ans. (b) (a) 10 minutes (b) 12minutes

(c) 14 minutes (d) 18 minutes
Ans. (b}
Speed of trains are 75 km/h and 60 km/h. and to
cover a distance of 60 km train will take 60 minutes
in second case (with stoppage) while without

60
stoppage it will take = 48 minuts
75
Let AB = D km then So, stoppage= 12 minutes
BC= D km
24. A boat rows i 6 km up the stream and 30 km down
AC= 20 km
stream taking 5 h each time. The velocity of the
D D i3 current
---+ = ... (i)
S8 -Ss S8 +Ss 2 (a) 1. 1 km/h (b) 1.2 km/h
(c) 1.4 km/h (d) i.5 km/h
... (ii) Ans. (c)

i6
- - - = 5 hour
D 9 Ss -Ss
So - - - = ... (iii)
S8 -Ss 2
from (i) and (iii) we get, = 5 hour
9 D 13
-+---= 16 = 5S 8 - 5 Ss ... (i)
2 S8 + Ss 2
30 = 5 S8 + 5 Ss ". (ii)
D 14= iOSs
---=2
Ss +Ss Ss = 1.4 km/hr
to go from C to A it takes
25. A man can row 30 km upstream and 44 km
2D downstream in i O hours. It is also known that he
= 4 hours
S8 +Ss can row 40 km upstream and 55 km downstream in
13 hours. Find the speed of the man in still water.
22. Two trains are travelling in the same direction at
(a) 4 km/h (b) 6 km/h
50 km/h and 30 km/h respectively. The faster train
(c) 8 km/h (d) 12 km/h
crosses a man in the slower train in 18 seconds. Find
Ans. (c)
the length of the faster train.
(a) 0.1 km (b) 1 km 30 44
+ = 1o also
(c) 1.5 km (d) 1.4 km S8 -Ss S 8 + S3
Ans. (a)

t = LT+ Lo
ST -So
50 - 30 = 20 km/hr = 50/9 m/s 1
Let---= x and - - = y
Ss -ST Ss +Ss
now 18 = ⇒ LT = ·100 m Then
5019
30x + 44y = iO ... (i)
23. Without stoppage, a train travels at an average
speed of 75 km/h and with stoppages it covers the
40x + 165 = 13 ... (ii)

same distance at an average speed of 60 km/h. By solving we get,

How many minutes per hour does the train stop? S8 = 8 km/hr.
96 w Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

26. In a stream that is running at 2 km/h, a man goes Time, Speed & Distance
i O km upstream and comes back to the starting
point in 55 minutes. Find the speed of the man in
still water.
(a) 20 km/h (b) 22 km/h I Practice Exercise: I

(c) 24 km/h (d) 28 km/h

Ans.(b) 1. A train passes a railway bridge 150 m long in 18
seconds. If the train is running at a speed of
iO iO 55 ii 60 km/hr., then the length of the train in metres is
---+--=-=- ... (i)
SB - 2 S8 + 2 60 12 (a) mom (b) 150 m

On solving e.g. (i) we get, (c) i 80 m (d) None of these

SB = 22 km/hr 2. Sound travels 330 metres a second. If the sound of

a thunder-cloud follows the flash after iO seconds.
27. A motorboat went down the river for 14 km and then
The thunder-could is at a distance of
up the river for 9 km. It took a total of 5 hours for the
(a) 3.7 km (b) 3.5 km
entire journey. Find the speed of the river flow if the
(c) 3.3 km (d) None of these
speed of the boat in still water is 5 km/h.
(a) i kmph (b) 1.5 kmph
3. The wheel of an engine is 3~ metres in
(c) 2 kmph (d) 3 kmph 4
Ans.(c) circumference and makes 4 revolutions in 2 seconds.
The speed of the train is
14 9
---+---=5 (a) 27 km/hr (b) 31 km/hr
SB +Ss Ss -Ss
(c) 35 km/hr (d) None of these

14 9 4. On a tour a man travels at the rate of 64 km an hour

--+--=5
5+S8 5-Ss for fnefirsrTBUT<m, then travels 1f\enexfr6(f ma
the rate of 80 km an hour. The average speed in km
Using equation and going by option we get
per hour for the first 320 km of the tour is
S8 = 2km/hr
(a) 81. 13 km/hr (b) 73.11 km/hr
28. A motorboat whose speed in still water is iO km/h (c) 71. ii km/hr (d) None of these
went 91 km downstream and then returned to its
5. Rakesh sets out to cycle from Delhi to Mathura and
starting point. Calculate the speed of the river flow
at the same time Suresh starts from Mathura to Delhi.
if the round trip took of 20 hours.
After passing each other they complete their journeys
(a) 3 km/h (b) 4 km/h
in 9 and i 6 hours, respectively. At what speed does
(c) 2 km/h (d) 8 km/h
Suresh cycle if Rakesh cycles at i 6 km per hour?
Ans.(a)
(a) i 2 km/hr (b) 16 km/hr
(c) i 4 km/hr (d) None of these
91 + 91 == 20
SB +Ss S8 -S8
6. A car during its journey travels 30 minutes at a speed
ot 40 km/hr, another 45 minutes at a speed of 60
91 + 91 =20 km/hr, and 2 hours at a speed of 70 km/hr. The
iO+S8 10-S8 average speed of the car is
Ss = 3 km/hr. (a) 63 km/hr (b) 65 km/hr
(c) 70 km/hr (d) None of these

□□□□ 7. By walking at ¾of his usual speed, a man reaches

office 20 minutes later than usual. His usual time is
 ei Time. Spead & Distance I 97

(a) 65 minutes (b) 60 minutes to pass the other completely. If they are moving in
(c) 70 minutes (d) None of these opposite direction, they pass each other completely
in 3 seconds. Find the speed of each train.
8. A car starts from A for B travelling 20 km an hour.
(a) 42 m/sec., 38 m/sec.
1 . (b) 38 m/sec., 36 m/seo.
1 hours later another car starts from A and·
2 (c) 36 m/sec,, 42 m/sec.
travelling at the rate of 30 km an hour reaches 8 (d) None of these

15. Two stations A and Bare 100 km apart on a straight

2l hours before the first car. Find the distance from
2 line. One train starts from A at 7 AM. and travels
A to 8 towards 8 at 20 km/hr speed. another train starts
(a) 280 km (b) 260 km from 13 at 8 AM. and travels towards A at 25 km/hr.
(c) 240 km (d) None of these speed. At what time will they meet?
(a) 10.30 A.M. (b) 11 AM
9. A train does a journey without stopping in 8 hours. (c) 10 AM (d) None of these
If it had travelled 5 km an hour faster, It would have
done the journey in 6 hours 40 min. What Is its slower 16. Two trains start at the same time from Mumbai and
speed? Pune and proceed towards each other at the rate of
(a) 35 km/hr (b) 25 km/hr 60 km and 40 km per hour. respectively. When they
(c) 40 km/hr (d) None of these meet, it is found that one train has travelled 20 km
more than the other. Find the distance between
10. Without any stoppage a person travels a certain Mumbai and Pune.
distance at an average speed of 42 km/hr and with (a) 150 km (b) 100 km
stoppages he covers the same distance at an average (C) 120 km (d) None of these
speed of 28 km/hr. How many minutes per hour does
he stop? 17. A and 8 are two stations. A train goes from A to B
(a) 25 minutes (b) 30 minutes at 64 km/hr and returns to A at a slower speed. If its
(c) 20 minutes (d) None of these average speed for the whole journey is 56 km/hr, at
what speed did it return?
1 i . A train 300 metres long is running at a speed of (a) 48 km/hr (b) 49.77 km/hr
90 km/hr. How many second~ will it take cross a (C) 30 km/hr (d) 47.46 km/hr
200 metres long train running in the same direction
at a speed of 60 km/hr? 18. Ramesh sees a train passing over 1 km long bridge.
(a) 70sec. (b) 60sec. The length of the train is half that of bridge. If the
(c) 50 sec. (d) None of these train clears the bridge in 2 minutes, the speed of
the train is
12. Two trains are running in opposite directions with (a) 45 km/hr (b) 43 km/hr
the same speed. If the length of each train is 135 (C) 50 km/hr (d) None of these
metres and they crost each other in 18 seconds,
the speed of each train is 19. A motor cyclist goes from Mumbai to Pune, a
(a) 29 km/hr (b) 35 km1nr distance of 192 kms, at an average speed of 32 km
(c) 27 km/hr (d) None of these i
p.h. Another man starts from Mumbai by car. 2
2
13. Two trains are moving in the sarne direction at hours after the first and reaches Pur:e half an hour
50 km/hr and 30 km/hr. The fe ,tor train crosses a earilter. What is the ratio of the speed of the
man in the slower train in 18 sec< ..::Js, Find the length motorcycle and the car?
of the faster train. (a) 1 ; 2 (b) 1 : 3
(a) 120 rn (b) 110m (c) iO: 27 (d) 5: 4
(C) 100 rn (d) None of these
20. A person sets to cover a distance of 12 km in 45
14. Two trains, 130 m and 110 rn long, while going in 3 2
the same direction, the faster traintakes one minutes minutes. If he covers of the distance in rd time,
4 3
 98 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

what should be his speed to cover the remaining 7 (64 + x) = 16x or 9x = 448
distance in the remaining time? 448
(a) 16 km/hr (b) 8 km/hr
x = - = 49.78 km/hr.
9
(c) 12 km/hr (d) 14 km/hr
5. Ans. (a)
21. A train 110 metres in length passes a man walking
at the speed of 6 km/hr. against it in 6 seconds. The Rakesh's speed _Jr;_ !IB _4
speed of the train in km per hour is Suresh's speed - ff; - .Jg -3
(a) 60 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr
(c) 50 km/hr (d) 55 km/hr 3
Suresh's speed =
4 Rakesh's speed
□□□□
3
= x16 = 12km/hr
4

Solutions 6. Ans. (a)

1. Ans. (b) 30 45
Here, T1 = -, T2 =-, T,= 2, s 1= 40
Let the length of the train be x m. 60 60 °
:. Total distance covered by the train= (x + 150)m
S2 = 60 and S3 = 70.
Speed of the train = 60 km/hr Tr-1e average speed of the car
5 50 S1T1+S2 T2+S3 T3
= 60 x-= -m/sec =-----
18 3 T1+ T2+ T3
Since, Distance= Speed x time
30 45
40 X - + 60 X -
+ 70 X 2
50
x + 150 = x 18 = 300 = ----"6--"'0-- - -6:c...:0;___ _
3 30 + 45 +2
--------------------------~u--·my----
or, x = 300-150 = 150 m.
= 150 m.
Length of the train = 63 km/hr.

2. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (b)

Distance of thunder-cloud
. .
= distance travelled by sound in l 0 sec.
da
Here, c hange 1n time = 20 an b = 3-
4
= (330 x : 0 ) metres
We have, change in time
= 3.3 km.
3. Ans. (a)
Distance covered in 2 seconds
= ( *-,) x original time

. . . Change in time
=~X4=15m.
⇒ 0 ng1na 1time=
--1
(b )
4 a
Distance 15 /
Spee d = - - - m sec 20
Time 2 = -.- -. = 60 minutes
'

r
\U
t- 1 1
/

8. Ans. (c)
4. Ans. (c) Here, difference in speed = 30 - 20 = i o.
Let the speed on the return journey be x km/hr.
Difference in time= 22+
2
,22 = 4.
2x 64x x
64+.x And product of speed= 20 x 30 = 600.
We have,
 ®
.
Time, Speed & Distance I 99

Product of speed difference of speed 270 18

d difference of time
= --x-km/hr = 27 km/hr.
2x18 5
Diff. of time )
⇒ d = product of speed x ( 13. Ans. (c)
Diff. of speed
Relative speed = (50 - 30)km/hr = 20 km/hr
4
600 x - = 240km 5 5
10 = ( 20x )= ( °)m/sec.
18 9
9. Ans. (b)
Distance covered in 18 sec at this speed
Let the slower speed = s km/hr.
Since the distance travelled is same in both the cases
therefore,
= ( 18 x
5
°)
9
m = 100 m.

Length of faster train = 100 m.

14. Ans. (a)
20
⇒ sx8=(s+5)x- Speed of the faster train
3
⇒ 24s = 20(s+ 5)
s = 25 km/hr.

10. Ans. (c) = 42 m/sec.

Here, s 1 = 42 and s2 = 28. Speed of the slower train

s -s 42-28
Stoppage time/hr = - 1- -2- = - - -
s1 42

1
=
3 hour= 20 minutes = ( "130 + 1 i0)(60-3)
x = 38 m/sec.
2 60 3
11.Ans.(b)
Here, L 1 = 300 m, L 2 = 200 m, 15. Ans. (d)
s 1 = 90 km/hr and s 2 = 60 km/hr Time from 7 A.M. to 8 A.M. = 1 hour.
Therefore, time of their meeting
5
s 1- s2 = 90 - 60 = 30 km/hr = 30 x i8 m/s
= (d+ s2T) hr= (100 +25 x
S1 + S2 20+25
1) hr
L1 + L2 300 + 200
Time taken = =
30x~ = 2 hrs 47 min. after 7 A.M.
18
16. Ans. (b)
= 500 x 18 = 60 sec.
30x 5 Distance between Mumbai and Pune

12. Ans. (c)

Let the speed of each train be x m/sec.
We have, L1 = L2 = i35 m
and S 1 = S2 = x m/sec. + 40)
60 -
=20 ( - - km= 100 km
60-40 .
Therefore time taken

17.Ans. (b)
⇒ = 135 + 135
18 Let the required speed by x km/hr.
x+x

270 Then, 2 x 64 xx = 56
or, x = x m/s 64+x
2 18
100 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE ERSW

128x ::::: 64 x 56 + 56x Boats & Streams

64x56

18. Ans. (a)

x = - - =49.77km/hr
72
W Practice Exercise: I

Distance travelled in 2 minutes

i. If a man can swim downstream at 6 kmph and

= (1+ l)kmi.e.] kms. upstream at 2 kmph, his speed in still water is:
(a) 4 km/hr (b) 2 km/hr
(c) 3 km/hr (d) 2.5 km/hr

Distance covered in 1 hr. = ( ~ x ~) km 2. If Anshul rows 15 km upstream and 21 km

downstream taking 3 hours each time, then the
= 45 km speed of the stream is:
Speed of the train = 45 km/hr (a) 1 km/hr (b) i .5 km/hr
19. Ans. (a) (c) 2 km/hr (d) 12 km/hr
Speed of the first man = 32 km/hr. 3. If a boat goes 7 km upstream in 42 minutes and the
Time taken == 192 + 32 = 6 hr speed of the stream is 3 kmph, then the speed of
Second man covers 192 km in 3 hr the boat in still water is:
:. Speed of the second man (a) 4.2 km/hr (b) 9 km/hr
= 192 + 3 = 64 km/hr (c) 13 km/hr (d) 21 km/hr
Ratio = 32 : 64 or 1 : 2
4. A man can row g_:!. kmph in still water and finds
20. Ans. (c) 3
Distance already covered = ¾x 12 = 9 km that it takes him thrice as much time to row up than
as to row down the same distance in the river. The
speed of the current is :
Time spent = 3.3 x 45 min = 30 min
1 1
(a) 3 km/hr
Distance left= (12- 9) km= 3 km 3 (b) 3
9 km/hr
Time left= (45 -30)min = 15 min
2
(c) 4
3 3 km/hr (d) 14 km/hr
Required speed = / km/hr
15 60
5. A man can row a boat at iO kmph in still water. If the
= 12 km/hr speed of the stream is 6 kmph, the time taken to
21. Ans. (a) row a distance of 80 km down the stream is :
Let the speed of the train in km/hr = x (a) 8 hours (b) 5 hours
Then, relative speed= (x + 6) km/hr (c) 10 hours (d) 20 hours

5 6. A boat takes 4 hours for travelling downstream from

= (x + 6) x i8 m/sec point A to point 8 and coming back to point A
upstream. If the velocity of the strenm is 2 kmph
5 and the speed of the boat ln still water is 4 kmph,
(X+ 6) X - X 6 :::: 110 l
' 18 what is the distance between A and B?
X := 60 (a) 4 kms (b) 6 kms ·
Speed of the train= 60 km/hr. (c) 8 km (d) 9 km

7. Speed of a boat in standing water is 9 kmph and {i

the speed of the stream is 1.5 kmph. A man rows to ~
a distance of 10.5 km and comes back to the starting ii
point. The total time taken by him is: lj
;,1
~
fflADE EASY ® Time, Speed & Distance J 101

(a) 16 hours (b) 18 hours Then speed upstream= (x- 3) km/hr.

(c) 20 hours (d) 24 hours .. x-3=10 or x= 13kmph.
a. A man rows to a place 48 km distant and back in 14 4. Ans. (c)
hours. He finds that he can row 4 km with the steam Let speed upstream be x kmph.
in the same time as 3 km against the stream. The
Then, speed downstream= 3x kmph.
rate of the steam is :
(a) 1 km/hr (b) 1.8 km/hr speed in still water= 2(3x + x) kmph
(c) 3.5 km/hr (d) 1.5 km/hr
2
= 2x kmph
9. A man can row three-quarters of a kilometre against
28 14
2x=- =>x=-
the stream in 112 minutes and return in 3 3
4

7 2 minutes. The speed of the man in still water is: Speed upstream = .2.i km/hr,
2 3
(a) 2 km/hr (b) 3 km/hr Speed downstream = 14 km/hr
(c) 4 km/hr (d) 5 km/hr
Speed of the current
10. A man can row 5 kmph in still water. If the river is
running at 1 kmph, it takes him 75 minutes to row to
a place and back. How far is the place?
(a) 3 km (b) 2.5 km
14 2
(c) 4 km (d) 5 km = -krn/hr == 4-km/hr
3 3

5. Ans. (b)
□□□□
Speed downstream= (iO + 6) km/hr
== 16 km/hr.
Time taken to cover 80 km downstream
Solutions
1. Ans. (a)
1
=( ~~) hrs = 5 hrs.
Speed in still water=
2 (6 +2) kmph 6. Ans. (b)
= 4 kmph. Let the distance between A and B be x krn
2. Ans. (a) Speed downstream = 6 kmph,
Speed upstream = 2 kmph.
1
Rate upstream == ( ; ) kmph = 5 kmph. . . Distance A B = 6 km.

7. Ans.(d)
1 Speed upstream= 7.5 kmph,
Rate downstream = ( ~ ) kmph == 7 kmph.
Speed downstream = 10.5 kmph.

Speed of stream =
1
(7-5) kmph
.
. . Total time taken = (105_ + 105)
_ hrs
2 75 10 5
= 1 kmph. = 24 hours

8. Ans. (a)
3. Ans. (c)
Suppose he moves 4 km downstream in x hours.

Rate upstream = ( ; x 60) kmph = 10 kmph Th~n, speed downstream = (;) km/hr, speed
2
Speed of stream= 3 kmph.
Let speed in still water be x km/hr upstream= (;-)km/hr.
 102 I >\II Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

3. A train 300 m long crossed a platform 900 m long in

48 48 1
(4/x) + (3/x) = 14 or x = 2 1 minute 12 seconds. The speed of the train
(in km/hr) is
Speed downstream= 8 km/hr. (a) 45 (b) 50
Speed upstream = 6 km/hr (c) 54 (d) 60

1 4. A train speeds past a pole in i 5 seconds and a

Rate of the stream = -(8 - 6) km/hr
2 platform 100 m long in 25 seconds. Its length is
= i km/hr. (a) 200m (b) 150m
(c) 50 m (d) Data inadequate
9. Ans. (d)
5. If c1 lrairi 110 m long passes a telegraph pole in
Speed upstream= (~x_i_x6o) kmph 3 seconds, then the time taken by it to cross a railway
\4 45
platform 165 m long is
= 4 kmph
(a) 3 sec (b) 4 sec

~
(c) 5 sec (d) 7.5 sec
Speed downstream = (~ x x 60) kmph
4 15
6. A train 150 m long moving at a speed of
= 6 kmph 25 metres per second overtakes a man moving at
1 5 metres/sec in opposite direction.The train will pass
Speed in still water=
2 (6 + 4) kmph the man in
= 5 kmph (a) 5 sec (b) 6 sec

10. Ans. (a) 2

(c) 4- sec (d) 8 sec
Speed downstream = (5 + 1) km/hr = 6 km/hr. 7
Speed upstream= (5-1) km/hr= 4 km/hr. 7. Two trains 200 m and 150 m long are running on
Let the required distance be x km parallel rails at the rate of 40 kmph and
----------=,,=---------------- 4&Kmph-Fes!")eetf-vely.-hrhow-muchtrme-wnl-rhey--
x X 75
Then, - + - =- or, 2x + 3x = i 5 or x = 3. cross each other, if they are running in the same
6 4 60
direction?
Required distance = 3 km. (a) 72 sec (b) 132 sec
(c) 192 sec (d) 252 sec
□□□□
8. Two train i 26 m and 114 m long are running in
opposite directions, one at the rate of 30 kmph and
another one at 42 kmph. From the moment they meet
Problems on Trains will cross each other in
(a) 10sec (b) 11 sec
(c) 12 sec (d) 13 sec

I Practice Exercise: I 9. A train 11 Om long passes a man, running at 6 kmph

in the direction opposite to that of the train, in 6
1 . A train is moving at a speed of 132 kmph. If the seconds. The speed of the train is
length of the train is 110 metres, how long will it (a) 60 km/hr (b) 66 km/hr
take to cross a railway platform i 65 m long? (c) 54km/hr (d) 72km/hr
(a) 5 sec (b) 7.5 sec i O. A train 108 m long moving at a speed of 50 km/hr
(c) 10sec (d) 15sec. crosses a train 112 m long coming from opposite
2. A train 700 m long is running at 72 kmph. If it,crosses direction in 6 seconds. The speed of the second
a tunnel in i minute, the length of the tunnel is train is
(a) 700 m (b) 600 m (a) 48 kmph (b) 54 kmph
(c) 550 m (d) 500 m (c) 66 kmph (d) 82 kmph
MRIJE EAS!::t ® Time, Speed & Distance / 103

11. A train B speeding with 120 kmph crosses another Solutions

train C, running in the same direction in 2 minutes.
If the lengths of the trains B and C be i 00 m and
i. Ans. (b)
200m respectively, what is the speed of the train C?
(a) ii 1 kmph
(c) 123kmph
(b) 127 kmph
(d) 129kmph
Speed = (i 32 x ~) m/sec =
18
11
3
O m/sec.

Total distance covered

i 2. A train overtakes two persons who are walking in
= (110 + 165)m = 275 m.
the same direction in which the train is going, at the

~
rate of 2 kmph and 4 kmph and passes them
Required time ( 275 x ) sec.
completely in 9 and iO seconds. respectively. The 1 0
length of the train is
= 7.5 seconds.
(a) 72 m (b) 54 m
(c) 50 m (d) 45 m 2. Ans. (d)

13. Two stations A and Bare 110 km apart on a straight Speed ( 72 x ~) m / sec = 20m/sec.
line. One train starts from A at 7 a.m. and travels 1
towards B at 20 kmph. Another train starts from B Time = 60 sec.
at 8 a.m. and travels towards A at a speed of
700 + X
25 kmph. At what time will they meet? . = 60 <=:> 700 + X = 1200
20
(a) 9 a.m. (b) 1O a.m.
⇒ X = 500 m
(c) 11 a.m. (d) 10.30 a.m
3. Ans. (d)
14. Two train are running in opposite directions towards
Total distance covered = (300 +900)m
each other with speeds of 54 kmph and 48 kmph
= 1200 m.
respectively. If the length of the train is 250 m and
Time taken= 1 min. 12 sec= 72 sec,
they cross each other in 18 seconds, the length of
the other trains is:
(a) 145 m (b) 230m
Speed=
(
n
1200)
m/sec.

(c) 260 m (d) 180 m

15. A train travelling at 48 kmph completely crosses

1200
= ( --x-
72 5
18) km/hr = 60 km/hr
another train having half its length and travelling in
opposite direction at 42 kmph, in 12 seconds. It 4. Ans. (b)
also passes a railway platform in 45 seconds. The Let the length of train be x metres and its speed by
length of the platform is y metres/sec.
(a) 560 m (b) 400 m
X X
(c) 600 m (d) 450 m Then, y=15 ⇒ y=
15
16. A train of length 150 m takes 10 seconds to pass
x+ '100 X
over another train 100 m long coming from the ::::
⇒ x = 150 m/s
25 15
opposite direction. If the speed of the first train be
30 kmph, the speed of the second train is 5. Ans. (d)
(a) 36 kmph (b) 54 kmph
(c) 60 kmph (d) 72 kmph 0
Speed= ('~ )m/sec
17. A man sees a train passing over a bridge 1 km
Time taken to cross railway platform
long. The length of the train is half that of the bridge.
If the train clears the bridge in 2 minutes, the speed
= [(110 + 165) x ~ ] sec
of the train is 110
(a) 30 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr
(c) 50 km/hr (d) 60 km/hr =( 275x
1
~o) sec= 7.5 sec
□□□□
 104 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EASY

6. Ans. (a)
220
Speed of train relative to man = 6 or 250 + 5x = 660
250+5x
= ( 25 + 5) m/sec ( 18 )
= 30 m/sec
Time taken to pass the man or x = 82 kmph
5 11. Ans. (a)
= (~;)sec = 5 sec.
Let the speed of train C be x kmph.
Speed of B relative to C = ( 120 - x)
7. Ans. (d)
Relative speed= (45-40)kmph = Gkmph. = [(120-x)x ~]rn/sec
1

m/sec = l Jm/sec
5\ 1
25\
= ( 5x
18
J 18 = ( 60~; 5x) m/sec
Total distance covered = Sum of length of trains
Distance covered= (iOO + 200)m = 300 m.
= 350m
300
= 120 ⇒ 5400
:. . taken= ( 350 x 18) sec.= 252 sec.
Time
25
(60~; 5x)
8. Ans. (c) = 120(600-Sx) ⇒ x = 111.
Relative speed = (30+42) kmph = 72 kmph
12. Ans. (c)
== ( 72x
1~ }m/sec = 20 m/sec
2 kmph = ( 2 x ~) m/sec
Distance c_overed in crossing each other
1
~---~=-.-12u±-114+n1_;;;__24o_ - ~ - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - ~ , - -~ - - - - - - ~ . . - - - - -
5 0
240) = - m/sec and 4 kmph == - m/sec
Required time = ( sec == 12 sec. 9 9
20
Let the length of the train be x metres and its speed
9. Ans. (a) by y m/sec.
Speed of the train relative to man

= l(110\ (110 18\ .

~ Jmlsec. = l 6 x 5 ) kmph

= 66 kmph.
Let the speed of the train be x kmph. 9y- 5 == x and 10 (9y-10) = 9x
Then, relative speed= (x + 6) kmph. 9y - x = 5 and 90 y - 9x = i 00
x + 6 == 66 or x = 60 kmph.
On solving we get x = 50.
10. Ans. (d) Length of the train is 50 m.
Let the speed of the second train be x kmph
'13. Ans. (b)
Relative speed = (x + 50) kmph
Suppose they meet x hours after 7 a.m.
Distance covered by A in x hours
= [(x+SO)x ~] m/sec. = 20x km
1
Distance covered by B in (x - i) hours

=(
\
25~;·~ 5x) m/sec.
/
= 25 (x-1)km
:o 20x + 25 (x -1) = 110
or 45x=135orx=3.
Distance covered= ('108 + i 12) = 220 rn.
So, they meet at 10 a.m.
 ® Time, Speed & Distance I 105

14. Ans. (c)

3
Relative speed = (54 + 48) kmph (200+y)x = 45 ⇒ 600+3y
40
8 = 1800 ⇒ y = 400 m
= (102x ~)m/sec = ( ;)m/sec
1
16. Ans. (c)
Let the length of the other train be x metres. Let the speed of second train be x kmph.
3 Relative speed= (30 + x) kmph
Then, (250 + x) x = 18 or 750 + 3x
85 5
= (30 + x)x -m/sec
= 1530 or x = 260 m 18
:. The length of the other train is 260 m.
18
15. Ans. (b) (150+ 100)x 5(SO+x) = 10
Let the length of first train be x metres.
⇒ X:::: 60
Then, the length of second train is (x/2) metres.
Relative speed = (48 + 42) kmph 17. Ans. (b)
Length of bridge = 1000 m.
= ( 90 x ~) m/sec = 25 m/sec. Length of train= 500 m.
1
Toal distance covered in clearing the bridge
= 1500 m.
(x+~)
25
= 12 or 3x =300
2
Time taken= 120 seconds.

or x = 200. 1500)
Speed = ( - - m/sec
120
Length of first train = 200m.
Let the length of platform be y metres.
Speed of the first train = ( 25 x 18) kmph = 45 kmph.
2 5
( 5) 18
25
= 48 x - m/sec = -m/sec.
3 llllilllllllllllil
Section
LAWS OF INDICES Example:
(1) am x an== arn+n (i) x =y or
Example: (ii) X =0, y =0
➔ 2 4 xi 3 =i 7
-m 1
➔ 3sx37=315 (8) a =-
am
am m-n Example:
(2) - = a
an
(i) 4-2 = _i2 =_2_
Example: 4 16

(i) t_ = 75-2 = 73 (ii) 5-3 = _1 = _1_

72 53 125

(ii) 275 = 273 (9) a

-1
= -1
a
27 2
(3) (amf = am,
Example: 10-1 = -1
10
Example:
(i) (32 )4 = 32x4 = 38 Laws of Surds
(ii) (53)9 = 53x9 = 527 We write efa = a 11 n and it is called a surd of order 'n'
(4) (axbt=anxbn
Example:
(1) ( ~r =( Jr = a a
(2) rJa5 = rfa . zy5
(i) (3 X 5) 2 = 32 X 52
Example:
(ii) (4x5) 3 = 43 x5 3

(5) (~r ~~
Example:
=
(3)
(i)
(ii)

n§"_ = r,fa
~2x5=~x%
'R/7x 13 = lft X lffj

Vb %
(i) (]r=!:=1~ Example:

(i) J2 = lf2.
3 3
5) 5 _- 125 ~5 Vs
ef{-
(ii) (8 83 - 512 Vi
(6)a == i O (ii) 3 = if0;
Here a may be any number
Example: (4) ( efaf = ~
(i) 5° = 1 Example:
(ii) 1000° = 1
(7) ax= aY (i) ( v5-)5 = ½-5 = m
If and only if Condition
(ii) (f/4)3 = ifi3 = o/64
i 08 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EAS~

1 20
(5) ~~ = mnifa = a mnp (4A) = 45 = 1024
Example:
20

(i) ~f~
i
= 1Q2x3x4 =
1
1Q24
(5)~) . = 5 = 625 4

1 1 Hence, f4 >Pefs
(ii) ~o/25 = 253x5 = 2515
5. Simplify, ✓8 + ✓2
✓8- ✓2
□□□□
✓8+ ✓2 ✓ 8+ ✓ 2
Sol.: ✓8_✓ 2 x ✓8 + ✓2
D Solved Examples (Multiply numerator & denominator by conjugate of
denominator)

1. Find the value of (

32
343
)-¾

Sol ..
.(R)-%
343
= ( z5 )-¾ = (3-)sxi
l3s/ 3, 6. Simplify ~
~+~
1 2
\/a +1-va -i
Sol.:

✓a2 + 1+ ✓a2 - 1 ✓a2 + 1+ ✓ a2 - i

-----X--===----==
2. Solve 4 3 x- 2 . 8 =1 ✓ a2 + 1- ✓a2 - i ✓ a2 + i + ✓ a2 - 1

= 26x-1 = 20 =} X = 2 = 2a2 + 2 ~ = a2 + ✓a4-1

6
2
a \3x-5 /b \X + 3
3. Find the value of x if (- l = 1-1 7. Which is greater V4 or 1/5
\b; \a;
1 1

Sol: =(~r~5 =[(HT3 Sol.: if4 = 43 and ifs

raise the power of both the surds by i 2(LCM of
= 54
I
=( sJ3x-5 (Erx-3 =
3and4)

1)12
43
1

= 3x - 5 = - X - 3 [ = 4 4 = 256 I
j
I
1
1 1 \12
I
= 4x = 2 ⇒ x=-
ls j = =,
(
4 3

l
2 5 25

4. Which is greater if4 or Vs Hence, lf4 > ijs

Sol.:
1
¼ = 44 and ifs = 55
1
8. If 2 2
x-
1
= ~gx- 3 then find value of x j
Now the LCM of 4 & 5 is 20, so to compare two
"-'. 22x-1 __ i_ I
surds raise the power by 20. vUI.. - gx-3
I
fflADE EASY ® Surds, Indices & Logarithms I 109

-2 1 1 ' '
4 == == Is written
42 16
1
= 22x-1 ==
=: 2 -3x+9 i == a
[ ·: am -m] as log
416 == -2
103 == 1000 ⇒ IOQ10 1000 = 3
= 5x == I 0, X =2 35 = 243 ⇒ 1093 243 = 5
9. If 2x == 3Y = 6-z then (.:!_+.:!_+.:!_)is equal to? Properties of Logarithms
X y Z
(a) lo9a (m x n) =lo9am + lo9an
Example 1.
So, 2 = k/2, 3 == kh, 6 = k - Yz 10910(15) == 109103+ 10910 5
We know that 2 x 3 = 6 this gives
1/ -x 1 1 1 1/
(b) log 3 ( ~ )=log 3 (m)- log 3 (n)
klxxk/Y=k z=-+-=--
x y z Example 2.
1 1 1
==-+-+-=0
X Y Z log 2 ( %) == log2 6 - log2 5
10. Arrange j2, 3/4 and~ in ascending order
(c) log 3 (mn)=nlog 3 m
Sol.: ✓2 = 2½
1/ 1' Example 3.
V4 == 413 ' ef6 = 5/4
Now raise the power of given surds by LCM of 2, 1095 625 = log5 54 == 41095 5
3, 4 that is 12 1
(d) log 3 n(m) = -log3 (m)
n
(212) 12 = 26 = 64 Example 4.

12
(4l3) = 44 = 256
12
(5¼) == 63 = 216
(e) log b = lognb
Ans: ✓2, ~. </4- a logna

[here n may be any natural number)

□□□□ Example 5.
log 5
IOQ2 5 = -10-
log102
Logarithms _log 10 16
Definition IOQ2 16 - - - -
log102
The logarithm of any number of a given base is equal
to the index to which the base should be raised to obtain (f) logax = lognx == _i_
the given number. logna logxa
For example if Example 6.
ax=c, then x is called logarithm of a number c to 1
log 2 5==--
the base a. It is written as log 3 c == x log52
Similarly

l
1
log 3 8 = - -
2 3 = 8 is similar as log 28 == 3 log83
 11 o I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::ll

a=i6½
a= 4
Remark:
7. log3 ✓3 = 2, find the value of a
(1) When base is not mentioned it is taken as 10. 6
(2) Logarithms to the base 10 is known as common • r;:; 1
Sol.. loga _,3 = -
logarithms. 6
(3) logaa = 1
Example 7. = loga 3h = 2
6
log 55 = i
log 22"" 1
(i) loga 1 = 0
8. If log27 x + log 9 x + log 3 x = ii, find the value of x
[a may be any natural number.]
(j) alo9ax = X
Sol.: Iog 27 x + log 9 x + log 3 x = 11
1 1
50Q; 3 = 3 =
3 1093 x +
2
log3 x + log 3 x = 11

3'093 7 = 7 11
= 6IOQ3X=11
□□□□ 1
= -IOQ3 X = 1
6
= IOQ3 X = 6
Solved Examples = X = 36 = 729
9. Solve log3 n- log 3 4 = 2
1 . Find the logarithm of 32 to the base 2
.:____ _ ___"_.:__:___::_::~~"'-==~_:::.:___c:c=__=--''-'-""---==--""'----------1s~o1.: n=2
IOQ3 n - IOQ3 4 = log3..::.
5
Sol.: log2 32 == log2 ( 2 ) 4
n
= 5 IOQ2 2 = 5 X 1 = 5 log3 - = 2
4
2. Find the value of 210925 or ~ = 32 n = 3 2 x 4 = 36
4 '
Sol.: aloga X =X
So 2092 5 = 5 x2 y2 z2
10. Find the value of log-+ log-+ log-
yz zx xy
3. Find the value of 32 + 1% 5

Sol.: s2+1%5 = 32 x 31%5 x2 y2 22

Sol.: log-+log-+log-
yz zx xy
=32 x5=45
x2 y2 22
4. Find the value of 32- 1% 5 =log-x-x-
yz zx xy
. 2-ICJQ35 _ _f__g
Sol.. 3 - 310935 - 5 = log x2y2-z2
2 2 2
= logi = O
yzx
5. Find the value of logx 3 + logx
Sol.: logx3 + fogx = 31ogx + logx =: 3 11. Evaluate log7 ( - ' - )
343

6. If log15a::: 2'
2
Find a Sol.: logJ ~'.~I== log7 -~f"
. \_ J40}
- . '
bOL: IOQ15 a= 1 = 1097 7-3 = -31097 7 = -3
2
 ® Surds, Indices & logarithms I 111

12. Evaluate= log 100 (0.01) (a) xyz (b) FYz_

1
Sol.: log10O (100f =-ilog 100 100=-1 1
(d) 1
5' (c) xyz

t: r•-b) t: rb-o)
i 3. If log-Js x == 3 find the value of x

1%3 7. ( ~ J(b+c-a) =?
1
Sol.: log-Js x == ; , x = ( 2%)
(a) xabc (b) xa+b+c
X == 2¾ x l% = 25: : 32 (c) xab+bc+ca (d) 1

□□□□ 8. If 2x+ 4 -2x+ 2 = 3, then Xis equal to:

(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) -i (d) -2
Surds, Indices & Logarithms
9. If 2 2 x- 1 = _!_3 , the value of xis:
ax-
(a) 3 (b) 2
I Practice Exercise: I
(c) O (d) -2

iO. If ✓5+ (; = 3, then xis equal to:

1 . The value of ( .Js)113 is:
(a) 125 (b) 64
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 27 (d) 9
(c) ✓2 (d) 8
1 i. If ax =bY = czand b2 =ac, then y equals:
xz xz
(a) (b) 2(x- z)
x+z
3 2 xz 2xz
(a) - (b) 3
4 (c) 2(z-x) (d) (x+z)
4 1
(c) 9 (d) - 12. If x = ya, y =zb and z =xc , then the value of abc is:
8
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
3. If fr= 64, then the value of n is:
(a) 8 (b) 4
□□□□
(c) 6 (d) i2

gn x3 5 x(27)3
4. If - - - - - = 27, then n equals: Solutions
3x(s1)4
i. Ans. (c)
(a) O (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(-ls/3 = (sv2t3 = J}xi) = 81/6
5. If ( -13}5 x 92 = 3a x 3,,/3, then a equals:

(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
2. Ans. (c)
6. If x, y, z are real numbers, then the value of:
213 413
✓x- 1 y)y- 1 z.✓z-1x is
(2~6r +(2~ r
 112 I * Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!:11

=6
(3x-32) + 3(3x-34) = 62 + 34 = -36 = -4 . 7. Ans. (d)
81 9 Given Exp.
3. Ans. (d) _ (b-c)(b+c-a) (c-a)(c+a-b) (a-b)(a+b-c)
-x .x .x
Jin= 64 => 2n 12 =64 = 2 6
.

:. 2n-= 6 or n = i 2.

4. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d)

gn X 35 X (27)3 2x+4 _ 2x+2 =3

----'----- = 27
3 X (81)4 => 2x+2-( 2 2 - 1) = 3

:. x +2 = O or x = - 2.

9. Ans. (b)

or 22x-1 = _1_
gx-3

or 32n+5+9 = 33 X 31 X 316

- - - - - or 32n+14 320 => 22x-1 = _1_ => 22x-1 _ 29-3x

23:x=-9

2n+ 14 = 20
:. 2x-1=9-3x or 5x-10 orx=2.
or 2n =6 or n = 3.

5. Ans. (d) 10. Ans. (b)

On squaring both sides, we qet :
("'3)° X 9 = 3a X 3"'3
2
5 +if;= 9 or½= 4.
Cubing both sides, we get
x=(4x4x4)=64.

11.Ans.(d)
Let ax = by = c2 ::: k,
Then a= k 1/x, b=k 1/Y and C=k 1/z.

or, 3 So ' a+-=-

1;¾'
2 =3
2 2
a+~
2
3 13 b2 = ac ⇒ k21 Y = k11 x.k1/z

or a=(~-f)=s.
12. Ans. (d)
6. Ans. (d)
aoc=
' 4
1.

□□□□
fflADE EASY ® Surds, Indices & Logarithms I 113

Surds, Indices & Logarithms 10. If log 2 [1ogilogzr)] = 1, then xis equal to:
(a) 512 (b) 128
(c) 12 (d) O
Practice Exercise: II
11. If log 10 2=0.3010, then log 2 10 is:
(a) .3322 (b) 3.2320
1. The value of log 343 7. is: (c) 3.3222 (d) 5

1 12. If log 10 2 = 0.3010, the value of log 105 is:

(a) - (b) -3
3 (a) 0.3241 (b) 0.6911
1 (c) 0.6990 (d) 0.7525
(c) (d) 3
3
13. The value of (log 927 + log 8 32) is :
2. The value of log 10(.0001) is: (a) 4 (b) 7
1 1 7 19
(a) 4 (b) -4 (c) 2 (d) 6
(c) -4 (d) 4 14. If log 5 (x 2 + x) -log 5 ( x + 1) = 2. then the value of x

3. If log 8 x = ~.then the value of xis: is:

3 (a) 5 (b) 32
(c) 25 (d) 10
3 4
(a) - (b) -
4 3
15. If logx +logy= log(x+ y), then:
(c) 4 (d) 3
(a) x =y (b) xy =1
4. log 32 x = 0.8, then x is equal to:
x-1 X
(a) 25.6 (b) 16 (c) y=- (d) y = x -1
x
(c) 10 (d) 12.8

5. If log 4 x + log 2 x
(a) 2
(c) 8
= 6, then x is equal to
(b) 4
(d) 16
16. The value of [ log
(p/q)
1
x + log
(q/r)
x + log
1
(r/p)
x is:
1 l
(a) 3 (b) 2
6. If log 2 = 0.30103, then the number of digits in
(c) 1 (d) O
5 20 is:
(a) 14 (b) 16 17. If log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771 then the value
(c) 18 (d) 25 of log 4.5 is:
(a) 0.6532 (b) 0.7727
7. The value of logilog 5 625) is:
(c) 0.3266 (d) None of these
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 10 (d) 15
□□□□
8. (lo9:iaxlo9cbxlog8 c) is equal to:

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) abc (d) a+b+c
Solutions
1. Ans. (a)
Let log 343 7 = m.
equal to: m
Then, (343) = 7 ⇒ ( 73'm
) =7
(a) 1 (b) 2
3 ⇒ 73m =7
(c) 3 (d) -
2
ii 4 I "" Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

⇒ 3m= 1 ⇒
i
m=-. or 2Y = 4 = 22. So, y = 2.
3
:. log2 (logs 625) = 2.
1
IOQ343 7 = -. 8. Ans. (b)
3

2. Ans. (c) Given Exp.= (log ax logb x loge)= 1.

logb loge loga
Let log10 (.0001) = m. Then,
9. Ans. (a)
1am = .0001 ⇒ 1om = - ⇒ 1am
1
-
10000 1
=-----+-----
= _1_ ⇒ 10m = i0-4 ⇒ m = -4 loga be + loga a logb ca + logb b
·104
:. log 10 (.0001) = -4. 1
+-----
loge ab + loge c
3. Ans. (c)
1 1 1
logs x 2 ⇒ x = g2/3 = ( 23 )2/3
=3 =---+ . +---
loga (abc) logb ( abc) loge (abc)

(3x3-)
3 = logabe a+ logabe b + logabe C
=2 = 2 2 = 4.
= log81:ic(abc) = 1.
4. Ans. (b)
10. Ans. (a)
IOQJ2 x = 0.8 ⇒ x = (32)°" 8
log 2[Iog3 (log 2 x)] = 1

⇒ lo93 (1og2 x) = 2
5. Ans. (d)
⇒ log 2 x = 32 =9
1094 X + 1092 X = 6 ⇒ -IGg-.x.-.:;..-IG@; = 6 ⇒ x=i'=512
log4 1092
11.Ans.(c)
logx lo9x
2
log +
2 1092
= 6 ⇒ 31ogx = 121og2 1 1
log210 = 10910 2 = 0.301 O = 3.3222
or logx = 4Iog2 ⇒ logx
12. Ans. (c)
4
= log2 or x=~ = 16.
log10 5 = 10910 ( ~) = log101O-log10 2
6. Ans. (a)
20 1
log5 = 2OIog5 = 20 x [1og( ;)] = 1-109102 = (1-0.3010) = 0.6990.
13. Ans. (d}
= 20x [lo910-log2) = 20x [1-0.3010) log 927 + log 8 32
= 20 x 0.6990 = 13,;dOO log 32 33 + log2:i 2 5
Characteristic == 13.
3 5
:. Number of digits in 520 is 14.
-IOQ3 3 + -IOQ2 2
2 3
3 5 19
7. Ans. (a) So...:..+-=-:
'2 3 6
Let log5 625 = x. Then, 5x
-- F;')c::; -
.._,~.._,, -
t::;4 nr
-.,.,,VI
v
.I\,
-- A
-,-
14. Ans. (c)
log 5 (.r2 + x)-1og 5 ( x + 1) = 2
 @ Surds, Indices & Logarithms I 115

16. Ans. (d)

(xx+1+ xl =2
2
⇒ log 5 -- Given Expression

log, [t\1)l 2 =
= logx ( ~) + logx ( ~) + logx ( &)
logx(Ex.9.. x_r:_) = log1 = 0.
or log5x === 2 or x::::52 = 25. q r p

15. Ans. (d) 17. Ans. (a)

logx +logy= log(x + y)
log4.5 =log(%)::::: log9-log2
⇒ log(x+Y)=log(xy)
2
:. x + y = xy or x = y( x - 1)
= log(3 )-1og2 = 21og3-log2

X = (2 X 0.4771 = 0.3010) = 0.6532.

⇒ y=-
x -1
llllll!Ulllillllil
Talking about a series 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ........ In this series Solution.
every lerm is rnade by adding a fixed value 1n the Let the first term be 'a' and common difference be
previous term. So it can be stated as the series is in 'd' the
the forrn of a, (a+ d), (a+ 2d), ........ This sort of series 2
is called as Arithmetic Series and Term 'a' is first term -[2a+(2-i)d] =4
2
while 'd' is the common difference b/w two consecutive ⇒ 2a + d =4 ... ( i)
terms.
and j[2a+(4-1)d] =2
Basics of Arithmetic Progression
• Finding out the n th term of an AP ⇒ 4a + 6d =2 ... (ii)
Tn =a+ (n-1)d ➔ nth term, By solving (i) & (ii) we get,
Tn=a+(n-i)d 3 ii
• Sum of n terms of on AP d = - and a = -
2 4
So sum of 6 terms

= 6 [ 2x 1 i +(6-1J
2 4
'(-3)1
2

n
-§_[_iJ-~]
- 2 2 2
= 2 [a+T,1]
=-6
• If in an AP mth term is 'n' & nth term is 'm' then
So Sn= %(a+ Tn] = %[2a+(n-i)d] (a) The common difference of such AP will be '-1'
(b) The (m + n)lh term of the AP will be 'zero'
Properties of Arithmetic Progression (c) The first term of the AP will be '(m + n -1 )'
• Application of numbers which are in AP
Example 2.
(a) If three numbers are in AP then they can be
Talk about any AP of common difference
assumed as a - d, a, a+ d
- i.
(b) If four numbers have to be assumed
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, i, 0
then they can be a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a+ 3d
Its 2nd term is 6
(c) If five numbers have to be assumed then they
and 5th term is 2
will be (a - 2d), (a - d), a, (a + d),
s
then th term will be 'O'
(a+ 2d) and the first term is 6 + 2 - i = '7'
If in an AP sum of n terms is 'rn' and sum of 'm' @ If same number is added or subtracted from each
terms is 'n' then sum of (m + n) terms will be "-(m terrn of the AP. The new series will again be an AP.
+ n)"
Example 3.
Example 1.
If 2, 6, 10, 14, i8, .... is an AP and a number 5 is 1·
For an AP sum of 2 terms is '4' and sum of '4' terms either added or subtracted, then the new series
is '2'. Find out the sum of 6 term of that 'AP. "
formed are
 ® Progression I 117

7, ii, 15, 19, 23, ...... ..

-3, 1, 5, 9, 13, .... .. [Both series are AP]
If same number is multiplied in all terms of AP, the
new series formed will be an AP.
Some Important Applications
Example 4. @ Sum of first n natural numbers
Take series 1, 3, 5,.7, 9 ...... .
Multiplying it by 2 we get
8n = :2:n = n( n+ 1)
2
2, 6, 10, 14, 18, ... This series is again an AP
® If sum of m terms of an AP is equal to sum of n @ Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers
terms of the same AP then the AP will have
n(n+ 1)(2n+ 1)
m+n+1
th Sn2= 6
( ) term as 'zero'
2 ® Sum of the cubes of first n natural no.
It is valid only when (m + n) is odd
When m + n is even
There is no possibility that the term will be zero i.e.
s,," {"("tl}'
in that A.P. No term can be zero. Let us understand So Sn3 = (Sn)2

it with one example and discuss both the cases.

Example 5. Geometric Series

Consider a series 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 .... In this series, we
The sum of first 8 terms of an AP is equal to the
see every term in the series is obtained by multiplying
sum of first (a) 15 terms (b) 16 terms then which
the precedent term by a fixed value. This sort of $eries
term in the AP will have 'zero' value.
are called as geometric series. So a geometric series
(a) S8 = S 15 is in the form.
a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 , ar 4 ........ & so on.
8 15
⇒ [2a+7d]= [2a+14d] Here r is the common ratio & a is the first term.
2 2
⇒ Sa + 28d = 15a + 105d Basics of GP
⇒ 7a = -77d " Nth term of the GP is= arn- 1
" Sum of n terms
⇒ a=-11d
So -11 d + (m - 1)d =O when r > 1
⇒ n=12
(b) S8 = S 16
when r < 1
8 16
⇒ (2a+7d]= (2a+16d]
2 2
⇒ 2a + 7 d = 4a + 30d Infinite GP
This is a geometric series with its number of terms as
-23
infinite. The sum of infinite terms of GP can be
2
calculated as
-23 (when r > 1)
So - d + (n--1)d = 0
2
s =~ (Wenr< 1)
25 = 1-r
⇒ n= -
2 Basic Properties of GP
Which is not possible. Assumption of number of terms in geometric
• If two APs are compared & the ratio of Tm of first progression is same as of the AP for three terms will be
AP to Tn of the second AP is P : q then they will
have the ratio of sums determinable only in one assume -a , a, a,,,for four terms -a , -a , ar, ar 3 .
r r3 r
case & that will be
 118 . I III Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EASY

Harmonic Series HM= 2ab

ff all the terms of an arithmetic series are reversed then a+b
the series obtained will be harmonic series. Let us take
a series 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ..... It is an arithmetic series, if we Relation between AM, GM, HM
When compared for two fixed term, the arithmetic mean
1 1
are going to reverse the term it means the series ; , is having the highest value.
13 AM~GM~HM
>I/)

1 1 1 When taken for two terms a and b, arithmetic mean,

... This is harmonic series. geometric mean and harmonic mean
5' 7' g' 11' HM x AM:::GM 2

Basics of HP
□□□□
th
The n term of a harmonic series can be calculated
only by finding out the nth term of the arithmetic series
obtained by inversing the harmonic series and then
again reversing the term.
Solved Examples
Example.
Find out the nth term for the series
1. If in an AP 1Qth term is 86 and 86 1h term is 1O, then
1 1 1 what will be the 10Qth term?
5 ' 11' 17 ' 23 ' ..... (a) 1 (b) 3
The terms are reversed then the AP obtained is (c) 4 (d) -4
5, 11, 17, 23, .... Ans. {d)
1 a+ 9d = 86
So nth term of HP is n_ ⇒
6 1 -76d = 76 or d = -1
a+ 85d = 10
Basic Means
substituting the values
For the given terms there are three types of means
-----~--Ar~tflmet-fe-me ~g~ a=5.~d~~~------~
1h
"' geometric mean So i 00 term T100 = 95 + ( 100 - 1)(-1)
e Harmonic mean ⇒ TIOO = --4
hence option (d)
Arithmetic Mean
Alternate: For this series from the property of AP.
For n terms a 1 , a 2, a 3 , a4 , ...... an the AM will be
We can say that 96 th tArm is O and
a1 + a2 + 83 + ...... an d = -1 so 100th term= -4.
n
2. Given that a function S ={2, 3, 4, ..... 2n + 1} and X
Geometric Mean is average of all the odd integers of S while Y is
Geometric mean is the term which when included, average of all the even integers of S, find out what
is (X - Y)
makes all the term in GP. Let us say there are two terms
(a) i (b) n 1
a and b then GM will be in such a way that a, GM, be will
be in GP (c) n (d) None of these
Ans. (a)
So GM= F,Sj
3 + 5 f 7 + .... 2n + 1
or it can be written as X=
No. of terms
" GM(fortwoterms=(a.b) 112
If there are n terms a1 , a2 , a3, a 4 , ..... an then 3+ (2n+ 1)
== =n+2
>I/) GM= (a1 .a2,a3, ......... an)iln 2
Harmonic Mean y == 2+4+6+ .... 2n
Harmonic mean is the term when included between No. of terms
the terms make all the terms in harmonic progression. 2+2n
== --=n+,
4
The harmonic mean for the two terms a and b is
2
 ® Progression I 119

So X - Y = 1 (a) 5 (b) 6
Hence option (a) (c) 4 (d) 3
Alternate: Difference of 2 consecutive terms i.e.
3. Find the 15th termofthesequence20, 15, 10, ....... .
odd term and even term == 1 so difference of avg.
(a) -45 (b) -55
of odd and avg. of even = 1
(c) -50 (d) O
i.e. X - y = 1.
4. A number 15 is divided into three parts which are in
3. The number of terms between 30 to 530, which are
AP and the sum of their squares is 83. Find the
divisible by 11 are
smallest number.
(a) 32 (b) 35
(a) 5 (b) 3
(c) 36 (d) 46
(c) 6 (d) 8
Ans. (d)
The first term divisible by 11 = 33 5. The sum of the first 16 terms of an AP whose first term
The last term divisible by 11 = 528 and third are 5 and 15 respectively is
528-33 (a) 600 (b) 765
No. of terms = - - - + 1 = 46 (c) 640 (d) 680
11
Hence option (d). 6. A boy agrees to work at the rate of one rupee on the
4. Split 74 into four parts in such a manner that all first day, two rupees on the second day, four rupees
parts are in AP and the product of first part and last on the third day and so on. How much will the boy
part is 2 less than the product of second part & get if he starts working on the I st of February and
third part. finishes on the 20 th of February?

Sol. (a) 220 (b) 2 20 - 1

Let the four parts be (c) 2 19 - 1 (d) 2 19
a - 3d, a - d, a+ d, a+ 3d 7. The seventh term of a GP is 8 times the fourth term.
no a - 3d + a - d + a + d + a + 3d = 74 What will be the first term when it's fifth term is 48?
37 (a) 4 (b) 3
⇒ a= 2 (c) 5 (d) 2
and (a - 3d)(a + 3d)+ 2 = (a - d)(a + d)
8. The sum of three numbers on a GP is 14 and the
⇒ a 2 - 9d 2 + 2 = a 2 - d 2
sum of their squares is 84. Find the largest number.
⇒ 8d 2 = 2 ⇒ d =± 1/2
(a) 8 (b) 6
So the parts are i7, 18, 19, 20
(c) 4 (d) None of these

□□□□ 9. How many natural numbers between 300 to 500 are

multiples of 7?
(a) 29 (b) 28
Progression (c) 27 (d) None of these

10. The 4 th and iOth term of an GP are 1/3 and 243

respectively. Find the 2nd term.
Practice Exercise: I
(a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 1/27 (d) 1/9

11. The 7th and 2-ist terms of an AP are 6 and -22

1. How many terms are there in the AP 20, 25, 30,
respectively. Find the 26 th term .
.............. 130.
(a) -34 (b) -32
(a) 22 (b) 23
(c) -12 (d) -10
(c) 21 (d) 24

2. Find the 1st term of an AP whose 8th and 12th terms

i 2. Find the number of terms of the series
are respectively 39 and 59. 1/81, -1/27, 1/9, ......... -729.
 120 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::11

(a) ii (b) i2 2d2 = 8

(c) 10 (d) 13 d2 = 4, d = 2
13. 'a' and 'b' are two number whose AM is 25 and GM So, least term is a - d = 3
is 7. Which of the following may be value of 'a'?
5. Ans. (d)
(a) 10 (b) 20
a = 5, a + 2d = 15
(c) 49 (d) 25
Sod= 5
14. Two number A and Bare such that their GM is 20% now sum of 16 term will be
lower than their AM. Find the ~atio between the 16/2 [ 10 + 15 X 5] = 680
numbers.
6. Ans. (b)
(a) 3: 2 (b) 4 : 1
This sequence is in GP 1, 2, 4, 8, ............ .
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
Now sum of first 20 term will be

□□□□ a(rn - 1) = 220 - 1

r-1
7. Ans. (b)
Solutions It is given that

1. Ans. (b)
ar6 = 8 ar3
3
r = 8, r=2
In series 20, 25, 30 ............... 730.
Now ar 4 = 48
a= 20, d = 5
a X 24 = 48, a=3
n th term is 130
⇒ 20 + (n - 1) 5 = 130 8. Ans. (a)
⇒ 5n = 115, n = 23 a, ar, ar 2
nowa+ar+ar2 =14 ... (i)
2 2 2 2 4
_:_______2_._A_n_s_.~(c_,_)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _a_ls_o_a__+_a__r_+----'-'a--'-r__=-=8-'-4------~·••iiLL--~
Here a+ 7d = 39 ... (i) only suitable combination is 2, 4, 8
a+ 11d = 59 ... (ii) So largest term is 8
So, 4d = 20
9. Ans. (a)
d=5
Between 300 and 500 the first term divisible by 7 is
a+ (7 X 5) = 39
301 and lasl lerm divisible by 7 is 49/
So, a= 4
So, here a= 301, d = 7
3. Ans. (c) L =a+ (n - 1) d
AP 20, 15, 10 497 = 301 + (n-1) X 7
Here a= 20 ⇒ 7n = 203
d=-5 ⇒ n=29
th
15 term will be a + 14d which is equal to
10. Ans. (c)
20 + (-5) X 14 = -50
It is given that
4. Ans. (b) ar3 = 1/3 ... (i)
Let numbers are
a - d, a and a + d
ar9 = 243
From (i) and (ii) we get
... (ii) I
now it is given that r6 = 729
r=3 .. (iii)_1:
sum = 15 & sum of there square is 83 i.e.
3a=15
2
(a - d) + a + (a + d) 2 2
= 83
... (i)
... (ii)
From (i) and (iii) we get

~ V '{3 -
1
-, ~- -
II
3· a-
3a 2 + 2d 2 = 83
~"V -

7b + 2d 2 = 83
81
j
second term will be
' 1
27 Ii
 E EIRS~ ® Progression I 121

1. Ans. (b) Progression

It is given that
a+ 6d = 6 and
a+ 20d = -22 II Practice Exercise: II
:::::> i 4d = -28, d = -2,
:::::>a= 18
1. Determine k so that ~. k, and ~k are three
26th term will be-32 3 8
consecutive terms of an A.P.
12. Ans. (a)
(a) 16/33 (b) 14/33
It is given that
(c) 12/33 (d) 18/33
. i -1 7
GP IS Sf
27
, g' ............ - 729 2. If 7 time the 7 th term of an A.P. is equal to 11 times
its, 1 i th term, then the 18 th term of the A.P. is
1 (a) 1 (b) 2
Here a = -, r = -3
(c) 0 (d) 3
Si
Now arn- 1 = 729 3. If the p th , q th and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b, c,
respectively, find the value of
-1x ( - 3)n-1 =-729 a(q - r) + b(r - p) + c(p - q)
81
(a) 2 (b) 1
(-3t- 1 = 3 10 , n = 11
(c) 0 (d) 3
13. Ans. (c) 4. A ball rolling up an incline covers 36 metres during
the first second, 32 metres during the second, 28
a+b = 25
2 metres during the next and so on. How much
distance will it travel during the 8th second?
a+ b = 50
(a) 8 metres (b) 6 metres
also Jab= 7 (c) 7 metres (d) 9 metres
ab= 49
5. The sum of a series in A.P. is 525. Its first term is
here a = 1 & b = 49 or vice versa 3 and last term is 39. Find the common difference.
14. Ans. (b) (a) 3/2 (b) 3/3
(c) 2/3 (d) 1/3
a+b = AM
2 6. The sum of p terms of an A.P. is 3p 2 +4p. Find the
nth term?
✓
ab=GM (a) 5n + 2 (b) 6n + 1
Here it is given that (c) Sn+ 3 '.d) 7n + 3
GM = 20% less than AM, that is
7. The 5th term of a GP. is 2, find the product of first 9
GM= iAM terms.
5 (a) 508 (b) 512
(c) 504 (d) 516
⇒ Jab =_±xa+b
5 2 8. The 3rd term of a GP. is the square of the first term.
If the second term is 8, determine the 6 th term.
only possibility is a = 1 & b = 4
(a) 136 (b) 132
or a= 4, b == 1
(c) 128 (d) 124
So, ratio is 4 : 1
9. The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is to the sum
□□□□ of first six terms is 125: 152. Find the common ratio
of G.P.
122 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude

2
-
4 Solutions
(a) (b)
5 5
1. Ans. (a)
3 1
(c) (d) -
5 5 ~. k,.!?. k are in A.P.
3 8
11
10. Evaluate ~::{2+3j)
j=1
k- ~ = _!?_ k - k ⇒ Sk ~ 2k = ~2
3 8 8 3

11 11
⇒ -11 k = -2 ⇒ k = ~.
(a) 22+~(3 -1) (b) 11+~(3 -1) 8 3 33
2 2
2. Ans. (c)
10
(c) 22+%(3 -1) (d) None of these Let a be the first term and d, the common difference
of an A.P.
a7 =a+ 6d
11. The common ratio of a G.P. is -~ and the sum to
5 a11 =a+i0d 7a 7 =11a 11
7(a+6d)=11 (a+10d)
infinity is SO. Find the first term. ⇒ 7a + 42d = 11 a + 11 Od
9 ⇒ 4a + 68d = 0
(a) 14 (b) 16 ⇒ a+17d=0
(c) 12 (d) 10 ⇒ a1s =0

12. Sum the series to infinity 3. Ans. (c)

3 5 3 5 3 5 Let A be the first term and D, the common difference
-- 2+ 3- 4+ 5- 6+ ............ . of A.P.
4 4 4 4 4 4
ap===--a;-::--J\·:.:i:-(p=1ro-=a-:--:-~0
8 7
(a) 15 (b) i7 ¾=u• :. A+ (q-1)0 = b .... (ii)

7 8 ar =c, :. A+(r-1) D = c ........ (iii)

(c) 15 (d) 17
a(q-r) + b(r-p) + c (p •·· q)
=[A+ (p-1) D] (q-r) + [A+(q-1) D] (r-p)
13. Find the 9th term of the H.P. 6, 4, 3, ........
(a) 7/5 (b) 6/5 +[A+ (r -1)D](p - q)
(c) 5/6 (d) None of these
= (q-r + r-p + p-q)A + [(p-1)(q-r)
14.lf x > 1, y >1, z >i are in G.P., then
+(q- i)(r-p) + (r- i)(p-q)]D
i i 1
1+Iog x'i+log y'i+log z are in = 0-A + 0-D =O
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. 4. Ans. (a)
(c) G.P. (d) None of these Distance covered during the second = 36 rn st
1

Distance covered during the 2nd second

II
15. If a be the first term of a G.P., I the nth term and P = 32m
the product of first n terms then P =
Distance covered during the 3rd second
(a) (alt12 (b) (a - l)n12 = 28 m.
(c) (a + l)n12 (d) None of these The distance covered form an A.P.
= 36 + 32 + 28 ..... ih which

I
□□□□ a ::c: 36, d ± -4
Distance covered in 8 th second
 ® Progression I 123

= 8 th term of the AP. r3 = 8 ⇒ r = 2

= a + 7 d = 36 + 7 (-4) From (i) a = (2) 2 = 4
= 36 - 28 = 8 metres. Hence, a6 = ar5 = (4) (2) 5
= 4 X 32 = 128.
5. Ans. (a)
If n be the number of terms, then 9. Ans. (c)
an = a + (n - 1)d,
where a is the first term and d the common
Here, S3= 125 a(r:-1)/(r-1)= 125
1
S6 152 a(r -1)/(r -1) 152
difference.
:. 39 = 3 + (n - 1)d.
r3 -1 125 r3 -1 125
⇒
r6 -1:::; 152' (r3 -1)(r3 + 1) 152

125
n ⇒ -.-::::-
3
152=125r3 +125
525 = -[3 + 39] ⇒ 1050 = n(42) r +1 152'
2
3 3 27
1050 ⇒ 125r = 27
'
⇒ r = -125
or, n=--:;:::25
42
putting n = 25 in (i), we get

(25 - i )d = 36 ⇒ d = 36.;.. 24 = ~ = 12_

2 2
6. Ans. (b)
Hence, the common ratio of G. P. is %,
Here, SP = 3p 2 + 4p 1 O. Ans. (a)
Putting p = n, we have
Sn = 3n 2 + 4n
(2+31) + (2+32 ) + (2+33 ) + .. + (2+311 )
Changing n to (n - 1), we get = 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... up to 11 terms
2
sn-1:;::: 3(n-1) + 4(n-1) +(3 + 32 + 3 3 + ........ up to 11 terms)
= 3( n 2 - 2n + 1) + 4n - 4 311
= 3n 2 - 2n 1 = 1ix2+ 3( -i) = 22+~(311 -1)
3-1 2
an = Sn - Sn-1
i1.Ans.(b)
== 3n 2 + 4n - 3n 2 + 2n + 1 = 6n + 1 .

7. Ans. (b)
Let a be the first term and r the common ratio
a5 = 2 ⇒ ar 4 = 2 ... (i)
Now, product of first 9 terms 80 9
⇒ 8= X-=16
= a x ar x ar 2 x ...... ar 8 9 5
= 8 s r1+2+ ..... +s = 8 s r36
Hence, the first term is i 6.
= (ar 4 )s = 2s = 512.
12. Ans. (c)
8. Ans. (c)
Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of
G.P.
We have a 3 = (a 1) 2 ⇒ ar 2 = a 2
⇒ r2 = a ... (i)
Also, a 2 = 8
⇒ ar = 8 ... (ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii) we get
ar3 = 8 x a
I
 i 24 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

~iii
3 i6 5 i6 4 1
=-X---X-=---
4 i5 i6 i5 5 3
Practice Exercise: Ill
12-5 7
=--=--
15 15 1. If the sum of the 6 th and the 15 th elements of an
13. Ans.( b) arithmetic progression is equal to the sum of the
th th
The given sequence is 6, 4, 3, ...... which is H .. P. 7 , i 0 and 12th elements of the same progression,
The sequence of reciprocals of its terms is then which element of the series should necessary
be equal to zero?
1 1 1
6,4,3° ....... which is anA,.P (a) iQlh
st
(b) 8th
(c) 1 (u) hJone of these

Here, a = -1 d = -1 - i. = - 2. If p, q, r, s are in harmonic progression and p > s,

6' 4 6 12 then
a9 of A.P. = a + 8d 1 1
(a) -<- (b) q+r=p+s
1 1 i 4 5 ps qr
=-+8X-= -+-=-
6 12 6 6 6 1 1 1 1
(c) -+-=-+- (d) None of these
q r p s
th 6
9 term of H.P. is s· 3. !f !ogxa, ax12 and logbx are in GP, then Xis

14. Ans. (b) (a) loga (logba)

· G . p.
x, y, z are 1n (b) log 3 (1og 8 a) + log 3 (log 8 b)
(c) -log 3 (10g 3 b)
·: y2 = xz
(d) log 3 (10g 8 b)-log 3 (1og a)
8
Taking log on both sides
4. A person pays Rs. 975 in monthly installments, each
2 log y = log x + log z
_;,__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-r,-Gntniy-ins+a+lrneFtt-e-etFt~rless-than-th-etormerby-
⇒ 2 + 2 log Y = (1 +log x) + (1 +log z) Rs. 5. The amount of the first installment is Rs. 100.
⇒ 2 (1 +logy) = (1 +log x) + (1 + log z) In what tune, will the entire amount be paid?
⇒ 1+ log x, i +log y, 1+log z, are in AP. (a) 1 2 months (b) 26 months
(c) i5months (d) '18months
1 1 1 . I...J
⇒ --1 , , are 1n H ...
1+ 1ogx 1+ 1ogy 1+ 1ogz 5. Let Sn denote the sum of the first 'n' terms of an A.P.
S2 n= 3Sn. Then, the ratio S3n/Sn is equal to
15. Ans. (a) (a) 4 (b) 6
If r is the common ratio of G.P., then (c) 8 (d) 10
I= a rn- 1 ... (i) 6. Three numbers are in G.P. Their sum is 28 and their
The first n terms of the G.P. are product is 512. The numbers are
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ...... arn- 1 (a) 6, 9 and 13 (b) 4, 8 and 16
(c) 2, 8 and 18 (d) 2, 6 and 18
P= a x ar x ar 2 x ... x arn- 1
= an X r1+2+3 .. + (n - 1) 7. The sum of the series:
12 + 2 2 + 32 + 42 + .... + 152 is
n
n (n-1)x-2 (a) 1080 (b) 1240
=a xr = ( a2 )n/2 x ( rn-1)n/2
(c) 1460 (d) i620

i 1 i 1
8. If b -; = a-b, then a, b, C form a/an

(a) Arithmetic progression

□□□□ (b) Geometric Progression
 fflRDE EASY ® Progression / 125

(c) Harmonic Progression Solutions

(d) None of these
1. Ans. (b)
9. The value of Let a be the first term and d be the common
(i 3 +2 3 +33 + .... 153 )-(i +2+3+ .... 15)is difference of an A.P.
(a) 14280 (b) 14400
(a+ 5d) + (a+ 14d)
(c) i2280 (d) 13280
=(a+6d)+(a+9d)+(a+ 11d)
10. The mean of the cubes of the first n natural numbers ⇒ a+ 7d = O
is ⇒ 8th term= 0.

n(n + ,)2 2. Ans. (c)

(a) (b) n2 p, q, r, s are in harmonic progression
4
1 1 1 1 .
⇒ -,-,-and-are ,n AP.
n(n+ 1)(n+ 2) 2 p qr s
(c) (d) (n +n+1)
8 1 1 1 1
⇒ ---=---
q p s r
3 + 5 + 7 + .... + n terms
11. If = 7, then the value of n 1 1 1 1
5 + 8 + 11 + ... + 10 terms ⇒ -+-=-+-.
. is
q r p s

(a) 35 (b) 36 3. Ans. (a), (c)

(c) 37 (d) 40 Given statement

12. If the sum of first n natural numbers is one-fifth of ⇒ (ax!

2
)2 =(logbx)x(logxa)
the sum of their squares, then n is
(a) 5 (b) 6 =ax= lo9tia
(c) 7 (d) 8
⇒ xloga= loga[logba]
13. What is the least value of n such that
⇒ x = loga[logba].
(i + 3 + 32 + ... + 3n) exceeds 2000?
(a) 7 (b) 5 4. Ans. (c)
(c) 8 (d) 6 Let n be the number of months in which all the
installments can be paid
14. The sum of 12 terms of an A.P., whose first term is
First Installment = Rs. 100
4, is 252. What is the last term?
Common Difference = -5
(a) 35 (b) 36
⇒ Sum of the series with n terms whose first term
(c) 37 (d) 38
is 100 or common difference is (-5) = 975
15. If log 2, log(2x 1) and log (2x + 3) (all to the base
10) be three consecutive terms of an Arithmetic i.e. £-[2a+(n-i)d]=975

Progression, then the value of xis equal.,,to

(a) O (b) 1 i.e. £-[2xiOO+(n 1)(-5)]=975

i.e. n2 - 41n + 390 = O

16. The third term of a Geometric Progression is 4. The i.e. n = 26 or n = 15
product of the first five terms is For n=i5, total amount paid
(a) 43 (b) 45 15
4
= [2x100+(15-1)(-5)]
(c) 4 ( d) None of these 2

DODD 15
= 2(200- 70] = 975.
 126 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

5. Ans.(b)
2ac 1 1 1 .
⇒ b =- - ⇒ -,-,- are in AP.
Sn = ~ [ a + (n - i) d J a+c ab c
2 ⇒ a, b, c are in H.P.

[where a is the first term and d is the common 9. Ans. (a)

difference]
Given expression
2
S2 n = n[a+ (2n - i)d]
2 =[15;16r- 15;16 =(1 20)2_ 120
3
S3n = n [a+ (3n -1) d]
2 = 120 X f19 = 14280.
Given, S2n = 3Sn
10. Ans. (a)

⇒ n[a+2nd-d] = 3[f(a+nd-d)]
Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers

⇒ d=~
i+n
2
3n n(n + 1)
:. Mean = -----'--'--
S -[a+3nd-d] 4
~ = ....,2=------
sn ~[a+nd-d] 11. Ans. (a)
2
Sn= Sum of n terms of an AP.
3[a+ 3na - ~ ]
= 1+n i+n = 6. =%[2a+(n-i)d]
na a
a+---
i+n i+n where a= first term,
d = common difference
6. Ans. (b)
Let the three numbers be a, ar, ar2 , where r is +~5+7 + ... + n terms =
7
common ratio. 5 + 8 + 11 + ... + 10 terms
2
a+ar+ar = 28 and a3r3 = 512 f[2x3+(n--i)x2]
⇒ =7
ar = 8 ⇒ a + ar 2 = 20 iO
[2 X 5 +(10-i)x 3]
⇒ 8r
2
- 20r + 8 = 0
2
1 n(2n+ 4)
⇒ r = 2, r=- ⇒ =7
2 370
2
if r = 2, a = 4. Therefore, the three numbers are ⇒ 2n + 4n - 2590 = 0
4, 8, 16 ⇒
2
n + 2n - i 295 = 0
2
7. Ans. (b) ⇒ n +37n-35n-1295=0
The sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers ⇒ n(n+37)-35(n+37) = 0
is ⇒ (n-35)(n+ 37) = 0
n(n+ 1)(2n+ 1) ⇒ n == 35.
6
Put n = 15, we have, 12 + 22 + 32 + 42+ ... + 152 12. Ans. (c)

= 15(15+:(30+ i) = 1240.
Sum of the first n natural numbers = _n(_n_+_i)
2
8. Ans. (c) Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers
2 1 1 n(n+ 1)(2n+ i)
-=-+- =
b a c 6
 rDADE EASY ® Progression I 127

1))
n(n + 1) = _!_(n(n + 1)(2n +
2 5 6 l!~i Practice Exercise: IV
⇒ 2n + 1= 15 ⇒ n = 7.
1. lffor an AP m th , nth , pth terms are a, b, c respectively
13. Ans. (c) then c(m - 1) + a(n - p) + b(p - m) will have the
values as
1
(a) O (b) 2

14. Ans. (d) abc

(c) -i (d) rmp
Sn= %[First term+ Last term}
2. The sum of all the odd 3 digit integers which are
Where a = 4, n = 12, L = ? divisible by 9 is
i2 (a) 23400 (b) 27900
S12 = 256 =
2 [4 + L] (c) 35100 (d) 55350
⇒ 4 + L = 42
3. If first, third 4 last term of an AP are a, b, 2a
⇒ L=38
respectively then its sum is
15. Ans. (c) 3ab
(a) ab (b) a-b
log 2, log(2x- 1),
log (2x+3) are in A.P. 3ab 3ab
(c) 2(b-a) (d) 2(b-a)
⇒ 2[1og(2x -1)] = log2+ log(2x + 3)
4. If !a I < i and S = a2 + a4 + a6 + ........ then a=
= log[2x (? + 3)] (a) o (b) as
12
s S )1
⇒ log(2x -1)2 = log[ 2x+ +6] 1 (c)
1-S (d) ( 1+ S

⇒ (2x-1)2=2x+ 1 +6=2x.2+6 5. A car moves 25 mis 3rd second, 65 meters in 7th

second, 75 meters in 8th second and so on. How for
Let 2x = y
it will move in 15th second
(y - 1) = 2y + 6 ⇒ y2 - 2y + 1= 2y + 6
2
(a) 165 (b) 145
(c) 155 (d) 175
⇒ y2-4y-5=0
6. The sum of n terms of an AP is n2 + 2n, the common
⇒ (y-5)(y+ 1) == 0 difference will be
(a) 1 (b) 3
⇒ y == 5,-i
(c) 2 (d) -1
If y = 5 ⇒ 2x = 5 ⇒ xlog2 = log5 7. If a, b, c, d are four real numbers what
will be the minimum possible value of
log5
⇒ x= ⇒ x = 1092 5.
1092 1 1 1 ']
[a2 + b2 + c2 + d2] [ -+-+-+-
a2 b2 c2 d2
' 15. Ans.(b)
Let a be the first term of a G. P. and r be the common (a) 4 (b) 2
ratio (c) abed (d) 16
First five terms of a G.P. are a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , ar4 .
8. Take an AP 2, 3, 4, .... and a GP 3, 6, 12 .... , if taken
Third term = ar 2 = 4 ⇒ (ar2) 5 = 4 5 .
upto 100. How many terms will be there which are
common in both.
□□□□
128 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude

(a) 23 (b) 33 Solutions

(c) 6 (d) 13
1. Ans. (a)
9. If second term of an AP is equal to the 9 th term of Let first term be 'x'
another AP. What will be the sum of 17 terms of
x+(m-i)d=a
second AP as the sum of first 3 terms of first AP is ⇒ (m- n) = a-b
given as 9. x + (n - 1)d = b
(a) 85 (b) 102 ⇒ (n-p) = b-c
(c) 204 (d) 51 x + (p - 1)d =c
10. There are three numbers is AP. Which have their ⇒ (p - m) = c - a
sum as 45 and product as i 875. The highest of the ⇒ c(m - n) +a (n - p) + b(p - m) = c(a - b)
number is + a(b - c) + b(c - a)= O
(a) 15 (b) 25 2. Ans. (d)
(c) 35 (d) 21 First '3' digit integer divisible by '9'= 108
11. A ball is dropped from a height of 50 m and it Last '3' digit integer divisible by '9' = 999
rebounces to 1/3 of the initial height. If it continues Let 999 be nth number
⇒ 999 = 108 + (n - 1 )9
to rebound in the same manner. What is the distance
travelled by the ball in the air 100
So -[108+999] = 50 x 1"107 = sum
(a) 75 (b) 60 2
(c) 150 (d) 100 ⇒ Sum= 55350

3. Ans. (d)
12. Three numbers P, q, rare in GP if P & q are increased
Common difference = (b - a)
by 4 and r is decreased by 4 then they forms and 2a = a + (n - 1)b -·a
AP. If sum of the numbers is 56 then highest among
a
P, q, r will be ⇒ --=n-1
(a) 24 (b) 18
(c) 36 (d) 32 b
⇒ n= - -
b-a
13. Find the sum to infinite term of the series
1( b ) 3ab
1 1 1 1 ? b _ a [ 2a + a] = sum = 2 (b _ a)
- + - + - + - + ....
56 72 90 110
4. Ans. (d)
1 1
(a) 8 (b) - a2
7 s-- - -
1-a2
1 1 ⇒ s(i - a2) = a 2
(c) 6 (d) 28
⇒ s - sa 2 = a2
s
14. Let {1, 2, 3, .... 541 }. Find out how many APs can be ⇒
2 -
a = 1+s
formed by taking the element of S starting from 1
and ending at 541. Which have atleast 3 elements S )1/2
(a) 12 (b) 13
⇒ (
a= t+S
(c) 23 (d) 24
5. Ans. (b)
15. Find the sum to first 10 terms of the series Let speed be x and the car covers distance in AP.
12 + 35 + 7f) + 1 i 7 + ... Then the distance covered in
(a) 2595 (b) 2575 3 rd sec. = x + 2d = 25
(c) 2945 x + 6d = 65 so d = 1O and x = 5.
So the distance covered in
□□□□ 15th sec. = 5 + 14 x 1O = 145 m.
 ® Progression I 129

6. Ans. (c)
T11 = s 11 - s 11 _ 1 ={n 2 + 2n} - {(n - 1 )2 + 2(n - 1)} = 100(1+ i+ i+ . .)-so
= (2n - 1) + 1 = 2n
T11 _ 1 = 2(n - 1) = 2n 2
Common diff. = 2n - (2n - 2) =2 = 100[-;J-50 = ·10om
i--
7. Ans. (d) 3
Applying A.M. 2 G.M 12. Ans. (d)

[ a2 +b2 +c2 +d2] q 2 -- pr ... (")

I
- = - - - - - - - 2 (a2 .b2 .c2. d2)114 2(q + 4) = (p + 4) + (r- 4)
4
⇒ 2q + 8 =p+r ... (ii)

&
1 1 1 1]
[ a2 +"ti+ c2 + d2
4 2
(-1a2 ._1b2 ._1c2 .J_)1/4
d2
p + q + r = 56
by solving the eq. we get
... (iii)

p = 8, q = 16, r = 32
So _1_(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2).(_1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_) >1
16 a2 b2 c2 d2 - 13. Ans. (d)
or the min. possible value= 16 1 1 1
The series=-+-+--+ ....
7.8 8.9 9.10
8. Ans. (b)
In the A.P. all the multiples of 3 will be common with
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 7-8+8-9+9-iO+ ...
G.P. and since the common diff. is '1' every term
So the required
will be there in consecutive 3 terms.
1 i
100 sum== --0 =-
7 7
So net common terms =
3 = 33 .
14. Ans. (c)
9. Ans. (d) In this case 54i = i + (n-1)d
So the possible value of n will be the number of
T
2
= T9 ' ⇒ T2 =21 factors of 540.
Tg'
So no. of factors of 540 = 3 x 4 x 2 = 24
s(2.2_1) __ (2.2-1) T2
So - in this we can not include 'I' as n - 1 = 1.
s'( 29 _ 1) - (2.9-1)T~
Son= 2.
s 3 1 3 Which is not acceptable. So net possibilities
⇒ _3 = - X - = -
s;? 17 1 17
= 24-1 = 23

i.e. s 3 = 9, so s' 17 = 51. 15. Ans. (a)

The series
10. Ans. (b)
s = 3.4 + 5.7 + 7.10 +9.13 + .....
a d + a + a + d = 45 ⇒ a = 15 So for n terms
and 15(15--d)(15+d)= 1875
T11 = (3 + (n -1)2}{4 + (n-1)3}
Sod = ±0. Then highest number
= (2n + 1)(3n + 1)
= 15 + 10 = 25.
= 6n 2 +Sn+ 1
11.Ans.(d) S 11 = 6Z:n 2 + SI:n + I:1

1 = (n)(n+1)(2n+1) + (n)(n+1) +n
This will be a infinite G.P. with common ratio as 6 5
3 6 2
For n = 10
So net distance covered
5
S 10 = (10x11x21)+ x10x11+10
=
50 50 50 50 50 50
5 0 + - + - + - + - + - + - + ... 2
3 3 9 9 27 27 s10 = 2595
j, j,
up down l!illlll!IIIIIUII
Being an area as a measure of students reasoning ability, For each male among couple has a choice of 39
permutations & combinations becomes one of the shake hands, because he has not do l12u1clsl1ake
important chapter from exams point of view. will his spouse & for each of single boy there is
choice of 40 handshakes.
Fundamental Principle of Counting Hence total no. of handshakes.
== 20 X 39 + 20 >< 40 = 20 X 79 :::: 7580
Multiplication Rule
If a task A can be done in 'm' ways & a second Permutations
task B can be done in 'n' ways, the number of ways Number of ways of arranging particular things in
of doing both the task one after another is 'm >< n' certain order is known as permutations. For example
ways. for three things (a, b, c) can be arranged in multiple
ways in a straight line, total number different
Additive Rule
arrangements is called permutations.
If task 'A' can be done in 'm' ways & another task
'B' can be done in 'n' ways then total no. of ways of a,b, b,
C a, C C, a, b]
doing either of task. [ a, c, b b, c, a c, b, a Total six ways
= (m + n) ways
These two rules are basic building block to np = . lD
parmutatlons.&...combinations..p.r:incLpJ.es.------~--r-1.cn~. .-:-~r________________
Distinct permutations of 'r' things taken out of n
Some Basic Examples things taken at timings= npr·
1. lnabuildingthereare6floors.lnhowmanyways5 The terms permutation & arrangement are
persons can get down at different floors such that synonymous and can be used inter•changeably.
exactly one person is allowed at any floor. ( order in
which person are getting down is not important) Combinations
Combinations is basically selection of a group of
Soiution. certain things out of given set. In combination order
For 1st person there are 6 choices of floor. Now for of things is not important.
nd
2 person only 5 choices are left (because one of Combinations of 'r' things out of 'n' distinct things is
the floors is occupied by 1st person)
Progressing with same logic nc : : np, = ID
Total no. of ways (BecauS? all five to get down, r lr In- r x ~
hence multiplicative rule)
6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 "" 7?0 ways Special Notes:
At times, question may not explicitly state whether
2. In a party there are 20 cuuples, 20 boys (single) &
20 girls (single) are invited. If handshake between we have find out permutations or combination but l.':•·-,.••._

nature of question can guide us which has to be 11

only two persons of opposite sex is allowed &

use by pure examination of statement in question?
handshake between spouses is not allowed total
how many handshakes took place in the party? For example
"If I say how many 3 digit number can be made i
Solution.
using digit i, 2, 3 exactly once". I know possible fl;i

Couples
I\IVl'-AIVV

20
IL::1 lc.c Females
20
name 123, 132 order is important hence permutation I
W illbe used. m
Singles 20 20 i!
 ® Permutation & Combination I 131

If I say out of a group of five friends that I have, in

how many ways I can invite three friends, now say
(n-1)!
= - - [when clockwise & anticlockwise
out of friend u, v, w, x, y suppose. If I select u, v, w 2
thew, u, v will be same group hence selection will arrangement are not different]
be applicable.
In beginning we will cover all permutation Partion Rule
combination formulae with two basic conditions No. of ways of distribution of n identical things
• If all things are distinct among r people.
• Each item is used exactly for once.
Case-1.
Linear Permutation of 'n' distinct things taken 'r' at
When few people can have zero things
a time without repetition _n+r-1C
- r-1
lo
npr=1n-r Case-2.
n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 .... x n When each person has to have atleast one thing
_ n-1c
O! = 1 - r-1
Number of combinations of n distinct things taken r
at time The total number of ways in which a selection
can be made by taking some or all out
= nc = lD P + q + r + ..... things where Pare of one kind, q
r ln-rxl.r
nc = nc alike of second kind, r of a third kind & so on.
r n- r
Number of arrangements of 'n' items of which 'P' = [((P + '1) (q + 1) (r + '1) .... /-1]
one ofone type, 'q' second type & rest are distinct.
Some Additional Points
[.Q n + 1c = nc + nc
r r r -1
= [Exl9x!J: np =rxn-1p +n--1p
r r- 1 r
Number of Permutations of 'n' distinct items where nco + nc1 + nc2 + .... ncn = 2n
each item can be used any number of time nc2 + nc4 + nc6 + .... = [2(n-1)_ '1]
(repetition allowed)= nr nc1 + nc3 + ncs + ... = 2<n -1)
Number of ways of selecting one of more items from
n given items = (2n - '1)
=nC1 + nc2 + nc3 ...... ncn = (2n - i) □□□□

Division into groups

Dividing (P + q + r) things into group of P thing, q
things & r things. Solved Examples
(P+q+r)!
:::
P!q!r!
Direction: (Q. i to Q.3): How many 5 digit numbers
Special Case.
are possible from digits i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
(i) Dividing 3(P) things into three distinguishable
i . When each digit is distinct?
(3P)!
grouping P items each = (P !)3 (a) 2520 (b) 1260
(c) 630 (d) Noneofthese
(ii) Dividing 3(P) things into three identical group of P
Ans. (b)
(3P)! 1 7P or 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 :::: 1 260
5
items each= (P!f x 3
2. When repetition of digits is allowed?
(a) 74 (b) S7
Circular Permutations
(c) 75 (d) None of these
Number of circular permutations of n distinct things
Ans. (c)
= (n - '1 )! [when clockwise & anticlockwise
arrangement are different] (7) 5 ⇒ 7 X 7 X 7 X 7 X 7 = 75
132 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

3. What is sum of all numbers in example 1. Square of 7 x 7 unit ➔ 22

Square of 8 x 8 unit ➔ 12
7R
5 Total number of square
(a) ?p 5 X 1·I i i i X 28 (b) - X 11111 X 28
7 = 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + .... + 8 2 = 204
7 Hence option (a)
(c) p5 x11111x24 (d) None of these
7 Example 6.
What is total number of rectangles in the grid?
Solution for Example 3. (a) 36 x 36 (b) 35 x 35
Total no. possible= 7 x 6 x 5 x 3 x 4 = 1260 (c) 34 x 34 (d) 32 x 32
In these 1260, number at unit plate each digit out Ans. (a)
of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 will occur equal no. time that is To make ono rectangle we need to select lwo
7
horizontal lines which can selected as = 9C2 ways
. . . . 1260 . P, and we need two vertical lines which can be selected
eac h d 1g1t at unit place will occur - - times __ v

7 7 as = 9 C 2 ways.
same pattern will be applicable 10 th place, 100th (In a grid of 8 x 8, there will 9 horizontal lines and 9
place, 1000 th place, 10000th place digit vertical lines)
Hence sum of all numbers unit place digits will be Hence total number of rectangles are

1260
= -7-( 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7]
=
9
C2 X
9
C2 = ( g; g; B)
8
) X( = 36 X 36

Hence option (a)

Hence sum of all such number will be
Example 6.
1260
= -7-[1+2+3+4+5+6+ 7] How many rectangle of different dimensions are there?
(a) 34 (b) 35
[10000+ 1000+ 100+ 1+ 10+ 1] (c) 36 (d) 33
Ans. (c)
+2BG- 7.p__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---Heetangles-of-
- ~-~[28][11111]
7
= - 72 [28](11111]
1 X 1, I X 2, 1 X 3, 1 X 4, 1 X 5, 1 X 6, 1 X 7,
1 x 8 ⇒ 8 rectangles
Direction: (Q.4 to Q.6): Below is a square grid of 8 x 8. 2 X 2, 2 X 3, 2 X 4, 2 X 5, 2 X 6, 2 X 7, 2 X 8
⇒ 7 rectangles
3 x 3, 3 x 4, ............... 3x 8 ⇒ 6 rectangles
4 x 4 ......................... 4 x 8 ⇒ 5 rectangles
5 x 5 ....................... 5 x 8 ⇒ 4 rectangles
6 x 6, 6 x 7, 6 x 8 ⇒ 3 rectangles
7 x 7, 7 x 8 ⇒ 2 rectangles
8 x 8 = 1 rectangles
Hence total no. of rectangles
=8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1
= 36 rectangles
Example 4.
What is total No. of squares in the grid? Direction: (Q. 7 & Q.8): There are 1 O points in a plane
(a) 204 (b) 285 & out of which 4 are collinear.
(c) 140 (d) Noneofthese
Example 7.
Ans. (a)
How different triangles can be mode using these
Square of 1 x i unit➔ 8 2
iO points.
Square of 2 x 2 unit ➔ 7 2
(a) rnc3- 3C3 (b) 9C3 _ 2c2
Square of 3 x 3 unit ➔ 6 2
(c) rnc3 - 4C3 (d) rnc3 - 5C3 I
Ans. (c) !I
I
ffliRIDE EASY ® Permutation & Combination I 133

To make a triangle we need 3 non-collinear point (I) There is no restriction

⇒ Out 10, 3 points can be selected in 3
10 c ways (a) 14! (b) 13!
but in this selection 4 C 3 selection are also (c) 12! (d) ·11!
included but these 4 points are collinear hence Ans. (a)
total number of feasible triangles. Normal circular permutation = (15 - 1) !
= 10C - 4 C
3 3
Option (c) Hence option (a)

Example 8. (II) Such that 3 particular person A, B, Care all

How many different lines can be drawn? ways together.
(a) rnc2- 4C2 (b) 1oc2 - 4C2 + 1 (a) 12! (b) i3!
(c) 10C - 4 C
3
+1 (d) None of these (C) 12! X 3! (d) 13! x 3!
3
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
To draw a line in a plane we need two points out of Consider those three persons as single group now
i O points we can select 2 points in 10C
2
ways, but 13 objects (12 people and a group) which can be
in this selection 4 points are through which only arrange in (13- 1)' ways but 3 persons of group
one line passes. can be arranged in 3! ways.
Hence total number of lines Hence total possible no. of arrangements.
= rnc2- 4C2 + i = 12! 3!
X

Hence option (b) Hence option (C)

Example 9. (lll)Such that A, 8, C all three are never

How many non-negative integral solution possible together.
for equation below (a) 12! X 3! (b) 12! x [176]
X +y+ Z + W = 20 (C) 12! X 182 (d) 12! x 142
(a) 23C3 (b) 22c2 Ans. (b)
(c) 19C3 (d) None of these Total no. of required permutations
Ans. (a) (Total circular permutations) - (Total circular
(x, y, z, wand integers can take value from Oto 20). permutations when all 3 are together.)
It is application of partion rule. 20 things to be = 14!-12! X 3! = 12! [14 X 13-6)
distributed among x, y, z, w such that some values = 12! [182-6] = 12! X [176)
can be zero. Hence option (b)
Hence total no. of non-negative integral solution.
_ 20 + 4 1c _ 23c
- 4- 1 - 3
0000
Hence option (a)

Example 10.
How many natural number solutions are possible Solved Examples
for equation below?
X + y + Z + W:::: 20
(a) 23C3 (b\I 22c
2 1. In the above question how many numbers can be
(c) 19C3 (d) None of these formed when repetition is allowed?
Ans. (c) Solution: We have to form two digit number i.e., we
In this case again partion rule is applicable, such have to fill two place out of 4 numbers & any number
that each of x, y, z & w should get at least one thing. can be used any number of times this can be done
Hence no. of ways= 20- 1C 4 _ 1 = 19C 3 in 4 x 4 = 16 ways.
Hence option (c) 2. How many words can be formed by using letters of
Example 11. word MADAM?
Solution: In MADAM we have
There are 15 people to be seated around a round
2-M's
table. In how many ways we can arrange them such
that 2 A's j
 134 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE EASY

So total number of ways of forming words are 6C + 6C + 6 C + 6 C + 6C + 6C 6

ways
1 2 3 4 5 .

S! ::::30 By binomial theorem this can be done in 26 - 1 way.

2!x2! Answer:::: 63.

3. or the different words that can be formed from letters 8. Out of i5 points in a plane, 5 of which are collinear.
of word MOBILE, how many begins with Mand ends How many straight lines can be formed?
with E? Solution: If all 15 points were non collinear then the
Solution: ~DD DD~ answer would have been 15C2 . However, in this case,
since the 5 collinear points have also been counted.
M and E are fixed at the start and end positions,
These would have been counted as 5 C 2 whereas
Hence, we have to arrange B, I, L, 0 among
they should have been counted as 1. We need to
themselves (1e in four places), this can be done in
adjust by reducing the count by ( 5C 2 - 1).
4! ways.
Hence, the answer 15 C 2 - ( 5 C 2 1) = 96
4. Six boys and 4 girls wanted to enjoy a movie. How
many ways of sitting arrangement can be possible 9. How many triangle can be formed by 18 points if no
for them if girls want to sit together? three among them are collinear.

Solution: 8 1B2 8 3 8 4B5 B6 ,G 1G 2G 3 G 4 ... (i)

Solution: To form a triangle we have to connect any
Now if all girls are sitting together then three points. i.e., in this case select any three points
out of i8. This can be 18C done in ways= 816
8 18 28 3 B48 5 B6 X ... (2) 3

(here X is symbolic notation that all girls are sitting 10. In the above situation how many triangle can be
together) formed if 5 points are collinear.
equation (2) Can be arranged in 7! ways Solution: The triangles will be given by
Now girls can be arranged among themselves i.e., 18C - 5C == 806 ways
3 3
4! ways so total number of sitting arrangement will
be 7! x 4! ways
-C--- ------5.--~R--t-he-aee-ve~qtre-sttonitm:t-rrum oor-orways of - --- --
arrangement if no two girls sit together.
Solution: This Cc:tr1 be done in following manner
- 81-B2-B3-B4-Bs-86-
First of all, boys can be arranged in 6! ways, now [!] Practice Exercise: I
vacant seats between them will be filled by girls.
This can be done in 7P 4 ways so total aliangement 1. How many numbers of 3 digits can be formed with
= 7P4 X 6! the digits i, 2, 3, 4, 5 (repetition of digits not
allowed)?
6. How many 5 digit numbers can be formed by using
(a) 125 (b) i20
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 only once?
(c) 60 (d) i50
d 1 d 2 d 3 d4 d 5
Solution: DD DD D 2. How many numbers between 2000 and 3000 can be
box d 1 cannot be filled with zero so only 7 numbers formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (repetition

can be filled in first box rest can be done in of digits not allowed)?
(a) 42 (b) 210
7 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 5880 ways
(c) 336 (d) 440

7. How many different sums can be formed with the 3. In how many ways can a person send invitation
following coins, selecting any number of coins from cards to 6 of his friends if he has four servants to
5 rupees, 1 rupee, 50 paisa, 25 paisa, 10 paisa, distribute the cards?
1 paisa.
Solution: A distinct sum will be formed by selecting (c) 24
(b) 46
(d) None of these
I
either 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or all 6 coins. II
fflRIOE ERS~ ® Permutation & Combination I 135

4. In how many ways can 7 Indians, 5 Pakistanis and 14. How many distinct words can be formed out of the
6 Dutch be seated in a row so that all persons of the word PROWLING that start with Rand end with W?
same nationality sit together? (a) 8!/2! (b) 6!2!
(a) 3! (b) 7!5!6! (c) 6! (d) None of these
(c) 3! 7! 5! 6! (d) "18!
15. How many 7-digit numbers are there having the digit
5. How many straight Iin.es can be formed from 8 non- 3 (three times) and the digit O (four times)?
collinear points on the X-Y plane?
(a) 15 (b) 33 x 4 4
(a) 28 (b) 56
(c) 30 (d) None of these
(c) 18 (d) 19860

6. In how many ways can the letters of the word PATNA □□□□
be rearranged?
(a) 60 (b) 120
Solutions
(c) 119 (d) 59
1. Ans. (c)
7. In the above question, how many words would be Three digits can be formed in 5 P3 ways that is
there which would start with the letter P?
(a) 24 (b) 12 51
= 60
(c) 60 (d) 18 (5-3)!

8. A captain and a vice-captain are to be chosen out 2. Ans. (b)

of a team having 11 players. How many ways are Number between 2000 and 3000 are four digit
there to achieve this? numbers in which 2 is the first digit
(a) -w X 9 (b) 11
C2 d 1 d2 d3 d4
(c) 110 (d) 109! [g) □□□
So, 2 must be taken in box d 1
9. In how many ways can Ram choose a vowel and a Now rest box can be filled in
consonant from the letter ALLAHABAD? 7
P3 ways
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 9 (d) 5 7!
⇒ ( ) = 21 0 ways
7-3!
10. In how many ways can the letters of the word
EQUATION be arranged so that all the vowels come 3. Ans. (b)
together? Person has six invitation cards 1 card can be given
(a) 9C4 .9C5 (b) 4! . 5! to any of 4 servants so six cards can be distributed
(c) 9! / 5! (d) 9! 4!5! in
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 46 ways
Direction for questions 1 1-12 : There are 25 points on
a plane of which 7 are collinear. Now solve the following: 4. Ans. (c)
We have
11. How many straight lines can be formed?
(a) 7 (b) 300 ._, ? Indians
(c) 280 (d) None of these ._, 5 Pakistanis and
i 2. How many triangles can be formed from these ._, 6 Dutch
points?
7 Indians can sit in 7! ways
(a) 453 (b) 2265
5 Pakistanis can sit in 5! ways
(c) 755 (d) None of these
6 Dutch can sit in 6! ways
13. How many batting orders are possible for the Indian Also they can sit together in 3! different ways
cricket team if there is a squad of 15 to choose from 7! X 5! X 6! X 3!
such that Sachin Tendulkar is always chosen?
5. Ans. (a)
(a) 1001.111 (b) 364.11!
To draw a line we have to choose two points
(c) 11! (d) 15.11!
So, 8 C2 = 28 ways
 136 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EASY

6. Ans. (a)
51 Practice Exercise: II
Th .1s can b e d one .in - ways
2!
51
= 60
2! 1. There are 15 buses running between Delhi &
Mumbai. In how many ways can a man go to mumbai
7. Ans. (b)
and return by a different bus?
In PATNA, if P is fixed so we have only four letter
(a) 280 (b) 310
ATNA in which there are two A's. (c) 240 (d) 210
4!
So -·· = 12 ? . A tP.;:ic:her of a class wants to set one question from
' 2!
each of two exercises in a book. If there are 15 and
8. Ans. (c) 12 questions in the two exercises respectively, tr·1en
11
C2 x 2! Ways which is equal to 110. in how many ways can the two questions be
selected?
9. Ans. (a)
(a) 160 (b) 140
In Allahabad we have 4 A's that is only one vowel
(c) 180 (d) 120
and 4 consonants (B, D, H, L)
So any four combination. 3. A code word is to consist of two distinct English
AB, AD, AH, AL are only 4 possibilities so. alphabets followed by two distinct numbers between
1 and 9. For example, CA23 is a code word. How
10. Ans. (b)
many such code words are there?
In EQUATION there are five Vowels A, E, I, 0 and U
(a) 615800 (b) 46800
and three consonants N,Q, T so the possible
(c) 719500 (d) 410800
arrangements will be 4! x 5! ways
4.
There are 5 letters and 5 directed envelopes. Find
11. Ans. (c) the number of ways in which the letters can be put
~------,0-ta+·oomeeref-stfafgltts-Hfte·~-----------.,.,;1n::.to=the envelopes so that all are not put in directed
25 7
= C2 - C 2 + 1 = 280 envelopes?
12. Ans. (b) (a) 129 (b) 119
Total triangle formed will be equal to (c) 109 (d) 139
25
C3 - 7C3 = 2265
5. How many diffE:m:mt ni1mbers of two digits can be
i3. Ans. (a) formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; no digits being
i5-1C11-1 X 11! repeated?
14
⇒ C10 X ii! = i001 X 11 ! (a) 40 (b) 30
(c) 35 (d) 45
14. Ans. (c)
6. How many three-digit odd numbers can be formed
from the digits i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 when
/1 is R & 18 is Wrest boxes can be filled in 6! ways (i) repitition of digits is not allowed
(ii) repitition of digits is allowed?
15. Ans. (a)
(a) (i) 60, (ii) 108 (b) (i) 50, (ii) 98
dl d2 dJ d, <ls d6 d, (c) (i) 70, (ii) 118 (d) (i) 80, (ii) 128
□□□□□□□ 7. How many numbers are there between i 00 and i 000
d 1 is 3 because we have to form 7 digit number now
in which all the digits are distinct?
we have rest six boxes d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , d 5 , d 6 , d 7 to be
(a) 548 (b) 648
filled, this can be done in
61 (c) 748 (d) 756
--·- = i 5 ways
8. If (n + i)!=6 [(n-i)!], find n
21 X 4! .
(a) 6 (b) 4
□□□□ (c) 8 (d) 2
 ® Permutation & Combination I 137

How many words, with or without meaning, can be Solutions

formed using all letters of the word EQUATION,
using each letter exactily once? 1. Ans. (d)
(a) 38320 (b) 39320 The first event of going from Delhi to Mumbai can
(c) 40320 (d) 38400 be performed in 15 ways as he can go by any of the
15 buses. But the €;)Vent of coming back from Mumbai
It is required to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row
can be performed in 14 ways ( a different bus is to
so that the women occupy the even places. How
be taken).
many such arrangements are possible?
Hence, both the events can be performed in
(a) 2880 (b) 2480
15 x 14=210ways.
(c) 3680 (c) 3280
2. Ans. (c)
:'1 i. Four books, one each in chemistry, Physics, Biology
Since the first exercise contains 15 questions, the
and Mathematics are to be arranged in a shelf. In
number of ways of choosing the first question in 15.
how many ways can this be done?
Since the second exercise contains 12 questions,
(a) 12 (b) 36
the number of ways of choosing the second question
(c) 24 (d) 48
is 12. Hence, by the fundamental principle, two
i 2. How many different numbers of six digits can be questions can be selected in 15 x 12 = 180 ways.
formed with the numbers 3, 1, 7, 0, 9, 5?
3. Ans. (b)
(a) 500 (b) 400
(i) There are in all 26 English alphabets. We have
(c) 400 (d) 600
to choose 2 distinct alphabets.
13. How many three-digit numbers are there, with no First alphabet can be selected in 26 ways.
digits repeated? Second alphabet can be selected in 25 ways.
(a) 648 (b) 548 Again, out of 9 digits (1 to 9), first digit can be
(c) 848 (d) 748 selected in 9 ways. Second digit can be selected in
8 ways.
14. In how many different ways, the letters of the word
Thus, the number of distinct codes
ALGEBRA can be arranged in a row if
== 26 X 25 X 9 X 8 == 46800
(i) The two As are together?
(ii) The two As are not together? 4. Ans. (b)
(a) (i) 720, (ii) 1800 Here, the first letter can be put in any one of the
(b) (i) 620, (ii) 1600 5 envelopes in 5 ways. Second letter can be put in
(c) (i) 780, (ii) 1860 any one of the 4 remaining evelopes in 4 ways.
(d) (i) 720, (ii) 1600 Continuing in this way, we get the total number of
15. How many different words can be formed with the ways in which 5 letters can be put into 5 envelopes
letters of the word 'BHARAT'? =5x4x3x2x1==120.
In how many of these Band Hare never together? Since out of the 120 ways, there is only one way for
(a) 240,180 (b) 360,240 putting each letter in the correct envelope. Hence,
(c) 320,200 (c) 380,260 the number of ways of putting letters all are not in
directed envelopes = 120 - 1 = 119 ways.
16. How many different necklaces can be formed with 6
white and 5 red beads? 5. Ans. (b)
(a) 18 (b) 24 We have to fill up two places (since numbers are of
(c) 21 (d) 27 two digits.)
The first place can be filled up in 6 ways, as any
17. In how many ways can 5 sportmen be selected from
one of the six digits can be placed in the first place.
a group of 10?
The 2nd place can be filled up in 5 ways as no digit
(a) 272 (b) 282
(c) 252 (d) 242 is to be repeated. Hence, both places can be filled
up in 6 x 5 = 30 ways
□ DOD
138 I • Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EASY

6. Ans. (a) Number of words that can be formed

(i) When repetition of digits is not allowed: Since = number of permutations of 8 letters taken all at a
we have to form a three-digit odd number, thus time.
the digit at unit's place must be odd. Hence, == P(8, 8) = 8!
the unit's place can be filled up by 1, 3 or 5,
that is, in 3 ways. = 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1
Now, the ten's digit can be filled up by any of =40320
the remaining 5 digits in 5 ways and then the 10. Ans. (a)
hundred's place can be filled up by the Total number of eandidates = 5 + 2 = 9
remaining 4 digits in 4 ways. In the row of 9 positions, the even places are 2 nd ,
Hence, the number of three-digit odd numbers 4 th , 5 th and sth . Now, number of even places= 4.
that can be formed 3 x 4 x 5 == 60 Number of women to occupy the even places = 4.
(ii) When repetition of digits is allowed: Again, the Even places can be filled =P(4, 4) ways
unit's place can be filled up by 1, 3, 5, that is, in Number of men == 5
3 ways. But the ten's and hundred's place can The remaining 5 places can be filled by
be filled up by any of the six given digits in 6 5 men == P(5, 5) ways
ways each. (Since repetition is allowed) By the fundamental principle of counting.
Hence, the number of three-digit odd numbers The required number of seating arrangements

that can be farmed = P( 4, 4) x P(5, 5)"" 4!x 5!

== 3 X 6 X 6 == 108.
= 24 X 120 = 2880.
7. Ans.(b)
Any number between 100 and 1000 is of three digits, 11.Ans.(c)
Since the numbers should have distinct digits, 4 different books can be arranged among
themselves, in a shelf, in P (4, 4)
repetition of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 is not
allowed. = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24 ways.
Also Ocannot be placed on the extreme left place.
12. Ans. (d)
Hundredth place can be filled in 9 ways. Tenth place
The numbers that can be formed, by taking all six
.@an be filled in 9 ways. Unit's place can be filled in
digits together.
8 ways.
=6 P5 = 6!
The total three-digit numbers
But we have to neglect the numbers which begin
=9 X 9 X 8 = 648
with zero. Now the numbers in which zero comes in
8. Ans. (d) the , st Place= 5!
Hence, the required number=6!-5!
(n + 1)! = 6[(n -1)!]

i
= 720-120 = 600.
⇒ (n+ 1). n. [(n- 1)!] = 6[(n-1)!] 13. Ans. (a)
The required number of three-digit numbers= The
⇒ n2 + n = 6 ⇒ n2 + n - 6 = O
permutations of the '10 objects 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
⇒ (n-2)(n+3)=0 8, 9 take 3 at a time, with the condition th8t Ois not
in the hundred's place.
Either n - 2 = O or n + 3 == 0
= P(i 0, 3) - P(9, 2)
⇒ n = 2 or n = -3
10! 9!
n being natural number, son :;t-•3 7! 7!
n = 2. i0x9x8x7! 9x8x7!
= 7! 7!
9. Ans. (c)
The word EOUATIOi\J has exactly 8 letters which are =i0x9x8-9x8
all different. = 7 20 - 7 2 = 648
 ® Permutation & Combination I 139

f 14. Ans. (a)

· · ALGEBRA has seven letters where 2-A, 1-L, i-G, 1- Practice Exercise: Ill
E, 1-B and 1-R.
(i) Since two A's are always together, we take both
1. The letters of word PROMISE are arranged so that
the fa:s as one letter.
no two of the vowels should come together. Find the
If p is the number of arrangements, then
total number of arrangements.
p = 6! == 6x 5x4x3x2x1= 720. (a) 49 (b) i440
(ii) Total number of permutations (c) 7 (d) i898

:::: 7! = ?x 7x6x5x4x3x2x1 2. In an examination paper there are two groups, each

q 2! 2x 1 containing 4 questions. A candidate is required to
attempt 5 questions but not more than 3 questions
=2520
In these permutations, in some permutations, two from any group. In how many ways can 5 questions

A's are together while in the rest they are not together. be selected?

Hence, the number of permutations in which two A's (a) 24 (b) 48

are not together in (c) 96 (d) None of these

q-p = 2520- 720 = moo. 3. A box contains 10 balls out of which 3 are red and
the rest are blue. In how many ways can a random
15. Ans. (b) sample of 6 balls be drawn from the bag so that at
Out of letters in the word 'BHARAT' two letters, that the most 2 red balls are included in the sample and
is, A's are alike. no sample has all the 6 balls of the same colour?
61 (a) 105 (b) 168
.
Number of permutations= == 360 .
12. (c) 189 (d) 120

Number of words in which B and H are never 4. A cricket team of 11 players is to be formed from 20
together. players including 6 bowlers and 3 wicket keepers.
= Total number of words - number of words in which The number of ways in which a team can be formed
B and H are together having exactly 4 bowlers and 2 wicket keepers is

5! (a) 20790 (b) 6930

= 360--.2! = 360-120 = 240. (c) 10790 (d) 360
2!
5. In a hockey championship, there were 153 matches
16. Ans. (c)
played. Every two teams played one match with each
n= total no. of beads == 6 + 5 = 11
other. The number of teams participating in the
P 1 =6,P 2 =5
championship is
:. No. of different necklaces
(a) 18 (b) 19

1(11- 1)! 10! (c) 17 (d) 16

2 x6! 5! = 2.6!5! 6. Seven points lie on a circle. How many chords can
be drawn by joining these points.
= 10.9.8.7.6! = 3 x 7 = 21 _ (a) 22 (b) 21
2.6!5.4.3.2.1
(c) 23 (d) 24
17. Ans. (c) 7. Ten different letters of an alphabet are given. Words
The require number of ways= C(10, 5) with 5 letters are formed from these given letters.
Then the number of words which have at least one
= 10! = 10.9.8.7.6 == 252.
5!5! 5.4.3.2 letter repeated is
(a) 69760 (b) 30240
□□□□ (c) 99748 (d) None of these
140 I III Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

8. Five persons A, B, C, D and E occupy seats in a Solutions

row such that A and B sit next to each other. In how i. Ans. (b)
many possible ways can these five people sit? The four consonants can be written in 4! ways i.e.
(a) 24 (b) 48 24 ways. The three vowels can be written in 3! ways,
(c) 72 (d) None of these i.e. 6 ways. Since no two vowels can come together,
therefore vowels can be inserted in any three
9. A department had 8 male and female employees
places out of the five places available, such as,
each. A project team involving 3 male and 3 female
5
members needs to be chosen from the department ®P Cv>R 0M0 S0, i.e. in ~ ways, i.e. 10 ways.
employees. How many different project teams can Total number of arrangements required
be be r,hrn,en? ::: 2 4 X 6 X i O == 1440
(a) 112896 (b) 3136
(c) 720 (d) ii 2 2. Ans. (b)
4 4 4 4
i 0. From a group of 7 men and 6 women 5 people are to C3 X C2 + C2 X C3 ::: 4 X 6 + 4 X 6 = 48.
be selected to form a committee so that at least 3
3. Ans. (b)
men are there on the committee. In how many ways
The possible ways are as follows:
can it be done?
(i) i red ball out of the three and 5 blue balls out
(a) 756 (b) 735
the seven.
{\'-'/
r-\ i:;~11
vv-T (d) 645
(ii) 2 red balls out of the three and 4 blue balls out
11. A polygon has 44 diagonals, then the number of its of the seven
side are :. Total number of ways in which a random
(a) 11 (b) 9 sample of six balls can be drawn.
(c) 7 (d) 5 3
C1 X
7
C5 + 3 C2 X 7C4 = 168
12. A five digit number divisible by 3 is to be formed _4~~Ana._(a.J----------- -------j--

using the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without There are 6 bowlers, 3 wicket keepers and
repetition. The total number of ways in whir.h this i 1 batsmen in all. The number of ways in which a
can be done is team of 4 bowlers, 2 wicket keepers and 5 batsmen
(a) 211 (b) 216 can be chosen.
(c) 22i (d) 311
== 6C4 X 3C2 X 11C5

13. How many paraiielograms will be formed if 7 parallel

::: 6C2 X 3C1 X 11C5
horizontal lines intersected by 6 parallel
vertical lines?
= 6x5x~x iixi0x9x8x7 = 20790 _
(a) 42 (b) 294 2x1 1 5x4x3x2x1
(c) 315 (d) None of these
5. Ans. (a)
14. A dean must select three students to serve on a
committee. If she is considering five students, then ::: 18C2 = 18x17 =153.
from how many different possible threesomes must 2
she choose? 6. Ans. (b) I
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) iO (d) 15 = 7c 2 =~= 7x6x5!=21.
2!5! 5!x2!

ODDO 7. Ans. (a)

105 - 10 Ps = 69760
fflADE EAS!:il ® Permutation & Combination I 141

8. Ans. (b)
⇒ n2 - i in + 8n - 88 = O
4! x 2 ways, i.e. 24 x 2 = 48.
⇒ n(n-11)+8(n-11)=0
9. Ans. (b)
⇒ (n- i 1)(n+8) = 0
= 8C x 8 C = 8x7x6 x 8x7x6
3 3 ⇒ n=ii.
3x2 3x2
=56x56=3136. 12. Ans. (b)
All permutations formed with i, 2, 3, 4, 5 (sum= 15)
10. Ans. (a)
will be divided by 3.
7C3 x 6C2 + 7C4 x 6C1 + ?Cs x eco There are 5 ! = i 20 such permutations. Such numbers
= 7
C3 x
6
C2
7
+ C3 X
7
6 + C2 X 1 can also be formed using Oand i, 2, 4, 5. There are
4 x 4! such numbers, i.e. 96. (Factor of 4 for four
=7x6x5x6x5+7x6x5xG+7x6 positions of O and 4! for different permutations of
3x2x1 2x1 3x2x1 2x1 these four numbers)
= 525 + 210 + 21 = 756. :. Total of such numbers = 120 + 96 = 216.
i 1. Ans. (a) 13. Ans. (c)
Let the number of sides be n. 7 6
C2 X C2 = 315.
14. Ans. (c)

SC _SC _5x4_ 10
2 -2x1- ·
⇒ n2 - 3n - 88 =0 3 -

lllllllll!l!il
 Introduction 2. Playing card: A pack (or deck) of playing cards
The probability has its origin in the problems dealing has 52 cards, divided into four suits:
with games of chance such as gambling, coin tossing, (1) Spades (2)Clubs
die throwing and playing cards. In all these cases the (3) Hearts (4) Diamonds
outcome of a trial is uncertain. These days probability Each suit has 13 cards
is widely used in business and economics in the field (a) Nine number cards 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
of prediction for future. (b) An Ace, a king, a Queen and a Jack are known
as face cards
Lots of questions based on coins, die, playing cards
Ace-A King-K
and alphabetical arrangements are asked in various
Queen - 0 Jack -J
public sector examination.
Spade and clubs are black faced cards while Hearts
and Diamonds are red- faced cards.
Theory The King, Queens and Jacks are called court cards.
Probability means the chance of occurrence of an event. 3. Unbiased coin - coin having two faces head (H)
In layman terms, we can say that it is likelyhood that and Tail (T}
----~s=o=m=et~h=ingJ.bat is defined a~ aD e\Lents w i J l . . i l l . j [ j f f i L t 1 0 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - -
occu mathematically,
Some Basic Concepts
Probability (P) =Number of favourable events Random experiment
Total Number of events An experiment whose out come has to be among a set
for example probability of getting an even number after of events that are completely known but whose exact
throwing a die can be calculated as. out come is unknown is mndom experiment.
(P) = {2, 4, 6} = ~ = _! Eg: (Throwing of a dice, tossing of a coin)
(1,2,3,4,5,6) 6 2
Sample Space
Were (2, 4, 6} are even numbers & hence favorable out This is defined in the context of a random experiment
comes and {"1 ,2,3,4,5,6} etc. all 6 possible outcomes. and denotes the set representing all the possible
Similarly, we can calculate probability of getting a outcomes of the random experiment.
number divisible by 3 out of 9 single digit number in
following manner Probability Eg: 1 . Sample Space when a coin is tossed is Head
(H) or Tail (T)
__ Number divisible by 3
2. Sample space when a dice is thrown is ( 1, 2, 3,
All nine single digit number
4, 5, 6)
_ {3, 6, 9) 3 1
- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = 9 ⇒ 3 Event
The followings remark may be important for learning The set representing the desired out come of a random
this chapter on probability experiment is called event. Event is subset of a sample
1. Die: A die is small cube used in games of chance. space for example: Probability of getting a number
On its six faces dots are marked numbering (1, 2, divisible by 5 in a single throw of a die if odd numbers
3, 4, 5, 6) are obtained.
 ® Probability I 143

Here sample space is (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), event is (1, 3, 5) Example: The probability that in two throws of a dice
favourable outcome is (S)only. we get a total of 7 or more given that in the first throw of
1 the dices number 4 had occured.
So probability= { {S} } =
1, 3, 5 3 Concept of AND and OR
Non Event Whenever we use AND as the natural conjunction joining
The outcome that is opposite of the desired event is two separate parts of event definitions, we replace the
the non-event. AND by the multiplication sign.
Note: If the event occurs, the non-event does not ocur
Example: It probability of passing in an exam is 1/2 for
and vice versa.
A and probability of passing the same is11/3 for B then
Impossible Event probability of passing of A and Bis P(A)x P (B)
An event that can never occur is an impossible event. . 1 1 1
The probability of an impossible event is 0. I.e.: 2X3=6
Eg. (Probability of occurance of 7 when a dice with 6 Whenever we use OR as the natural conjunction joing
faces numbered 1-6 is thrown). two separate parts of the event definition, we replace
the OR by their addition sign.
Mutually Exclusive Events
A set of event is mutually exclusive when the occurence Example: If we have the probability of A winning a race
of any one of them means that the other event cannot as 2/3 and that of Bas 1/6 then probability that either A
occur. or B wins a race is given by
Eg: 1. If head appears on a coin tail will not appear
. 2 1 5
and vice versa P(A) + P(B) = + = .
3 6 6
2. If 5 occurs in a single throw of a die then (1, 2,
3, 4, 6) will never appear.
□□□□
Equally likely Events
If two events have the same probability or chance of
occurence they are called equally likely events. Solved Example
Example: In a throw of a dice, the chance of 1 showing
on the dice is equal to 2, is equal to 3, is equal to 4, is 1. In throwing a fair dice, what is the probability of
equal to 5, is equal to 6 appearing on the dice. getting the number '3'?
1 1
Exhaustive Set of Event (a) 3 (b) 6
A set of events that includes all the possibilities of a
sample space is said to be an exhaustive set of an 1
(c) - (d) 12
events. 9

Example: In a throw of a dice the number is less than 2. Find the chance of throwing at least one ace in a
four or more than or equal to four. simple throw with two dice.
1
Independent Events (a) 12 (b) 3
An event is described as such if the occurence of an
11
event has no effect on the probability of ocurence of (c) 4 (d) 36
another event.
3. Find the chance of drawing 2 blue balls in succession
Example: If the first child of a couple is girt there is no
from a bag containing 5 red and 7 blue balls, if the
effect on the chances of the second child being a girl.
balls are not being replaced.
Conditional Probability 3 21
Probability of the occurence of an event A given that (a) 13 (b) 64
event B has already ocured. 7 21
This is denoted by P (A/B) (c) 22 (d) 61
144 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!!:11

4. If a card is picked up at random from a pack of 9. Two fair coins are tossed. Find the probability of
52 cards. Find the probability that it is obtaining
(i) a spade. (i) 2 Heads
1 1 2
(a) - (b) (a) 1 (b)
9 6 3
1 1
(c) - (d) - 1 1
4 3 (c) (d)
2 4
(ii) a king er- queen. (ii) 1 Head and i Tail
3 2
(a) (b) 1
B 13 (a) - (b) -1
4
7
(c) (d)
52 169 1 2
(c) (d)
2 3
(iii) 'a spade' or 'a king' or 'a queen'
(iii) 2 Tails
21 5
(a)
52 (b) 13 1
(a) 1 (b)
4
19
(c) - (d) None of these
52 2 1
(c) (d) -
3 2
5. Three coins are tossed. What is the probability of
getting 2 Tails and 1 Head 10. In rolling two dices, find the probability that
1 3 (i) there is at least one '6'
(a) - (b)
2 8 11 22
(a) (b) -
2 3 36 36
-c- - (u
3 4 15 29
(c) - (d) -
36 36
6;• For the above question, the probability that there is (ii) the sum is 5
at least one tail is :
1 i
(a) - (b)
2 7 4 9 if
(a) - (b)
3 8 1 i
I ,.J)
(c) \U
l
3 1 2 6 j
(c) - (d) - '
8 2 11. From a bag containing 4 white and 5 black balls a )
7. A bag contains 3 green and 7 white balls. Two balls
are drawn from the bag in succession without
man draws 3 at random. What are the odds against I'
il
these being all black?
I
replacement. What is the probability that both are
white? (a)
37
5
(b) -
37
5
;
I
1 5 11 '13
(a) - (b) (c) - (d)
7 11 37
13
7 7 12. Two balls are to be drawn from a bag containing 8 Jl
(c) - (d)
11 15 grey and 3 blue balls. Find the chance that they will
both be blue.
8. What is the probability of throwing a number greater
than 2 with a fair dice?
2 2
(a) -
5
1
(b) -3
55
1-
I
'k'l!
:jlj
(a) -r, (b) - i
0 5
11 i4 ]
r,
0 (c) (d) -45
(c) (d) -
5
'15 -1
<iii
sil
fflADE EASY ® Probability I 145

13. A bag contains four black and five red balls. If three (iii) one is white and one is black.
balls from the bag are chosen at radom, what is the i3 15
chance that they are all black? (a) (b)
24 24
1 1 11 1
(a) 2i (b) 20 (c) (d) -
21 2
2
(d) - □□□□
(c) 23 9

14. If a number of two digits is formed with the digits 2, Solutions

3, 5, 7, 9 without repetition of digits, what is the 1. Ans. (b)
probability that the number formed is 35? 2. Ans. (d)
Ace is nothing but 6. we can get it in 1 i different
i 1
(a) iO (b) 20 ways (1,6), (6,1), (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 6),
(6, 4), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)
2 1 11
(c) i1 (d) 11 ⇒ (Probability)
36
15. From a pack of 52 playing cards, three cards are 3. Ans. (c)

drawn at random. Find the probability of drawing a

king, a queen and jack.
Probability of getting blue ball in single draw is !_
12
16 i and probability of getting blue ball in second draw
(a) 5525 (b) 133
. 6 7 6 7
IS - SO - X - = -
1 11 12 11 22
(c) 143 (d) 153
4. (i) Ans. (c)
(ii) Ans. (b)
16. A bag contains 3 red, 6 white and 7 black balls.
(iii) Ans. (c)
Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that both are black? 13
(i)
i 7 52 4
(a) - (b) 40
8 (ii) 4 king or 4 Queen =8
12 13 8 2
(c) 40 (d) 40 ⇒ -=-
52 13
17. A bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another (iii) Spade= 13, King = 4 Queen= 4 but there will
contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If one ball is 1 King of spade & 1 Queen of spade so we
drawn from each bag, find the probability that 19
have 19 to choose from ⇒
(i) both are white. 52
5. Ans. (b)
1 2
(a) 3 (b) - When three coins are tossed we get
3
HHH or (1)
1 3 HHT or (2)
(c) 4 (d) -
4 HTT or (3)
HTH or (4)
(ii) both are black. THH or (5)
3 THT or (6)
(a) 24 (b) 24 m or (7)
TTH or (8)
3 5
=~
(c) 12 (d) 24
We get 2T and one H in 3 cases so probability
 146 I III Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS!::ll

6. Ans. (b) 11. Ans. (b)

For at least one tail, we have to exclude the case of Probability that all 3 balls are black
all Heads {H, H, H} and rest 7 are favourable.

So P = -
8
7 c: : ;:
5

9
C 10 5
84 = 42 out of 42 cases only 5 are

7. Ans. (d) favourable and 37 are not favourable so odd

To get both white
37
against these being all black is
5

12. Ans. (b)

8. Ans. (a) 8 grey and 3 blue balls
Number greater than 2 == { 3, 4, 5, 6) 3
probability that all are black = -1 -C2 =3-
1C2 55
Sop= i = .?_ 13. Ans. (a)
6 3
4 black and 5 red balls to get all black
9. (i) Ans. (d)
(ii) Ans. (c)
P= 4C3
9
= ~ - -
C3 84 21
(iii) Ans. (b)
When two coins are tossed then four out-comes are 14. Ans. (b)
HH, HT, TH, orTT Total two digit numbers formed = 5P == 20, So
2

(i) P= 2 probability this number being 35 is

1
4 20

22100 5525

16. Ans. (b)

10. (i) Ans. (a) Here 3 red, 6 white & 7 black balls
(ii) Ans. (b)
7
Rolling two dice gives following sums D C2 21 7
I::::--=-=-
1. Two (1, 1) 16C2 120 40
2. Three (1, 2), (2, 1) 17. (i) Ans. (c)
3. Four (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2) (ii) Ans. (d)
4. Five(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1) (iii) Ans. (a)
5. Six (1, 5), (5, i), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3)
Bag i ➔ 4 white & 2 black and
6. Seven (1, 6), (6, 1), (5, 2), (2, 5), (4, 3), (3, 4),
Bag 2 ➔ 3 white & 5 black ball
7. Eight (6, 2), (2, 6), (5 3), (3, 5), (4, 4)
8.
9.
Nine (6, 3), ;1, 6), (S, 4), (4, 5)
Ten (4, 6), (4, 6), (5, 5) (i) Probability of getting both white ix f = ~
10. Eleven (6, 5), (5, 6)
(ii) Probability of geting both black
11. Twelve (6, 6)
2 5 5
= -X-:::::-
1i 6 8 24
(i) p = 36
... 4 5 2 3 13
(!!!) 6x8+6X8=24
4 1
(ii) p= - = -
' '. 36 9
□ a □□
mADE EASIY ® Probability I 147

1 3
Practice Exercise: I (a) (b)
4 4

1
i. Three coins are tossed. Find the probability of no (c) - (d) None of these.
2
heads.
3 1 8. In a simultaneous throw of two dice, find P (A or B)
(a) (b)
8 8 if A denotes the event 'a total of '11 and B denotes
1 the event' 'an odd number on each die'.
(c) (d) None of these
2
11 1
2. A coin is tossed three times. Find the chance that (a) 36 (b) 4
head and tail show alternately.
3 1 5 '1
(a) (b) (c) 18 (d) 6
8 4
1
(c) - (d) None of these 9. A and B are mutually exclusive events of an
8
experiment. If P ('not A') = 0.65, P(AuB) = 0.65 and
3. In a single throw of two dice, find the probability of P(B) = P, find the value of p.
getting a total of 3 or 5. (a) 0.70 (b) 0.30
1 2 (c) 0.63 (d) 0.35
(a) - (b)
3 3
10. The probabilities that a student will recive an A, B,
1 5 C or D grade are 0.30, 0.38, 0.22 and 0.01,
(c) - (d) -
6 6 respectively. What is the probability that the student
will receive at least B grade?
4. In a single throw of two dice, what is the probability (a) 0.38 (b) 0.42
of a doublet? (c) 0.68 (d) None of these
1 5
(a) (b) 11. A card is drawn from an ordinary pack and a gambler
6 6
bets that it is a spade or an ace. What are the odds
1
(c) - (d) against his winning the bet?
9 i8
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 4 : 9
5. What is the chance that a leap year, selected at (c) 5 : 9 (d) 9 : 5
random will contain 53 Sunday?
12. A problem in Statistics is given to four students A.
i 2
(a) - (b) - 8, C and D. Their chances of solving it are
7 7
1 1 '1 1 . .
3 4 -, -, -, and - , respectively. What 1s the
(c) (d) 3 4 5 6
7 7
probability that the problem will be solved?
6. Find the probability that in a random arrangement
of letter of the words "UNIVERSITY" two 'I's do not
1 2
(a) 3 (b) 3
come together.
4 1 4
(a) (b) (d) None of these
5 5 (c) 5
3 2
(c) (d)
5 3 Direction for Question No. 13- i 4: An urn contains 25
balls numbered 1 to 25. Suppose getting an odd
7. An interger is chosen at random from first two
numbered ball is considered a 'success'. If two balls
hundred natural numbers. What is the probability
are drawn from the urn with replacement.
that the integer chosen is divisible by 6 or 8?
 i 48 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EAS~

13. Find the probability of getting two successes. 16

(c) 50 (d) None of these
169 312
(a) 625 (b) 625
20. A can solve 90% of the problems given in a book
481 144 and B solve 70%. What is the probability that atleast
(c) 625 (d) 625
one of them will solve a problem selected at random
14. Find the probability of getting no success. from the book?
169 312 3 97
(a) 625 (b) 625 (a) 100 (b) 100

481 144 (c) 83 i7

(c) 625 (d) 625 iOO (d) 100

Oiiection for Question No. 15-18: A husband and 21. Find the probability that in a random arrangement
wife appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same of the letters of the word DAUGHTER, the letter 0
post. The probability of husband's selection is 1/7 and occupies the first place.
that of wife's is 1/5. 1 i
(a) - (b) -
8 4
15. What is the probability that only one of them will be
selected? 3 1
(c) - (d) -
8 2
2 1
(a) 7 (b) 35
□□□□
24 11
(c) 25 (d) 35

16. What is the probability that both of them will be

Solutions
selected? 1. Ans.(b)
--------7'-------------4--------- Sample space S = [HHH, HHT, HTH,
(a) (b)
7 35 HTT, THT, TTH, THH, TTT)
24 11 Number of exhaustive cases = 8
(c) - (d) -
35 35
P (no heads) =P (all tails)= 28
17. What is the probability that none of them will be
('.· there is only favourable case TTT).
selected?
2 1 2. Ans. (b)
(a) (b)
7 35 Sample space S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THT,
24 1i TTH, THH, TTT)
(c) (d)
35 35 Number of exhaustive cases = 8
Favourable case are HTH. THT
18. What is the probability that at least one of them will
Number of favourable= 2.
be selected?

(a)
2
(b) -
i Required probability= ~ =2 .
7 35 8 4
-<-<
24 I I
(c) (d) 3. Ans. (c)
35 35
A total of 3 or 5 may be obtained in 6 ways, viz.,
19. A man speaks truth in 80% of the cases and another
(1, 2), (2, i), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1).
in 90% of the cases. While stating the same fact,
what is the probability that they contradict?
No. of exhaustive cases= 6 x 6 = 36.
Probability of getting a total of 3
( ) 37 (b) 1r3
6 1
a 50 ;:;0
or 5 = 36 = 6.
 ® Probability I 149

4. Ans. (a) n(A) = 33, n(B) = 25, n(AnB) = 8, n(S) = 200

A 'doublet' means that both the dice show the same
33 25
number on the upper most faces. Therefore, the P(A) = 200' P(B) = 200
outcomes, favourable to this event are (1, 1), (2, 2),
P(A u B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A n 8)
(3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)
Thus, the number of favourable cases= 6. 33 25 8 50 1
= 200 + 200 - 200 = 200 = 4.
6
Hence, P(doublet) = - = -1 8. Ans. (a)
36 6
A:Getting total of 11 B: Getting odd number one
5. Ans. (b) each die
We know that a leap year has 366 days and thus a A= [(6, 5), (5, 6)]
leap year has 52 weeks and 2 days over. B = [(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, i),
The two left over (successive days have the (5 ,3), (5, 5)]
following likely cases: 2 9
P(A) = =
,P(A n B)
,P(B) =0
(i) Sunday and Monday 36 36
Required probability
(ii) Monday and Tuesday
(iii) Tuesday and Wednesday = P(A) + P(B)- P(A n B)
(iv) Wednesday and Thursday 2 9 i1
= -+--0=-.
(v) Thursday and Friday 36 36 36

(vi) Friday and Saturday 9. Ans. (b)

(vii) Saturday and Sunday We know P(A) =i- P(A)
~~umber of exhaustive cases 'n' = 7. = 1 - 0.65=0.35 and
Out of these, the favourable cases are ... (i) P(A u B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B)
and (vii) ⇒ 0.65 = 0.35 + P(B) O
Number of favourable cdases 'm' =2 [ ·: A and Bare mutually exclusive events]

Probability of having 53 Sunday = f ⇒ P(B) = 0.65 - 0.35 = 0.30.

10. Ans. (c)

i 3. Ans. (a) P(at least B grade) = P(B grade) + P(A grade)
Out of the letters in the word 'UNIVERSITY' two litters = 0.38 + 0.30 = 0.68.
'I' are alike.
1 1. Ans. (a)
.
= -10!
Let A : a sapde is drawn and
N um b er o f permutations ... (i)
2 B: an ace is drawn
Number of words in which two 'I' are never together Probability of winning the bet= P(A or B)

= Total number of words Number of words in which = P (A)+ P(B) - P(A and B)

two 'I' are together 13 4 1 i6 4

=-+--- = -
10! -91 10!-2.9! = 9![10--2] = 9!.8 =9!.4 52 52 52 52 52
2 2 2 2
9
. .. 9.4 9!.8 Probability of losing the bet = 1- ~ =
Required probab1l1ty = 10!/ = - 1 13
2 101
Odds against winning the bet= 9 : 4.
8 4
= -=-
10 5 12. Ans. (b)
Probability that A fails to solve the problem is
' Ans. (a)
A: Integer chosen is divisible by 68: Integer chosen 1-2::::3-
is divisible by 8 3 3
 150 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Probability that B fails to solve the problem is 17. Ans. (c)

P(none of them will be selected)
1-.!=~
4 4 - - 6 4 24
= P(A)P(B) = ? x S = ,
Probability that C fails to solve the problem is 35
18. Ans. (d)
1-.!=i
5 5 P(at least one of them will be selected)
Probability that D fails to solve the problem is = i - P(A) X P(B)

1-.!=~ =
6 4
1--X-= 1 - - = - ,
24 ii
6 6
7 5 35 35
Since the events are independent, the probability
that all the four students fail to solve the problem is 19. Ans. (b)
Let the two men be A and B.
2 3 4 5 1
-X-X-X-=-. A: A speaks truth
3 4 5 6 3
B: B speaks truth
:. The probability that the problem will be solved
P(A) =
80
⇒ P(A) = 1-P(A) = 1- 80 = 20
=1-.!=~- 100 100 100
3 3
P(B) =
90
. 100
⇒ P(B), = 1- P(B), = 1- 100
9
o = J_Q_
100
13. Ans. (a)
Required probability
. 13
Success: Getting odd number P = 25 = P(A)P(B) + P(B)P(A)

➔ p ➔ 13 12 =-8_0 x-1_0 +-9_0 x-2_0

⇒q = i- = i--25 =-25 100 100 iOO '100
P(two successes)= p x p 8 + 18 26 13
_ _ _ _ _ ,_ ___,.,1~3 =---=-=-
--,~,o·A-------------------l.-ro----roo---s-rr---------~
= 25 X 25 = 625.
20. Ans. (b)
14. Ans. (d) A: a solves the problem;
B: B solves the problem.
P(no success) = q x q = -12 ('2)
- = -144 .
25 25 625
P(A) = go ⇒ P(A) = 1- P(A) = i - 9o = ,22_,
15. Ans. (a) 100 100 100
A : Husband selected
70 - 70 30
B : Wife selected P(B) = 100 ⇒ P(B) = 1-P(B) = 1- 100 =WO:
= 1 ⇒ P(A)
- 1
P(A) = 1- P(A) = i - =?6 Required probability =i- P(A)P(B)
7 7
1 - i 4
P(B) = S ⇒ P(B) = i - P(B) = i - = = i - __!Q_ X 30 = i _ _2_ = 97
5 5 100 100 1 00 100
P(only one of them will be selected)
21. Ans. (a)
= P(A) X P(B) + P(B)P(A)
If D occupies the first place
6
= ➔(i)+i(~) = \+5 = ;~ = f n(A) = 7!, Total words= n(S) = 8!
Required probability

16. Ans. (b)

P(both of them wi!! be selected)
1 1 1
= P(A) x P(B) = _:, x _:, = -·,
7 5 35 □□□□
 ® Probability I 151

7. If the probability of rain on any given day in Pune

Practice Exercise: II city is 50%, then what is the probability that it rains
on exactly 3 days in a 5-day period?
(a) 8/125 (b) 5/16
1. The Probability of raining on day 1 is 0.2 and on (c) 8/25 (d) 2/25
day 2 is 0.3. What is, the probability of raining on
8. The probability that an event A happens in one trial
both the days?
of an experiment is 0.4. Three independent trial of
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.1
the experiment are formed. The probability that the
(c) 0.06 (d) 0.25
event A happens at least once is
2. A bag contains 5 red balls and 8 blue balls. It also (a) 0.934 (b) 0.784
contains 4 green and 7 black balls. If a ball is drawn (c) 0.548 (d) 0.343
at random, then find the probability that it is not
9. A number is chosen at random among the first 120
green.
natural numbers. The probability of the number
(a) 5/6 (b) 1/4
chosen being a multiple of 5 or 15 is
(c) 1/6 (d) 7/4
(a) 1/5 (b) 1/6
7 (c) 1/7 (d) 1/9
3. If the probability that A will live 15 years is
8 and
9 10. From a pack of 52 playing cards, two cards are
that B will live 15 years is
10 , then what is the drawn together at random. Calculate the probability
probability that both will live after 15 years? of both the cards being Kings.
1 (a) 1/15 (b) 25/57
(b) 63
(a) 20 80 (c) 35/256 (d) Noneofthese
1 11. From a box containing 60 standard and 40
(c) 5 (d) None of these
substandard article, two articles are chosen one by
4. The probability that a student is not a swimmer is one. What is the probability that one of them is
1/5. Then the probability that out of the five students, standard and the other substandard?
exactly four are swimmers, is
60 40
(a) 100 X 100
(a) sc4(if (2) 16
(c) 33 (d) 24%

(c)
5
c{i)(if (d) None of these

5. If events A and B are independent and

Solutions
P(A) = 0.15, P(A u B) = 0.45 then P(B) ==
1. Ans. (c)
6 6
(a) 13 (b) 17 0.2 X 0.3 = 0.06

6 6 2. Ans. (a)
(c) 19 (d) 23
The probability that the ball drawn is of green colour

3. Four different objects 1, 2, 3, 4 are distributed at 4

=-=-
random in four places marked 1, 2, 3, 4. What is 24 6
the pobability that none of the objects occupy the
Probability that the ball drawn is not of green colour
place corresponding to its number?
(a) 17/24 (b) 3/8 1 5
=1--=-.
(c) 1/2 (d) 5/8 6 6
 I
1
:i
152 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::§ t
J
3. Ans. (b) 5C
3 for choosing which three days among given 1· l
7 9 63 I
P(A) x P(B) = - x - = -.
8 10 80 five days. (lr for that it rains on three days and J
4. Ans. (c)
5. Ans. (b)
P(An B) = P(A) x P(B) = 0.15x P(B)
(lr for it doesn't rains on remaining 2 days.

P(Au B) = P(A) + P(B)-P(AnB)

8. Ans. (b)
0.45 = 0. i5+ P(B)-(0.15) x P(B) Required probability

= 0. 15+ P(B)(1- 0.15) = 3 C1 (0.4)(0.6)2 + 3 C2 (0.4)2 (0.6) + 3C3 (0.4)3

= 0.15+ 0.85P(B)
= 3(0.144) + 3(0.096)+ i(0.064) = 0.784
0.85P(B) = 0.45- 0.15 = 0.30
Alternative
P(B) = 0.30 = 30 = _§__ Probability that A happens = 0.4
0.85 85 17
Probability that A doesn't happen
6. Ans. (c)
=1-
0.4 = 0.6
Let the four places be lfl l27 f37 /4 / So required probability
1 - Probability (that event does not happens i.e. -I'..·

Now object i cannot occupy the place i ..... (A)

not even one in three times) .
Suppose object 2 occpuies the placeOJ. Then = 1 - (0.6) X (0.6) (0.6)
other placements can be done in 6 ways as follows: = 1 - 0.216
(1) 2 1 3 4 = 0.784
(2) 2 i 4 3 9. Ans. (a)//
-------(Z-~-?---~i-----+---4-----
(4) 2 3 4 i 10. Ans. (d)
(5) 2 4 1 3 Two cards can be drawnfrom a pack of 52 playing
(6) 2 4 3 1 cards in 52 C2 ways,
Here out of the six ways, only three are permissible,
because ( i ), (3) and (6) are not permissible because . 52x51
1.e. - - = 1326 ways.
of the non-fulfilment of condition (A). Hence, 2
The event that two kings appear in a single draw
3 1
required probability is = . Similarly you can
can appear in 4 C2 ways, i.e. 6 ways.
6 2
allow objects 3 and 4 to occupy place 1 and in :. The probability that the two cards drawn from a
each case you can find that the probability is 1/2.
6 1
pack of 52 cards are kings = = .
7. Ans. (b) 1326 221
1
Probability thc1t it rains on any day =- and it 11. Ans. (c)
2
Required probability
, . 1 1
d oesn t rain = 1- - = - 60 40 40 60
2 2 =-x-+-x-
100 99 100 99
Prob. that it it rains on exactly 3 days in a
5-day period. 4800 16
=---
( 1 \3 ( 1 \2 100 x99 33
=
5
C3 x l~J x lj) iiiiiiilll1!!
 Venn Diagrams (f) Things belong to attribute Y
n(B) = y + z
Venn Diagrams are pictorial ways of representation of n(A u B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A n 8)
sets of things having different attributes. Basic (g) Things does not belong to attribute
understanding of regions represented by a Venn diagram A = (y + n)
is the tool for solving these questions. (h) Things does not belong to attribute
If a Venn diagram is representing distribution of n B = (x + n)
attributes then total 2 11 regions will be created in entire
Venn diagram (including a region when particular thing
Venn diagram with three attributes
will not belong to any of attributes.)

Venn-diagram involving two attributes

None= n
Total sample sets= 3
Clearly 4 regions are then (x, y, z & n) Here X, Y, Z are different 3 attributes hence
Region x can be referred as (a) Total number of regions = 2 3 = 8
(a) z = things that belongs to both attribute
(b) n(A) = x + w + u + p, things belong to only
A&B
A= X
(b) x = things that belong to A but not to B
(c) n(B) = u + p + v + y, things belong to only
(c) y = things that belong to B but not to A
B=y
(d) n = represent region of thing which neither
(d) n(C) = w + p + v + z, things belong to only
belongs to A nor to B.
C=z
Further observations (e) Things belong to exactly one of attribute
(a) If things belong to exactly one attribute tr1en =x+y+z
region= x + y (f) Things belong to attribute (A & B) both
(b) If things belong to at least one of the
n(A n B) == u + p
attribute = exactly one + exactly two
(g) Things belong to attribute (B & C) both
n(A u B) = x + y + z.
n(B n C) = v+ p
(c) Total sample(µ): [(Things belongs to atleast
(h) Things belong to attribute (A & C) both
one)+ (things belong to none of attribute.))
n(A n C) = w + p
µ=x+y+z+n
(d) Things belong to both attribute (i) Things belong to only attribute (A & B)
n(A n B) = Z both= u
(e) Things belong to attribute A (j) Things belong to only attribute (B & C)
n(A) == x + z both= v

l
154 111 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

(k) Things belong to only attribute (A & C) 13. B & C both = n(B n C) = k + h + o + I
both= w 14. B & D both= n(B n D) = m + j + o + I
(I) Things belong to all the three attributes 15. C and D both = n(C n D) = m + o + I + f
n(A n B n C) = p 16. Only to (A & B) both = e
(m) Things belong to all the three attributes 17. Only to (A & C) both= g
n(A n B n C) = p 18. Only to (A & C) both = i
(n) Things belong to none of the attributes = n 19. Only to (8 & C) both = h
(o) Things belong to at least one of the attributes 20. Only to (8 & D) both = j
Total sample- n = µ- n 21. Only to (C & D) both= f
= Exactly one + Exactly two + 22. To exactly two out of four
Exactly three =e+f+g+h+i+j
=x+y+z+u+v+w+p 23. (A, B & C) all three
n(A u B u C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) = k + 0 = n(A n B n C)
- n(A n B) - n(B n C) - n(C n A) 24. (B, C & D) all three
+ n(An BnC) = I + 0 = n(B n C n D)
(p) Things does not belong to A= n + z + u + y 25. (A, B & D) all three
(q) Things belong to A or
= m + 0 = n(A n B n D)
B=x+u+y+w+p+v 26. (A, C & D) all three
(r) Things be!ong neither l\ nor B = (z + n)
= n + 0 =n(A n C n D)
Venn diagrams with 4-attril:mtes 27. Only to (A, B, C) all three = k
28. Only to (8, C, D) all three = I
29. Only to (A, B, D) all three ::::: m
30. Only to (A, C, D) all three = h
31. To exactly three of four attributes
--l-------'-'-l------'-'--+-1,----l----------~-'-P,-,{,,.--r-+--r+l--4--1-----------

32. Belong to A, B, C, D all four = O

33. None among A, B, C, D =p

D
Solved Examples
Direction (Q. i to Q. 5): These examples are based on
None= p
the following diagram.
Total sample = m
'1. n(A) = a + e + g + k + n + o + j + m
2. n(B) = b + e + h + k + I + o + j + m
3. n(C) = c + f + h + I + k + o + g + n
4. n(D) = d + f + j + I + m + o + j + n
5. Only A= a
6. Only 8 = b
7. Oniy C = c "-.__/z
8. Only D = d
9. Things belong to exactly one of attributes
=a+b+c+d Total sample = First 50 natural numbers.
10. A & B == n(A n B) = e + k + o + m Circle X- represent even numbers in sample.
11. A & C both = n(A (') C) = g + k + o + m Ciicle Y-repiesent odd numbers in sample.
12. A&Dbothc::n(AnD)=n+o+i+m Circle Z-represent prime number in sample.
roADE EASY ® Set Theory I 155

Solution : Following venn-diagram can be drawn. Direction (Q.6 to Q. 10): In summer a survey was
conducted in a colony to know how many houses are
X equipped with fans, AC's & coolers 224 houses have
coolers. 10% of the houses have coolers & fan. 42%
houses have AC's. 44% of the houses have fans. 10%
of houses have none of three. 22% have only fans &
12% of the houses have AC's & coolers.
Sol.
Since maximum data 18 is % terms we can
comfortably work by assuming sample size to be
1 . How many numbers belong to X only? 100%.
(a) 25 (b) 24 And we can draw following venn-diagram.
(c) 23 (d) 22
Ans. (b)
AC
Only even number but not prime number hence 24 42%
elements, option (b).

2. How many numbers belong to Y only

X None
10%

Means 28% of houses have cooler

28
100 X (T) = 224

T == 100 x 224 = 800

(a) 14 (b) 25 28
(c) 11 (d) 13 Total house surveyed = 800
Ans. (c) Now all question can be answered.
All odd numbers which are not prime 11 elements.
6. How many houses have fans only?
3. How many elements are these in (Y n Z)? (a) 352 (b) 176
(a) 14 (b) 12 (c) 80 (d) 320
(c) 24 (d) 13
Ans. (a) Ans. (b)
All odd prime number till 50 are 14.
800
22% have fans only 22 x - = 176
4. How many elements are there in (X n Z)? 100
(a) 0 (b) 1 Hence option (b)
(c) 2 (d) 3
7. How many houses have at most two devices among
Ans. (b)
AC, fan & coolers?
2 is the only even & prime number. Hence only one
element.
(a) 768 (b) 800
(c) 400 (d) 608
5. How many elements are there which do not belong Ans. (a)
to Z? At most two devices:
(a) 35 (b) 25 = Total no. of houses- No. of houses will 3 devices
(c) 34 (d) 14
800 4
Ans. (a) :::: 800 - X = 768
100
All non prime number till 50, hence 35 numbers which
Hence option (a)
are non-prime.
 156 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

8. How many total houses were surveyed? 1 . The number of girls who like Cricket is
(a) 640 (b) 768 (a) 140 (b) 170
(c) 600 (d) 800 (c) 190 (d) 230
Ans. (d)
2. The number of boys who like both games is
Total houses surveyed 800
(a) 20 (b) 40
Hence option (d)
(c) 60 (d) 100
9. How many houses do not have fan?
3. How many boys like none of the games?
(a) i76 (b) 352
(a) 0 (b) 90
(c) 448 (d) 288
(c) 170 (d) 190
Ans. (c)
Over all 44 % houses have fans 4. How many students like Hockey?
Hence 56% don't have fans. (a) O (b) 320
(c) 160 (d) 240
800
Hence 56 x - == 448
100 5. How many girls like at least one of the game?
Hence option (c) (a) 270 (b) 360
(c) 290 (d) 230
10. What is the ratio of number of houses that have
exactly 2 out of 3 appliances to those who have at Direction (Q.6 to Q. 8): During the annual day
most one appliance. celebrations of a college 225 students participated. Out
(a) i 3 : 35 (b) 10: 35 of them 100 played Cricket, i 05 played Hockey, 95
(c) 3 : 7 (d) 4 : 7 played Football, 20 played none of these three, 45
Ans. (a) students played exactly two of the above three sports,
No. of houses having 2 out of 3 == 26% of population 20 student played all three game.

No. of houses having at most one appliance= 70% 6. If 45 students played only Cricket, then find the
·------1-,ati.@-=-+3~5;,___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _n_u_m-,-b_e_ro-:f:-s-tu-d~e-n--=ts-w,-h,-o-pl~a-ye_d_F_o_o:._tb_a_ll_&_H_oc_k_e_y___,_
Hence option (a) only
(a) 15 (b) i0
(c) 20 (d) 25

m Practice Exercise: I
7. If 20 students played both Cricket & Football but
not Hockey, find the number of students who played
only Hockey
(a) 50 (b) 55
Direction (Q.1 to Q. 5): The following table gives partial (c) 45 (d) 60
information about the number of students of a school
8. If 50 students played Hockey but not Football, find
who like Hockey & Cricket. There are 800 students in
the number of students who played Cricket or Hockey
the school.
(a) 110 (b) 120
(c) 135 (d) 140
Hockey Cricket Both Total
Boys 100 300 Direction (Q.9 to Q.13): In an apartment, a survey was
Girls 170 conducted among 600 people to find out readership of
3 magazines India today, Business today and Front line. ;
Total 800
It is known that 200 people read at least two of these
magazines. 460 people read either India today or Front ;,

I
of the total students, 50% like Cricket, 30% like Hockey line. 360 read exactly one among three. 160 read neither '
& 20% !ike both the games. 20% of the girls like both India today nor Business today. 260 read the India today ;
the games. or Business today but not Front line.

"'
 ® Set Theory I i57

g. How many people read at least one of the other two (a) 70 (b) 40
magazines along the Front line? (c) 80 (d) None of these
(a) 140 (b) 180
20. What is the minimum possible number of people,
(c) 200 (d) 220 who took at most one of the two drinks?
10. How many people read all three magazines? (a) 40 (b) 50
(c) 60 (d) 70
(a) 140 (b) 120
(c) 80 (d) Can't determined 21. What is the minimum possible number of people
who took none of these two drinks?
11. How many people read India today only?
(a) 20 (b) 30
(a) 100 (b) 120
(c) 40 (d) None of these
(c) 140 (d) i60

12. How many people read none of three magazines? □□□□

(a) 60 (b) 40
(c) 30 (d) None of these Solutions
13. How many people read exactly one among three
magazines?
(a) 360 (b) 300
(c) 200 (d) 260
Direction (Q.14 to Q. 21 ): In a party there were 70
people who took tea. There were 80 people who took
coffee. If there were total 120 people in the party then. 40% None

14. What is the maximum possible no. of people who Q.1 to Q.5
took none of these two? Number of girls who like both games
(a) 60 (b) 30
20
(c) 40 (d) None of these = 300x-=60
100
15. What is the maximum possible number of people Number of students linking none of two games
who took exactly one of these two drink? is40%
(a) 80 (b) 90 40
(c) i20 (d) 100
Hence - x 800 = 320 students like none of
100
the game.
i 6. What is the maximum possible number of people
Total number of students who like both game
who took both of the tea and coffee?
20
(a) 80 (b) 90 =- 800x- = i60
iOO
(c) 70 (d) 100
Total number of students who like Cricket
17. What is the maximum possible number of people
who took at least one of these two drinks? ::: 800 X SO = 400
iOO
(a) 120 (b) 100
Total number of students who like Hockey
(c) 90 (d) Noneofthese
30
= 800x = 240
18. What is the minimum possible number who took both iOO
the drinks? Now we are easily able to complete the table
(a) 40 (b) 30 Total No. of Like none two
Hockey Cricket Both
(c) 50 (d) None of these Students of games
Boys 100 230 100 300 170
19. What is the minimum possible no. of people who Girls 140 170 60 500 270
Total 240 400 160 800 440
took at least one of the two drink?
158 I 0 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Boys= b + 20 + 25 = 105
b = 105 - 45 == 60
Hence option ( d)

8. (b) x + b = 50
x + b + z + 20 = 105
None= 170
=> Z=35
X + y + Z = 45

⇒ x+y=iO
a + + y + 20
X = 100
⇒ a-70
a + x + b = 70 + 50 = 120
None= 270 Hence option (b)

Question 9 to 13
1. (c) No. of girls like cricket = i 70.
2. (d) No. of boys like both games= 100. India Today

3. (c) No. of boys like none of the game = 170.

4. (d) No. of students like hockey= 240.
h
5. (d) Number of girls who like at least one of the game
= 230.

Question. No. 6 to 8

Cricket = 100 a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h = 600

----1------·· -·e---1=·d-·+··g-,=·f= 2tJu -----
a + b + c = 360 ⇒ h = 40 ... (i)
a + d + c + e + f + g == 460
b + h + 460 = 600
b = 100 ... (ii)
Football= 95 No11e = 20 C = 160 ... (iii)
a= 100 ... (iv)
a+ e + b = 260
No. of students who played at least one out of
three games
e ⇒ 260 - (a + b) = 60 ... (v)

= 225 - 20 = 205 e + f + g = 460 - ( a + b + c)

x + y + z = 45 (as 45 students played exactly = 460 - 360 = 100
two of the three games) d = 200 - 100 = 100 ... (vi)

6. (b) a= 45 (given) 9. (a) d + g + e + f = 200, e = 60 from (v)

45 + X + y + 20 = 100 No. of people required
X + y = 35 =d + g + f = 200 - 60 = 140.
z = 45 - (x + y) = 10
1O.(d) Can't be determined.
Hockey and Football only= 10
Option (b). 1 i .(a) India today only= a= 100.
7. (d) y = 20 12.(b) None of three ⇒ h = 40.
x + z + b + 20 = 105 (Total Hockey = 105)
x+y+z=45 13.(a) a+b+c=360.
X + Z = 45 - 20 = 25
fflADE EASY ® Set Theory I 159

Question 14 to 21. i8.(b)

14.(c)
- - - - - 120 people .....-----4>1

- - - - - 120 people -----11>1 - - - 80 coffee - - -

70 tea

70 tea
Answer 30. Option (b)
Maximum possible no. of people took none of
19.(c)
these two.
(120-80) = 40. Option (c)
- - - - - 120 people -----+1
15.(b) To maximize the no. of only one drink taken try
to minimize both and none.

- - - - - 120 p e o p l e - - - - - ?0tea
- - - 80 coffee ....---~
To minimize the no. of people who took at least
one, we need to maximize the number of people
70tea who took none. Option (c).

Maximum number of only one drink, taken 20.(b) To minimize the no. of people who took at most
= (80-30) + (70- 30) = 90. Option (b) one. I need to maximize who took both.

'16.(c) - - - - - 120 people----~

120 people

offee ---l>I

?0tea
a

Maximum 70 people can take both drinks. Hence

Maximum no. of people who took both
min. 50 people are here who will take at most
= 70. Option (c)
one drink. Option (b)
17.(a)
21.(d)
- - - - - 120 people-...----
- - - - - 120 people..._---~
- - - 80 coffee ~ - - 1<11--- 80 coffee ---...i

30
70tea
70tea

To maximize at least one of two means we have Answer zero. Option ( d)

to minimize the none.
Hence 120. Option (a)
IIIUIU!llll
 Section

© S ll.1 ,
In the exams, the success of a candidate in the questions Sol.(b) The only daughter of the woman's father is the
on blood relations depends upon his knowledge about woman herself, and hence the man in the
various blood relations. The easiest and non-confusing photograph is her son. Therefore the woman is
way to solve these problems would be to draw a family the mother of the man in the photograph.
tree diagram and increase the levels in the hierarchy as
Example 2.
shown below:
Pointing to a man in photograph a woman said "The
1st stage:
father of his brother is the only son of my grand
Grand Parents-Grand father, Grand mother, Grand
father". How is the woman related to the man in
uncle, Grand aunt.
photograph.
2nd Stage:
Parents & in laws-Father, Mother, Uncle, Aunt, Sol.(d) The only son of woman's grand father is the father
Father-in-law, Mother-in-law. of woman and the father of the man's brother is
rd
3 Stage: the father of the man. On combining these two
Siblings, spouse & in laws-Brother, Sister, Cousin, information together single information emerges
Wife, Husband, Brother in law, Sister-in-law.
that the man's father is the woman's father. Hence
111
4 stage:
woman is sister of the man in the photograph.
Children & in laws-Son, Daughter, Niece, Nephew,
Son-in-law, Daughter-in-law. Direction for Ex. 3 to 5.
th
5 stage: A + B means A is the daughter of B
Grand children-Grand son, Grand daughter. A - B means A is the husband of B
A x B means A is the brother of B
Mother's or father's brother Uncle
Mother's or father's sister Aunt Example 3.
Mother's or father's mother Grand mot11er If P + 0 - R, which of the following is true:
Mother's or father's father Grand father
Grand father's or grand mother's brother Grand uncle (a) R is the mother of P
Grand father's or grand mother's sister Grand aunt (b) R is the sister-in-law of P
Children's children (Grand son, Grand daughter) Grand children
Uncle or Aunt's son/daughter Cousin (c) R is the aunt of P
Son's wife Daughter in iaw (d) R is the mother-in-law of P
Dauther's husband Son in law
Sister's or brother's son l ✓ephew
Sol.(d) P + 0 - R means Pis the daughter at Q who is
Husband's or wife's brother or sister's husband Brother in law
Husband's or wife's sister or brother's wife Sister in law the husband of R. i.e. R is P's mother.
Chindren at same parents: siblings (could be broiner.
a!I sister's or some brother's & some sister's Example 4.
If P x O + R, which of following is true
Example 1. (a) P is the brother of R
Pointing to a man in a photograph a man said to a (b) P is the uncle of R
woman "his mother is the only daughter of your (c) P is the son of R
father". How is the woman related to the man in the (d) P is the father of R
photograph.
(a) Sister (b) Mother Sol.(c) P x O + R means Pis the brother of Q who is
(c) Wife (d) Daughter daughter of R. i.e. Pis son of R.
 162 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflROE ERS'

Example 5. Example 9.
If P + 0 x R, which at following is true If T - S x B - M, which of the following is not true
(a) P is the Niece of R (a) B is mother of S
(b) Pis Daughter of R (b) M is husband of B
(c) Pis Cousin of R (c) Tis wife of S
(d) P is the Daughter-in-law of R (d) Sis daughter of B

Sol. ( a) P + 0 x R, means Pis the daughter of Q who is Sol.(d) T - S x 8 - M means Tis the wife of S, who i
the brother of R i.e. P is niece of R the son of B who is the wife of M i.e. T is th<
wife of son at M (father) i.e. Tis the daughter-in
Example 6. law of M. But as this is not qiven in the choic:e
A party consists of grand mother, father, mother, So the fact in ( d) is not true.
four sons & their wives and one son and two
daughters of each of the sons. How many females
Example 10.
If Z x T - S x U + P, what is U to Z.
are?
(a) Mother
(a) 14 (b) 16
(b) Grand mother
(c) i8 (d) 24
(c) Father
Sol.(a) 14 (d) Can't be determined
Grandmother is one female, mother is another,
Sol.(b) Z x T -S x U means Z is the son of T who is thE
wives of four sons are 4 female and two
wife of S who is the son of U. i.e. Z is the son o1
daughters of all four sons are 8 female. So all
S who is the son of U. i.e. U is the grandson o1
are
U or U is the grand mother of Z. From the choice
1 + 1 + 4 + 8 = 14 female
(b) is true.
Example 7.
Laxmi and Meena are Rohan's wives Shalini is Some Standard Coding Technique
___ --· Meena 's stepd.augbteLl:::hwJs.La.xrni ..r:@late-Ef-te----l~..Er.ope.r:.AooR-slclmJEl--alwa-~enorec:tby·c-aplta1~
Shalini? letters
(a) Sister (b) Mother-in-law E.g. John, Merry and Puul can be codes a:::i
(c) Mother (d) Stepmother Johh -J, Merry - M, Paul - P

Sol. ( c) Mother 2. In questions where the sex of proper noun is crucial

to the solving of questions, you can denote the
Shalini is Meena's stepdaughter Means Shalini
female by under lining ihe capital letter used
is the daughter of other wife of Rohan, so Shalini
ex. ➔ Merry is a beautiful girl. Merry - M
is a daughter of Laxmi or Laxmi is mother of
ex. ➔ Sheena is the only girl student in her class
Shalini.
Sheena-.S
Direction for Ex. 8 to 10.
3. Relationship:
A + B means A is dc'.,;ghter of B
(a) Is the Son of
A x B means A is the son of 8
A - B means A is the wife of B ex. ➔ Ram is the son of Mr. Pratap ➔ p
R
Example 8. (b) Is the daughter of
If P x O - S, which of the following is true?
(a) S is wife of 0
ex. ➔ Sweta is daughter of Mr. Pratap ➔p
s
(b) S is father of P ( c) Is the Parent of
(c) Pis daughter of Q
A A
(d) 0 is father of P ex. ➔ A is the parent of B ➔ or
B B
Sol.(b) P x O - S means Pis the son of O who is the (d) Is the spouse of
Nife of S.
1
ex. ➔ A is spouse of B ➔ A- B or B ·- A
 ® Blood Relation I 163

[Note: Here sex of A & Bis not mentioned] 4. Who is the wife of T?
ex. ➔ Seema is wife of Rahul ➔ R .S. (a) P
ex. ➔ Priya is wife of Rajesh R - .E (b) U
[Note: It is better to write male on the left & female (c) 0
on the right hand side to avoid any confusion] (d) can't be determined
(e) Is the sibling of
ex ➔ A is sibling of 8
5. Which of the following is a pair of females?
i. A .. B or (A & Bare brothers)
(a) PT (b) OS
2. 6 .. B or (A is sister of B) (c) SU (d) PS
3. A .. B or (B is sister of A) 6. How is U related to S?
4. 6 .. B or (A & B are sisters) (a) Father
(f) Grand father, Grand son relation (b) Brother
ex. ➔ Ramesh & Param are the two sons of Mr.
(c) Uncle
Shiv Kumar, who is the son of Mr. Sundarlal
(d) can't be determined
Su
Direction (Qs. 7 to 12): Read the following
➔ Sk information carefully and answer the question
R .. P below it.
A family consists of six members P, 0, R, X, Y and Z. Q
(Note: Shiv Kumar and Sundarlal are coded as Sk
and Su to avoid any. confusion) is the son of R but R is not mother of 0. P and Rare a

(g) Where the sex of a person is not confirmed married couple. Y is the brother of R. X is the daughter
write it in a box of P. Z is the brother of P.
like O is the only son of S
7. Who is the brother-in-law of R?
~ (Here O is male but sex of (a) P (b) Z
(c) Y (d) X
0 Sis not mentioned)
8. Who is the father of O?
□ aa □ (a) R (b) P
(c) Z (d) None of these

9. How many children does P have?

Practice Exercise: I
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
Direction (Qs. 1 to 6): Read the following information
carefully and answer the question below it. 10. How many female member are there in the family?
All the six members of a family P, 0, R, S, T and U are (a) One (b) Two
travelling together O is the son of R but R is not the (c) Three (d) Four
mother of 0. P and R are a married couple. T is the
11. How is O related to X?
brother of R. Sis the daughter of P. U is the brother of O.
(a) Husband (b) Father
1 . How may male members are there in the family? (c) Brother (d) Uncle
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 12. Which is a pair of brothers?
(a) P and X (b) P and Z
2. Who is the mother of Q?
(c) 0 and X (d) R and Y
(a) S (b) U
~) T ~) p Direction (Qs. 13 to 15): Read the following information
carefully and answer the questions given below it
3. How many children does P have?
Pis the son of 0. R, Q's sister has a son Sand daughter
(a) One (b) Two
T. U is the maternal uncle of S.
(c) Three (d) Four
 164 I e Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS~

13. How is P related to S? 22. Who are the females in the group?
(a) Cousin (b) Nephew (a) T and P (b) Q and P
(c) Uncle (d) Brother (c) Rand O (d) T and 0

i 4. How is T related to U? 23. How is the S related to T?

(a) Sister (b) Daughter (a) Wife (b) Husband
(c) Niece (d) Wife (c) Father (d) Son

i 5. How many nephew does U have? Direction (Os. 24 to 28): Read the following information
(a) Nill (b) One carefully and answer the question below it.
(c) Two (d) Three (i) A is the married to B and L is A's brother-in-law. A
16. nanja11 is U,e brother of Sachin and Manick is the has two daughters.
father of Ranjan. Jagat is the brother of Priya and (ii) I is the cousin brother of J and is the brother of f<..
Priya is the daughter of Sachin. Who is the uncle of (iii) E and Fare B's son-in-law.
Jagat? (iv) E has 2 daughters and 1 son; F has 1 son and
(a) Ranjan (b) Sachin 1daughter.
(c) Manick (d) None of these (v) G and H are 2 daughter of C.
(vi) K and A share a grand daughter and grand
Direction (Os. 17 to 18): Read the following infor-mation relationship.
carefully and answer the questions given below it. (vii) D is also member of this family.
(i) A is the father of C
(ii) E is the daughter of C.F is the spouse of A 24. How is C related to I?
(iii) B is the brother of C.D is the son of B. (a) Mother (b) Brother
(iv) G is the spouse of B. His the father of G. (c) Aunt (d) Cousin

17. Who is the grandmother of D? 25. G is B's:

(a) A (b) C (a) Daughter (b) Granddaughter
(c) F_ . - - (ctLl::L____ -Ec+--8-faftelsorr----tct)~-3"on
---~
18. Who is the son of F? 26. How is L related to O?
(a) B (b)C (a) Uncle (b) Brother
(c) D (d) E (c) Sister (d) Father

Direction (Os. 19 to 23): Read the following inforrnation 27. I low is D relc1ted to E? .
carefully and answer the questions given be,ow it. (a) Brother-in-law (b) Sister-in-law
P,O, R, Sand Tare members of the same family. There (c) Daughter (d) Wife
are two fathers, two sons and, two wives, three males
28, How is E related to C?
and two females in the group. The Engineer was the
(a) Daughter (b) Son-in-law
wife of Teacher, who was the son of a Painter.Tis neither
(c) Wife (d) Husband
a male nor the wife of a professional. R is the youngest
person in the family and S is the eldest. 0 is a male
□□□□
19. How is P related to O?
(a) Husband (b) Wife
(c) Mother (d) Daughter
Solutions
20. Who is the father of R?
Hints (1-6)
(a) P (b) 0
Sol. ➔ Q is son of R
(c) S (d) T
➔ R is not the mother, then R is father of O
21. Whose wife is the Engineer? ➔ P and Rare married couple R - .E
(a) P (b) 0
➔ T is brother of R T .. R
~) R ~) S
 mRDIE ERSY ® Blood Relation I 165

p Pain
➔ S is daughter of P S ➔ Tea
I is a female and wife of Painter
➔ U is brother of Q Q .. U Pain -I
Complete Solution Tea-Eogg
T.. R -2 R
Q .. u .. s. ➔ R is youngest
1. (d) It means R is Son of Tea
2. (d) ➔ S is eldest, it means S is the grandfather
3. (c) Pain-I
4. (d) (S)
5. (d) Tea-Eogg
6. (b) (Q)-P
Sol. (7 - 12) R
Y .. R-E .. Z now complete tree is like this
0 .. x S -- I
7. (b) Q E
8. (a) R
9. (b) 19. (b)
iO. (b) 20. (b)
ii. (c) 21. (b)

12. (d) 22. (a)

23. (b)
Sol.(13 to 15)
0 .. .8 .. U Sol.(24 to 28)
(i). A - B .. L
P S .. I
13. (a) .d.1 ... .d.2
d 1 & d 2 are daughter of A
14. (c)
(ii) I .. K, J is consine of I
15. (c)
(iii) E & F are husband of .d.1 & .d.2
~· Sol.(16) M E- .d.1 .. .d.2 - F
R .. S
d~ .. .d.2 .. s'1 , d~ .. s~
p .. J
16. (a)
(iv) G & Hare ( d; & d2 )daughters of C, so naturally C
Sol.(17 - 18} is wife of E because only E has two daughters
A-EH (v) Now complete tree is
[g .. B G
[6_] IB] .. L
E D E-C 0-F
i7. (c) T "T
rn. (a) here sex of C is not confirmed lj .. Q .. J,1 .. ~

Sol.(19 to 23) 24. (c)

P, 0, R, S, T 25. (b)
➔ There are two father & two son it means relation 26. (a)
is Grandfather, father and son 27. (b)
➔ Engineer is wife of teacher, Tea - .E.o.g_g_ 28. (d)
Teacher is son of Painter
□□□□
 166 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

9. Pointing to a girl in the photograph Amar said, "Her

II Practice Exercise: II mother's brother is the only son of my mother's
father". How is the girl's mother related to Amar?
(a) Mother (b) Sister
1. Introducing Asha to guests, Bhasker said, "Her
(c) Aunt (d) Grand mother
father is the only son of my father". How is Asha
related to Bhasker? 10. Daya has a brother Amit. Daya is the son of Chandra,
(a) Daughter (b) Mother Bimal is Chandra's father. In terms of relationship
(c) Sister (d) Niece what is Amit to Bimal?
(a) Son (b) Grand son
2. Akash said to Moh it "The boy in blue shirt is younger
(c) Brother (d) Grand father
of the two brothers of the daughter of my father's
wife". How is the boy in blue shirt related to Akash? 11. Rahul's mother is the only daughter of Monika's
(a) Father (b) Uncle father, how is Monika's husband related to Rahul
(c) Brother (d) Nephew (a) Uncle (b) Father
(c) Grand father (d) Brother
3. Pointing to a man on the stage, Rita said, "He is the
brother of the daughter of the wife of my husband". 12. If (i) M is brother of N
How is the man on the stage related to Rita? (ii) B is brother of N and
(a) Son (b) Husband (iii) M is brother of D then which of the following
(c) Cousin (d) Nephew statements is definitely true?
(a) N is brother of B (b) N is brother of D
4. Pointing to a photograph, Vipul said, "She is the
(c) Mis brother of B (d) Dis brother of iv1
daughter of my grand father is only son". How is
Vipul related to the girl in the photograph? 13. Deepak is brother of Ravi, Rekha is sister of Atul,
(a) Father (b) Brother Ravi is son of Rekha. How is Deepak related to
~_ _ _ _ _ (g}_J:;ol§Jo_______(d)_Datainadequat1S<----------Hefffifr,1------------

(a) Son (b) Brother

5. A woman introduce a man as the son of the brother
(c) Nephew (d) 1-ather
of her mother. How is man related to the woman?
(a) Nephew (b) Son 14. A is B's sister, C is B's mother, D is C's father, Eis
(c) Cousin (d) Uncle D's mother. ThAn, how is A related to D?
(a) Grand mother (b) Grand father
6. Looking at a picture of a man, Harsh said, "His
(c) Daughter (d) Grand daughter
mother is the wife of my father's son. Brothers and
sisters I have none". At whose picture was Harsh 15. Given that (i) A is brother of B (ii) C is father of A (iii)
looking? D is brother of E (iv) E is daughter of B, then uncle
(a) His son (b) His coL sin
1
of Dis
(c) His uncle (d) His nephew (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
7. A man said to a lady "your mother's husband's sister
is my aunt. How is the lady related to the man? 16. Eis the son of A, Dis the son of B, E is married to
(a) Daughter (b) Grand daughter C, C is B's daughter. How is D related to E?
(c) Mother (d) Sister (a) Brother (b) Uncle
(c) Father-in-law (d) Brother-in-law
8. If Meena says, "Anita's father, Raman is the only
son of my father-in-law, Mahipal", then how is Bindu,
who is the sister of Anita, related to Mahipal? □□□□
(a) Grand daughter
(c) Sister
(b) Daughter
(d) Niece
I
I
fflRIDE EASY ® Blood Relation I 167

Solutions 5. (a)
Woman's mother ~==I Mother's brother
i. (a)

Woman (Man)

Bhasker's Father
Hence man is woman's Nephew.
Father = Bhasker
6. (a)

Harsh father

Hence, Asha is Bhasker's daughter.

Harsh's wife 1====1 Harsh
2. (c)
Harsh's son

Akash father
Harsh is looking at his son's picture.

Boy in blue
Akash
7. Sister (d)
shirt = brother,___ __, Daughter

8. Grand daughter (a)

Hence brother. 9. Aunt (c)

3. (a) 10. Grand son (b)

11. Father (b)

Rita's husband Wife Rita
12. Mis brother of B (c)
Daughter Brother
13. Son (a)

Hence person on stage is Rita's son. 14. Grand daughter (d)

4. (b) 15. Uncle of O is A (a)

Grand father 16. (d)

(Vipui's father)

Hence Vipul is brother of girl.

D is brother in law of E.

ll!llll!IUlillll
 Direction (Qs. i to 5): Read the following information Direction (Qs. 6 to i 0): Read the following information
carefully and answer the question below it. carefully and answer the question below.

i. If 'Rat is called Dog', 'Dog is called Mongoose', L1 means 'is greater than', % means 'is lesser than', D
'Mongoose' is called Lion;, 'Lion is called Snake' means 'is equal to',= means 'is not equal to', + means
and 'Snake is called Elephant', which animal is reared 'is a little more than', x means 'is a little less than'.
as pet? 6. If a Lib and b + c, then
(a) Rat (b) Dog (a) a% c (b) c % a
(c) Mongoose (d) Lion (c) c + a (d) can't say

2. !f Finger is called Toe, Toe is called Foot, Foot is 7. If c = a and a = b, then

called Thumb, Thumb is called Ankle, Ankle is called (a) b Li a (b) c □ a
Palm and Palm is called Knee, which one finger has (c) b =a (d) can't say
different name?
8. If ax band b □ c, then
(a) Thumb (b) Ankle
(a) c + a (b) b 1.1 c
(c) Knee (d) Palm
(c) a + c (d) c □ a
[email protected]@~A--GOOe-lar:igbl-a@e,*ew-.x.as-Rtlffr&-ElekA'''----------------,---------y--
means 'she is eating apples', 'kew tepo qua' means 9 · If c % b and b x a, then
'she sells toys' and 'su lim del<o' means 'I like (a) a Li c (b) c D a
apples'. Which word in that language means she (c) b L1 c (d) c L1 a
and apples? 10. If ac + be then
(a) xas & deko (b) xns & l<ew
(a) a □ c (b) biic
(c) kew & deko (d) kew & xas (c) cl\.b (d) b % a
4. If 'gnr tag zog qmp' stands for 'Seoul Olympic Direction (Qs. 11 to 15): Read the following information
Organising Committee, 'hydo gnr emf' stands for
carefully and answer the question below it.
'Summer Olympic Games' and 'esm sdr hyto' stands If> denotes+, < denotes-, +denotes+, /\ denotes
for 'Modern Games History', which would be the x, -denotes=, x denotes> and =denotes<, choose
code for Summer? the correct statement in each of the following questions.
(a) hyto (b) gnr
(c) emf (d) zog 11. (a) 6 + 3 > 1 =4 +2<i
(b) 4 > 6 + 2 x 32 + 4 < 1
5. In a certain code language, 'Pat Zoo Sim' means (c) 8 < 4 + 2 = 6 > 3
'Eat Good Mangoes', 'Pus Sim Tim' means 'Mangoes
(d) 14 + 7 > 3 = 6 + 3 > 2
and Sweets's and 'Tim Zoo Kit' means 'Purchase
Good sweets', which word in the language means 12. (a) 14 > 18 + 9 = 16 + 4 < 1
Good? (b) 4 > 3 A 8 < 1 - 6 + 2 > 24
(a) Zoo (b) Pus (c) 3 < 6 /\ 4 > 25 = 8 + 4 > 1
(c) Sim (d) Tim (d) 12 > 9 + 3 < 6 x 25 + 5 > 6
fflADE IEIRS!::i ® Coding and Decoding I 169

13. (a) 13 > 7 < 6 + 2 = 3 I\ 4 20. The number of Deepawali cards is

.(b) 9 > 5 > 4 - 18 + 9 > 16 (a) 25 (b) 30
(C) 9 < 3 < 2 > I X 8 /\ 2 (c) 35 (d) 40
(d) 28 + 4 /\ 2 = 6 /\ 4 + 2
21. The number of Christmas cards is
14. (a) 29 < i 8 + 6 = 36 + 6 A 4 (a) 10 (b) 15
(b) 18 > i 2 + 4 x 7 > 8 A 2 (c) 20 (d) 25
(c) 32 > 6 + 2 = 6 < 7 A 2
22. The ratio of Birthday cards to Christmas cards is
(d) 31 > 1 < 2 = 4 > 6 A 7
(a) 7 : i (b) 4 : i
15. (a) 7 > 7 < 7 + 7 = 14 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : i
(b) 7 A 7 > 7 + 7 == 7 A 7 > i
Direction (Qs. 23 to 28): Read the following information
(c) 7 < 7 + 7 == 6
carefully and answer the question below it.
(d) 7 +7>7=8
Rahul's roll number in IES Exam is a number consisting
Direction (Os. 16 to 18): Read the following information of three non-zero distinct digits, such that the sum of
carefully and answer the question below it. the digits at hundred's and unit's place is equal to that
In a certain code, 'ii be pee' means' roses are blue'; half of the digit at ten's place. Also the sum of all possible
'silk hee' means 'red flowers' and 'pee mit hee' means three digit numbers obtained using these three digits
'flowers are vegetables'. without repetition is 2664. ·

i 6. How is 'red' written in that code? 23. The digits in the unit is
(a) hee (b) silk (a) 2 (b) i
(c) be (d) none of these (c) 3 (d) can't say
17. How is 'roses' written in that code?
24. The digits in the tens place is
(a) ii
(a) 6 (b) 8
(b) pee
(c) 9 (d) 2
(c) be
(d) can not be determined 25. The digit in the hundreds place is
(a) 3 (b) 6
18. How is 'vegetables are red flowers' written in this (c) 9 (d) can't say
code?
(a) pee silk mit hee 26. The sum of the three digits is
(b) silk pee hee be (a) 7 (b) 12
(c) ii silk mit hee (c) iO (d) 14
(d) can not be determined 27. The three digit nu,:nber is
Direction (Qs. 19 to 22): Read the following information (a) 138 (b) 183
carefully and answer the question below it. (c) 381 (d) can't say

Shamita is very found of collecting greeting cards. Her 28. The three digit is number is always divisible by:
collection of 21 i cards has a good mix of Birthday cards, (a) 3 (b) 18
New year cards, Deepawali cards, Christmas cards and (c) 29 (d) None of these
even a Marriage Anniversary card. The number of
Direction (Os. 29 to 30): Read the following information
Birthday cards is equal to the sum of all other except
carefully and answer the question below it
the Marriage Anniversary card. The number of New Year
P, 0, R, S, T, U and V are seven positive integers and
card is double of Deepawali cards which in turn is double
(P x O x R x S x T x U x V) is odd.
of Christmas cards.
19. The number of Birthday cards in the collection is 29. Maximum how many of these integers can be odd?
(a) 95 (b) 105 (a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 110 (d) 85 (c) 6 (d) 7
 170 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude mADE ERS'!:11

30. Minimum how many of these integers can be even? 4. (c) In the first and second statements, the common
(a) 3 (b) 2 code word is gnr and the common word is
(c) 4 (d) 0 Olympic. So, gnr means Olympic. In the second
31. In the sequence of alphabets, which letter would be and third statements, the common code is hyto
eight to the right of the letter which is sixteenth from and the common word is games. So, hyto means
the left? games. Thus, in the second statement, emf
(a) G (b) y means summer.
(c) Z (d) X
5. (a) From 1st and 3rd statements. Zoo means Good.
32. CEGJLN _ _ XZB. The missing group of letters in
the series are ... Answer 6 to 10:
(c:t) OSU (b) NPH 6. (b) a Lib and b + c ⇒ a> b
(c) PRT (d) TUX and b is a little more than c
⇒ a> C
Direction {Qs. 33 to 37): Read the following information
carefully and answer the question below it. ⇒ C <a
i.e. c % a.
In each of the Letter Analogy various terms of a letter
series are given with one term missing as shown by('?). 7. (c) c = a and a == b ⇒ c :t a and a ::f:. b
Choose the missing term out of the given alternatives. ⇒ b :ta i.e. b = a.
33. HUA GTZ FSY ERX? 8. (a) ax band b □ c ⇒ a is a little less than band b
(a) DWO (b) DOW = c.
(c) WOO (d) WOO ⇒ a is a little less then c.
34. OF GJ KM NO RT? ⇒ c is a little more than a i.e. c + a.
(a) UW (b) YZ
9. (a) c % b ⇒ c < b
(c) XZ (d) UX
and b x a ⇒ b is a little less than a.
35. DCXW FEVU HGTS? ⇒ c <a ⇒ a> c i.e. a~ c.
_ _ _ _ _ ~a)-kl{J20'--------i-(b )--ABZ'.'.--- ---------
10. (d) ac+bc ⇒ ac>bc ⇒ a>b ⇒ b<ai.e.b%a.
(c) JIRO (d) LMRS
36. AB DEF HIJK? STUVWX Answer 11 to 15 :
(a) MNOPO (b) LMNOP 11. (c) Using the proper notations in (3), we get the
(c) LMNO (d) ORSTU statements as 8 - 4 + 2 < 6 + 3 or 6 < g, which
37. CG LR? is true.
(a) Y (b) S 12. (b) Using the proper notations in (2), we get the
(c) U (d) Z statements as 4 + 3 x 8 - i = 6 -c- 2 + 24 or
27 = 27.
Solutions
13. (b) Using the proper notations in (2), we get the
Answer 1 to 5: statements as 9 + 5 + 4 = 18 + 9 + i 6 or 18 = i 8.
1. (c) 'Dog' is reared as pet. But 'Dog' is called
14. (d) Using the proper notations in (4), we get the
'Mongoose'. So, a 'Mongoose' is reared as pet.
statements as 3 i + i - 2 < 4 + 6 x 7 or 30 < 46.
2. (b) The 'Thumb' is a finger having a different namo.
15. (a) Using the proper notations in (1), we get the
But 'Thumb' is called 'A~kle'. So, 'Ankle' is the
statements as 7 + 7 - 7 -c- 7 < 14 or i 3 < i 4.
finger that has a different name.
3. (c) In the i st and 2nd statements, the common Answer 16 to 18:
code word is kew and the common word is she.
16. (b) In the second and third statements, the common
So, kew means she. In the i st and 3rd
code word is 'hee' and the common word is
statements, the common code is deko and the
;flowers'. So, 'hee' stands for 'flowers'. Thus, in
common word is apples. So, deko means
the second statement, 'silk' stands for ;red'.
apples.
 ® Coding and Decoding 171

17. (d) Since from the given information, we can only 222 (x + y + z) "" 2664 or .t + y + z = i 2
find the code for ·are' in the first statement, it Also x + z = y/2 thus y = 8
cannot be determined which of the remaining Thus, x + t = 4
two codes for 'rose!'!', As the digits are non l®rb and dl§tinm thus x
and z have to be i 1and 3 but not heC@iiisarily in
18, (a) Clearly, th@ required code will consi®t of the .
the same order. Thus we canndt Bay whether
sam® cod~~ at:1 in the third ~t®.t@m~ntt1 with the
the number Is 183 or 38 i,
code for 'red' iJf silk added to it.
23. (d)
Answer 19 to 22: 24. (b)
If; number of Christmas cards = x
25. (d)
Then, number of Deepawali cards= 2x
26. (b)
Number of New Year cards ;;;,: 4x
and number of Birthday cards 27. (d)
= x+2x+4x 28. (a)
= 7x Answer 29 to 32:
i.e. 7x + (x + 2x + 4x) + 1 "'211
29. (d) All integer should be odd to get odd result
i4x "' 210
30. (d) None Of the integer should be even.
X = 15
Thus, number of Birthday cards 31. (d)
= 16 X 7 32. (a)
= 106 Answer 33 to 37:
Nurnber of New Year cards 33. (b) All the letters of each term are moved one step
= 15 X 4 backward to obtain the corresponding letters bf
= 60 the next terrn.
Number of Oeepawali cards
34. (d) There is a gap of one letter between bbth the
f: 15 x 2
letters of first term; a gmp of two letters between
± 30
both the letters of second term and again a gap
Number of Christmas cards
of one and two letters between the letters of
= 15 x 1
third and fourth terms respectively. Besides, the
= i5
last letter of each term and the first letter of next
Number of Marriage Anniversary card
term are in alphabetical.
i: 1

Total = 211 35, (c) Pirf:lt two letters of eaGh term are in reverse order.
19. (b) Similarly third and fourth letters are also in
reverse order. Besides; the second letter of each
20. (b)
term is the letter next to the first letter of the
21. (b) proceeding terfll.
22.(a) i05:15==7:4. 36, (a) The number cf letters in the term goes on
Answer 23 to 28: increasing by 1 at each step. ta.ch term consists
Let the digits be x, y, z such that the number is of letters in alphabetical. The last letter of each
100x + 10y + z term and the fir~H letter of the next term are
Thus, the other five 3 digit number which we alterhate.
may Clbtls'i.ihed USihg these 3 digits Will be 37. (a) There is a gap of three letters between the first
100x + 10z + y and the second term, four letters between the
100y + 10x + z sect:md and the third term; and five letters
100y + 102'. + x between the third and the fourth term. So, there
100z + iOx + y should be a gap of six letters between the fourth
10oz + 10y + x term and the missing term.
Now when we add all the six three digit numbers IIIUUU!II
possible to be formed by these three digits:
Cubes
A type of cuboid in which all the sides i.e. length, I Practice Exercise: I
breadth & height are equal. All faces of cubes are
Directions for Questions (1 - 9):
of same area.
If a cube is cut into n3 identical cubelets using minimum
no. of cuts, after painting all faces of cube with white
color, then answer the following questions.
i. What is minimum number cuts required?
2. What is maximum number of possible painted faces
in once of such of cube!ets?
3. How many cubelets will have exactly 3 faces
In a cube there are 8-corners/vertices painted?
There are 6-faces [all equal in area]
4. How many cubelets will have exactly 2 faces
There are 12-edges [ all equal in length]
painted?
No. of edges = No. of vertices + No. of face - 2
5. How many cube lets will have exactly 1 face painted?
Primarily question in cubes are based on painting
·~--·of faces of cubes & then cutting the painted cube 6. f=tow many cubeletswnmave no faces painted.
into identical cubelets. Because questions are 7. How many cubelets will have at most 2 faces
based on the way cube is painted & how cuts are painted?
being made, hence we don't recommend any thumb 8. How many cube lets will have at least i face painted?
rule. Still however because some basic rules are
9. If initially V liters of paints was required to paint nil
always applicable which we'll be using as building
faces of cube than how rnuch extra paint will be
blocks for answering questions.
required such that all the unpained faces of all
8 If n equidistanced cuts are made (all parallel to same cubelets will be painted.
surface), cube will be divided into (n + i) identical
cuboidal pieces with each such cut there will 2a2 Direction (Os. 10 to 12) : A cube is divided into 216
new surface area will be generated which will be identical cubelets. Each cut is made parallel to some
unpainted. surface of cube. But before cutting the cube is colored
with green color on one set of opposite faces, red on the
@ If I want to cut my bigger cube into identical n 3
other set of opposite faces and blue on the third set.
cubelets, using minimum number cuts, I need total
3(n - 1) cuts, such that (n - i) cuts parallel to each 10. How many cubelets are there which are painted with
of these faces which are joining to corner. exactly one color?
8 If number of cuts are not multiple of three then cube (a) 96 (b) 108
can never be cut into identical cubes but still it can (c) i24 (d) 48
be cut into maximum number of identical cuboidal 11. How many cubelets are there which are painted with
pieces. To maximize such number of pieces we need at least two coluor?
to split the number of cuts into three parts which are (a) 96 (b) 56
closest. That we'll see in upcoming examples. (c) i08 (d) 124
 ffl/RDE ERS~ ® Cubes and Dices I 173

12. How many cubelets are there which are painted with 21. What is the number of cubelets which are painted
at most one color? with exactly 3 colors?
(a) 124 (b) 108 (a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 160 (d) 96 (c) 8 (d) 2
Direction (Os. i 3 to 17): A cube is divided into 343 · 22. What is the number of cubelets possible which are
identical cubelets. Each cut is made parallel to some
painted with none of the color?
surface of the cube. But before doing that the cube is
(a) 16 (b) 24
colored with green color on one set of adjacent faces,
(c) 36 (d) LIB
red on the second and blue on the third set.

13. How many cubelets are there which are colored with
□□□□
exactly are color?
(a) 180 (b) 150
(c) 165 (d) 148 Solution
14. How many minimum cuts you have made?
1. Total number cuts required in 3(n - 1 ).
(a) 15 (b) 18
(c) 21 (d) 9 (n - 1) equidistant cuts parallel to each of 3 face
which are joining to corner.
15. How many cubelets are colored with exactly two
2. Maximum faces painted will be three in any such
colors?
cubelets, which will be in case of cubelets coming
(a) 48 (b) 36
(c) 51 (d) 50 out of corners of big cube after cutting.

3, 4, 5, 6.
16. How many cubelets are thin which are colored with
exactly three colors? Cubes painted from 3 faces = 8
(a) 6 (b) 4 Cubes painted from 2 faces = 12(n - 2)
(c) 2 (d) 8
Cubes painted from 1 face= 6(n - 2)2
17. How many cubelets are painted with multiple colors?
Cubes painted from none face = (n - 2) 2
(a) 51 (b) 53
(c) 115 (d) 120 Where 'n' is number of part into which each side is
divided.
r Direction (Os. 18 to 22): A cuboid is divided into 192
7. To find out the number of cubelets with at most
identical cubelets. This is done by 1:1aking minimum no.
of cuts possible. All cuts are parallel to some of the
2 faces painted, I need to remove all those cubes
face. But before doing so. The cube is painted with green which have exactly 3 faces painted
color on one set of opposite faces. Blue on other set of = Total no. of cubes - No. of cubes with 3 faces
opposite faces and red on remaining their pair of opposite painted
faces.
=(n 3 --8)
i 8. What is the maximum number of cubelets possible 8. To find out the number of cubelets with at least
which one colored with green colored only?
one face painted, I need to remove all the cubelets
(a) 48 (b) 64
which have no face painted
(c) 96 (d) 72
= n 3 - (n -· 2) 3
19. What is the minimum no. of cuts I have made?
(a) 15 (b) 18
9. As with every cut unpainted area of 2a2 is created

(c) 21 (d) 12 Total no. of cuts used is 3(n - 1).

Hence total unpainted area generated is, (which is
20. What is the minimum no. of cubelets possible which equal to areas of all unpainted faces of all small
are painted with green & blue colors?
cubelets).
(a) i6 (b) 24
= 2a 2 x 3(n 1) = 6a 2(n- 1)
(c) 32 (d) LIB
 174 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::ll

As the total surface area of cube was 6a2 for which

V liters of paint was required, hence total paint
required to paint, all unpainted faces of small

6a2 (n-1)
cubelets is = x V = (n - 1)V liters
682

10, 11 & 12.

Because cube was painted with same color on
opposite set of faces. We can still used formula. Green

[(n - 2) + 2]3 = 3 3 3 2
C0(n - 2) + C/n -2) x 2 + Cin 3 Red
2 3
- 2) X 2 + C3 X 23 As we can see in above figure. 3 faces are visible in
10. Exactly one color painted 3-diff. colours, out of hidden faces, bottom is red,
= 3C/n-2)2 x 2 one is green & another is blue.
=3 X (n - 2) 2 X 2
15. Number of cubelet with no face painted will
=3 X 42 X 2 = 96 = (n - 2)3 = (7 - 2)3 = 125
Option (a) No. of cubelets with 2 color
11. Basically we are looking for no. of cubes which = Total no. of cubelet - [cubelets with one color
colored on two faces or three face + cubelets with no color+ cubelets with three color]
= 3C2(n - 2) x 22 + 3C3 x 23 = 343 [ 125 + 2 + 165] = 51
= 3 X (n - 2) X 4 + 8 Option (c)

= 3 x 4 x 4 + 8 = 56 16. Only two cubelets one is visible in figure & 2 nd one

Option (b) exactly diagonally opposite corner of it will be
12. Basically in this question we are looking for no. of colored with 3 three colors. Option (c)
_______c_u_b_e_le~t,_w_h_ic_h_a_re_u_n_c_o_lo_re_d_&_n_o_.o_f_cu_b_e_le_ts_w_hi_c_h_ __,__jz_No..-otcub.cl@tg_w~tl+-multipl@-GGIG+---------...--
are colored on just one face. = No. of cubelets with three color + No. cubelets
= 3 C0 (n - 2) 3 + 3C 1(n - 2) 2 x 2 with two color
= (n - 2)3 + 3 x 2 x (n - 2)2 = 2 + 51 = 53. Option (b)
= 4 3 + 6 X 42
18. As we want maximize number of cubelets with green r
⇒ 64 + 96 = 160. Option (c)
in color only cuboid has to painted with green color
Alternatively: Total no. cubelets which are colored
on set of opposite faces of 6 x 8. Hence no. of green
an at most are face = total no. of cubelets - total
colored only cubeiets will (6 - 2) x (8 - 4) = 4 x 6
no. of cubelets which are colored on multiple faces. = 24, from face. There are two such faces hence
=216-56 =i60. option (c) maximum total no. of only green painted cubelets
will be = 24 x 2 = 48
13. From each face 5 x 5 == 25 cubelets are painted is
Hence option (a)
one color. Such total = 25 x 6 = 150 cubelets. Further
because each face is having one similar color (8 x4)
adjacent face and 3 other different coloured faces
t1ence 5 x 3 = 15 extra cubelets will come from three
edges, where adjacent faces of similar color are
meeting hence total= 150 + 15 = 165 cube will be
then colored in exactly one color?
Hence option (c)

14. n3 = 343 = 73 ⇒ n = 7
(6 x8)
Minimum number of cuts= 3(n-1)
= 3(7 - 1) = 3 x 6 =18. Option (b)
 ® Cubes and Dices I 175

19. The no. of cuts will be minimum when i 92

4
will be factorized into 3 closest factors.
192 = 4 x 6 x 8, so we have two opposite faces of 3 6 5 5 4 3
4 x 6 and two opposite faces of 6 x 8 and two
2 6
opposite faces of 4 x 8. Hence the minimum number
of cuts will be= (4-1) + (6 - 1) + (8-1) == 3 + 5 + Hence 1 is marked 2 is marked opposite to 4
7 == 15. Hence option (a) opposite to 6 ..

20. To minimize the number of cubelets with blue &

green blue should be selected on (4 x 6) or (6 x 8) & □□ o □
green should be colored on (6 x 8) or (4 x 6)
respectively cubelets from the edges where green
& blue faces will be meeting will give the number of I Practice Exercise: I
desired cubelets :::: 4 + 4 + 4 == 16
Hence option (a) Direction (Qs. 1 to 5) : A cube is painted & then divided
cut into 336 smaller but identical pieces by making the
21. Again only the cubelets from corners of cuboid will
minimum number of cuts possible. All cuts are parallel
be painted with 3 colors; hence 8 cubelets will be
to some face.
colored in 3 colors. Hence option (c)

22. Number of unpainted cubelets will be 1. What is the minimum no. of cuts required?
(4 - 2) X (6 - 2) X (8 - 2) ::: 2 X 4 X 6 = 48 (a) 21 (b) 18

Hence option (d) (c) 24 (d) None of these

2. How many smaller pieces have exactly 3 painted

DODD
faces?
(a) 20 (b) 8
DICES (c) 12 (d) 6

Dices are cubical structure with number of points from 1 3. How many smaller pieces have at least 2 face
to 6 are marked on faces. Dices are of two kinds. painted?
1. Symmetric: Where sum of numbers on opposite pair (a) 64 (b) 68
of faces is same. (c) 72 (d) 76
Naturally the faces opposite to each other will be 4. How many smaller pieces have at most one face
i -, 6, 2 -, 5, 3 ....-,, 4 painted?
2. Asymmetric: When sum of numbers on opposite (a) 248 (b) 264
pair of faces is different. (c) 268 (d) None of these

Example: 5. How many smaller pieces have no face painted?

A dice with it's faces numl::>ered 1 to 6 is shown in (a) 144 (b) 124
three different positions x, y, z (c) 120 (d) 108

Direction (Qs. 6 to 13) : Questions are based on the

following information.

Three adjacent faces of one cube is painted in pink, one

(x) (y) (z) adjacent pair of faces is painted in black & the remaining
Find opposite faces pairs. faces are painted in violet. The cube is the cut into 216
identical cubelets.
Solution.
Hence pair 6. How many of cubelets will have all three colors on
1-, 6 them?
2-, 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
5-,3 (c) 3 (d) 4
 176 I Ill Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::I

7. How many of the smaller cubes have only pink & (a) 4 (b) 5
black colors on them? (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 16 (b) 18
16. The six faces of a cube as marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6..
(c) 19 (d) 24
Given below are two different view of same cube.
8. How many smaller cubes or cubelets have exactly
two colors on them?
(a) 32 (b) 36
(c) 37 (d) 42
(I) (II)
9. How many the cubelets have exactly two painted
Which face is opposite the face mark as 6?
surface in two different colors?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(a) 36 (b) 32
(c) 2 (d) f\lone of these
(c) 48 (d) 38

10. How many of the cubelets have exactly one color 17. How many cuboids of dimensions 4 x 5 x 6 are
on them? required to form a cube of least size if cuboids have
(a) 107 (b) 109 to be placed adjacent, above or below each other?
(c) 96
(a) 1600 (b) 1800
(d) 113
(c) 1200 (d) Noneofthese
11. How many of the cubelets have exactly one painted
surface of exactly one color? 18. A cube has been cut into cuboids of size
(a) 84 (b) 108 2 x 3 x 4. What is least possible integer length of
(c) 96 (d) 102 the edge of cube and how many such cuboids are
obtained from this cube?
12. How many cubelets do not have pink color on them? (a) 96 (b) 72
(a) 120 (b) 100 (c) 60 (d) 84
(c) 150 (d) 125
Direction (Qs. 19 to 22) : Read the following information
~---~-3.L.How.mBI4L.cuheJe1s.hwablacknr-violet-coJor.0n-~carefDl1Y &-answer the q uest,on below ,t.
them but not pink color on them?
(a) 60 (h) 59 A dice is prepared in following manner?
(c) 51 (d) 64 (i) 1 should lie between 2 & 3
(ii) 2 should lie opposite to 3
14. The six faces of a cube are marked as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (iii) 4 should lie between 5 & 6
& G. Given below are two differer1l view of same (iv) 5 & 6 should lie opposite to each other
cube. (v) 4 should lie face down

19. The face opposite to 1 is

(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 5
(I) (II) 20. The upper face is
Which face is opposite the face marked 5? (a) 1 (b) 6
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 5
(c) 3 (d) 6
21. The face adjacent to 5 are
15. The six faces of a cube are marked as faces 1, 2, 3, (a) 2, 6, 1, 4 (b) 1, 3, 4, 6
4, 5 & 6. Given below are two different views. Which (c) 3, 4, 2, 1 (d) 2, 6, 4, 5
face is opposite the marked 6?
22. The face adjacent to 3 are

~
(a) 5, 4, 1, 2 (b) 1, 2, 5, 6
(c) 5, 6, 4, 1 (d) 2, 6, 4, 5

~
(i) □□□□
mRDE EASY ® Cubes and Dices I 177

Solutions Let us analysis the color combination

Answer 1 to 5: Number of identical pieces Corners Edges Faces

336 = 8 x 7 x 6. Hence we need 7 cut's in Z-direction, PPP - 1, BBP = i PP=3, PB= 4 P=3
6 cuts in Y-direction, 5-cuts in X-directions. PPB-2, BBV = i BB= i, PV = 2 8=2
PPV - 1, PVB = 2 BV=2 V=i

6. (b) The small pieces with three color will from

corners. Only 2-such diagonl opposite y cubelets
are possible.

7. (c) The cubelets with only pink & black are found
at corners & along the edges PB
==2 PPB cubelets + 1 BBP cubelet + 4 P edges
x (6 - 2) = 19 cubelets.

Means our cube cut into 8 parts along Z-directions 8. (c) The cubelets with exactly two colors are found
say nz = 8, similarly ny = 7, nx = 6. at corners & along the edges having different
For total number of identical pieces we can say
colors on either side = 5 corner pieces + 8 edges
nx x ny x nz = 336
x (6 - 2) = 37 cubelets.
{(nx-2)+ 2} x {(ny-2) + 2} x {(nz-2) + 2}

Now look at table below: 9. (b) In the previous question there is no. restriction
! Answers for
on the number of painted surface. But in this
~Jo of pieces Formula
6 x7x8 cube question there is a restriction. The paint should
i 3-face painted be only on two faces only. Hence we'll not
I 23 8
i (Comer pieces)
consider cubelets from corner. Hence only 32
2-faces painted 4[(8-2)+(7-2)+
piece
4[(nx -2) + (ny -2)+(nz -2)]
(6-2)]=60
cubelets.
Only one face 2[(nx -2)(ny -2)+ (ny -2) 2((8-2)(7 -2) +(7 -2)
1 O. (d) The cubelets with exactly one color are
painted pieces (n 2 -2)+(n,-2)(nx-2)] (6-2)+(8-2)x(6 2)]
(a) One exactly at corner (PPP) = 1
Pieces no face
(nx -2)(ny -2)(11 2 -2) (8 2)(7-2)(6-2)=120 (b) At the three edges each of PP category =
painted
3(6 2) = 12
1. (b) Minimum no. of cuts (c) At the one edge of BB category= 1(6 2) = 4
(8 ·- 1) + (7 - 1) + (6 - 1) = i8 (d) At the middle of each of the six faces
2. (b) All pieces from corners of cube = 8 = 6 X (6 - 2) = 96
So total cub lets with exactly one colour are
3. (b) 2 faces painted + 3 faces painted 1 + 12 + 4 + 96 = 113
= 8 + 60 = 68
11. (c) In this question only the cupelets from middle
4. (c) No. faces painted + one face painted
of faces of cube will be considered
= 120 + i 48 = 268
= 6 x (6 - 2) 2 = 96 cubelets.
5. (c) (8 - 2)(7 - 2)(6 2) = 120
12. (d) The number of cubelets with no pink color
Answer 6 to 13: Cube is cut in 6 x 6 x 6 = 216 -- (36 from one pink surface + 30 from
= 216 cubelets second + 25 from third)
Pattern of painting is an follows. = 125 cubelets.
Pink
13. (c) Here cubelets without any face colored has to
Black 4--
--+ Black be removed from previous question number. The
Pink Pink (P) (B)
number of cubelets with black or violet but not
pink
= 125 -- (6 - 2) 3 = 61
178 I I!! Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE &:AS~

14. (c) As 3 is adjacent to (1 & 6) as W$II as i 8. (b) The least possible dlm~nsion of cubie
(4 & 4) hence 3 is opposite to the remaining LCM of 2, 3, 4 "" 12
face 5, No. of cuboids that can be obtained
15. (d) 2 & Ei both are adjacent to both 3 & 4,
Hence 2 & 6 have to be oppo6lte,
= 12x12x12 . _
,,.,,,,,,., ,,,,.,,.,, ce: 72
-- 2x3x4 · ··
16. (b) From (I) & (II) we know that 1 is adjacent to 3, 4,
Answer 19 to 22:
5, 6. Hence i is opposite to 2. We can find the
other two pairs of opposite faces by rotating
one of the view to reach another,

(3 or 2)

⇒ Opp to 4 is 6 & opp. to 2 is 5.

17. (b) Least possible dimension of cube is LCM of 19. (b) The face opposite tc 1 will be 4.
(4, 5, 6) =i 60
20. (a) The upper face is 1,
The number of cuboids required
21. (c) 6 is opposite to 5, hEmc€:l 1, ?, 3, 4 must be
= 60~60x60 = 1800 adjacent to 5.
· 4x5x6
22. (c) 3 is opposite to 2 hence 1, 4, 5, 6 are adjeicent
to 3.

t!IUIUIJIIII ·
1. Dalbir is facing south. He turns 136° in the (a) 20 metres (b) 30 metres
anticlockwise direction and then 180° in the (c) 50 metres (d) 60 metres
clockwise direction. Which direction is he facing
6. Kuldeep starts from his house towards West. After
now?
walking a distance of 30 metres, he again turned
(a) North-east (b) North-west
towards right and walked 20 metres. He then turned
(c) South-east (d) South-west
left and moving a distance of 1Om turned to his left
2. Muong a college student is facing north-west. He and walked 40 metres, turns to the left and walks
turns 90° in the clockwise direction and then 135° in 5 metres. Finally he turns to his left. In which direction
the anticlockwise direction. Which direction is he is he walking now?
facing now? (a) North (b) South
(a) East (b) West (c) East (d) South-West
(c) North (d) South
7. A rat rwns 20' towards East and turns a right, runs
3. Rakesh starts walking straight towards east. After 1O' and turns to right, runs 9' and again turns to left,
walking 75 metres, he turns to the left and walks 25 runs 5' and then turns to left, runs 12' and finally
metres straight. Again he turns to the left, walks a turns to left and runs 6'. Now, which direction is the
distance of 40 metres straight, again he turns to the rat facing?
left and walks a distance of 25 metres. How far is (a) East (b) West
he from the starting point? (c) North (d) South
(a) 25 metres (b) 50 metres 8. Shawna leaves from her home. She first walks
(c) 140 metres (d) none of these 30 metres in North-west direction and then 30 m in
4. Neelesh leaves for his office from his house. He walks South-West direction. Next, she walks 30 metres in
towards East. After moving a distance of 20 m, he South-east direction. Finally, she turns towards her
turns towards South and walks 1Om. Then he walks house. In which direction is she moving?
35 mtowards the West and further 5 m towards the (a) North-east (b) North-west
North. He then turns towards East and walks 15 m. (c) South-east (d) South-west
What is the straight distance in metres between his 9. I am facing South, I turn right and walk 20 m. Then
initial and final positions? I turn right again and walk 1. 0 m. Then I turn left and
(a) 0 walk 10 m and then turning right walk 20 m. Then
(b) 5 I turn right again and walk 60 m, In which direction
(c) 10 am I from the starting point?
(d) oannot be determined (a) North (b) North~west
(c) East (d) North-east
5. Vinod walks 20 metres towards North. He then turns
left and walks 40 metres. He again turns left and 1O. A man walks 1km towards East and then he turns to
walks 20 metres. Further, he moves 20 metres after South and walks 5 km. Again he turns to East and
twrning to the right. How far is he from his ortginal walks 2 km, after this he turns to North and walks
position? 9 km. Now, how far is he from his starting point?
180 I O Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::i

(a) 3 km (b) 4 km It then turns left and runs for another 25 kms and takes
(c) 5 km (d) 7 km the direction back to reach the main road. In the
meantime, due to a minor breakdown, the other bus
11. From his house Sanjay went iS kms to the North.
has run only 3G kms along the rnairi road. What would
Then he turned West and covered 10 kms. Then, he
be the distance between the two buses at this point?
turned South and covered 5 kms. Finally, turning to
(a) 65 kms (b) 75 kms
East, he covered 10 kms. In which direction is he
(c) 80 kms (d) 85 kms
from his house?
(a) East (b) West 17. X and Y start moving towards each other from two
(c) North (d) South places 200 m apart. After walking 60 m, Y turns left
artu goes 20 m, then he turns right and goes 40 m.
12. Going 50 m to the South of her house, Radhika turns
He then turns right again and comes back to the
left and goes another 20 m. Then, turning to the
road on which he had started walking. If X and Y
North, she goes 30 m and then starts walking to her
walk with the same speed, what is the distance
house. In which direction is she walking now?
between them now?
(a) North-west (b) North
(a) 20 m (b) 30 m
(c) South-east (d) East
(c) 40 m (d) 50 m
13. Michael walks 20 m North. Then he turns right and
18. Five boys are standing in a row facing East. Deepak
walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks 35 m.
is to the left of Sarneer, Tushar and Shailendra.
Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Then he again
Sameer. Tushar and Shailendra are to the left of
turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and
Sushil. Shailendra is between Sammer and Tushar.
how many metres away is he from his original
If Tushar is fourth from the left, how far is Sameer
position? from the right?
(a) 15 metres west (b) 30 metres east (a) First (b) Second
(c) 30 metres west (d) 45 metres east (c) Third (d) Fourth
14. A child is looking for his father. He went 90 metres 19. After walking 6 km, I turned right and covered a
is the East before turning to his right. HP. went distance or 2 km, then turned left and covered a
20 metres before turning to his right again to look distance of 1 O km. In the end, I was moving towards
for his father at his uncle's place 30 metres from the north. From which direction did I start my journey?
this point. His father wRs not there. From here he (a) 1~url~1 (b) South
went 100 metres to the North before meeting his (c) East (d) West
father in a street. How far did the son meet his father
from the starting point?
20. A postman was returning to the post office which
was in front of him to the north. When the post office
(a) 80 metres (b) 100 metres
was 100 metres away from him, he turned to the left
(c) 140 metres (d) 260 metres
and moved 50 metres to deliver the last letter at
15. The door of Aditya's house faces the East. From the Shantivilla. He then moved in the same direction for
back side of his house, he walks straight 50 metres, 40 metres, turned to his right and moved 100 metres.
then turns to the right and walks 50 metres again. How many metres was he away from the post office.
Finally he turns towards left and stops after walking (a) O (b) 90
25 metres. Now, Aditya is in which direction from (c) 150 (d) 100
the starting point?
21. A boy rode his bicyle northwards, then turned left
(a) South-east (b) North-east
and rode one km and again turned left and rode
(c) South-west (d) North-west
2 km. He found himself exactly one km west of his
16. Two buses start from the opposite points of a main starting point. How far did he ride northwards initially?
road, 150 kms apart. The first bus runs for 25 kms (a) 1 km (b) 2 km
straight and takes a right turn and then runs for 15 kms. (c) 3 km (d) 5 km
fflRDE ERS!::11 ® Direction Sense Test I 181

Direction (Qs. 22 to 26): Read the following information 28. A starts crossing the field diagonally. After walking
carefully and answer the questions given below it: half the distance, he turns right, walks some distance
(i) There are six flat on a floor in two rows facing and turns left. Which direction is A facing now?
North and South are allotted to P, Q, R, S, T (a) North-east (b) North-west
and U. (c) North (d) South-east

(ii) 0 gets a North facing flat and is not next to S. 29. From the original position given in the above figure,
(iii) Sand U get diagonally opposite flats A and B move one arm length clockwise and then
(iv) R, next to U, gets a South facing flat and T gets cross over to the corner diagonally opposite; C and
a North facing flat D move one arm length anti-clockwise and cross
over the corner diagonally opposite. The original
22. Which of the following combinations get South facing
configuration ADBC has now changed to
flats?
(a) CBDA (b) BDAC
(a) OTS (b) UTP
(c) DACB (d) ABCD
(c) URP (d) Data inadequate
23. Whose flat is between O and S? 30. From the original position, Band D move one and a
(a) T (b) U half length of sides clockwise and anticlockwise
(c) R (d) T respectively. Which one of the following statements
is true?
24. If the flats of T and Pare interchanged, whose flat (a) B and D are both at the midpoint between A
will be next to that of U? and C
(a) P (b) 0 (b) Dis at the midpoint between A and C, and 8 at
(c) R (d) T the corner originally occupied by A.
25. The flats of which of the other pairs than SU is (c) 8 is at the midpoint between A and C, and D at
diagonally opposite to each other? the corner originally occupied by A.
(aj OP (b) QR (d) B and D are both at the midpoint between A
(c) PT (d) TS and D.

26. To arrive at the answers to the above questions, 31. From the positions in original figure, C and A move
which of the following statements can be dispensed diagonally to opposite corners and then one side
with? each clockwise and anticlockwise respectively. 8
(a) None (b) (i)only and D move two sides each clockwise and
(c) (ii) only (d) (iii) only anticlockwise respectively. Where is A now?
(a) At the north-west corner
27. AnJu started walking positioning her back towards
the sun. After sometime, she turned left, then turned (b) At the north-east corner
right and then towards the left again. In which (c) At the south-east corner
direction is she going now? (d) At the south-west corner
(a) North or South (b) East or West 32. After the movements given in 0.31 above, who is at
(c) North m West (d) South or West the north-west corner?
Direction (Os. 28 to 32): The following questions are (a) A (b) 8
based on the diagram given below showing four persons (c) C (d) None of these
stationed at the four corners of a square piece of plat as 33. A square field ABCD of side 90 mis so located that
shown. its diagonal AC is from north to south and the corner
C A B is to the west of D. Muong and Thames start
E

N+S
walking along the sides from B and C respectively
in the clockwise and anticlockwise direction with
speeds of 8 m/s and 1Om/s. Where shall they cross
each other the second time?
(a) On AD at a distance of 30 m from A
w
B D (b) On BC at a distance of 10 m from B
i 82 I 'ill Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

(c) On AD at a distance of 30 m from D 3. (d) The movement of Rakesh are as shown in Fig.
(d) On BC at a distance of 10 m from C
N
Solutions
1. (d) As shown in Fig. 1, Dalbir initially faces in the
direction OA, On moving 135° anticlockwise, he
faces in the direction OB. On further moving
180° clockwise, he faces in the direction OC,
which is South-west.

D 40m C

25m 25m

SW
s A E B
- - - - 75 m - - - -

Clearly, EB = DC = 40 m.
:. Rakesh's distance from the starting point
A= (AB - EB) = (75 - 40) rn = 35 m.

4. (b) The movement of Neelesh from A to F are as

shown in Fig.

N
A

2. (b) As shown in Fig. 2, Muong initially faces in the

direction OP. On moving 90" clockwise, he faces
in the direction 00. On further moving 135° anti-
clockwise, he faces in the direction OR, which
is West.
s
N
NW NE
20m
A....-------8

15m
..-------F 10m

D 35m
s
Clearly, DC =-AB + EF.
p~ /
Q~ :. F is in line with A
135° _,,,......
Also, AF = (BC - DE) ::: 5 m.

(t;-7 So, Neelesh is 5 metres away from his initial I

R ◄ ....................... t . . . . . .
0
,1;,t position. i
J
 @ Direction Sense Test I i83

5, (d) The movements of Vinod are as shown in Fig. 7. (c) The movements of the rat from A to G are as
shown in Fig.
N
N

R 40 m Q

20 m 20 m
A ----':--~-~l~o Gj

sf ~ r6
x---. . . ······························ P
20 m S
E 12 F
Clearly, it is finally walking in the direction FG
Clearly; Vi nod's distance from his initial position
i.e, North
P ⇒ PX = (PS + SX)
=(OR+ SX) 8. (a) The movements of Bhawna are as shown in Fig.
== (40 + 20) m = 60 m. (A to B, B to C, C to 0, D to A)
Clearly, she is finally moving in the direction DA
6. (a) The movement of Kuldeep are as shown in Fig.
i.e, North-east
from A to G.
N
NW NE
~, ;fl!
N ''
' , ,,
',, ,11

' ,
W ~---;:'i.-':--__.._
, '
E
,,," ',,,
,, ''
;:/ ''-4.
SW SE
s
B

D 10m C

D
20m
9. (d) The movements of the person are from A to F,
as shown Fig. Clearly, the final position is F
40 m
G
~-----A
B
30m which is to the North-east for the starting point A

N
NE
,f

,
,, ,
E F ,
Sm ,,
w----+--/___ E /

Clearly, Kuldeep is finally walking in the direction

FG i.e, North
s
184 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE ERS~

E 60m F 10 km
C ~
B
20m
10m 5km
.____.--.c
D
iO m
.__ ___,y,_--~E~E
D iOkm ~
B 20m A

10. (c) The movements of the man are as shown in Fig. A

(A to B, B to C, C to D, D to E). Clearly, his final position is E which is to the

North of his house at A.
N
i 2. (a) The movements of Radhika are as shown ir I FiLl,
(A to B, B, to C, C to D and D to A).

N
NW
~,
',
''
'' '
s W + - - - - ''' + - - - - - E

30m
Clearly, OF = BC = 5 km.
EF = (DE - OF)= (9 - 5) km= 4 km.
B 20m C
BF= CD= 2 km
Clearly, she is finally moving in the direction DA
AF= AB+ BF= AB+ CD= (i + 2) km= 3 km
i.e. North-west.
:. Man's distance from starting point A
13. (d) The movement of Michael from A to F are as
= AE = ✓ AF 2 + EF 2 = ✓3 2 + 4 2
shown in Fig.
= J?_s = 5 km

t. . . . . •. . . +·· ►
B 30m C

11. (c) The movements of Sanjay are as shown in Fig. 20

(A to B, B to C, C to D and D to E).
35 ····} 15 m
D 15m E
N
Since CD = /\8 + EF, so F lies in line with A
Michael's distance from original position A
=AF= (AG + GF)
=(BC+ DE)= (30 + i5) = 45 m.
Also, F lies to the east of A

14. (b) The movements of the child from A to E are as

s
shown in Fig.
IDRDE ERS!::i 0 Direction Sense Test I 185

N 16. (a) Let X and Y be two buses.

NE Bus X travels along the path
Ji(
/
/

/
/
PA, AB, BC, CD
/

Now, AD == BC = 25 km
/
/
/

w----✓ ---E
Bus Y travels 35 km upto E
Distance between two buses
== PO - (PD + OE)
s == [ 150 - ( 50 + 35)] = 65 km
, E
~ ~
E
0
0
~
,/// ;o m
8
P@
25 km
Ii>
15 km
t. ._.......,_t ~
A

- fl,
D
<II
35 km
@Q

B 25 km C
A 60 m ..__ _. 20 m

D 30 m C 17. (c) Clearly Y moves 60 m from O upto A, then 20 m

90 m
upto 8, 40 m upto C and then upto D.
Clearly, the child meets his father at E. So, AD = BC = 40 m.
Now, AF = (AB - FB) = (AB - DC) OD = (60 + 40) m = 100m.
= (90 - 30) m == 60 m. Since X and Y travel with the same speed, X
EF = (DE - OF)= (OE - BC) will travel the same distance along the horizontal
= ( 100 - 20) m = 80 m as Y travels in the same tiem
i.e. (60 + 20 + 40 + 20) = 140 m.
= ✓( AF)
2 2
AE + (EF)
So, X travels 140 m upto A

I " ~
:. Distance between X and Y
= ,;60" + 80" = 100 m = AD = (100 - 60) m = 40 m.

15. (d) Since Aditya's house faces towards East and N

he walks from backside of his house, it means
that he starts walking towards West. Thus, the
movements of Aditya are as shown in Fig. (A to
8, B, to C, C to 0).
Clearly, Aditya's final position is D which is to the
North-west of the starting point A
s
N
X y
~ 4--
''
D A 60 km @Q

'
''

vv----''+----+E
''
f' Ill

t ►
f 20 k~

C 40m B

18. ( d) Oeepak (0) is to the left of Sameer (Sm), Tushar

(T) and Shailendra (Sh) means
s
D, Sm, T, Sh.
Sameer, Tushar and Sailendra are to the left of
Sushi! (Su) means
Sm, T, Sh, Su.
Shailendra is between Sameer and Tushar means
Sm, Sh, T.
Tushar is fourth from the left means
B 50 m A □ DDT.
 186 111 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Combining all the arrangements, we have D, Sm,

Sh, T, Su.
□□□
So Sameer is fourth from the right.

i 9. (b) Clearly, the route is as shown in the adjoining

@] □ [}]
(North fading flats) t
diagram, Thus, I started the journey from the
South an.d moved northwards S and U get diagonally opposite flats means
North
N
[Q] □□
10km fill □[]]
R, next to U, gets a South facing flat and T gets
a north facing flat means

s South [g] ~ 0
20. (b) Clearly, the route of the postman is as shown. @]IT][}]
So, at the final point the distance of postman
So, the arrangement is:
from post office
= PD = AC = AB + BC South facing flats [Q] ffi] [!]
= 50 + 40 = 90 m
D ••••• •••• •• •• •• •••••••••• Post Office North facing flats [§] QJ IT]
100m 100 m 22. (c) The South facing flats are U, R, P
B
C i......~-r--l---.t1--'A 23. (a) T's flat is between O and S
40m 50m
~ - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 " " " 1,antrvm-------------24.-(e)--fhe-fhat-n-extio-tfs--ftahs--of-Ft,--whidnematns--
21. (b) Clearly, the boy rode from A to B, to C and finally u n changed if the flats of T and P are
upto D. Since D lies to the west of A, so required interct i&nyeu
distance
25. (a) The diagonally opposite pairs are SU and OP
== AB= CD= 2 km
1 km 26. (ct) Clemly, all the statements are necessary to
C--~-B
answer the given questions

27. (a) Clearly, there are two possible movements of

2km
Anju as shown below:

Answer 22 to 26
0 gets a North~facing flat and is not next to S means
I✓
South

(i) (ii)
1
-1

Thus, Anju is finally moving towards either Nort~

or South
l
j
28. (b) Clearly, the route of /1. is as shown J
j
s Comparing it with the given diagram, l
(South facing flats) J, the direction of A will be north~west i
1
I
1
fflRDE ERS'::/1 0
Direction Sense Test I 187
32. (c) Clearly, C is at the north-west corner
N
33. (d) Clearly, the arrangement is as shown in the
adjoining diagram.

w-----=--►E A
,' ,
/

/
/
/

It,,:/
SW
s D

29. (a) Clearly, (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) show the movements
of A, B, C, and D respectively while the new
arrangement so obtained is shown in (v). So,
the congiruration changes to C8DA
It is given that
Muong's speed == 8 m/s
Thames's speed .:c i O m/s
It is clearly visible from the above figure that to
meet for the first time they have to cover a
30. (a) The movements of 8 and Dare clearly shown in distance of 270 m i.e three arms length of the
the adjoining diagram field.
So, statements (a) is true. BA + AD + CD = 90 + 90 + 90 :::;: 270 m
Since they are running in clockwise and
' ... B....J? -- .,
anticlockwise direction respectively, they have

IOI
El . b
to cover a distance of 360 m (I.e. 4 arms length
of the field) for their second meeting from the
first meeting point.
Thus, total distance to be covered for their
31. (d) The movements of A, C, B, and Dare shown ln
second meeting ti: 270 + 360 = 630 m
figures (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) respectively. The final
configuration is shown in (v). Comparing (v) with . . 630 630
Time required = -..• -
.. -·· = _
... ·-
the given diagram, A is in the south~west corner. 8 + 10 i8
E = 35 seconds
NE SE
'lo::, /
'/(
Distance covererd by Muong in clockwise
'' /
', /
/
direction in 35 seconds == 35 x 8 = 280 m
' ', ,/
' / Distance covered by Thames in anticlockwise
N ---.-;,'1,-',---S
, '' direction in 35 seconds
', //
/

//,, ", = 35 X 10 = 350 m

It,,:/ Thus, Muong and Thames will meet on BC at a
4
NW SW
w point 10 m from C and 80 m from 8.

[SJ
(i)
:.:J □ LJ
♦--· l_. ,,/
··
(ii)
B
(iii) (iv)
D
"DB
C
(v)
A
l!!lll!iUUIIII

(Final Position)

..•1•l
 Data Analysis Strategy-i: Doing all easy questions from all
the given sets (that ask for fast reading, wide
Data analysis is a process of collection, presentation
and quick eye span and efficient data ;
and interpretation of the information contained in the comprehension from all sets).
data to aid to reach some kind of conclusions. Usually Strategy-2: Doing all the questions from
data collection and presentation is further coupled with selective and relatively easier DI sets where
mathematical and analytical tools to react on further data compherension is far more easier.
conclusion. Visual representation is the best 5. Basic command over elementary mathematical
representation of data because of ease of calculation tool. Which comprises of following:
comprehension. Visual representation data can be • Percentage and equivalent fractional forms
.. Averages
primarily represented into following forms.
.. Ratios
1. Line-graphs/cartesian graphs
• Approximation
2. Tables
3. Bar diagrams
4 _ caselets Data Interpretation
6. Some other non-conventional miscellaneous Executive member, managers and personnel at different
- - - - - - - - " - f § t t f ' · " "----------------~ffilBLlnlbruiatirn..LS.oLgaoizatlons_are..x.eq.uke-t0-anal:yse
Skills: That individual need to, to handle DI (Data different sets of datas. Balance sheet, Records of
Annual General Meeting, Quarterly Report etc. requires
Interpretation) efficienlly fr urn exmnpoir1t of view.
interpretation of various data types. On the basis of the
1. Data Comprension Skills: Ability to select given sets of datas future projections can be made and
relevant information from any given set of data corrective action can be taken at regular intervals.
in context of question be asked, based upon Mainly there are following sets to represent datas.
that data set. .. Graph
2. Ability to differentiate between easy & • Table
difficult questions: It has many aspect for • Bar Diagrams
example, how many question in data set • Pie Charts
requires actual calculation and how many can • Miscellaneous Figures etc.
be answered by observation which are based
an patterns. How many questions which are Line Graph
having options can't not be determined or data Line graph is the simplest way to represent data. Single
insufficient and out of such actually for how set or multiple sets of datas can be shown in a graph.
many question required information is not Normally following things are required to analyse.
available. e Increase in profit in absolute terms
e Increase in profit in percentage term
3. Ability to apply approximation techniques: e Growth rate of the given duration
That is based upon the scenario that how far e Average annual growth rate
the options are value wise. • Average profit
4. Last but not the least: In entire DI section which .. Capacity utilisation \1
strategy can he!p me to maximize my attempts ..- ctvc of1 I'""'"'
11 1 C"""
In 1 auv Tr'"'d'"'
1 1a, v n,..,f;,..,;;
uc::IIvrL ctr~~,,.J ·-~de S· "P'""
tu 11 ct u1 1uv ,1
;_:,_J

with higher accuracy. ~c. I

!I
mADE EASY ® Line Graph I 189

Advantage: Advantage with line graph is that it 4. Average Annual Growth Rate
gives an ideal about the quantity expressed in this Increase in profit for the duration
graph between the given time period as well. =--- --------
Base years profit
Disadvantage: Usually exact values are not
X------
mo
available, when we try to represent exact value on ·
Number of years
the line graph, incase of multiples line representation
In the above example
graph become complex.
500-150 iOO
Lets have an example of graph ---x-
150 3
.500 500
== 350 X 100 = 66 _66 %
ui
a: 400 150 3
._:
u 300 A f Sum of profits of the duration
.£
-
e(l_
200
5. verage pro ,t = Total number of years
100 150
t ⇒ 150+250+480+500 = 1380 = 345.
4 4
2001 2002 2003 2004 ~ years
Capacity Utilisation
Fig. (I) Balance Sheet of ABC corporation.

On the basis of the given balance sheet of ABC

Capacity utilisation = Total Production x 100
Total Capcity
corporation we can calculate following things.
1. Increase in profit in absolute terms Ex.1 The total capacity of Tata Nano car plant in Gujrat
2001-02 250-150 = 100 Cr. is 150 car per day. In the month of April 2009
2003-03 480-260 = 230 Cr. the plant manufactured at the rate of 120 car a
2003-04 500-480 = 20 Cr. day. Find the capacity utilisation in the month of
The highest absolute increment in profit is April.
observed during financial year 2002-03. Sol.: Capacity utilisation in April 2009
The least absolute increment in profit is observed
during financial year 2003-04. 120
= X 100 = 80%
2. Percent increase in profit 150

250 150 Ex.2 The manufacturing capacity of Nokia Inc. plant

2001-02 - x100 == 66.66%
150 based in Yokohama, Japan is 3,00,000
4 250 cellphones per day. In the month of March 2009
2002-03 SO - X 100 = 92%
250 there was slump in demand due to recession
and capacity utilisation come down to 30%. Find
2003-04 500- 480 X 100 = 4.16% the production of cellphones in March 2009.
480
Sol.: Capacity utilisation
The highest profit increment in percentage term
is for financial year 2002-03. = Total Production x
100
The minimum profit increment in percentage Total Capacity
term is for financial year 2003-04.
Total production in march 2009
3. Growth rate for the duration 2001-04 Capacity Utilisation x Total Capacity
==
100
⇒
500-150 x100 = 233%
150 30 X 3, 00, 000
⇒-----

[Growth rate for the duration] 100

⇒ 90,000 Ans.
Final years Profit - Base years profit
::::
Base years profit
□□□□
190 I o Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Consumption of Metals versus plastics in the given

Practice Exercise: I Years for Car manfucaturing (in thousands tonnes)
The graph shows the trend of consumption of metals
and plastic in the production of cars between 2000-05.
Direction (Qs. 1 to 5) : Refer to the graph (Fig.) and
answer the questions given below that 6. The number of years for which the consumption of
(Consumer price index in 1993~1994) Metals was less than the consumption of Plastic
over the given time period was
370 (c1) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
360 /\
350
7. The total consumption of plastic (for car

:~ ~
320+--....----.--.;-.--.--....-----
Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. \.
manufacturing) divided by the total consumption of
Metal (for car manufacturing) over the period will
give a ratio closest to
\ (a) 4: 3 (b) 5 : 4
(c) 6 : 5 (d) 7: 4
1 . Which month showed the highest absolute difference
in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the previous 8. Which item and for which year shows the highest
month?
percentage change in consumption over the
(a) March (b) Aprii
previous year?
(c) May (d) July
(a) Metal 2003 (b) Plastic 2003
2. Which month showed the highest percentage (c) Metal 2002 (d) Plastic 2005
difference in the CPI over the previous month?
(a) March (b) April 9. Forthetwodataseriesshown,howmanyyearshave
(c) May (d) July shown decrease in consumption over previous year
,-----~foLb.o.tbJhe-it@l+l.$-r--.- - - - - - - - - - - ~ ·
&-Forhnwma:nvmontrrwastne CPf greater tnans-STI?
(a) One (b) Two
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four (c) Three (d) Four

4. In how many months was there a decrease in the 10. Which year showed the highest percentage
CPI over the previous month? decrease in the total consumption of the two?
(a) One (b) Two (a) 2001 (b) 2002
(d) Four (c) 2004 (d) 2005

5. The difference in the number of months in which Direction (Qs. 11 to 15): Study the following graph to
there was an increase in the CPI and the number of answer the given questions:
months in which there was a decrease was
Percent profit earned by two companies over the
(a) One (b) Two
given years:
(c) Three (d) Four
70 -+-Company 8
Direction (Qs.6 to Q.10) : Study the following graph to -+-Company A
answer the given questions: 60
_ 50
30 'E
25 o. 40
..... Metal c
20 ~ 30
15 oi
-0-Platic 11.. 20
10
5 10 ··············•······································
0+-=-.----i---.--....----....
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
0--..-----..----,--------.-----,..- I
I
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
 ® Line Graph I 19i

i 1. If the expenditure of Company B in year 2000 was 17. In which of the following years was the difference
Rs. 200 crore, what was its income? between the imports made by Company 8 and C
(a) Rs. 240 crore the maximum?
(b) Rs. 220 crore (a) 1995 (b) 1994
(c) Rs. 160 crore (c) 1991 (d) 1992
(d) Cannot be determined
i 8. in which of the following years was the imports made
12. If the income of Company A in year 2002 was Rs. 600 by Company A exactly half of the total imports
crore, what was its expenditure? made by Company B and C together in that year?
(a) Rs. 360 crore (a) 1992 only (b) '1993 only
(b) Rs. 480 crore (c) 1992 and 1993 (d) 1995 only
(c) Rs. 375 crore
(d) Can't be determined i 9. What was the percentage increase in imports of
Company B from 1992 to 1993?
13. If the income of Company B in 1998 was Rs. 200 (a) 10 (b) 25
crorers, what was its profit in 1999? (c) 40 (d) 20
(a) Rs. 21.5 crore
(b) Rs. 153 crore 20. In which of the following years was the total imports
(c) Rs. 46.15 crore made of all the three companies together the
(d) Can't be determined maximum?
(a) 1996only (b) 1997 only
14. If the income of the two companies in 1998 were
(c) 1995only (d) 1995&1997only
equal, what was the ratio of their expenditures?
(a) 1 : 2 Direction (Os. 21 to 24): The line graph gives the
(b) 26: 27 number of students in a Engg. college's M.Tech program
(c) 100: 67 integrated (IMP) for the years 2008 & 2009. The program
(d) Can't be determined in takes the student in only 1st year & students can leave
15. What is the percent increase in percent profit for college only if they complete 6-years program. Every
company 8 from year 2000 to 2001? year the students who pass the annual exam of a
(a) 75 (b) 175 particular year are promoted to the next class while
(c) 42.86 (d) Can't be determined students who fail, have to study in the same class next
year also.
Direction (Qs. 16 to 20): Study the following graph
carefully and answer the questions given below it.
100 100
(/)

Imports of 3 companies over the years c(j)

--0
(Rs. in crore) .2
(/)

0
ci
100 ··•················•··•••·•··········•··•··•·····•·•····· z 72
so i-------~"""5~~$~r
60 .• . ... IMP IMP IMP IMP IMP IMP
st nd rd th th th
I year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year 6 year
40
X-2008
20 ···············l+A+B-+C 1..................... @ 2009

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Imp: It is known that 76 students passed out of
final (6 th year) class of IMP in the year 2008.
16. In which of the following years, the imports made
by Company A was exactly equal to its own average 21. How many fresh students joined the program (IMP)
imports? in the year 2009?
(a) 1992 (b) 1993 (a) 94 (b) 92
(c) 1994 (d) None of these (c) 90 (d) 88
 192 I • Reasoning & Aptitude fflAOE ERS~

22. In how many classes did exactly tour students fail 11. (a) Income of Company Bin 2000
in year 2008? 120
(a) 5 (b) 3 = 200 x == Rs. 240 er.
100
(c) 4 (d) 2
12. (c) Expenditure of Company A in 2002
23. How many students in total failed in the entire 100
program of six years together in year 2008? = 600 x = Rs. 375 er.
160
(a) 38 (b) 36
13. (d) We can find outthe amount of profit in i998, we
(c) 32 (d) 34
do not know the income and expenditure of A
24. In which year pass percentage was the heighest in and B therefore option (d) is the correct choice.
year2008'?
14. (b) Ratio of their expenditures
(a) Vth year (b) v1 th year
(c) IVth year (d) lll rd year
100 BO
:::: 135 X 100 = 26. : 27.
25. How many total student failed together in entire
program in 2009? 35-20
15. (d) Reqd. % increase= - - - x 100 == 75%.
(a) 32 20
(b) 34 16. (d) Average imports made by company A
(c) 38 30+50+60+40+ 70+60+ 75
(d) Can't be determined 7
26. How many total no. of students passed in (IMP) in 385
= 7 =55
all 6 years combined in year 2008?
(a) 492 In none of the given years the impmts is exactly
(b) 484 equal to 55 (crore). Hence. the answer is (d)
(c) 462 17. (d) By visual inspection it is clear that i992 is the
--------1eJ}--6an'-t-be-determtne desired year (as the distance between two
points is the maximum in 1992).
□□□□ 18. (a) By observation, in year 1992

( as 50 == 40 ; 60)
Solutions
Answer 1 to 5: So 1992 is the desired year. We do not need
any calculation see the year where the point A
1. (b)
lies exactly in the middle of points of B and C
2. (b) Visually clear that it is April
50 40
3. (b) April and July - Two. l 9. (b) Reqd percentage increase =
40
4. (b) The CPI drecreased in March and May = 25%
5. (a) The CPI increased in three months 20. (c) The total imports (in crore) made by all the three•
(April , Juno and July) while it decreased in two companies together : horn the height of the;
months (March and May). points we observe that the total heights of three)
6. (d) Visully seen as 4. 2000, 2001, 2004 & 2005. points is the maximum either in 1995 or 1997. lfj
you observe carefully our clear answer is 1995,;I
7. (b) 145 : 115 = 29 : 23 is closest to 5 : 4
but to be sure we find actual values for the two)
:)
8. (c) Metals in 2002 is more than double over it's ~
years. .•1
,;1
value in 2001. ,1
In 1995 = 70 + 80 + 85 = 235
9. (a) 2001 is the only year which satisfy the condition. In i997 = 75 + 70 + 85 = 230 l
1
i 0. (a) 33.33% between 200 to 2001. Clearly, 1995 is the desired year. ;J
;1
t
fflRDE ERS~ ® Line Graph I 193

Solution 21 to 26

If 76 students passedout of 6th year in 2008 out of 90 students, it means 14 students who are failed in 2008, they will
stay back in 6th year in 2009 also. It means in 2009, out of 98 students, 14 students are those who failed in 2008, in
6th year, and rest 98 - 14 = 84 students are those, who passed in 5th year in 2008 & being promoted to 6th year in
2009.
On the basis of same reasoning we can draw following table.

2008 2009

No. of students
No. of students No. of students No. of students No. of students
promted from
in class passed failed in class
last year class

99- 6 = 88
1st year 84 78 6 94
fresh students
2nd year 72 68 4 82 82 4 = 78
3rd year 100 96 4 72 72 - 4 = 68
4th year 94 90 4 100 100 - 4 = 96
5th year 86 84 2 92 92 - 2 = 90
6th year 90 76 14 98 98 - 14 = 84

from table above.

21. (d) 88 fresh students came to 1st year in 2009.

22. (b) In each of classes 2nd , 3rd , 4 th year of 2008 four students failed.

23. (a) Total no. of students failed in 2008 =6 +4 +4 + 4 + 2 + 14 = 34.

24. (a) From table directly pass percentage is highest in the 3 rd year in 2008.

25. (d) Can't be determined, because no data about total number of students passed in 2009 is available.

26. (a) From table, number of students passed in all six years combined in 2008 = 492,

Ill IIIIUlll l!I

 A table serves both needs of visual communication and 4. Production of oilseeds was what percentage of the
arranging data. total crops produced in the year 199 i -92?
(a) 7.2 (b) 8.4
Advantage: Huge amount of data can be put in a tabular (c) 2.7 (d) 6.4
format. As exact values are available there is no
possibility of approximation error. 5. In which of the following years the total production
of oilseeds in the years 1994-95, 1995-96 and 1996-
Disadvantage: Locating pattern, trend or visual 97 was equal to the production of wheat?
observations are difficult. (a) '1993-94 (b) 1994-95
(c) 1996-97 (d) i992-93

WI
~

Practice Exercise: I
Direction (Qs. 6 to 9): The table given below shows
production of five types of cars by a company in the
years 1989 to 1994. Study the table and answer
Direction (Qs. 1 to 5): Study the following Table carefully questions.
and answer the questions given below
Production of main crops in India (in million tonnes) Production of cars by a comp_fillY_____.___ _
Crops -~~-9L92':9L93..,Q4-"8+9S---95-96~- 9e:97 --~ ----Ye·;~~--19;9-~ 99;--~;;~-~ 992 1993 1994 Total
------··--· ~Pulses·· - 20.5 22.4 24.6 23.5 27.8 28.2 Type ,i,
OIiseeds 32,4 34.6 40.8 42.4 46,8 52.4 p 8 20 16 17 6 88
21
Rice 80.5 86.4 88.2 92.6 94.2 90.8
0 16 10 14 12 12 14 78
Sugarcane 140.8 150.2 152.2 160.3 156.4 172.5
R 21 17 16 15 13 8 90
Wheat 130.2 138.4 146.8 141.6 152,2 158.4
s 4 6 10 16 20 31 87
Coarse grain 45.6 52.8 60.4 62.2 58.2 62,8
T 25 18 19 30 14 ?_7 133
Total 450 484.8 513.2 522.8 535 6 565 1
Total 74 71 75 90 80 86 476
1. Production of sugarcane in 1993-94 was
6. In which year the total production of cars of types P
approximately what percentage of production of rice
and Q together was equal to the total production of
in 1992-93?
cars of types R and S together?
(a) 50 (b) 75
(c) 150 (d) 175 (a) 1990 (b) 1991
(c) 1994 (d) None of these
2. Production of which type of crop was continuously
increasing in the given years? 7. During the period i 989-94, in which type of cars
(a) Rice (b) Pulse was a continuous increase in production'?
(c) Sugarcane (d) Oilseeds (a) P (b) 0
(c) R (d) S
3. What was the average production of pulse in the
given years? 8. The production of which type of cars was 25% of
(a) 26.8 million tonnes the total production of all types of cars during 1993?
(b) 20.5 million tonnes (a) S (b) R
(c) 24.5 million tonnes (c) Q (d) P
(d) 22.5 million tonnes
I
inADE EASY @ Table I 195

9. The per cent increase in total production of all types A Country's Foreign Trade
of cars in 1992 to total in 1991 was? (Rupees in Crores)
(a) 15 (b) 20 Year Exports Imports Trade Deficit
(c) 25 (d) 30 1990-91 6711 12549 5838
1991-92 7806 13608 5802
Direction (Qs. 10 to i 4 ): The following five questions
1992-93 8803 14293 5490
are to be answered on the basis of the following table:
1993-94 9771 15831 6060
Weight Distribution in the Average Adult
1994-95 11855 17173 5318
Organs Weight 1995-96 10420 18371 7951
(in grams) 1996-97 12550 20063 7513
Muscles 30,000
15. Which of the following showed an increase every
Skeleton 10,000 year?
Blood 5,000 (a) Exports (b) Imports
2,000 (c) Trade deficit (d) All of these
Gastrointestinal Tract
Lungs 1,000 16. The ratio of imports to exports was maximum in the
year
Liver 1,700
(a) 1990-91 (b) 1996-97
Brain 1,500
(c) 1995-96 (d) 1992-93
1O. The total body weight of the average adult is
17. The percentage increase in exports over previous
(a) 70,000 grams
year was maximum in the year
(b) More than 51 kg
(a) 1990-91 (b) 1996-97
(c) 50,000 grams (c) 1994-95 (d) 1993-94
(d) Less than 50 kg
18. The total trade deficit for the last five years?
11. If the weight of the skeleton is represented as S, (a) Rs 28,508 crore (b) Rs. 32,332 crore
then the weight of the liver can be represented as (c) Rs. 44,322 crore (d) Rs. 33,232 crore
(a) 1.7S (b) 0.178
(c) 17S (d) 71S 19. The difference between imports and exports was
maximum in the year
12. The ratio expressed in decimals of the weight of the (a) 1995-96 (b) 1996-97
blood to the weight of the gastrointestinal tract is (c) 1994-95 (d) 1993-94
(a) 0.4 (b) 4.0
(c) 2.5 (d) 0.25 Direction (Qs. 20 to 25): Information given below shows
% of students, who applied for selection in a company.
13. The ratio expressed in decimal for weight of the brain For final selection one has to pass through five major
to the weight of the mucles is stages written test, aptitude test, group task, group
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.15 discussion, interview & a medical checkup in the same
(c) 0.20 (d) 0.005 order. At every stage only those candidates who fulfill
the required standards are qualified for next stage.
14. The ratio decimal of the weight of the brain to the
Table below given the region wise details.
weight of the lungs is
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.15 Task Written Aptitude Group Group Inter Medical
Region test Task Discussion view
(c) 15.0 (d) 5. i West 70% 90% 85% 50% 90% 90%
North 68% 88% 90% 60% 85% 90%

Direction (Qs. 15 to 19): The figures for a country's South 80% 85% 80% 70% 70% 80%
North-east 75% 95% 78% 40% 65% 85%
Foreign Trade for the years i 990-9i to i 996-97 are given Central 70% 80% 68% 50% 60% 70%

in the following table. Answer these questions on the basis

For Example: 70% of the people from central region
of the information given: who appeared tor written test have qualified for aptitude
196 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!:A

test & 80% of those have taken aptitude are qualified 2. (d)
for group test and so on. 3. (c) Average production of pulse
20.5+ 22.4+ 24.6+23.5+ 27.8+ 28.2
20. If the candidate appearing for written test from =
6
Northern & southern region are in mtio of 4: 5 what
is the approximate ratio of people who will appeared 147.0
= - - = 2 4 .5 m1·11·1ontonne.
6
for final interview from these region respectively,
32
(a) 13: 19 (b) 19: 13 4. (a) Required percentage= .4 x 100
450
(c) 16:19 (d) 19:16 = 7.2%
21. If equal number of candidates are called for group 5. (b) Total production of oilseeds in the given years
task from each region, then find the region frorn ""42.4 + 46.0 + 52.4 = 141.6
where maximum candidate. Participated in selection Which is equal to the production of wheat in
process. 1994-95.
(a) North (b) $outh 6. (d) In year be 1993
(c) West (d) Central P + Q = 33 = R + S
7. (d)
22. If equal no. of candidates are called for group task from 8. (al 25% of 80 = 20 = production of car S in 1993
each region, then find the region from where minimum 9. (b) Required per cent increase
candidate will be able to clear their medical test 90-75
(a) Northeast (b) West = X 100 = 20%
75
(c) Central (d) None of these 10. (b) 51200 gm= 51 kg and 200 gms
23. If candidates from South & North who passed the
11 . (b) S = 10000
:. Weight of Liver = 1700
group discussion are in ratio 9 : 8 and finally from
South 1000 candidates clear the medical checkup = _S_ X 1700 = 0.17 S
then approx. How many candidates from North have 10000
gle9red their medical check11r;2?_ _ --s--·-·····
12. (c)
(a) 1300 (b) 1200 2 = 2.5
(c) 1400 (d) 1600
5
24. If same number of candidates appeared for written
13. (d) i 00 = - 1 = 0.05
30000 20
test from all regions then from which region final
selection % is best 1500 3
i4(a)
. . , - -=-=
1000 2 ii:
.. ;
~.
(a) South (b) West
(c) North (d) Central 15. (b)
25. If finally same number of candidates have been 16. (a) The ratio of imports to exports in the year
selected from each region, then from which region 12549
1990-9i = = i ,87
success rate was best in % terms 6711
(a) South (b) West 20063
1996-97 = =1.60
(c) North (d) Central 12550
78311
DOD □ 1995-96 = =i .76
10420

14293
1992-93 = =1.62
8803
Solutions
Answer 1 to 5: 17. (c) Percentage increase in exports in
152 2 i 2520 -10420
1. (d) Required per cent = · x 100 ,,, 175%. 199R-97
. , · - · . -- - - - - - X ➔I UU
nn -- 2"'
U. •501
I 10
86.4 10420
IDRDE ERS'!:::1 ® Table I 197

multiplication factor of xwe will have higher value

118 771
1994-95 = ~~;~ X 100 = 21.33% of x. Hence maximum candidate appeared from
central region. Option (d)
9771 8803
1993-94 == - X 100 = 11% 22. (a) From table, Smallest multiplication factor for
8803 interview will be for Northeast. Hence option (a).

i8. (b) 5490 + 6060 + 5318 + 7951 + 7513 23. (b) Say number of candidates from south who
= Rs. 32332 crore. cleared group discussion is 9x, the number of
candidate who cleared medical test.
19. (a) The difference between the imports in
= 9x X 0.7 X 0.8 = 1000
1995-96 = Rs. 7951 crore
1996-97 = Rs. 7513 crore 1000
X:::
1997-98 = Rs. 5318 crore 9 X 0.56
1993-97 = Rs. 6060 crore No. of candidates from North who cleared
20. (a) No. of students from northern region= 4x medical test
No. of students appeared for find interview 1000
= 4x x 0.68 x 0.88 x 0.9 x 0.6 = 1.2925x = 8x---x0.85x0.9
9 x0.56
Similarly no. of students for final interview
= 1214 approximately option (b).
from southern region
= 5x x 0.8 x 0.85 x 0.80 x 0.70 = 1.904x 24. (c) From table it is clear final multiplication factor is
Hence required ratio= 13: i9. Option (a) highest corresponding to North.
Hence option (c).
21. (d) Suppose number of candidates from west be
equal to x. Sox x 0.7 x 0.9 = 0.63x candidate 25. (c) North, hence option (c).
will appear for group test. Hence lower the
ll!IIIIIUllll!lil
 Bar Diagrams ® Maximum increase in profit was observed in
financial year 2001-02.
There are mainly six types of Bar Diagrams.
® Minimum increase in profit was observed in
11 Simple Bar Diagram
11 Multiple Bar Diagram financial year 2003-04.
11 Compound Bar Diagram ' 120+200+250+i80
2. Average pro f,t =
11 Percent Bar Diagram 4
11 Horizontal Bar Diagram 750
= ~--- = 187.5 crore
11 Floating Bar Diagram, etc. 4
Advantage 3. Annual average growth rate from 2001-2004
Can represent many different categories. We can directly 180-120 100
= ----x-
compare multiple categories. 120 3

Disadvantage = GO X 1QO = 16.66%

Parameters of different entity need to approximate the
120 3 .
values. Multiple Bar Diagram
Simple Bar Diagram In Simple Bar Diagrams only one set of data can be
SJ1+1.pI@-B~la§rarn-is-simflaHe-boo·gro:~ent7orTe•----+rc1:1re~ertted:·-To-repres-entmulttp1eser·orTfafal~o-r-
set of data can be represented in simple Bar Diagram. different years we use multiple bar diagrams.
It is rlifferent to Line graph only in an aspect that in
Profit in crores Rs.
place of points there are bars which represent values 500
of respective years. 400
400 350
Ex,1 300 260
200
Profit in crores Rs. 200 150 180
400
~
2
300 250
100 ......
(.)
200 180
.S 200
u; 120 2005 2006 ---. Years
a: 100

01 02 03 04 --+ Years
~ Software Section
Fig. (1) Balance Sheet of MTS incorporation D Hardware Section
Sol.: From the Bar Diagram given in Fig. ( 1) We can ffilillj Consultancy
deterrnine following things
1. Percent increment in profits
Fig. (2) Balance Sheet of Megha-soft for two
2001 -02 ⇒ SO x100 = 66.66% financial years 2005 and 2006.
120
From the multiple bar diagram shown in Fig. (2) we can
2002-03 ⇒ SO x100 = 25% calculate following things
200
_7()
1. Sectional Growth
2003-04 ⇒ .......'.....:'x 100 = -28% (a) Software section i80-150 == 30 Cr.
250
(b) Hardware section 400 -- 350 ""30 Cr.
(- Sign indicates decrement)
fflRDE EASY ® Bar Diagram I 199

(c) Consultancy 260 - 200 = 60 Cr. mrnm Electronics

® Highest absolute increase in profit is D] Financial
observed by consultancy section.
Minimum absolute increase in profit is
m Automobile
®

observed by software section

fl Agriculture

2. Growth rates in percent terms. Fig. Export Basket of two countries

UK and Japan for year 2005 in$ billion
⇒
18 50
Software section ~ ;~ x 100 = 20% From the Compound Bar Diagram we answer following
set of questions.
Hardware section ⇒ 40~- 350 x100= 14.28%
50 Ex. 1. Export of Agriculture product of UK is how much

Consultancy ⇒ 26
~~ioo x 100 == 30%
percent of export of Automobile product of
Japan?
• Minimum growth is observed by Hardware Sol. Export of Agriculture product of UK
section = $ 50 billion
• Maximum growth is observed by Export of Automobile product of Japan
consultancy section. = $ 200 billion
3. Growth rate of megha soft for the duration 50
= x100 = 25%
2005-06. 200
Ex. 2. Export of Automobile product of Japan is how
Profit in 2006 - Profit in 2005 x
100 many times of automobile product.
Profit in 2005
Sol. Automobile Export of Japan
⇒ (180+ 400+260)-(150+350+200) x
100 = $ 200 billion
(150 + 350 + 200) Automobile Export of UK = $60 billion
840 - 700 X 1QQ
260 10 .
⇒ 700 = = 3.33 times
60 3
_ 140x100 = 20 %
- 700 Ex.3. Total export given in Fig. of Japan is how much
percentage higher than that of UK?
Compound Bar Diagram
. Compound Bar Diagrams are similar to Multiple Bar Sol.
== 640 - 480 X
1OO
480
Diagrams. The only difference between these two Bar
Diagrams is that in Compound Bar Diagram a single
160
= Xi 00 = 33.33%
480
Bar Diagram is subdivided into different parts, while
multiple bars are used in Multiple Bar Diagrams. Percent Bar Diagram
Compound Bar Diagrams are also known as sub-divided Percent Bar Diagram is similar to Compound Bar
Bar Diagrams. Diagram. The only difference is that the total height of
each bars are equal and represent hundred percent in
percent bar diagram, whereas heights of different bars
in Billion Dollars
700 in compound bar diagram may or may not be equal.
640
600 480 1200
100
500 480 25% 25%
430
400 ... ,. 75
, ...
350 (f)
...
300 -- --- §
t;
... .... 35% 25%
50
200 .£
ui
20%
a:
100 25
30%
50

2001 2006
 ?00 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

• Automobile

F7 Financial
LiJ t
~~~~j Electronics 2003 ll-,U.J.J./.Ji.J.1..1..J..J..J.U.U..u..i...........................

(/)
- Agriculture ro 2002
~ 1-1,.U:.J.J..l..u.L.IJ

Fig. Export Basket of XYZ for financial year 2001

2001 and 2006 in billion dollars.

100 200 300 400

From the above figure we can calculate following things. Profit in$ million
(i) Percent increment in export for the given
Fig. (5) Profits of Tamasha.com for four
duration 2001-06
consecutive financial year.

"1200-480 xiOO = i50%

480
□□□□
(2) Export of Japan for financial year 2001 consist
of
® $ i 20 biiiion for Automobiles
I Practice Exercise: I
• $i 58 billion for Financial services
® $ 72 billion for Electronic Goods
Direction (Qs. 1 to 5): Study the following graph
® $ i 20 billion for Agriculture product carefully and answer the questions given below:
(3) Export Basket of Japan for financial year 2006
consists of
- - - - - -..®--ct>$ 3HDlJ1ll1ons tor Automo51les
• $ 300 billion for Financial services
® $ 240 billions for Electronic goods
• $ 300 billion for Agriculture product
(4) Export of financial services in yA:=ir ?006 is how
many times more than export of electronic
goods in 200i?
Sol. Export of financial services in 2002 = 300
Export of electronic goods in 2001 = 72

3
oo - 72 = 3. i 6 times approx. 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

72
Horizontal Bar Diagrams
1. The average production of 1990 and 1991 was
Horizontal Bars are similar to simple bar diagrams. The
exactly equal to the average production of which of
only difference is that in case of horizontal bar,
the following pairs of years?
representation is horizontal, whereas vertical bars are (a) 1991 and 1992 (b) i992and 1994
used for simple bar diagram. Horizontal bar diagram is (c) 1993and i994 (d) None of these
used in cases when we requires to represent data sets
2. What was the difference in the production of :
for comparatively large number of years. All the
foodgrains between 1991 and 1994?
calculation and observation of both the Bar Diagrams
(a) 10000 tons (b) 15000 tons
are similar.
(c) 500 tons (d) 5000 tons
fflADE EASY ® Bar Diagram I 201

3. In which of the following years was the percentage 9. Approximately what percentage of the total rose
increase in production from the previous year the production is shared by the other States?
maximum among the given years?
(a) 12.5 (b) 17.5
(a) 1991 (b) 1993
(c) 19.5 (d) 22.5
(c) 1995 (d) i990
10. If total percentage contribution of the States having
4. In how many of the given years was the production
of foodgrains more than average production of the production of roses below twenty thousand is
given years? considered, which of the following statement is true?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) It is little above 40%
(c) 4 (d) i (b) It is approximatey 36.8%
(c) It is below 35%
5. What was the percentage drop in the production of
(d) It is little below 30%
foodgrains from 1991 to 1992?
(a) 15 (b) 20 Direction (Qs. 11 to 15): These questions are based
(c) 25 (d) 30
on the following bar graph. Read the graph and answer
Direction (Qs. 6 to 10): Study the following graph the questions
carefully and answer the questions given below:
Finances of XYZ Railway
Rose Production
25000
25,000
§Gross traffic ReceiptstiJTotal Expenditure

10000
20,000

8000
15,000

6000

10,000
4000

5,000 2000

6. Which of the following State(s) contribute(s) less than 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98
1O % in the total rose production?
(a) Only Rajasthan
(b) Rajasthan, Karnataka 11 . What is the percentage increase in the gross traffic
(c) Rajasthan, Karnataka, Haryana receipts in 1995-96 as compared to 1993-94?
(d) Rajasthan, Karnataka, Haryana and Gujarat (a) 33.9% (b) 29.3%
7. By what percentage rose production of other States (c) 20.7% (d) 17%
is more than that of the Maharashtra?
12. If profit = gross traffic receipts-total expenditure,
(a) 25 (b) 30
then in 1996-97 what percentage of gross traffic
(c) 20 (d) 15
receipts is the profit made?
8. What is the approximate average production of roses (a) 5.9% (b) 6.4%
(in thousands) across all the states? (c) 7.2% (d) 8%
(a) 21 (b) 20
i 3. In which year was the profit as a percentage of gross
(c) 19 (d) 18 traffic receipts the highest?
 202 I 111 Reasoning & Aptitude

(a) 1997-98 (b) 1996-97 (a) 0.87 (b) 0.47

(c) 1995-96 (d) 1994-95 (c) 0.58 (d) 0.66

; 4. In order to make a profit of i0%, what should have 19. In which year, there was minimum percentage of
been the gross traffic receipts (in Rs. crore) in export with respect of production?
1994-95, total expenditure remaining the same? (a) 1991 (b) 1992
(a) 5667 (b) 5876 (c) 1993 (d) 1994
(c) 6444 (d) 7667
20. In which year we had maximum quantity of tea for
15. By what amount (in Rs. crore) has the expenditure domestic consumption
increased over the period 1993-94 to 1997-98? (a) 1994 (b) 1991
(a) 4100 (b) 3900 (c) 1993 (d) 1996
(c) 3850 (d) 3700

Direction (Qs. 16 to 20): Study the following graph to

answer these questions:

Tea in India (in million kg) Solutions

Answer 1 to 5:
j fdExport lZZl Productionj 1. (d)
800
720
700 2. (a) Required difference
600 = 60-50 = i0,000 tonne.
500
400
3. (d) Percentage increase in production in 190 is
300 height given by
200
=
15
X 100 == 60%
I
100 25
:. . 0+--'-'"""-'-'--.L...l."-'1--......C:.U..U.--C=u........-=W.!.---<=::i..,..,L.
..- · _........... - - - ----100-1-----i99-2--.. ·t993"·---t§921.. -,'9SS---rgg~--
4. (c) Average production
25+40+60+45+65+50+75+80
----1-
Per Capita Availablity in gm - 8
440
600 500 525 : : : 8~55.
450~
500
400 3~~ More than the average in 4 years namely 91, 93, 95, 1
300 96.
200
100 5. (c) Required percentage drop
o~..,..,19..._9,,..._1~1"="99,....2--,1"="99=3--"-,-19,...,9-4__,,.19-'-9"'=5___,.19-::'-,-,95
60-45
= 60 x iOO = 25%
16. Which year shows the maximum percentage of
export With respect to production? 6. (c) Total rose production
(a) 1992 (b) 1993 == (15 + 12.5 + 12.45 + 20 + 12.4 + 22.4
(c) 1996 (d) 1995 + 22.5 + 25) X 1000 :c. 142250
Percentage production of rose in the
17. Assuming that entire quantity is consumed after 3 States (is lower than 10%)
export, the population of India in 1993 was Rajasthan Karnataka Haryana
(a) 800 million (b) 1080 million 8.71% 8.75% 8.78%
(c) 985 million (d) 900 million
7. (a) Required percentage
18. The proportion of tea exported to the tea production
25-20
over the entire period == - - - x 100 = 25% (more)
20
 111 Bar Diagram I 203

. (d) Total production of rose by all the states =

142250 II Practice Exercise: II
142250
:. Average= - - - =18 (thousand)
8 x1000 Direction (Os. 1 to 5): Study the diagram carefully and

(b) Required percentage answer the questions given below it

25 § 1992-93 tzZ:;} 1993-94 ~ 1994-95

:::::: X 100"" 20%
142.25 21

It is 36.8% approximately.

7500-5300 X 100 = 29.33%

7500

12. (a) 8500-8000X100 = 5.88%

8500

13. (d)

14. (c) Let GTR be Rs. x

:. X-X X 10% = 5800

:. x = 5800 x 1O = Rs. 6444.4

9 Cotton production of some states in ,000 tonnes

i 5. (d) 8800-5100 = 3700. 1 . The production of state D in 1993-94 is how many

16. (c) As per options times its production in 1994-95?

In 1992,
·mo x 100 = 33- %
1 (a) 1.33 (b) 0.75
540 3 (c) 0.56 (d) 1.77
288 2. In which of the states there is a steady increase in
In 1993 - x 100 = 40%
720 the prodution of cotton during the given period?
400 (a) A&B (b) A&C
In 1995, - x 100 = 66.66%
600 (c) B only (d) D & E
450
In 1996, - x 100 = 68.18% 3. How many tonnes of cotton was produced by state
660
E during the given period?
17. (b) 720-288 = 432 million= Total consumption of (a) 2900 (b) 29000
tea in 1993 (c) 290000 (d) 29000000
432
Population of India= = 1080 million. 4. How many states showing below average production
0.4
in 1992-93 showed above average poduction in
18. (d) Average tea exported during 1991--1996 = 1993-94?
1754 million kg. Average tea produced during (a) 4 (b) 2
1991-1996 = 3700million kg (c) 3 (d) 1
. 1754
Required ratio= = 0.47. 5. Which of the following statement is in false?
3700
(a) States A and E showed the same production in
19. (a) 1993-94
20. (c) (b) There was no improvement in the production of
In 1991, 480 96 = 384 million tonnes cotton in state B during 1994-95.
In 1993, 720 - 288 = 432 millin tonnes (c) State A has produced maximum cotton during
In 1994, 700-340 = 360 million tonnes the given period
In 1996, 660 -- 450 = 210 million tonnes (d) Production of States C and D together is equal
to that of state B during i 993-94
□□□□
 204 I 0 Reasoning & Aptitude

Direction (Qs. 6 to 1O): Study the diagram carefully ahd Direction (Qs. 11 to 15): Study the following bar charts
am;wer the question glveh below it (Figs) before answering the questions;
lrnptJrts
A
~ bemand ~ Production tl
c:-t:..=·.............
D
E

I~#;#~;!.,;
J--1;$:~~~
K~:;:#;:~~~~-~..-,.-.-...,..,.,.,,
L 12699

l::xports

A B C D E
Companies
E
F
6. What is the ratio of companies having more demahd
than production to those having more production
than demand?
(a) 2: 3 (b) 4 : 1
(c) 2 : 2 (d) 3 : 2

7. What is the difference between average demand Fig. Foreign Trade by countrifls_.to..___ _--+--·
----....,.,.nd-average-productiOn-otth-e-itvFcompaFYtes-taKen·------ year 1993~94
gotether?
(a) 1400 (b) 400 11 . How n 1any countries exhibited a tra.de surplus?
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 280 (d) 138
~) 3 ~) 6
8. The production for comapny D is approximately how
12. The higest trade deficit was shown by which country?
many times that of production of company A?
(a) C (b) G
(a) 1.8 (b) 1.5
(c) G (d) L
(c) 2.5 (d) U i
13. ihe ratio of Exports to Imports was highest for which
9. The demand for company 8 is approximately what country?
percent of the demand for company C? (a) A (b) I
(a) 4 (b) 24 (C) J (d) K
(c) 20 (d) 60
14. The total trade/surplus for all the oouhtries put
1 o. If company A desires to meet the demand by together was?
purchasing i.V. sets from a single company, which (a) i 1286 surplus (b) 1 i 286 deficit
one of the following companies can meet the need (c) 10286 deficit (d) None of these
adequately?
15. The ratio of the maximum exports to the minimum
(a) 8 (b) C
imports was closest to
(c) D (d) None of these
(a) 64 (b) 69

I
(c) 74 (d) None of these
 @II Bar Diagram I 205

Direction (Qs. i 6 to 20): Shows the compositions of Solutions

the GDP of two countries (India and Pakistan).
Answer i to 5:
100 1. (b) Let production of D in i 993-94 be K
90 x (production of Din 1994-95).
Then, 9 lakhs :::: k x i 2 lakhs
80
9 3
12 4 ::: 0.75.
70 or k ~ =
60
50 2. (b) Clearly, there is a s·teady increase in the
production of cotton during the given period in
40
case of states A and C.
30
20 3. (b) (8 + 14 + 7) x 1000:::: 29000 tonness
10 4. (b)
0 5. (c) During the given period, state B has produced
India Pakistan
D Miscellaneous ~ Exports 48000 tonnes while state A has produced only
ml Manufacturing [2] Services 41000 lakhs tonnes.
Ill Agriculture Hence, statement (c) is false

6. (d) The companies having more demand than

16. What fraction of India's GDP is accounted for by production are A, C, E. Their number is 3. The
services? companies having more production than
(a) 6/33 (b) 1/5 demand are Band D. Their number is 2.
(c) 2/3 (d) None of these
7. (c) Average demand
17. If the total GDP of Pakistan is Rs. 10,000 crore, then
= ( 3000 + 600 + 25~0 + 1200 + 3300)
the GDP accounted by Manufacturing is
(a) Rs 200 crore (b) Rs 600 crore
:::: 2120.
(c) Rs 2,000 crore (d) Rs 6,000 crore Average production
18. The total GDP of India is Rs 30,000 crores, then the
GDP accounted for By Agriculture, Services and
= ( 1soo + 1soo + 1 oio + 2700 + 2206)

Miscellaneous is = 1840.
(a) Rs. "18,500 crore (b) Rs 18,000 crore :. Difference in having average demand &
(c) Rs. 21,000 crore (d) Rs. 15,000 crore
production= (2120-1840) = 280.
i 9. Which country accounts for higher earning out of
8. (a) Let production of D
Services and Miscelianeous together?
= k x production of A
(a) India
(b) Pakistan 2700
Then, 2700 = k x - - = i .8.
(c) Both spend equal amounts 1500
(d) Cannot be determined 9. (b) Let x% of demand for C = Demand for B.
20. If the total GDP is the same for both the countries X
Then, x 2500 = 600
then what percentage is Pakistan's income through 100
agriculture more than India's income through services?
600-
orx= ( - X100)
- =. 240110
(a) 100% (b) 200% 2500
(c) 133.33% (d) None of these
10. (c) Since D produces highest number of sets and
A desire to meet the demand by purchasing
surplus sets from a single company,
□□□□
So, D can meet the demand of A.
206 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::!!

11 . (b) Out of a total of i 2 countries, 8 showed a deficit 17. (c) 20% of 10000 = 2000
while 4 showed a surplus.
18. (c) (40+20+ 10)%of30,000==Rs.21,0000crore.
12. (d) Visually it is clear that L has highest trade deficit.

13. (b) I has a ratio of 4002/27 44 = 1.45, which is. the 19. (d) Although the percentage on Service and
highest. [ Miscellaneous put together is equal for both the
countries, but we cannot comment on this since
14. (b) Sum of exp~rts-sum bt imports= deficit ( 11286) we have no data about the respective GDPs.
15. (b) 6045/87
20. (a) Since the GDP is same, the answer will be got 1·,·

16. (b) Serviceaccountsfor20%, i.e., 1/Sth oftheGDP by (40- 20)/20 = 100%

of India
mlll!IIIIIH!I I
j
II
I
Ij
fi
I
II
1
 where shaded regions for both previous pie chart are
100% = 3600 represented as below:
1% = 3.6°
H -+ Agriculture (Primary Sector)

or 1% =
Cs 8
)
~~ ~I -+ Industries (Secondary Sector)

[:;;~ -+ Services (Tertiary Sector)

or vice versa
Pie-Chart: 11

Pie-Charts are also known as circuilar charts. It represent

data in a very simple and lucid form such that
interpretation become easier. Let's have a glimpse of
Indian Economy through Pie-Charts.

Pie-Chart: I

18%
✓

~➔ Urban Areas

g~ ~I ➔ Rural Area
27%
Demographic composition of Indian
55%
population living in Urban & Rural
areas according to census 2001.
Pie-Chart: 111
35%
Sectoral Conbribution to GOP in Indian Economy
(Financial Year 2008-09)
20% -
- - -- - - - H+++++++++>o.
- - - - =:::t:t:::::t:t:::::t!tl:t:U
1iJ;11Tujjj:tf:ttl>..
,..1:t,tt':t:.'t.'t.::t::tt:t'.
65%

~➔ illiterate Population

Work force employed in ~ ~ ~, ➔ literate Population

difference sectors in Indian Economy
(Financial Year 2008-09) Literacy rates of Indian Population
according to census 2001.
 208 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude

Pie-Chart:IV Pie-Chart
8%
There are two type of Pie Charts
1. Pie-Charts represented in Angular form
2. Pie~Charts represented in percent form
Conversion
.
,,_,,_.,_,,_ '_,,..,, ............. ~25%
100% - 360°
/ ·:::::::::::::::::::::::::_
64% ...
Similarly
360° :::; 100%
111§~§] ~ Thermal Energy
10 :::; i 00 :::; ( i O)
0

e . .,. Renewable Energy Resource

360 36
Let us have an example on Angular form.
f.:J ~ Nuclear Energy
Example-I
fJ:-~!-~ Hydro Electric Power
Source of Power in India
(instaiied Capacity)

D"' 80° A"' 105°

Pie CharH
Shows that major contribution to GDP of Indian Economy
is the share of services [Tertiary Sector] is 55% yet
number of people employed in this sector is merely
20%. Share of agriculture is merely 18% yet
~-·- -------·-approxtmatetvtwcrtnifdorpopufafion rs sfilfdependent Fig. 5
on agriculture to support their livelihood.
Contribution of industries is 27% and approximately
Sectionwise composition of 720 students
15% people are employed in industries.
in a class in MADE EASY
Pie Chart-II
It shows that more than 2/3 of our population are living From above pie chart we can answer following questions.
in rural areas. Urban population is stiil iess than 1/3. It 1. Students in section A is how many percent more
need urgent attention to provide facilities of urban than that in section 8?
amenities in rural areas. Rural development should be Sol. Section A z; 105°
given top most priority. Section 8 = 90°

Pie Chart~III 105-90

~ - · x100
Literacy rate is shown in pie chart 111. It reveals that 90
more than one-third of population do not know how to 15
:=> -·· x100
read and write. We need more resources and 90
constitutional power to local bodies and state ⇒ 16.66% Ans.
government so that they can increase their efforts to
improve literacy rates. 2. Students in section A is how many times than
that of students in section D?
PieCharHV
Soi. Students in A .,. 105°
It shows composition of different resources for power
generation. We are still dependent much on Thermal Students in D = 80°
Power to fulfil over energy demands. Nuclear energy 105 21
and renewable resources of energy contributes merely ;:; = 1.3125 Ans.
80 16
3% and 8% respectively.
210 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS!:l!

m Practice Exercise: I

Direction (Qs. 1 to 6): These questions are to be

Direction (Qs. 7 to 11 ): Use the following chart to answer
these questions on the age-wise distribution of personal
income of a country in the year 2002.
Rs. 2499.4 Billions = 100%
answered on the basis of the following pie chart, which
gives marks scored by a student in different subjects-
English, Hindi, Mathematics, Science and Social Science
in an examination. Assuming that the total marks obtained
for the exam in at ion are 540 answer the following questions:

Over
44 years 25-34 years
45% 24%

Science
65°

1. The marks scored by the student in Hindi and 35-44 years 20%
Mathematics exceed the marks scored in English
and Social Science by
(a) 60 (b) 75 7. In 2002, what was the approximate personal income,
(c) 40 (d) 30 in billions of rupees, of the age-group 35-44 years?
(a) 500 (b) 600
2. The subject in which the student scored approx
(c) 1125 (d) Noneofthese
22.2% marks is
(a) Hindi (b) Science 8. About how many degrees are there in the central
(c) Social Science (d) English angle devoted to the personal income of the age
group 35-44
3. The subject in which the student scored 105 marks
(a) 20 (b) 40
is
(c) 72 (d) None of these
(a) Mathematics (b) Hindi
(c) Science (d) Maths 9. What is the ratio of the personal income of the age
4. The marks obtained in the three subjects: Englsih, group 25-34 to that of the age-group 35-44?

Science and Social Science are what percentage of (a) 9 : 4 (b) 5 : 6

the total? (c) 8: 15 (d) None of these

10. If the total income in 2002 was 20 percent greater

(a) 45%
than it was in 2000, then what was the approximate
total personal income in 2000 (in billions of rupees)?
(c) 55% (a) 2200 (b) 2100
(c) 2000 (d) None of these
5. The marks obtained in Mathematics are what
1 i . If the total income in the year 2007 is projected to
percentage of the total marks?
be one-and-a-half time of its current size in 2002,
(a) 20% (b) 30%
then what is the assumed annual compound rate of
(c) 35% (d) 25%
growth in income (in percent)?
6. The difference of marks between English and Social (a) 20 (b) 25
Science is the same as between (c) 15 (d) Noneofthese
(a) Science and Hindi
Direction (Qs. 12 to 16): These questions are based
(b) Hindi and Social Science
on the following pie chart showing percentage of money
(c) English and Hindi
spend on household items by a representative family:
(d) Social Science and Science
mRDE EASY ® Pie-Chart I 21 i

Total students : i 200

(800 girls+ 400 boys)

i0.28%
(Electricity)
34.72%
(Food)
i9.44%
(Rent)

20.28%
(Clothing)
Chart-i
12. The ratio between the money spent on Rent and
Food is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 7 : 5
(c) 14: 25 (d) None of these

i 3. If the income of a family is Rs. i 2000 p.m. then the

difference between the expenditure (in rupees) on
Clothing and Electricity is nearly
(a) 8700 (b) 4400
(c) 3300 (d) None of these
2%
14. If the income of a family is Rs. 20,000 p.m. then the
ratio of the expenditure on Rent and Miscellaneous Chart-II
items is
17. For course D, what is the ratio of boys and girls?
(a) 3: 2 (b) 7 : 5 (a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 5
(c) 7 : 6 (d) None of these (c) 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 6
15. If the income of a family increase by Rs. iO00 p.m., 18. For which pair of course is the number of boys the
then the, amount spent (in rupees) on Electricity same?
should increase by nearly (a) E and F (b) A and D
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) C and F (d) Band D
(c) 300 (d) 400
19. For course E, the number of girls is how much per
16. If the income of a family is Rs. 8000 p.m., then the cent more than the number of boys for course E?
approximate difference of the expenditure on (a) 250 (b) 350
Electricity and Miscellaneous items in percent terms. (c) 150 (d) 80
(a) 18 (b) 12 20. For which course is the number of boys the minimum?
(c) 5 (d) None of these (a) E (b) F
(c) C (d) A
Direction (Qs. 17 to 21 ): Study the following information
to answer the given questions. 21. How many girls are there in course C?
(a) 44 (b) 16
Percentage of total students in various courses (c) 40 (d) 160
(A,8,C,D,E,F) in the pie chart-I and percentage of
girls in pie Chart-!! Direction (Qs. 22 to 26): The pie chart represented
below shows the spending by a family on various items
212 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflROE ERS!::I

during the year 1999'. Study the graph and answer these Solutions
questions. Answer 1 to 5:
Percent of money spent by a family on various 1. (a) Marks scored in Hindi and Maths
items during 1999 160
=
360
X 540 = 240
Marks scored in English and Social Science

Others 120
= X 540 = 180.
360
2. (b) 100% = 360°
Transport
~:;;.._..,.----; 5% 360
Food 22.2% = X 22.2 = 79.92° = 80°
23% iOO
Education
12% Hence difference is
240 - 180 = 60.
3. (b) 540 = 360°
360
105 = X 105 = 70°.
540

22. If the total amount spend during the year 1999 was 4. (d) 360° = 100%
Rs. 46000, the amount spent on food was 100 5
(a) Rs. 2000 (b) Rs, 10580 200° = -
360
X 200 = 55 -9 %.
(c) Rs. 23000 (d) Rs. 2300
5. (d)
23. If the total amount spend was Rs 46000, how much
6. (d)
money was spent on clothing and housing together?
(a) Rs. 11500 (b) Rs.1150 7. (a) 20% of 2499.4 billions
(c) Rs. 10000 (d) Rs. 15000
2499.4
= = 499.88 c:::. 500 billion.
24. The ratio of the total amount of money spent on 5
housing to that spent on education was 8. (c)
(a) 5 : 2 (b) 2: 5
9. (d) Required ratio 24 : 20 =6 : 5
(c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 4
10. (b) Total personal income in 2002 = 2499.4 billion
25. Graph shows that the maximum amount was spent
Total personal income in 2000 = x, say
on
(a) Food (b) Housing
,'. X + 20°/o Of X = 2499.4
(c) Clothing (d) Others 5
⇒X = X 2499.4 = 2082.83 = 2100.
6
26. If the total expenditure of the family for the year
1999 was Rs. 46000, the family saved during the 11. (d) Total income project in the year 2007 = 150,
year when the income in the year 2002 was 100.
(a) Rs. 1500 (b) Rs. 15000 :. Annual compound rate of growth is 8.5%
(c) Rs. 6900 (d) Rs. 3067 approx
12. (c) Ratio between the money spent on rent and food
ODDO 19.44 1944 14
= 25.
34.72 3472
 fflRDI! EASY ® Pie-Chart I 213

13. (d) Expenditure on clothing

::::: 20.28% of Rs. 12000::::: Rs. 2433.60 II Practice Exercise: II
Expenditure on electricity
=10.28% of 12000"' Rs. 1233.60 Direction (Qs. 1 to 7): The following pie chart shows
:;:; Required difference ;;::; Rs. 1200. the amount of subscription generated for the India Bonds
Alternative from different categories of investors.
Difference of expenditure on clothing &
Electricity is Others National
Offshore 4% Banks
20.28% --10.28%::;:: 10%
Funds
10% of 12000 16%
= Rs. 1200 Ans.
Corporate
. . 19.44 House
14. (d) Required ratio'"' _ ;;::; 1.27, 34%
15 28
Whatever the family income may be

15. (a) Amount on electricity will increase by

Rs. 102.80 = Rs. 100.
NRI 11%
16. (c) Required difference will be 15.28% - 10.28%
= 5%, irrespective of family income. 1. If the investments by NRl's are Rs. 4,000 crore, then
the investment by corporate houses and Fll's
17. (a) Total no. of students for course D = 35% of 1200
together is:
:;; 420
(a) 24,000 crore (b) 24,363 crore
No. of girl students for course D = 30% of 800
(c) 25,423.4 crore (d) 25,643.3 crore
::;:;240
..- - - - -
No. of boy students for course D = 420 - 240 - - =2.
~ Wh.alpeLQe.D1ag.aottbe. tote1Wnve-stmeR-t-i-s-e0mlft!=f--
-----::;;~1:;--;8;--;:;0--- from either Flis or NRls?
Reqd. ratio"" 180: 240::::: 3 : 4 (a) 33% (b) 11%
(c) 44% (d) 22%
18. (c) No. of boys for different courses are
A= O; B :::; i 00; C == 44: D ::;; 180; E = 32; F = 44. 3. If the total investment other than by FIi and corporate
Honea C & Fare same. house Is Rs 335.000 crore, then the investment by
NRls and Offshore funds will be (approximately):
i9. (a) Total students for E = 12% of 1200 = 144 (a) 274, i00
No. of girls for course E = 14% of 800 = 112 (b) 285,600
So No. of boys for course E = 32 (c) 293,000
112-32 (d) Can't be determined
Reqd more % = - - - x i oo = 250%
32 4. What is the approximate ratio of investment flows
into India Bonds from NRls to corporate houses?
20. (d) Using the information given in Q. No. (ii)
(a) 1 : 4
21. (b) No. of girls in courese C ""2% of 800;;;.; 16. (b) i : 3
(c) 3 : 1
22. (b) 23% of 46000 = Rs. 10580
(d) Can't be determined
23. (a) 25% of 46000 = Rs. 11500 5. In the corporate sector, approximately how many
24, (d) Required ratio::;; 15: 12 = 5: 4 degrees should be there in the central angle?
(a) 120 (b) 121
25. (a) 23% are food. (c) 122 (d) 123

26. (c) 15% of 46000 = Rs. 6900 6. If the total investment flows from Fll's were to be
doubled in the next year and the investment flows
214 I III Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

from all other sources had remained constant at their (a) 2 : 1

existing levels for this year, then what would be (b) 8: 3
the proportion of FIi investment in the total (c) 3: 8
investment flows into India Bonds in the next year (d) Can't be determined
(Approximately)?
10. If amongst other countries, Switzerland accounted
(a) 40%
(b) 50% for 25% of the Indian tourist traffic, and it is known
(c) 60% from official Swiss records that a total of 25 lakh
(d) Can't be determined Indian tourist had gone to Switzerland during the
year, then find the number of 30-39 years-old Indian
7. If the inflow from the Flis after the doubling (as given tourists who went abroad in that year.
in Question 6) were approx US$ 500 million what (a) 18.75 lakh (b) 25 lakh
would be the total investment into India Bonds next (c) 50 lakh (d) 75 lakh
year (in US$ millions)
(a) 1000 11. For Question 10, what was the volume of traffic of
(b) 1500 Indian tourists in the US?
(c) 800
(a) 150 lakh (b) 125 lakh
(d) Can't be determined (c) 200 lakh (d) None of these

Direction (Qs. 8 to 11 ): (A) and (B) exhibit the out flow Direction (Qs. 12 to 16): Pie Chart given below shows
of the tourist traffic from India. The two charts show the the expenditure incurred in bringing out a book by a
tourist distribution by country (A) and the age wise (B) publisher
traffic of the tourist respectively. Study the charts
carefully and answer the question which flow.
Printing
35%
(A)

Study the graph carefully and answer the questions

given below:

12. What is the central angle of the sector for the cost
(B) of the paper?
(a) 22.5° (b) 16°
(c) 54.8° (d) 57.6°

13. If the cost of printing is Rs. 17500, the royalty is:

(a) Rs. 8750 (b) Rs. 7500
(c) Rs. 3150 (d) Rs. 6300

14. If the miscellaneous charges _are Rs. 9000, the

8. What percentage of the India tourist out flow to either advertisement charges are:
USA or UK? (a) Rs. 13500 (b) Rs. 20000
(a) 40% (b) 50% (c) Rs.40500 (d) Rs. 1800
(c) 60% (d) 70%
15. If 5500 copies are published and miscellaneous
9. The ratio of the number of Indian tourists that went expenditure on them amount to Rs. 5544 and the
to USA to the number of Indian tourists who were publisher earns a profit of 25%, then marked price
below 30 years of age is: of each copy is
fflADE EASY 41 Pie-Chart I 215

(a) Rs. 25.20 (b) Rs. 37.50 21 . The ratio of the area of the circle above COF to the
(c) Rs. 31.50 (d) Rs.30 area of the circle below it is, nearly :
(a) 1 (b) 0.966
16. Royalty on the book is less than the advertisement
(c) 0.94 (d) 0.92
charges by:

(a) 3% , (b) 16
2
%
□□□□
3
(c) 20% (d) None of these
Solutions
Direction (Qs. 17 to 21 ): The gross investment of Life
Insurance Corporntion of India (in crores of rupees) in
different sectors are shown in the pie chart given below Answer 1 to 5 :

1. (b) (67/i 1) x 400 crore

Private
sector 183 2. (c) 33% + 11% = 44%
3. (a) Investment other than NRI and corporate houses
is 33% = 335000. Also, invest-ment by offshore
funds and NRls is equal to 27%. Hence,
Central
Government
Securities 27 X 335 ,00Q = 27 4100
454 33
B
4. (b) 11 : 34 is approximately equal to 1 : 3
State
Government 5. (c) 34 x 3.6 = 122.4 (since i % = 3.6 degrees).
Securities 110
6. (b) Fll's currently account for 33 out of 100. If their
------va!ue-is-ooueieaaAo-affott,er-irrvestments-aTe--- ·- - - -
kept constant then their new value would be 66
out of 133 which is approximately equal to 50%
On the basic of the above information answer the
following questions.
7. (a) 500 million would be approximately 50% of the
17. The percentage of gross investment in States total investment. Then 1000 will be the total

Government Securities is nearly : investment.

(a) 7.7% (b) 7.8% 8. (b) 40 + 10 = 50% (from the first chart)
(c) 8.6% (d) 9.2%
9. (b) 40 : 15 = 8 : 3
18. The magnitude of LAOC is nearly :
(a) i03° (b) i32° 10. (d) 5% corresponds to Switzerland's 25 lakh. Hence
(c) 126° (d) 115° 15% will be 75 lakh

19. The investment in socially oriented sectors (plan and 11. (c) US account for 40%, i.e., 8 times 5%. Since,
non plan) is ..... than the investment in Government Switzerland's 5% is 25 lakh, US will be 200 lakh
securities (Central and State) by ... 12. (d) Central angle for the cost of the paper
(a) More, 4 crore (b) More, 1 crore
(c) More, i 11 crore (d) Less, 106 crore = c~~ X 360)° = 57.6°.
20. The investment in private sectors is nearly... percent
higher than the investment in State Government 13. (b) Let the royalty be Rs. x. Then
Securities? 35 : I 5 ; ; 17500 '. X
(a) 66 (b) 54 (15xi7500) __
(c) 46 (d) 40 X == ~ ) == HS. 7500
35
216 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE: E:RS~

i 4. (c) Let the advertisement charges be Rs. x.

i8x9000)
:. Required percentage= (
1539
1
rn x 100)%
The, 4 : 18 : : 9000 : x or x = (
4 :::: 7.i%
= Rs. 40500.

15. (c) Let the total charges be Rs. x. 18 _(b) LAOC"" [(458+i07) crores]·
1539 crores
Then, 4 : 100 : : 5544 : x or x

== (1 8
x: 444
) = Rs. 138600. = (-
565
1539
><360) = 135°.

:. Total cost = Rs. i 38600.

i9. (b) Investment in socially oriented sectors
:. Cost price of each copy
= (458 + 107) crores = 565 crores.
138600) :. Investment in socially oriented sectors is more
= Rs. ( = Rs. 25.20. than investment in Government securities by
5500
1 crore.
:. Marked price= 125% of Rs. 25.20
20. (a) Investment in Private Sector= i 83 crores.
= Rs. 125
- x 25.20 ) = Rs. 31.50 Investment in State Government Securities= i 10
( 100
crores.

i 6. (b) Let royalty be Rs. i 5. Then, advertistment 73

:. Required excess = ( x100)%
charges= Rs. 18. \JiO

3 = 66%
:. Required percentage = ( xi 00) % = Rs.
18
21. (c) Required Ratio
31.50
(183+454+110) 747
=
i 7. (a) Total investment = (458 + i 07 + 183 + 454 + 107 + 458 + 227 - 792
110 + 227) crores
83
⇒ 88 = 0.943

IIIIIHIIIII
 Puzzles The smallest possible ten digit number is
A puzzle is a problem given that tests the ingenuity of 1,00,00,00,000
the solver. In a basic puzzle, It solver should intended We will go on modifying this number, since last
to piece together objects (puzzles pieces) in a logical digit represent number of zeros it should be 9.
way in order to come up with the desired shape, picture 1st step : 1,00,00,00,009.
or solution. Since we have only 8 zeros last digit should be
8.
Solutions to puzzles may require recognizing patterns
I 1nd step : 1,00,00,00,008
and creating a particular order. People with a high
Since number of "8" present in the above case
ireasoning aptitude may be better at solving these
is one the next modification wiii be.
puzzles.
IIJ rd Step: 1,00,00,00, 108.
Types of Puzzles Here number of zeros are only seven so
The large number of puzzles that have been created 1\flh step: 1,00,00,00, 107.
can be divided into various categories for example Here, since the number of "T' present is one
logical puzzle using chess board. so next modification will be
Other categories include vth step: 1,00,00,01 ,007.
0 Puzzle or Numbers Here, since number of" 1" present is two so the
11 Mathematical next modification will be
• Mathematical problem such as the missing square v1 th step: 2,00,00,01 ,007
puzzle Number of "2" present is be one so next
• Picture puzzle modification will be
e Connect the dots VI 1th step : 2, 10,00,01 ,007
.. Logical puzzle iike Sudoko. Here, since number of zeros present is six so
.. Spot the difference etc. next modification will be
v111 th step: 2, 10,00,01 ,006.
Lets have a glimpse of different types of puzzles
Here, since number of "6" present is 1 so next
Numbers modification will be
1x1h step: 2, 10,0o, 10,006.
Ex.1 In a ten digit number first digit represents
This number 2, 10,00, 10,006 satisfy all the
number of one present in the number. Second
condition so this is the desired number.
digit represents number of two present in the
number. Similarly, third digit represents number
of three present in the number and so on till Triangles
ninth digit, which represents number of nine
Ex.2 Find out the total number of triangles in the given
present in the number. Last digit represents
figure.
number of zero present in the number. Find that

Soi.:
number.
Let the ten digit number be CXM)<J
Ia1 Ia2 Ia3 l a4 Ias l~J a7 Ia~ Iag I~ I Fig. (1)
218 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Sol. First of all we will count single triangle. Sol. Number of "Single triangles'! present in the Fig.
Number of single triangle == 12 (6) are 16.
A B E G

D
~ C F H
Fig. (2)
Now, we will count triangle made by joining two
triangles for example in the below given fig. (3) D
""'---_....""'----~c
H
we have 4 triangles made by joining two single Fig. (6)
triangles. A F
A B

@
D C Fig. (7)
Fig. (3)
.6.ADB = .6.1 + L\2 Now, we will find number of double triangles in
L\ADC = .6.1 + L\2 Fig. (7) which is equal to 4 i.e.
L\BDC = .6.3 + L\4 LlAFE = L\ 1 + .6.2
L\ABC = .6.2 + .6.3 LlAFO = L\2 + L\3
So in the given fig. (2) we will have 12 such "double .6.FOE = L\3 + L\4
triangles. LlAEO = L\ 1 + L\4
Now, we will count number of triangles made by joining So total "double triangle" in fig. (6) are 16.
four tirnalges.
A B E G

~;2§]
D C F H
Fig. (4)
.6.ACE = .6.2 + .6.3 + L\5 + .6.6
D C
.6.DBF = .6.4 + ll3 + L\5 + .6.8
Fig. (8)
L\CEH = L\8 + L\7 + L\9 + L\12
Number of "Four triangle" will be 4.
L\BFG = .6.6 + L\7 + L\9 + .6.10
LlAOD = L\ 1 + L\4 + .6.10 + .6.9
So we have
LlAOB = L\2 + .6.3 + .6.5 + .6.6
12 "Single triangle"
.6.BOC = ,6,, 7 + ,0,,8 + Ll 14 + .6.15
12 "Double triangle" and
ADOC = ,6,, 12 + ,6,, 11 + Ll 13 + .6. 16
4 "Four triangle"
F
⇒ 28 triangles Ans.

Ex.3 Find number of triangles present in given Fig.

(5).

Fig. (9)
Number of "Four triangle" will be 4
LlEFH = .6.3 + ,6,,4 + ,6,, 10 + L\ 11
Fig. (5)
 ® Miscellaneous Puzzles I 219

LlEFG = .6.4 + 113 + .6.5 + .6.8 (1) We will start solving it from back side. After
.6.FGH = .6.5 + 118 + .6.14 + .6.13 devoting 8 flowers in third temple Kavitha had
.6.EHG = Li iO + 1111 + Li 13 + Li 14 no flowers. It means before washing in third
In fig. (9) Number of "Eight Triangles" will be 4 tank she had 4 flowers.
(2) It also shows that she had 12 flower before
A B
devoting 8 flower in second temple.
(3) From this information we come to know that she
had 6 flowers before washing it in second tank.
(4) It means she had (8 + 6) == 14 flowers before
devoting to first temple.
(5) Now we can easily get the number of flower
D C she initially had before washing in first tank.
Fig. (10)
(6) From the above Fig. we can easily find solution
.6.ABC = Ll2 + 113 + 115 + .6.6 + in a simple and lucid manner.
Ll7 + 118 + .6.14 + .6.15
.6.BCD = t,,,7+ .6.8 + .6.14 + tli5 + Cat and Mouse
.6.16+.6.13+L'l1i +u12
i::iADC = t,,,1 + .6.4 + Li9 + .6.10 + Ex.5 There are four holes numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The unique properties of these holes is that
Li11 + 1112 + .6.13 + .6.16
number of mouse become double, triple and
.6.ADB = t,,, 1 + L\2 + .6.3 + tl4 +
four times after entering into hole number 2, 3
.6.5 + .6.6 + .6.9 + Li 10
and 4 respectively. While it remains same if
So, total number of triangles will be
they enter in first hole. One cat is running in
16 + 16 + 4 + 4 +4 = 44 Ans.
search of few mouse. To save themselves from
cat, mouse entered in first hole and came out.
Temple and Tank - - - - - - _ZA__oL.ihem__b.acome.-Gl-fBt---ef-·ea·t:~They------·
respectively entered into second, third and
Ex.4 There are three temples near Tanjaur. In front of
fourth hole anrl come with double, triple and
;:ill temples there are one tanl\ each. l<avitha, a
four times in number. After their exit from each
lady deity went to a temple with certain number
hole i.e. second third and fourth, 24 mouse
of flower. She washed flowers in tanks in front
become diet of cat each time. At the end there
of first temple and it become doubled. She
is no mouse left. Find the initial number of
devoted 8 flowers in that temple and moved to mouse before entering into first hole.
second temple. She again washed remaining
flowers and again became doubled. She Sol.: !El+ 17 fil]
devoted 8 flowers in the second temple. She 41 34 30
again washed remaining flowers in third tank
and it become double in front of the last temple
and devoted 8 flowers. Then she was left with
no flowers. How many flowers Kavitha initially
6 0 0 6
41 17 10 6

had? • From the fig it is clear that before entering into

Sol. fourth hole there were 6 mouse.
® 30 mouse came out of fourth hole, because 24

Temple➔t'S ~ ~
become diet of cat and 6 remained.
• before entering into third hole there were
10 mouse.

Tank-+
14=8+6

l®I
tI
7
12=8+4

l®I
4I
6
l~ t4
®

e
34 i.e. 24 + 10 mouse came out of second hole,
24 become diet of cat and 1O remained.
17 mouse entered into second hole.
 fflRDE EAS~

@ 41 m<?u~e Q§ITi~ out gf firnt hol~.

@) Th@r~ wer~ 41 mQU!?~ befor~ (3-ntering into first
hGI@.

~l\,6 ~ix pa,ra,11191 hori1~nt8ll !in~~ ?re lnterseelting

r:,@rr;;i@ncJlgularly to ijiX vertiole pijra,llel line$. Find
ntJfflQ{'.!r qf re~tangle~ form~d after such
[email protected]~Qtion. [rig, Second cut]
TGtal pleo~a ;;a i + 1 + 2 :;g 4

[Fig, Third cut]

H@r~ V1 to V9 rEiprese,nt $ix pwa,llel vertical lines Total pi©ees;:; 1 + i + 2 + s :§'a 7
ano h1 to h(:l [email protected] six pamllel horizeintal
lin~s.
To form a reotangle we, need to Eielect any two
hgriJQnt~I pamllel line,~ which inter~eot /i'lny two
[email protected] p~rgll~l lh1@~.
Thu$
6.Q·
--'?: ),( 6A
'0? :;;:; 1I gi:: X 1he!
K
;;;;
025·
IL - .

2~5. f~QtanQI~ will be f(mn~d-.

Fig, Fourth out
Birthday Cak~ Tot@I pieces. 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 'i±l i 1
:§c

Ex.7 In a 8\rthd,w pmty there is a Q(ilke, which is. to

be cut into diHerent pieQe?l.. How many
rnaxtrnum prece$ are PO$s)b\e if five YElrtical
cl.It$ are rnacte ~iven tha.t no hmizontal cut is
all.owec!.._
Sol.
--- \ \
~
1S,
Fig, Flfth cut
i TQ.t~I p!~c~s. wHI. be
¥ 1 t- 1 -t 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ~ 16 Ans.
StmHarly, for n cuts. w~ g~t
1 + 1 t- 2 + 3 t- 4 ," Fl pi~C~~-
~ 1 -t- .to Pt~~~,
[~9. Ftf~t QYtJ
Tota! Pf~Qe.:S ""' 1 -t- 1 :;;;. ~ fl(n+1) . . ,
~. 1 +- - c::0 ---- - pi.oo~s 1s. t-h~ gen~rahze sho.rH)ut
~
 fflRDE EASY 111 Miscellaneous Puzzles I 221

Intersecting Lines Coins

Ex. 8 Five lines are intersecting each other. Find
Ex.9 Ten coins are to be placed in five lines in such
maximum how many intersecting points are
a manner that each line contains four coins.
possible.
Sol. Sol. 1. Triangles
1. Single lirie

no intersecting points

2. Two lines

Triangle represents a figure in which three coins

are placed in three lines such that each lines
containes two coins.
One intersecting point ⇒ O + 1 = 1

3. Three lines

2.

Square or rectangle represents a figure in which

Three intersecting points ⇒ 0 + 1 + 2 =3 four coins are placed in four lines such that each
-'----------------------------__.,·nes-eontair+s-tw.Q...cou:is.- - - - - - - - - - - - -
4. Four lines

3.

Six intersecting points ⇒ 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

5. Five Lines A Pentagonal star represents a figure in which

ten coins are placed in four lines such that each
lines contains four coins.

4.
Ten intersecting points
⇒ O+ 1 +2+3+4= 10
Similar for n intersecting lines, maximum
intersecting points will be
Similarly we can observe in given hexagonal
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... (n - 1) = l: (n - 1)
star that tvvelve coins are present in six !ines
such that each lines contains four coins.
222 ,I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

The Flag 2. How many sweets did he offered in the

temple?
Ex.1 O Flag of a nation consists of six different vertical (a) 3 (b) 4
strips. How many such flags can be possible if (c) 5 (d) 6
we use six colours to fill the strips such that no
two consequetive strips will have same colours? 3. How many sweets did he gave to poor
children?
(a) 1 (b) 2
Sol.
(c) 30 (d) 42

Direction (Qs. 4 to 7): Read the following information

carefully and answer the question below it.
Study the pyramid of the letters given below and answer
the questions
B
First strip can be filled with any six colours.
M T R
Next strip can be filled with any five colours
GCS N p

l
exept the colour filled in strip one. Successive
y Q HKE A
strips will also be filled in the same manner i.e.
5 ways. Number of possible flags will be
j F U W XO V z D

4. Which letter is missing in the pyramid?

(a) F (b) I
5 5 (c) L (d) P
5
6 5
5
5. If letters where to be studied vertically, which two
letters happen to be neighbours that occur together
in alphabetical order
6 x5x5x5 x5 x 5 = 18750 Ans. (a) WX (b) PR
(c) UV (d) ST
aaa □
6. Two letters in the above pyramid have exactly the
same number of letters between them horizontally
as they have in the alphabetical order. Which are
Practice Exercise: I they?
(a) Y and Q (b) V and X
(c) N and P (d) EandK
Direction (Qs. 1 to 3): Read the following information
carefully and answer the question below it. 7. If all the horizontal lines were to be studied
Rahul brought some sweets on his 21st birthday. He separately which neighbours in the alphabetical
offered one less than the half of total number sweets in order are the farthest?
the temple near the house. He also gave one sweet each (a) F and U (b) QandY
to 3 beggars sitting on the stairs of 'temple'. On the way (c) C and S (d) Hand Q
back to home, he stopped a big group of poor children
Direction (Qs. 8 to 15): Read the following information
and gave them half of what was left with him. After
carefully and answer the question below it.
reaching home he shared the remaining two pieces of
The Selection Committee of a company laid down the
sweets with his younger brother.
following criteria of selection for the post of Manager-
1. How many sweets did he originally had? Accounts:
(a) 8 (b) 10 (i) The candidate must be a post-graduate in
(c) 12 (d) 14 Commerce.
fflRDE ERS!:ll ® Miscellaneous Puzzles I 223

(ii) The candidate must have completed 21 years 14. Mr. Roy is a commerce graduate, has passed his
and should not be more than 35 years as on CA examination and was born on 18-04-1974.
31-07-1996.
(iii) If the candidate does not satisfy the criterion in 15. Mr. Subramaniam whose date of birth is
(i) above but has completed his CA examination 04-05-1965 is a post graduate with Commerce and
he will be referred to Director - Finance, who has obtained 60% marks in the interview

can allow the candidate to appear in the interview Direction (Qs. 16 to 20): Read the following information
if otherwise eligible.
carefully and answer the question below it.
(iv) If the candidate fulfils all tne criteria mentioned
Three small children Sonu, Monu and Tonu went on a
in (i) and (ii) above, he/she will be called for
group discussion. picnic with their dog Jhony. They carried with them few
(v) The candidate must get 50% marks to qualify chocolates, which none of them incidentally counted on
in the group discussion. their way. They rested under a tree and slept for a while.
(vi) If the candidate qualifies in the group discussion After some time Sonu woke up, gave one chocolate from
he/she will be called for interview. the total to Jany and distributed the remaining into three
(vii) The candidate must get 30% marks in the equal parts, ate his share and slept. After some time,
interview (out of 50) to get finally selected. Monu woke up, gave one chocolate to Jony and
Based on the above criteria, decide which of distributed that remaining into three equal parts, ate his
the following course of action should be taken share and slept. After some time Tonu woke up and
in the case of candidate described in each of repeated the same. A little later all of them woke up
th e following que st ions. together, gave one chocolate from the total to Jhony
Mark answer as: and divided the remaining chocolates among them and
(1) If the candidate can be selected; each one ate his share. By chance we know that the
(2) If the candidate is to be referred to Director - total number of chocolates were less than 150 in the
_ _i_F~in~an~c~e~;_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --b~mringanditrey-ditln'fl'.Yreak an·STcnocolate.
(3) If the candidate can be called for group
discussion; 16. How many chocol;:ites were in the beginning?
(4) If the candidate can be called for interview; (a) 66 (b) 84
(5) lfthe candidate cannot be selected (c) 1i8 (d) 79

3. Mr. Das i~ M.Com and his date of birth is 17. What is the difference in the number of chocolates
30-06-1961 eaten by Monu and Tonu?
(a) 6 (b) 11
~- Mrs. Krishnamurthy is a qualified CA and was
(c) i4 (d) 18
25 years old on 31-07-1996

I 0. Mr. Kant, a post-graduate with Commerce obtained 18. What is the difference in the number of chocolates
70% marks in group discussion and secured eaten by Sonu and Tonu?
20 marks in Interview. He was 35 years as on (a) 25 (b) 15
3i-07-i996 (c) 20 (d) 18

1. Mrs. Desai is a post-graduate in Economics and i 9. Monu and Tonu ate the chocolates in the ratio ...
her date of birth is 3-04-1965 (a) 13 : 11 (b) 9: 7
(c) 4: 3 (d) 5: 4
2. Mr. Patel, a post-graduate was permitted by Director
Finance. He was born on 30-05-1963. He obtained 20. How many more chocolates did monu eat, than
12 marks in interview Jhony?
3. Mr. Mathur is Ph.Din Cornrnerce and was 34 years (a) 20 (b) 27
old on i-08- i 995. He obtained i 4 marks in interview. (c) 32 (d) 36
224 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Direction (Qs. 21 to 25) : Read the following information Direction (Qs. 29 to 33): Read the following information
carefully and answer the question below it. carefully and answer the question below it.
Atul, Bhupinder, Charles and Deepak are four brothers Rahul was at a crossroads in his life. He went to an
playing a game where the loser doubles the money of astrologer to learn what the future held for him. The
each of the other players by giving them from his share astrologer explained that Rahul had many choices to
at that point of time. They played four games and each make and he could only expalin what each choice lead
brother lost one game in alphabetical order. At the end to. On leaving the astrologer, Rahul could could take
of the fourth game each brother had Rs. 64.
bus routes 213 or 231 to go to his next stop. The first
21 . Who started with the lowest amount? led to a choice between two jobs and the second to a
(a) Atul (b) Bhupinder choice between two areas of business.
(c) Charles (d) Deepak In all four cases, Rahul would go abroad. Rahul would
22. What was the amount left with Charles at the end of marry a woman whose name begins with 'P' if he either
the second round? took a job in production or had a business in readymade
(a) 72 (b) 144 garments. Rahul would go to the US if he either had a
(c) 132 (d) 136 job in marketing or a business in spare parts manufacture.

23. How many rupees did Bhupinder start with? 29. If Rahul has a wife called Pradnya and a production
(a) 64 (b) 136 job, which bus did he take?
(c) 68 (d) 72 (a) 213
24. At the end of the fourth round, who had the max. (b) 231
profit? (max. wining vis-a-vis opening amount) (c) (1)or(2)
(a) Atul (b) Bhupinder (d) cannot be determined
(c) Charles (d) Deepak
30. If Rahul took bus number 231 and married Rohini,
25. Who had the minimum deviation from the opening what work does he do?
amount? (a) marketing job
(a) Atul (b) Bhupinder (b) production job
(c) Charles (d) Deepak (c) garments business
(d) spare parts business
Direction (Qs. 26 to 28): Read the following information
carefully and answer the question below it. 31. If Rahul took bus number 213 and is married to
Life was not easy before Aryabhatta. Zero was not Rehana, which country does he live in?
invented and also people could not multiply numbers. (a) India (b) UK
Thus mathematics had only 9 digits (1 to 9) and after (c) US (d) Canada
that came 11 and so on. Find the answer to following
operations in mathematics used then. 32. If Rahul has a spare parts business, which of the
following could be his wife's name?
26. What is 7 + 1 i + 3 =?
(a) Pradnya (b) Prachi
(a) 20 (b) 21
(c) Savita (d) Any of these
(c) 22 (d) 23
33. If Rahul works in Australia, which of the following is
27. What is 21 + 29 + i =?
(a) 50 (b) 51 possible?

(c) 52 (d) 54 (a) Production job or spare parts business

(b) Production job, married to Poorva
2ft What is 15 + 5 + 1 + 9 =? (c) Garments business, married to Shruti
(a) 30 (b) 31
(d) Marketing job or garments business
(c) 32 (d) 33

DD □□
 Solution~ , a, {5) CMaltlon saHsfi@s all the th1e t©rKHtlon excepf
dollditGfl (Vil)
er 1 to 3:
tilt th@ number of sweet$ b~ ,t 14, (~) A6cmd1ng to coMitiof1 (Hi) he should be ref@r@d
Number of @W@(C)ts l@ft with him ~tt~r Temple, to Dir@Gtm ~ Finance,
Ht (1) He will b@ §ei@ct@tJ
Answ1r 15 to ~O:
Let th§ number of chocolates tn the beg1Mtfl§J
x , b@ X,
begg@rn "" =2
2 ~o when Sonu woke up,
Numbm of owccto left with him ~ft©r givlnfi to the
X
he left 12 (x ~ i)·..tor the mhers,
poor children ;;;
4= 1 When Manu ~1oke u~ he left
Number of swe@ts l@ft with him gjffer giving firs

brother ,,,
x
~
-
2=i
2[23'(x=i,~i
3
. ]= · ·§ · 4.t=W
4
Thh\J gives x :i.':: 12
1. (c)

3. (b)
AnSW€1f 4 to 8 :
parts,
4. (c) Lis missing in the pyram,d
~x = ~8-.e. 27 Sx-=65 . .
5. (d) PR are not occurring together in atphabeficar So - - -- · · or --- ~-:::···· was tfrvrded imo
27 'lc7
order WX iind UV t:tr~ not v@rtlcal Mlghb©urs in
---------g---giv~pytamltf::---S+oc:utrr--t~rtMtn . . _. fi=OO
alphabetical ord~r and aJ~© ~r@J v~rtioaf mrne e-q~a, pans. This means · · "i"i-· ts
neighbour~ in ei filv@n pyr@lrnki.
aivlsioie ~Y 3 or Sx"" 65 Is a muijlpfe tt1 tn, tef
6. {b) Y and O; N i\lnd P; E and K are i1miz©nfa1I Bx.= 6~ = ti ni wiwre (ii Is an irlfeget
neiabourn in th~ ~lv@n pyr3mid1 bYi flt1me of ~(, ~in -f 65 sh®id be dMsibl§ t}y @. It ha§ i§
these pairs does r1ot ©c:©!H Wgeff'MU k1 be ~fil ew@n, numbgr,, s~ 8fo1 should be' ooa
alphabetical order. Both in Hie pyramid arra In, litJFt/6'@(. fryifig Witfi, 1, j, 5 ... ,.... We gm 7 arig
alphab@tica! ortJer V and x are teparated by t t as: trre tw@ inm~r, possrb>le number bui n= ii-
exactly one fetter.
wm qi.we ~§ an INitrar. stari/inig lfii!.Hnber x = iOO,
7. (c) F and U are separatet:l !Jy i4 l@H@rs ir11 ~n wM@rv vs lfl@t at@ept~bte. §©•, n: = 1' /is t~e
aJphat:ieticaf order, while O ~nd Yare oopar.med act@pt@d waioo. ~ lni t~ beglmin~ tlh:ete weuJ
by 7 fMters; C and S sep~ratea by 1& letters . 7g o~oim@s wiif:il trie' gw~n oorMjfiio'fr§. We t{in
and H arid Oare ~@paratoo iJy t: letters. Helf'l:ce dfsirrtJute 111,e·m ~ccoiroiijg;ly. T'11e tab#} oolow
C and s are the tanhest away from eac:hi other show ~~m©er §f G~~at~@ eat@n' f!}y eaoh.
among given pairs.
Answer 8 to 15:
8. (5} Condrtiorr M ,s: noi sat i,s.f iiea
9. (2) AU the condrtrons. of. ef.rgib"i:ty ~re· saMfi'etf
i o. (1; AH condmon is are sa1i§fiied
1 i , (5) condttlorr M is not sa!isH~d
1 (5) Condrrion sa1rsfres an tr.re tive concMiorT except
c-0ndrton (vii)
226 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Where numbers represent choclates distributed Answer 26 to 28:

to each during four round. While squared Replace 10 by 11, 20 by 22 and so on.
number shown choclate eaten by an inidividual 26. (c) 7 + 11 + 3 is actually 7 + iO + 3 = 20 which is
during that particular rounds and tick represent 22
total choclates eaten by particular individu_al. 27. (c) 21 + 29 + 1 is actually 19 + 27 + 1 = 47 which
16. (d) is 52
17. (a) 27. (c) 15 + 5 + 1 + 9 actually 14 + 5 + 1 + 9 = 29
which is 32.
18. (b)
19. (c) Answer 29 to 33:
Draw a tree of possibilities for the predictions. You can
20. (a)
read the answer from the tree
Answer 21 to 25:
The four brothers play in such a way that the Job Prod P(wife)
loser doubles the money of the other players ,"J us
and they lose in an alphabetical order. Thus,
'1,, ¾I'
Rahul
working backwards all question can be
<2<.? Garments P(wife)
answered. /
Biz
%Q,,_<9 us
A B C D
Initially 132 68 36 20
Round 1 8 136 72 40 29. (a)
Round 2 16 16 144 80 30. (d) Bus route 231, and not 'P' wife implies spare
Round 3 32 32 32 160 parts business.
Round 4 64 64 64 64 31. (c) The bus number tell us that Rahul has a job,
Refer to the table below the respective numbers but if the wife is Rehana, it is a not a production
represent the money after completion of the job. Hence marketing job in US.
round mentioned. 32. (c)
21. (d) 33. (b) As Rahul works in Australia he can do job in
22. (b) Production or Business in Garments and his
wife's name will start P.
23. (c)
24. (d)
111111111111111111
25. (b)
 Venn Diagrams IIAc represents C and A only (not B) and
IIIAac represents A, Band Conly i.e. region which
Venn Diagrams are pictorial way of representation of a is common to A, Band C.
set of articles. There are different regions which needs
proper understanding for solving problems based on Case III : When there are only four articles
logical venn diagrams.

Case I : When there are only two articles

C D

IA represents A only (not B, C or D)

Here IA represents A only. (i.e. not B)
Ia represents B only (i.e. not A) Ia represents B only (not A, C or D)

IIAB represents A and B only i.e. both A and B. le represents Conly (not A, B or D)
I 0 represents D only (not A, B or C)
Case n : Whem there are only three articles
HAa represents A and B only (not C or D)
IIAc represents A and C oniy (not B or D)
Hao represents Band D only (not A or C)
IIco represents C and D only (not A or B)
IIIAac represents A, Band Conly (not D)
IIIaco represents B, C and D only (not A)
IIIAco represents A, C and D only (not B)
IIIAao represents A, Band D only (not C)
IVAaco represents A, BC and D all.
i.e. region which is common to all A, B, C and D.
Here IA represent A only (not B or C)
Note: A, B, C and D can be represented in form of a
Ia represents 8 only (not A or C)
triangle, circle, rectangle or square. The logic behind
Ic represents Conly (not A or B)
venn diagram will remain unchanged irrespective of the
IIAa represents A and B only (not C)
type of figure.
II 8 c represents Band Conly (not A)
□□□□
228 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude ffiADE EASY

5. Which letter represents the set of persons who play

Tennis and Badminton but not Volleyball?
Practice Exercise: I
(a) b (b) d
(c) c (d) f
1. The triangle, square and circle shown below represent,
the urban, hard working and educated peo"ple 6. In the given figure, the triangle represents girls, the
respectively. Which one of the areas marked INII is square represents sports persons and the circle
represented by the urban educated people who are represents coaches. The portion in the figure which
not hard working? represents girls, who are sports persons but not
coaches is the one labelled

(a) 11 (b) I (a) A (b) B

(c) IV (d) 111 (c) D (d) E

Direction (Os. 2 to 5): The figure given below consists Direction (Qs. 7 to 11) : Below is given a figure with
of three interesting circles which represent sets of four intersecting circles, each representing a group of
students who play Tennis, Badminton and Volleyball. persons having the quality written against it. Study the
Each region in the figure is represented by a small letter. figure carefully and answer the qu8stions that follow.
Tennis Badminton
Hard working

F H

Volleyball

M
On the basis of the above figure, answer the
questions given below. 7. The region which represents the people who are
2. Which letter represents the set of persons who play intelligent, honest and truthful but not hard working
all the three games? is denoted by
(a) b (b) C (a) E (b) F
(c) M (d) I
(c) f (d) g

3. Which letter represents the set of persons who play

8. The people possessing all the qualities are
represented by
Tennis and Voll8yball but not Badminton?
(a) I (b) H
(a) g (b) e
(c) F (d) E
(c) c (d) b
9. The region which represents people who are not
4. Which letter represents the set of persons who play
honest but possess all other three qualities, is
Tennis but neither Badminton nor Volleyball?
denoted by
(a) a (b) b
(a) B (b) d
(c) c (d) d
(c) F (d)
 111 Logical Venn Diagrams I 229

1o. People who are not hard working, intelligent and 16. In the following diagram, square represents women,
truthful are represented by triangle represents sub-inspectors of police and
(a) G (b) H circle represents graduates. Which numbered area
~) K ~) L represents women graduate sub-inspector of police?
11 . People who are not honest and truthful but are hard
working and intelligent both, are represented by
(a) E (b) B
(c) M (d) I

i 2. If Tall is equivalent to circle, Armymen to triangle

and Strong to square, indicate which riumber will
represent strong armymen? (a) 5 (b) 3
(c) 8 (d) 13

17. The diagram below represents the student who study

Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Study the
diagram and identify the region which represents the
students who study Physics and Mathematics but
5 not Chemistry.

(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6

Direction (Qs. 13 to 15): The following questions are

based on the diagram given below. In the diagram, the
triangle stands for graduate~. ~quaJELstan_ciaJo_L__________- - - > , . - - - - - : 4 , - - - - -
membership of professional organisation and the circle
z Mathmetics
stands for membership of social organisation. Read each
statement and find out the number (s) to represent the (a) T
people covered by the given statement. (b) P + T + S
(c:) V
(d) P + T + S + R + U + V

Direction (Qs. 18 to 25): The following questions are

based on the diagram given below:

8 13
13. Number of graduates in social organisations
(a) 1 (b) 5
(c) 6 9 14
(d) 5 and 6

14. Number of a graduates in social organisations only

(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6 (1) Rectangle represents males
15. Number of graduates in professional organisation (2) Triangle represents educated
(a) 5 and 7 (b) 5, 6 and 7 (3) Circle represents urban
(c) 6 and 7 (d) 4, 5 and 6 (4) Square represents civil servants
230 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude ffllADE ERS~

18. Who among the following is an educated male who 26. Non-rural, employed, hard working and intelligent
is not an urban resident? people are indicated by region
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 8 (b) 9
(c) 9 (d) 11 (c) 10 (d) ii

19. Who among the following is neither a civil servant 27. Non-rural, employed people who are neither
nor educated but is urban and not a male? intelligent nor hard working are represented by region
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 12 (b) 11
(c) 6 (d) 10 (c) 10 (d) 7

20. Who among the following is a female, urban resident 28. Intelligent, employed and hard working non rural
and also a civil servant? people are indicated by region
(a) 11 (b) 6
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c) 9 (d) 4
(c) 10 (d) 13
29. Hard working non-rural people who are neither
21. Who among the following is an educated male who
employed nor intelligent are shown in region
hails from urban area?
(a) 8 (b) 7
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 6 (d) 12
(c) 11 (d) 5
30. Employed, hard working and intelligent rural people
22. Who among the following is uneducated and also
are indicated by region
an urban male?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 11 (d) 12
31 . Rural hard working people who are neither employed
23. Who among the following is only a civil servant but nor-intelligent are indicated by region
neither a male nor urban oriented and uneducated? (a) 6 (b) 5
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 3
(c) 9 (d) 14
32. Rural employed people who are neither intelligent
24. Who among the following is a male, urban oriented nor hard working are indicated by region
and also a civil servant but not educated? (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 6 (d) 9
(c) 6 (d) 10
33. Rural people who are hard working and employed
25. Who among the following is a male civil servant, but not intelligent are indicated by region
who is neither educated nor belongs to urban area? (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 7 (b) 13 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 4 (d) 1
34. Unemployed rural hard working and intelligent people
Direction (Qs. 26 to 35): In the following figure, the circle are indicated by region
stands for employed, the square stands for hard working, (a) 1 (b) 2
the triangle stands for rural and the rectangle stands for (c) 3 (d) 4
intelligent. Study the figure carefully and answer the 35. Rural employed people who are neither intelligent
questions that follow. nor hard working are indicated by region
(a) 10 (b) 9
(c) 6 (d) 4

Solutions
1. (c) The required region is the one which is common
to the triangle and the circle but is not a part of
the square i.e. IV.
 ® Logical Venn Diagrams I 231

(b) The required region is the one common to all the the triangle and the rectangle but lies outside
three circles i.e. c. the circle i.e. 11.
(d) The required region is the one which is common 19.(b) The person satisfying the given conditions is
· to circlos P nnd R but is not a part of circle 0 represented by the region which lies inside the
i.e. b. circle but outside the square, the rectangle and
(a) The required region is the one which lies inside the triangle i.e. 3.
circle P but is not common to circle O or circle R
20.(c) The person satisfying the given conditions is
or both i.e. a.
represented by the region which lies outside the
(b) The required region is the one which is common rectangle and is common to the circle and the
to circles P and O but lios outside circle R i.e. d. square i.e. iO.
i6. (b) The required region is the region which is common 21. (a) The person satisfying the given conditions is
to the triangle and square but lies outside the represented by the region which is common to
circle i.e., 8. the triangle and the rectangle and also lies inside
7. (c) The required region is the one which is common the circle i.e. 4.
to the circles 2, 3 and 4 but is not a part of circle
22.(d) The person satisfying the given conditions is
1 i.e. fVl. represented by the region which lies outside the
8. (d) The required region is the one which is common triangle and is common to the circle and the
to all the four circles i.e. E. rectangle i.e. 12.
9. (c) The required region is the one which is common Remember: The condition which is not
to the circles 1, 2 and 4, but lies outside circle mentioned shouldn't be considered or assumed.
3 i.e., F. For instance, here, 6 also denotes the required

1O.(d) The required region is the one which does not lie region. But since it lies inside the square and
inside circles 1, 2 and 4 i.e. L. there is no mention of 'civil servant', so it cannot
----be-t~e-answe .
----Tf:f61The given conditions are satisfied by the persons
denoted by the region which is common to circles 23.(a) The person satisfying the given is denoted by
i and 2 but is not a part of either circle 3 or circle the region which lies inside the square but outside
4 i.e. B. the circle, rectangle and triangle i.e. 7.

12.(b) Stronq armymen will be represented by the region 24.(c) The person s8tisfying the given conditions is
which is common to the square and the triangle denoted by the region which is common to the
but lies outside the circle i.e. 4. rectangle, circle and the square but lies outside
the triangle i.e. 6.
13.(d) The required region is the one common to the
circle and triangle i.e regions 5 and 6 25.(b) The person satisfying the given conditions is

14.(d) The required reQion is the one common to the represented by the region common to the
triangle and circle but lies outside the square rectangle and the square but lying outside the

i.e. 6. triangle and the circle i.e. 13.

15. (a) The required region is the one common to the 26.(b) The required set of people is represented by the
triangle and square i.e. regions 5 and 7. region which lies outside the triangle and is
common to the circle, square and rectangle i.e. 9.
16.(b) The required region is the one common to the
square, triangle and circle i.e. 3. 27 .(d) The required set of people is represented by the
region which lies outside the triangle, inside the
17. (a) The required region is the one which is common
circle but outside the rectangle and the square
to circles X and Z but lies outside circles Y.
i.e. 7.
i.e. T.
28. (c) The required set of people is represented by the
18 .( d) The person satisfying the given conditions is region which is common to the rectangle, circle
represented by the region which is common to and square but lies outside the triangle i.e. 9.
232 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

29.(d) The required set of people of denoted by the 33 .(b) The a'quired set of people is represented by the
region which lies inside the square but outside region which is common to the triangle, square
the triangle, circle and rectangle i.e. i2. and circle but is not a part of the rectangle i.e. 2.
30.(a) The required set of people is denoted by the 34.(d) The required set of people is represented by the
region common to the circle, square, rectangle region which lies outside the circle and is
and triangle i.e. 1. common to the triangle, square and rectangle
31.(d) The required set of people is represented by the i.e4.
region which is common to the triangle and the 35.(c) The required set of people is denoted by the
square but lies outside the circle and rectangle region which is common to the triangle and circle
i.e. 3. but is not a part of either the rectangle or the
32.(c) The required set of people is denoted by the square i..e 6.
region which is common to the triangle and the
circle, but is not a part of either the rectangle or llllllllllllllli
the square i.e. 6.
 four equal parts, the three of them ate one part each
I Practice Exercise: I and kept the remaining laddoos in the box. Later when
D came, he again divided the laddoos in four equal parts
Direction for Questions: (1 to 3) and all four ate their respectively share. In total D ate
(i) Six friends A, B, C, D, E and Fare sitting along 3 laddoos.
the sides of a hexagonal table for playing a 4. How many laddoos, in total did C eat?
game, though not necessarily in the same order, (a) 12 (b) 15
(ii) F, who is sitting exactly opposite of A. is to the (c) 39 (d) None of these
immediate right B. 5. How many iaddoos, in total did Beat?
(iil) D ls between A and B and is exactly opposite (a) 24 (b) 15
to C. (c) 39 (d) None of these
1. A is sitting between which of the following pairs of 6. How many laddoos, in total did A eat?
persons? (a) 56 (b) 68
(a) D and E (b) 8 and E (c) 71 (d) None of these
,.,, E . d C
.~-·J~=an'-'=-=-- ·__(_d}_t!onaoUbesf.:L----- -7,--Row many laddoos were given to A by his Uncle?
2. Who is sitting opposite B? (a) 128 (b) 125
(a) E (b) F (c) 113 {d) None of these
(c) A (d) C 8. How many laddoos, did A eat the first time?
3. Three of the following are alH<e in a certain way on (a) 32 (b) 24
the basis of sitting positions and so from a group. (c) i5 {d) None of these
Which is the one that does not belong to the group? Direction for Questions: (9 to 13)
(a) B, C (b) A, D (I) A, B, C, D, E, F G and Hare eight friends. Three
(c) B, F (d) E, A of then play cricket and table tennis each and
Direction for Questions: (4 to 8) tvvo of them play football. Each one of them has
A. B, C and D are four friends living together in a flat a different height
and they have an agreement that whatever edible comes (ii) The tallest does not play football and the shortest
they will share equally among themselves. One day A' s does not play circket
uncle came to him and gc;1ve a box of laddoos. Since no (iii) F is taller than A and D but shorter than H and
one was around, A divided the laddoos in four equal B. E who does not play cricket, is taller than B
parts and ate his share after which he put the rest in the and is second to the tallest G is shorter than D
box, As he was closing the box, B walked in and took but taller than A
th~ box, He again divided remaining laddoos in four (iv) H, who ls fourth from the top, play table tennis
equal parts, A and 8 ate one part each and kept the with D,
remaining iaddoos in the box, Suddenly C appeared (v) G does not play either cricket or football. 8 doest
and snatched the box. He again divided the laddoos in not piay football.
234 / 0 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

9. Who is the tallest? Direction (Qs.18 to 22)

(a) B (b) H A, 8, C, D, E, F and G are travelling in three different
(c) C (d) Data inadequate vehicles. There are at least two passenger in each vehicle-
Maruti, Santro, Opel- and only one of them is a male.
10. Who is the shortest?
There are two engineers, two doctors and three teachers
(a) G (b) D
among them.
(c) A (d) Data inadequate
(i) C is lady doctor and she does not travel with
11. Which of the following pairs of friends play foot ball? the pair of sisters, A and F
(a) EF (b) EA (ii) B, a male engineer, travels with only G, a
(c) HF (d) Data inadequate teacher in Maruti
(iii) Dis a male doctor
i 2. What is F's position from the top when they are (iv) Two persons belonging to the same profession
arranged in descending order of their height?
do not travel in the same vehicle.
(a) Fifth (b) Fourth
(v) A is not an engineer and travels in Santro.
(c) Sixth (d) None of these
18. What is F's profession?
13. Which of the following group of friends play circket
(a) Engineer (b) Doctor
(a) CAE (b) CBF
(c) Teacher (d) Data inadequate
(c) CBA (d) None of these
19. In which vehicle does C travel?
Direction for Questions: (14 to 17) (a) Maruti (b) Santro
CJ CJ c:J (c) Opel (d) Data inadequate
Entrance --+ Corridor
20. Which of the following represents the three teachers?
CJ CJ c:J (a) GEF (b) GEA
(c) GBF (d) Data inadequate
The plan above shows an office block for six officers-
A, B, C, D, E and F. Both Band C occupy offices to the 21 . How many lady members are there among them?
right of the corridor (as one enters the office block) and (a) Three (b) Four
A occupies office to the left of the corridor. E and F (c) Three of four (d) Data inadequate
occupy offices on opposite sides of the corridor but their
22. Which of the following is not correct
offices do not face each other. The offices of C and D
(a) E-Male-Teacher
face each other. E does not have a corner office. F's
(b) B-Male-Engineer
office is further down the corridor than A's, but on the
(c) A-Female-Teacher l
same side.
( d) All are correct
14. If E sits is his office and faces the corridor, whose
Direction (Os. 23 to 27)
office is to his left?
Six friends AB, C. D, E and F work in different companies
(a) A (b) B
namely- Pentasoft, Quark, Raymond's Sunmet, Trump
(c) C (d) D
& Gates and Udupi, and each wears company-
15. Whose office face A's office? sponsored different coloured shirts, viz. Blue, Green,
(a) A (b) C Pink, Yellow. Purple and Red though not necessarily in
(c) D (d) E the same order.
(i) The one wearing the Blue shirt works in Sunmet
16. Who is/are F's neighbour (s)? and the one wearing a Green shirt works in
(a) A only (b) A & B Pentasoft.
~ C ~)B&C (ii) F does not work in Raymond's or Trump & Gates.
17. D was heard telling someone to go further down the (iii) A wears Pink shirt and works in Quark
(iv) D does not work in Trump & Gates and Purple '
corridor to the last office on the right. To whose room
coloured shirt is not sponsored by Raymond's.
was he trying to direct that person?
(v) E works in Udupi and neither D nor B works in Sunmet
(a) A (b) B
(vi) Trump & Gates does not sponsor Purple or
(c) C (d) F
Yellow coloured shirts and C works in Pentasoft.
 • Analytical Reasoning I 235

23. Which colour shirt is sponsored by Raymond's? 30. Which course is taught in the month of January?
(a) Yellow (a) C (b) D
(b) Blue (c) E (d) Data inadequate
(c) Pink
Direction (Os. 31 to 34)
(d) Cannot be determined
Rajeev planted some plants In his lawn but in a certain
24. Which pair is correctly matched? fixed pattern:
(a) Red-Raymond's-A (i) In most of the rows there are neither Rose nor
(b) Red-Trump 8 Gates-8 Marigold
(c) Green-Raymond's-C (ii) There are two more row of Orchids than Tulips
(d) None of these and two more rows of Rose than Orchids.
(iii) There are four more rows of Rose than Tulips.
25. Which of the following is true? (iv) There aren't as many rows of Lilly as Fireball.
(a) Udupi sponsors Green Shirt (v) There is one less Marigold row than Rose
(b) Dis working in Trump & Gates (vi) There is just one row of Tulips
(c) E wears Red Shirt (vii) The maximum number of rows he planted is six.
(d) Red shirt is sponsored by Trump & Gates
31 . How many rows of rose the planted?
26. What is the sequence of companies representing (a) Two
A, B, C, D, E & F? (b) Five
(a) Quark, Pentasoft, Trump & Gates, Raymond's (c) Four
Udupi, Sunmet (d) cannot be determined
(b) Quark, Trump & Gates, Pentasoft, Raymond's
Udupi, Sunmet 32. Which of the above information is redundant and
(c) Quark. Pentasoft, Trump & Gates, Sunmet, can be dispensed with?
Udupi, Raymond's (a) (i) (b) (iii)
---1c-d)--WGA@-0f-m@s@-- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ c L ( i } and {iii) both (ct.LAIi are neCLessa-ryc_____ ---------------

27. If Raymond's and Sun met decide to interchange the 33. What is the sum of the rows of Orchids and Marigold
colours of sponsored shirts, then which two persons he planted?
had to interchange their shirt? (a) Three
(a) D & F (b) A & C (b) Nine
(c) o & E (d) 8 & 0 (c) Seven
(d) Cannot be determined
Direction (Qs. 28 to 30)
3'4. How many rows of fireball did he plant
=ive courses - A, B, C, D and E each of one month
(a) Two (b) Six
:luration are to be taught from January to May one after
(c) Two or Six (d) Data inadequate
:he other though not necessarily in the same order by
ectures P, 0, R, Sand T. P teaches course 'B' but not in Direction (Os. 35 to 37)
:he month of April or May. Q teaches course 'A' in the (i) Five friends, Amar, Kapil, Sarvesh, Rohan and
rionth of March. R teaches in the month of January but Nagesh wear trousers of different colours= red,
:foes not teach course 'C' or 'D', yellow, blue, white and green (not necessarily
28. Which course is taught by S? in the same order)
(a) C (b) E (ii) Each one of them has different likings, viz,
(c) Either C or D (d) D reading, playing travelling, singing and writting.
(iii) Kapil, who has liking for singing does not wear
29. Which lecture's course immediately follows after yellow trousers. Sarvesh wears red trouser and
course B? does not like reading or writing. Nagesh likes to
(a) 0 (b) p play and does not wear blue or Yellow trousers.
(c) S (d) T Amar has liking for writing and Ror,an does not
wear yellow or green trousers.
 II
236 I Ell Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

35. What is the colour of Kapil trousers? i. (a)

(a) White (b) Blue 2. (a)
(c) Green (d) Data inadequate
3. (a)
36. What is the liking of Sarvesh?
Solution ( 4 to 8)
(a) Writing (b) Travelling
We will start solving this problem from the last line. D
(c) Reading (d) Data inadequate
ate 3 laddoos.
3 7. Which of the following combintions of person-colour- Before D ate the laddoos there should be 3 x 4 = i 2
liking is correct? laddoos.
(a) Rohan-Blue-Reading Before Cate the laddoos there should be '12 x 3 + 12
(b) Nagesh-White-Playing = 48 laddoos.
(c) Amar-Yellow-Writing
Before Bate the laddoos, there should be 24 x 2 + 48
(d) None of these
= 96 laddoos. Before A ate laddos, these should be
96 x-4 = 128 laddoos
Solutions 3
At the Beginning 128 laddoos
Solution (1 to 3)
Construct the following figure: A B C D Remaining
A's share 32 96

I
------,.2
B's share 24 24 48
6 3 C's share 12 12 12 12
D's share 3 3 3 3 0
5 4
From the second statement it is clear that F
71 39 15 3
l
and A are sitting opposite to each other and F
is to the immediate right of B.
Now we can answer all the question very easily.
4. (b)
I
The sitting arrangement can be like this 5. (c)
B-,-----.. 6. (c)
7. (a)
F A
8. (a)
Solution 9 to 13
From the third statement it is clear that D is We will read each statement one by one and start coding
sitting between A and Band is opposite to C. accordingly.
The sitting arrangement can be like this ® Three of them play cricket and table tennis each
B.,______ o
and two of them play football.

I
3 Cr 3 TT 2 Fb
F A Each of them has a different height
,__,__ Tallest

C
There is only one vacant position for E, so the
overall sitting arrangement will be like this
s____.....o

C E
fflRDE EASY "' Analytical Reasoning I 237

e The tallest does not play football and the shortest 9. (c)
does not play cricket. 10. (c)
11. (b)
0~ 0~ 12. (a)
• Fis taller than A and D but shorter than H and B. 13. (b)
The arrangement can be like this
Solution ( i 4 to 17)

A F D
Left
D A F

Note: Here the heights of H & Band A & Dare not

given. C E B
E does not play cricket B C E

E ➔ C>z From the last sentence, we get that Fis also on the
and is taller than B and also second to the tallest left side, So E will be on the right side. D will be on
the left side
So E's position is ® E does not have a corner office so E must be in the
G is shorter than D but taller than A middle.
E and F do not face each other and F's office is
further down the corridor, so F occupies the last
office on the left side.
Office of C and D face each other, so C will have
"' H is fourth from the top so its position is first office on the right side and D will have the first
H➔0 office on the left side.
· -----Finat-officetrrrangemern will15elfke this
H plays TT with D so
H ➔ TT

=~
Left~
D➔ TT
41 G does not play either cricket or football so G will
play table tennis
G ➔ TT 14. (c)
Now overall arrangements will be like this 15. (d)
16. (a)
Since there is a corridor between office of
C ➔ ~➔ Cr F & B so A is the only neighbour of F.
17. (b)
2 E ➔ tz ➔ Fb
Solution (18 to 22)
3 B Cr
----------➔
There are three vehicles

4 Maruti, Santro & Opel

H -------··-➔ TT
There are two engineers, two doctors and three teachers
5 F ----------➔ Cr among them
So 2 Engg. 2 Doc 3 Tea
6 D
______ ., __ _, TT
"' C is lady doctor and does not travel with the pair of
7 sisters, A & F
G ----------➔ TT
Q ➔ Doc
(s) A ➔ ~ ➔ Fb
238 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EAS!:i

0 B is a male engineer and travels only with G a Vehicle Person Profession

teacher in Maruti, Maruti B Erigg.
so G must be female also G Tea.
G ➔ Tea
Santro 6 Tea.
B ➔ Engg.
E Engg.
BG --- ➔ Maruti
D Doc.
0 D is male doctor
Opel Q Doc.
;J ➔ Doc
E Tea.
® A is not an engineer and travels in Santro so
6 E ➔ Santro 18. (a)
Obviously C is travelling in Opel. 19. (c)
C and Dare doctors and can't travel in same vehicle 20. (b)
so D must travel in Santro. Now we will get following
21. (b)
table.
22. (d)

Solution (23 to 27)

These questions can be solved easily by tabular chart.

~
Co ,pa es
A B C D E F ~
Comoanies Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft Pentasoft

Quark Quark

Raymonds Raymonds

Sunmet Sunmet

T&G T&G

Udupi Udupi

We will start reading each conditions and mark a ' ✓' sign or 'x' sign accordingly.
From the condition (i) we get following tables.

~s
Compane,
A B C D E F
~
Companies Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft Pentasoft J(
✓ X J( X X

Quark Quark X J(

Raymonds Raymonds X .I(

Sunmet Sunmet ✓ .I( X X .I( .I(

T&G T&G .I( J<

Udupi Udupi .I( .I(

 ® Analytical Reasoning I 239

her applying condition (ii) we get following tables.

~
C
A B C D E F ~
Comoan,es Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft Pentasoft JC ✓ J( X .I( J(

Quark Quark JC JC

Raymonds )(
Raymonds .IC JC

Sunmet Sunmet ✓ JC JC JC J( j(

T&G )(
T&G JC .)C

Udupi Udupi JC J<

condition (iii) we get following tables.

~s
Comoanies
A B C D E F ~
Comoanies Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft )( j( Pentasoft X ✓ X X X X

Quark ✓ j( l< Jr. )< X Quark JC JC ✓ X J( JC

Raymonds )( J< Raymonds JC X J(

Sunn1et )( Sunmet ✓ J( .l( J( J( j(

T&G )( J< T&G J( X J(

Udupi )( Udupi J( j( JC

/urther applying condition (iv) we get following tables.

.,
~
Companies
A B C D E F
C~ Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft X l< Pentasoft JC ✓ J( J( j( j(

<;·

Quark ✓ j( j( )( l< )( Quark JC J(

✓ JC .IC X

Raymonds )( J< RRymonds .)C X j( J<

Sunmet J< Sunmet V

/
X .;,: JC X X

T&G " J< X T&G JC X j(

Udupi J< Udupi JC j( JC

Further applying condition (v) we get following tables.

~~s
Compan es

Pentasoft

Quark
A

)(

✓
B

J<
C

)<
D

J<
E

)(
F

)(
·~
Companies
Pentasoft

Quark
Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red
X

.it
✓

.IC ✓
JC .IC

JC
JC

JC
JC

.I(

Raymonds J< )( J< Raymonds JC JC JC .I(

Sunmet )( )( j( J< Sunmet ✓ JC J( .I( Jc X

T&G )( X )( )(
T&G JC JC j(

Udupi )( X )( )( ✓ )( Udupi JC J( J(
240 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude ffl!RDE ERS'!:i

Further applying (vi) we get following tables.

.~
C mpa e
A B C D E F
~
C
IP Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft X X ✓ X X X Pentasoft X ✓ J( .l< JC X

Quark ✓ X X X X X Quark X X ✓ .)( JC JC

Raymonds X X l< X Raymonds X X JC X

X
Sunmet l< ·X X X Sunmet ✓ X X X X X

T&G X l< X l< X T&G X X X X X

Udupi X X X X ✓ X Udupi X X X

Now we will mark' ✓' on the only left space and mark 'x' on the remaining spaces. Then the following table emerges.

~s
C ,p, A B C D E F
~
Co 1p Blue Green Pink Yellow Purple Red

Pentasoft X X ✓ X X X Pentasoft X ✓ X X X X

Quark ✓ X X X X X Quark X X ✓ J( X X

Raymonds X X X ✓ X X Raymonds X X X ✓ X X

Sunmet X X X X X
✓ Sunmet ✓ X X X X X

T&G X ✓ X X X X T&G X X X X X ✓

Udupi X X X X ✓ X Udupi X X X X ✓ X

With the help of the above tables we can solve all the questions easily.
Note: After drawing table further modification can be done according to given conditions. There is no need to draw
further tables. Tables drawn further is just to explain the steps in elaborate manner.
23. (a)
24. (b)
25. (d)
26. (b)
27. (a)
Solution (28 to 30)
1.1\/e can be solved these questions with the help of tabular chart.

~s
Cou ses
Jan Feb Mar Apr May ~s
s
p Q R s T

A A

B 8

C C

D D

E E

We will start reading each condition and mark' ✓' sign or 'x' sign accordingly.
)'

~ADE &:R5Y ® Analytical Reasoning / 241

p teaches course B but not in the month of April or May

Months
Courses
Jan Feb Mar Apr May ~s
Courses
p Q R s T

A A J<

B l< l< B ✓ X X l< l<

C, C l<

D D X

E E l<

O teaches course A in the month of March

~~
-- Lecturers
s
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Co~-
p Q R s T

A l< X ✓ l< l< A X ✓ X )( l<

B X l< l< B ✓ X X )( l<

C l< C )( X

D l< D )( .x

E J< E .x Jc

R teaches in the month of January but does not teach course C or D.

~s
Courses
Jan Feb Mar Apr May ~s
Courses
p Q R s T

A l< J< ✓ le )( A )(
✓ X X Jc

B J< ✓ X )( X B ✓ JC )( l< Jc

C J< )( l< C l< l< )(

D l< l< l< D )( )( JC

E ✓ l< l< )( J< E )( J< ✓ J< lC

Now, we can easily answer given questions witl1 Uie help of above table.
Note: After drawing first table further modifications can be done according to conditions given. There is no need to
draw further table. Further table drawn is just to explain the steps in elaborate manner.
Final table can be referred as.
28. (c)
29. (a)
30. (c)

Month Subject Teacher

January E R
February D
LJ
p
March A Q
April C/D srr
May D/C T/S

Solution (31 to 34)

➔ O=T+ 2
R= 0 +2
242 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude

Also
R= M + 1
When T :::: 1, 0 = 3, R = 5, M = 4
Since from (iv) There are not as many rows of lily as fireball
Lily < Fireball
So, Lily "" 2, Fireball t::: 6
Now we can answer all the question easily.
31. (b)
32. (c)
33, (C)
34. (b)
Solution (35 to 37)
These questions can be solved easily by drawing tabular chart.
i
~
s Red Yellow Blue White Green
~
s Read Play Travel Sing Write

Amar Amar

Kapil Kapil

Sarvesh Sarvesh

Rohan Rohan

Nagesh Nagesh

We will start reading each condition and mark' ✓' sign or '.1e' sign accordingly.
ID Kapil, who has liking for singing does not wear yellow trouser.

~
F
Red Yellow Blue White Green
~
e Read Play Travel Sing Write

Amar Amar !(

Kapil l< Kapil l( l< l< ✓ l< t,,;I

Sarvesh Sarvesh )<

Rohan Rohan l<

Nagesh Nagesh )<

@ Sarvesh wears read trouser and does not like reading or writing.

~
F
Red Yellow Blue White Green
~
s Read Play Travel Sing Write

Amar l< Amar l<

Kapil X l< Kapil l< l< l< ✓ l<

Sarvesh ✓ I< !( l< l< Sarvesh l< l< X

Rohan l< Rohan IC

Nagesh )< Nagesh IC

 @ Analytical Reasoning I 243

@ Nagesh like to play and does not wear blue or yellow trousers.

~
s
Red Yellow Blue White Green
~ . Read Play Travel Sing Write

Amar )(
Amar ,I< )(

Kapil )( )( Kapil l< )( l< ✓ l<

Sarvesh ✓
)( )( )( )( Sarvesh )( )( )( l<

Rohan )(
Rohan )( )(

Nagesh )( )( )( Nagesh )<

✓ )( )( )(

@ Amar has liking for weiting and Rohan does not wear yellow or green trousers.

~s r Red Yellow Blue White Green

~
s
Read Play Travel Sing Write

Amar )(
✓ Amar )( )( )( )( ✓

Kapil )( J( Kapil )( )( )( ✓ )(

Sarvesh ✓ )( )( )( l< Sarvesh )( )( ✓ )( )(

Rohan )( )( )( Rohan ✓ )( )( )( )(

Nagesh )( )( )( Nagesh )(
✓ )( )( )(

Now, we can easily answer given questions with the help of above table.
Note: After drawing first table further modifications can be done according to conditions given there is no need to
draw further table. Further table drawn is just to explain the steps in elaborate manner.
35. (d)
36. (b)
37. (c)

11!111111111111111
 Section

·~

10
i. 25 persons are in a room. 15 of them play hockey, In what order were they born ( oldest first)?
i 7 of them play football and 1Oof then 1 µlay both (a) HSIG (b) SGHI
hockey and football. Then the number of persons (c) IGSH (d) IHSG
playing neither hockey nor football is [2010, 2 Marks]
(a) 2 (b) 17
6. If Log(P) = (1/2)Log(O) = (1/3)Log(R), then which
(c) 13 (d) 3
of the following options is TRUE?
[2010, 1 Mark]
(a) P2 = 0 3 R2 (b) 0 2 = PR
2. If 137 + 276 = 435 how much is 731 + 672? (c) 0 2 = R3 P (d) R = P2 0 2
(a) 534 (b) 1403 [CE, ME, CS 2011, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
,.J\ ➔ Cr).f
( u; 1001
7. A container originally contains 1 O litres of pure
(2010, 2 Marks]
spirit. From this container i litre of spirit is replaced
3. 5 skilled workers can build a wall in 20 days; with 1 litre of water. Subsequently, i litre of the
8 semiskilled workers can build a wall in 25 days; mixture is again replaced with i litre of water and
10 unskilled workers can build a wall in 30 days. If this processes is repeated one more time. How
a team has 2 skilled, 6 semiskilled and 5 unskilled much spirit is now left in the container?
weFk-er:s,hew-l0n§-wilHHake1u·tmrtcttnewalT7- · · · -Taf7-:-587ffres. (b) 7.84 litres
(a) 20 days (b) 18 days (c) 7 litres (d) 7.29 litres
(c) 16 days (d) 15 days [CE, ME, CS 2011, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
[2010, 2 Marks)
8. The variable cost (V) of manufacturing a product
4. Given digits 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 how many varies according to the equation V = 4q, where q
distinct 4 digit numbers greater than 3000 can be is the quantity produced. The fixed cost (F) of
formed? production of same product reduces with q
(a) 50 (b) 51 according to the equation F = 100/q. How many
(c) 52 (d) 54 units should be produced to minimize the total cost
[2010, 2 Marks] (V + F)?
(a) 5 (b) 4
5. Hari (H), Gita (G), lrfan (I) and Saira (S) are siblings (c) 7 (d) 6
(i.e. brothers and sisters). All were born on
[CE, ME, CS 2011, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
1st January. The age difference between any two
successive siblings (that is born one after another) 9. P, 0, R and S are four types of dangerous microbes
is less than 3 years. Given the following facts: recently found in a human habitat. The area of each
circle with its diameter printed in brackets
1. Hari's age + Gita's age > lrfan's age + Saira's
represents the growth of a single microbe surviving
age.
human immunity system within 24 hours of entering
2. The age difference between Gita and Saira is
the body. The danger to human beings varies
1 year. However, Gita is not the oldest and Saira
proportionately with the toxicity, potency and
is not tr1e youngest.
growth attributed to a microbe shov✓n in the figure
3. There are no twins. below:
246 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EIRS~

120
C ~

r r-{(50mm)
.Q .~
Q:: 90
\. LJ" E Q)
:::, 0..
(/)
C
(/)
~ 60
Q~m) o2
0 Q)
(DR(30mm)
S(20mm) -E
Q) 0
:::,_ 30
u,_;g

0.4 06 0.8
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
(Probability that microbe will overcome human immunity system)
Speed
(kilometers per hour)
A pharmaceutical company is contemplating the The distance covered during four laps of the
development of a vaccine against the most journey are listed in the table below:
dangerous microbe. Which microbe should the
company target in its first attempt? Distance Average speed
(aj p (~Q Lap (kilometers) (kilometers per hour)
(c) R (d) S p 15 15
[CE, ME, CS 2011, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
Q 75 45
10. A transporter receives the same number of orders R 40 75
each day. Currently, he has some pending orders s iO 10
(backlog) to be shipped. If he uses 7 trucks, then
at the end of the 4th day he can clear all the orders. From the given data, we can conclude that the
Alternatively, if he uses only 3 trucks, then all the fuel consumed per kilometre was least during the
orders are cleared at the end of the 10th day. What lap
(a) p (b) Q
is the minimum number of trucks required so that
(c) R (d) S
there will be no pending order at the end of the
5th day? [EE, EC 2011, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(a) 4 (b) 5 13. Three friends, R, S and T shared toffee from a
(c) 6 (d) 7 bowl. R took 1/3 rd of the toffees, but returned four
[CE, ME, CS 2011, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] to the bowl. S took 1/4th of what was left but
returned three toffees to the bowl. T took half of
11. There are two candidates P and Q in an election.
the remainder but returned two back into the bowl.
During the campaign 40% of the voters promised
If the bowl had 17 toffees left, how many toffees
to vote for P, and rest for 0. However, on the day
were originally there in the bowl?
of election 15% of the voters went back on their
(a) 38 (b) 31
promise to vote for P and instead voted for O .
(c) 48 (d) 41
25% of the voters went back on their promise to
[EE, EC 2011, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
vote for Q and instead voted for P. Suppose, P
lost by 2 votes, then what was the total number of 14. Given that f(y) == Iy I/y, and q is any non-zero real
voters? number, the value of If( q) - f(--q) Iis
(a) 100 (b) 110 (a) 0 (b) -1
(c) 90 (d) 95 (c) 1 (d) 2
[EE, EC 2011, 1 Mark (Set-2)] [EE, EC 2011, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

12. The fuel consumed by a motorcycle during a 15. The sum of n terms of the series 4 + 44 + 444 + ...
journey while travelling at various speeds is is
indicated in the graph below (a) (4/81) [10n + 1 - 9n -1]
(b) (4/81)[10n- 1 -9n-1J
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 247

(c) (4/81)[1on+ 1 -9n-i0] 20. Given the sequence of terms, AD CG FK JP, the
(d) (4/81)[10n-9n-10] next time is
[EE, EC 2011, 2 Marks (Set-2)] (a) OV (b) OW
(c) PV (d) PW
16. The cost function for a product in a firm is given
[CE, ME, CS 2012, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
by 5q 2 , where q is the amount of production. The
firm can sell the product at a market price of~ 50 21. If (1.00, ) 1259 = 3.52 (1.001 )2062 = 7.85, then
per unit. The number of units to be produced by (1.001)3321
the firm such that the profit is maximized is (a) 2.23 (b) 4.33
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 11.37 (d) 27.64
(c) 15 (rl) ?5 [EE, EC 2012, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
[CE, ME, CS 2012, 1 Mark (Set-1}] 22. Raju has 14 currency notes in his pocket consisting
17. A political party orders an arch for the entrance to of only, 20 notes and t 10 notes. The total money
the ground in which the annual conventions is being value of the notes is ~ 230. The number of~ 1o
held. The profile of the arch follows the equation notes that Raju has is
(a) 5 (b) 6
y = 2x - 0.1 x2 where y is the height of the arch in
(c) 9 (d) 10
meters. The maximum possible height of the arch
[EE, EC 2012, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
is
(a) 8 meters (b) 1O meters 23. and B friends. They decide to meet between
,D.,
(c) i 2 meters (d) i4 meters 1 PM and 2 PM on a given day. There is a condition
[CE, ME, CS 2012, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] that whoever arrives first will not wait for the other
for more than i 5 minutes. The probability that they
18. An automobile plant contracted to buy shock
will meet on that day is
absorbers from two supplies X and Y. X supplies
(a) 1/4 (b) i/i6
60% and Y supplies 40% of the shock absorbers.
(c) 7/16 (d) 9/16
All shock absorbers are subjected to a quality
[Ef:,-EC-2CffZ;~-MarKS(Set=~m--
test. The ones that pass the quality test are
considered reliable. Of X's shock absorbers, 96% 24. The data given in the following tahle summarizes
are reliable. OF Y's shock absorbers, 72% are the monthly budget of an average household.
reliable. Category Amount
The probability that a randomly chosen shock Food 4000
e.bsorber, which is found to be reliable, is made
Clothing 1200
by Y is
Rent 2000
(a) 0.288 (b) 0.334
(c) 0.667 (d) 0.720
Savings 1500
[CE, ME, CS 2012, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] Others 1800
The approximate percentage of the monthly budget
19. Which of the following assertions are CORRECT?
NOT spent on savings is
P: Adding 7 to each entry in a list adds 7 to the (a) 10% (b) 14%
mean of the list (c) 81% (d) 86%
0: Adding 7 to each entry in a list adds 7 to the [EE, EC 20i 2, 2 Marks (Set~2)]
standard deviation of the list
R: Doubling each entry n a list doubles the mean 25. There are eight bags of rice looking alike, seven
of the list of which have equal and one is slightly heavier.
S: Doubling each entry in a list leaves the The weighing balance is of unlimited capacity.
standard deviation of the list unchanged Using this balance the minimum number of
weighting required to identify the heavier bag is
(a) P, 0 (b) 0, R
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) P, R (d) R, S
(c) 4 (d) 8
[CE, ME, CS 2012, 2 Marks (Set~1)]
[EE, EC 2012, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
248 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude mRDE ERS~

26. A number much greater than 75 it is smaller than 31. What will be the maximum sum of 44,. 42, 40,
117 is ..... ?
(a) 91 (b) 93 (a) 502 (b) 504
(c) 89 (d) 96 (c) 506 (d) 500
[CE 2013, 1 Mark (Set-1)] [ME, Pl & CS/IT 2013, 1 Mark (Set-2)]

32. Out of all the 2-digit integers between 1 and 100,

27. A firm is selling it product at~ 60/unit. The total
a 2-digit number has to be selected at random.
cost of production is ~ 100 and firm is earning
What is the probability that the selected number
total profit of~ 500, Later the total cost increased
is not divisible by 7?
by 30%. By what percentage the price should be
(a) 13/90 (b) 12/90
increased to maintain the same profit level.
(c) 78/90 (d) 77/90
(a) 5 (b) 15
[ME, Pl & CS/IT 2013, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(c) 10 (d) 30
[CE 2013, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] 33. A tourist covers half of this journey by train at
60 km/h, half of the remainder by bus at 30 km/h
28. Following table provides figures (in rupees) on
and the rest by cycle at 10 km/h. The average
annual expenditure of a firm for two years 2010
speed of the tourist in km/h during his entire journey
and 2011
is
Category 20i0 2011 (a) 36 (b) 30
Raw material 5200 6240 (c) 24 (d) 18
Power & fuel 7000 9450 [ME, Pl & CS/IT 2013, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
Salary & wages 9000 12600
34. Find the sum of the expression
Plant & machinery 20000 25000
1 1 1
Advertising 15000 19500
Ji + J2 + f2 + J3 + J3 + .J'{~ "".
Research & Development 22000 26400
In 2011, which of the following two categories 1
+--==----=-
have registered increase by same percentage? .foo+.fsi
(a) Raw material and salary and wages (a) 7 (b) 8
(b) Salary and wages and advertising (c) 9 (d) 10
(c) Power and fuel and advertising
[ME, Pl & CS/IT 2013, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(d) Raw material and research and development
[CE 2013, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] 35. The current erection cost of a structure is
Rs. 13,200. If the labour wages per day increase
29. If I 4x - 71 =5 then the value of 21 x I - I-xi is by 1/5 of the current wages and the working hours

(a) 2, i (b) ;, 3
decrease by 1/24 of the current period, then the
new cost of erection in Rs., is

(c) 3' 3
2 1
(d) i, 3
(a) 16,500
(c) 11 , 000
(b) 15, i80
(d) 10, 120
[ME, Pl & CS/IT 2013, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
[CE 2013, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
36. In the summer of 2012, in New Delhi, the mean
30. x and y are two positive real numbers, such that
temperature of Monday to Wednesday was 41 °c
equation
and of Tuesday to Thursday was 43°c. If the
2X + y $ 6 ; X + 2y $ 8
temperature on Thursday was 15% higher than
For which values of (x, y), the function
that of Monday, then the temperature in °c on
f(x, y) = 3x + 6y will give maximum value Thursday was
(a) 4/3, 10/3 (b) 8/3, 20/3 (a) 40 (b) 43
(c) 8/3, 10/3 (d) 4/3, 20/3 (c) 46 (d) 49
[CE 2013, 2 Marks (Set-1)) [EE, EC, IN 2013, 1 Mark (Set-3)]
 0 Previous Years GATE Solved Questions 249

37. A car travels 8 km in the first quarter of an hour, 43. Find the odd one from the following group:
6 km in the second quarter and 16 km in the third WEKO IOWA FNTX NVBD
quarter. The average speed of the car in km per (a) WEKO (b) IQWA
hour over the entire journey is (c) FNTX (d) NVBD
(a) 30 (b) 36 [EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
(c) 40 (d) 24
44. For submitting tax returns, all resident males with
[EE, EC, IN 2013, 2 Marks (Set-3)]
annual income below Rs iO lakh should fill up Form
38. Find the sum to n terms of the series 10 + 84 P and all resident females with income below Rs 8
+ 734 + .... lakh should fill up Form Q. All people with incomes
above Rs i O lakh should fill up Form R, except
non residents with income above Rs 15 lakhs, who
should fill up Form S. All others should fill Form T.
An example of a person who should fill Form T is
9(9n -1) (d) 9(9n -1) + n2
(c) +n (a) a resident male with annual income Rs 9 lakh
8 8
(b) a resident female with annual income Rs 9 lakh
[EE, EC, IN 2013, 2 Marks (Set-3)) (c) a non-resident male with annual income Rs 16
lakh
39. The set of values of p for which the roots of the
(d) a non-resident female with annual income Rs
equation 3x 2 + 2x + p(p - i) = O are of opposite
161akh
sign is
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
(a) (-oo, 0) (b) (0, i)
(c) (1, oo) (d) (0, oo) 45. A train that is 280 metres long, travelling at a uniform
[EE, EC, IN 2013, 2 Marks (Set-3)] speed, crosses a platform in 60 seconds and passes
a man standing on the platform in 20 seconds. What
40. What is the change that a leap year, selected at
is the length of the platform in metres?
random, will contain 53 Saturdays?
,:._:___c__ _ _ _____:..__ _ _ _ _ __ c ' _ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1 Elc;.vll=ZOT4;-2-rvrarRs-(SeFiJr__ _
2 3
(a) (b) 46. The exports and imports (in r,roms of Rs.) of a
7 7
country from 2000 to 2007 are given in the
1 5 following bar chart. If the trade deficit is defined
(c) - (d) as excess of imports over exports, in which year
7 7
is the trade deficit i /5th of the exports?
[EE, EC, IN 2013, 2 Marks (Set-3)]

41 . The statistics of runs scored in a series by four

)~ +-I_ _ _ m_Ex_p_ort_s_im_po_rt_s_ _ _ _ -~,,,-_,
batsmen are provided in the following table. Who
is the most consistent batsman of these four?

+---,·-i··
70 -t-----~-
Batsman Average Standard Deviation
50 · ·-
K 31.2 5.21 60
40
30
L 46.0 6.35 20
M 54.4 6.22 10
0
N 17.9 5.90 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

(a) K (b) L
(a) 2005 (b) 2004
(c) M (d) N
(c) 2007 (d) 2006
[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
(EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
42. What is the next number in the series?
4 7. You are given three coins: one has heads on both
12 35 81 173 357 ---·
faces, the second has tails on both faces, and
[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-i )]
the third has a head on one face and a tail on the
250 ® Reasoning & Aptitude MADE ERS~

other. You choose a coin at random and toss it,

Exports Revenues
and it comes up heads. The probability that the
other face is tails is
(a) i/4 (b) i/3
(c) i/2 (d) 2/3
[EC, ME 20141 2 Marks (Set-1 )]

48. A regular die has six sides with numbers 1 to 6

marked on its sides. If a very large number of
throws show the following frequencies of (a) Item 2 (b) Item 3
occurrence: (c) Item 6 (d) Item 5
i ➔ 0.167; 2 ➔ 0.167; 3 ·➔ 0.152; 4 ➔ 0.'166; [EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
5 ➔ O. 168; 6 ➔ 0.180. We call this die
53. It takes 30 minutes to empty a half-full tank by
(a) irregular (b) biased
draining it at a constant rate. It is decided to
(c) Gaussian (d) insufficient
simultaneously pump water into the half-full tank
[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
while draining it. What is the rate at which water
49. Fill in the missing number in the series. has to be pumped in so that it gets fully filled in
2 3 6 i5 _?_ 157.5 630 10 minutes?
[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-2)] (a) 4 times the draining rate
(b) 3 times the draining rate
50. Find the odd one in the following group
(c) 2.5 times the draining rate
OWZB, BHKM, WCGJ, MSVX,
(d) 2 times the draining rate
(a) 0WZB (b) BHKM
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(c) WCGJ (d) MSVX
[EC1 ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)] 54. The next term in the series 81, 54, 36, 24, ... is

51. The sum of eight consecutive odd numbers is 656.

[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-3)]
The average of four consecutive even numbers is
87. What is the sum of the smallest odd number 55. In which of the following option will the expression
and second largest even number? P < M be definitely true?
[EC1 ME 20141 2 Marks (Set-2)] (a) M < R > P > S (b) M > S < P < F
(c) 0 < M < F == P (d) P = A < R < M
52. The total exports and revenues from the exports
[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-3)]
of a country are given in the two charts shown
below. The pie chart for exports shows the quantity 56. Find the next term in the sequence:
of each item exported as a percentage of the total 7G, 11K, 13M, _ _ .
quantity of exports. The pie chart for the revenues (a) 150 (b) 170
shows the percentage of the total revenue (c) iSP (d) 17P
generated through export of each item. The total [EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)]
quantity of exports of all the items is 500 thousand
tonnes and the total revenues are 250 crore rupees. 57. The multi-level hierarchical pie chart shows the
Which item among the following has generated population of animals in a reserve forest. The
the maximum revenue per kg? correct conclusions from this information are:
 fflRDE EASY 111 Previous Years GA IE Solved Questions I 251

Raw Material
20%

[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)]

(i) Butterflies are birds
(ii) There are more tigers in this forest than red 60. A batch of one hundred bulbs is inspected by
ants tesling four randomly chosen bulbs. The batch is
(iii) All reptiles in this forest are either snakes or rejected if even one of the bulbs is defective. A
crocodiles batch typically has five defective bulbs. The
(iv) Elephants are the largest mammals in this probability that the current batch is accepted is
forest
(a) (i) and (ii) only [EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)]
.. -····~-·········-·~······-····
-------··--&b-1:::etf(r.--y) = xA-J.117=·p-··1rxTsaoufiled and y is
--··-·-- . . _:_(b.'._).-...,(i).'._,('--'i ).'._,(.,_ii-'-i)_ar_1d__.,(_iv.,_)_ _
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) only halved, the new value of tis
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (a) 2'1 m P (b) 2n-n P
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)] (c) 2(n- m)P (d) 2(m- n)P
[EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-4 )]
58. A man can row at 8 km per hour in still water. If it
takes him thrice as long to row upstream, as to 62. in a sequence of 12 consecutive odd numbers,
row dovvnstream, then find the stream velocity in the sum of the first 5 numbers is 425. What is the
km per hour. sum of the last 5 numbers in the sequence?
[EC, ME 20i4, 2 Marks (Set-3)) [EC, ME 2014, 1 Mark (Set-4)]

59. A firm producing air purifiers sold 200 units in 2012. 63. Find the next term in the sequence:
The following pie chart presents the share of raw 13M, 170, 19S, _.
. ,.
material, labour, energy, plant & machinery, and (a) 21W (b) 21V
transportation costs in the total manufacturing cost (c) 23W (d) 23V
of the firm in 2012. The expenditure on labour in [EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-4)]
2012 is Rs. 4,50,000. In 2013, the raw material 64. If 'KCLFTSB' stands for 'best of luck' and
expenses increased by 30% and all other 'SHSWDG' stands for 'good wishes', which of the
expenses increased by 20%. If the company following indicates 'ace the exam'?
registered a profit of Rs. 10 lakhs in 2012, at what (a) MCHTX (b) MXHTC
price (in Rs.) was each air purifier sold? (c) XMHCT (d) XMHTC
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-4)]
252 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

65. Industrial consumption of power doubled from Then ax 2 + b I x I + c = 0 has

2000-2001 to 2010-2011. Find the annual rate of (a) no roots (b) 2 real roots
increase in percent assuming it to be uniform over (c) 3 real roots (d) 4 real roots
the years. [EE, CS 2014, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
(a) 5.6 (b) 7.2
(c) 10.0 (d) 12.2 70. Round-trip tickets to a tourist destination are
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-4)] eligible for a discount of i0% on the total fare. In
addition, groups of 4 or more get a discount of
66. A firm producing air purifiers sold 200 units in 2012. 5% on the total fare. If the one way single person
The following pie chart presents the share of raw fare is Rs. 100, a group of 5 tourists purchasing
material, labour, energy, plant & machinery, and round trip tickets will be charged Rs. _ _ __
transportation costs in the total manufacturing cost [EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
of the firm in 2012. The expenditure on labour in
2012 is Rs. 4,50,000. In 2013, the raw material 71. In a survey, 300 respondents were asked whether
expenses increased by 30% and all other they own a vehicle or not. If yes, they were further
expenses increased by 20%. What is the asked to mention whether they own a car or scooter
percentage increase in total cost for the company or both. Their responses are tabulated below. What
in2013? percent of respondents do not own a scooter.

Own vehicle

[EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1))

72. When a point inside of a tetrahedron (a solid with

four triangular surfaces) is connected by straight
lines to corners, how many (new) internal planes
are created with these lines? _ __
Energy
25% [EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1))

73. What is the average of all multiples of 1O from 2

to 198?
(a) 90 (b) 100
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-4)]
(c) 110 (d) 120
67. A five digit number is formed using the digits [EE, CS 2014, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
1,3,5, 7 and 9 without repeating any of them. What
is the sum of a!! such possible five digit numbers? 74. The value of J;.;:.J12 + -J12 + .. is
(a) 6666660 (b) 6666600
(c) 6666666 (d) 6666606 (a) 3.464 (b) 3.932
[EC, ME 2014, 2 Marks (Set-4)] (c) 4.000 (d) 4.444
[EE, CS 2014, 1 Mark (Set-2))

68. If ( z+lr = 98, compute ( z

2
+ z~ J 75. If xis real and I x 2
values of I -x 3 + x2
2x + 31 = 11, then possible
-xi include
[EE, CS 2014, 1 Mark (Set-1 )] (a) 2, 4 (b) 2, 14
69. 2
The roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are real and positive (c) 4,52 (d) 14,52
a, band care real. [EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

J
 mRDE ERS!::§ e Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 253

76. The ratio of male to female students in a college comparison, the GDP Is compared in US Dollars
for five years is plotted in the following line graph. (USD) after conversion based on the market
If the number of female students doubled in 2009, exchange rate. During the period 20i2-20i3 the
by what percent did the number of male students exchange rate for the USO increased from Rs. 50/
increase in 2009? USO to Rs.60/ USO. India's GDP in USO during
the period 2012-2013.
<0 3.5 ~-------.--.-.....,..-.'--~~-'--,,-,i (a) Increased by 5%
1
$
31-----------~----,,,.,_ (b) Decreased by 13%
o El 2.5 1--__..,::,...__~...........,_;_.,....,....,,..;.,,_;;,......;.,.,__;;..;
(c) Decreased by 20%
i~
ctl"O 2f------..,...,.,..~-~--
(d) Decreased by 11 %
_!§ ij 1.5 i------.,,..----'--,--"<;;--,-~-----::,......,.
0
[EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)]
ia:: 1
0.51----------"------'--
81. The ratio of male to female students in a college
o~ - - - - - - - - - -
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 for five years is plotted in the following line graph.
If the number of female students in 2011 and 2012
is equal, what Is the ratio of male students in 2012
[EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
to male students in 2011?
77. At what time between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. will the
minute hand and hour hand of a clock make an ID 3.5 , - , . . . ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - - ~
angle closest to 60°? I
'iii
3~---,-~~~~--~---
(a) 6:22 a.m. (b) 6:27 a.m. 0 El 2.5 1--_,:::___...,....;:,..__ _ _ _ __
- C:
(c) 6:38 a.m. (d) 6:45 a.m. ~~ 21-------~------
[EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
! i 1.5 i-,,.;....,___,.,--"-:-,,.,..;.._........,.,~__,..,.,~~---------,~
0
0
i
78. Which number does not belong in the series a: 0.5 i-------------
below? .o-,_;...;,--""'-=~~~~--~
2009 2010 . 2011 2012
~--__._,5r_i(l,_J]r26,-J."l,-_50,_6,;1,--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _+--_,____,-....:~~~'-:---~~'-:-----------t- - - - -
(a) i7 (b) 37
(c) 64 (d) 26 (a) i : "I (b) 2 : 1
~

[EE, CS 2014, 1 Mark (Set-3)] (c) 1.5 : 1 (d) 2.5 : 1

[EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)]
79. The table below has question wise data on the
performance of students in an examination. The 82. Consider the equation: (7526) 8 - (Y) 8 = (4364)8 ,
marks for each question are also listed. There is where (X)N stands for Xto the base N. Find Y.
no negative or partial marking in the examination. (a) 1634 (b) i737
(c) 3142 (d) 3162
Answered Answered Not [EE, CS 2014, 2 Marks (Set-3)]
Q.No. Marks
Correctly Wrongly Attemped
1 2 21 17 6
83. If y = 5x 2 + 3, then the tangent at x = 0, y = 3
27 (a) passes through x = 0, y = O
2 3 15 2
3 2 23 18 3 (b) has a slope of+ 1
(c) is parallel to the x-axis •
What is the average of the marks obtained by the (d) has a slope ot - i
class in the examination? [CE 2014, i Mark (Set-1)]
(a) 1.34 (b) 1.74 84. A foundry has a fixed daily cost of Rs 50,000
(c) 3.02 (d) 3.91 whenever it operates and a variable cost of Rs
[EE, CS 2014, i Mark (Set-3)] 800Q, where Q is the daily production in tonnes.
What is the cost of production in Rs per tonne for
80. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Rupees
a daily production of 100 tonnes?
grew at 7% during 2012-20"13. For international
[CE 2014, i Mark (Set-1)]
254 ® Reasoning & Aptitude

85. Find the odd one in the following group: ALRVX,

s o o ~ - - - - - - - -¾---
--- ---
Average
EPVZB, ITZDF, OYEIK --+--5 percentile
(a) ALRVX (b) EPVZB 700 , ------95percentile
''\ \
(c) ITZDF (d) OYEIK 600 ''''
[CE 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1)] ''''
\ \
_ 500 '' ''
E ''''
86. Anuj, Bhola, ChBndan, Dilip, Eswar and Faisal live E
''
;;-- 400 ''
on different Hoors in a six-storeyed building (the ~ ''
\ \
C:
I I

ground floor is numbered i, the floor above it 2, ~ 300 I

I'
\ I

I
I /
.. ''
''
and so on). Anuj lives on an even-numbered floor. I I
'' '',
Bhola does not live on an odd numbered floor.
200
, ,
I
I

I/
I/
I
I

\'', ',, __

,,
'

. ·.....
/
100
Chandan does not live on any of the floors below , ,,,

Faisal's floor. Di lip does not live on floor number 2.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Eswar does not live on a floor immediately above
or immediately below Bhola. Faisal lives three (i) On average, it rains more in July than in
floors above Dilip. Which of the following floor- December
person combination is correct? (ii) Every year, the amount of rainfall in August is
more than that in January
Anuj Bhola Chandan Dilip Eswar Faisal (iii) July rainfall can be estimated with better
(a) 6 2 5 1 3 4 confidence than February rainfall
(b) 2 6 5 1 3 4 (iv) In August, there is at least 500 mm of rainfall
(c) 4 2 6 3 1 5 • (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
(d) 2 4 6 1 3 5 (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
[CE 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
[CE 2014, 2 Marks (Set-i)]
90. In any given year, the probability of an earthquake
87. The smallest angle of a triangle is equal to two greater than Magnitude 6 occurring in the Garhwal
thirds of the smallest angle of a quadrilateral. The Himalayas is 0.04. The average time between
ratio between the angles of the quadrilateral is successive occurrences of such earthquakes is
3:4:5:6. The largest angle of the triangle is twice __ years.
its smallest angle. What is the sum, in degrees, [CE, IN 2014, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
of the second largestangle of the triangle and the
91. The population of a new city is 5 million and is
largest angle of the quadrilateral?
growing at 20% annually. How many years would
[CE 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
it take to double at this growth rate?
88. One percent of the people of country X are taller (a) 3-4 years (b) 4-5 years
than 6 ft. Two percent of the people of country Y (c) 5-6 years (d) 6-7 years
are taller than 6 ft. There are thrice as many people [CE, IN 2014, i Mark (Set-2)]
in country X as in country Y. Taking both countries
92. In a group of four children, Som is younger to Riaz.
together, what is the percentage of people taller
Shiv is elder to Ansu. Ansu is youngest in the
than 6 ft? •
group. Which of the following statements is/are
(a) 3.0 (b) 2.5 required to find the eldest child in the gmup?
(c) i .5 (d) i .25 Statements
[CE 2014, 2 Marks (Set-1)] i. Shiv is younger to Riaz.
89. The monthly rainfall chart based on 50 years of 2. Shiv is elder to Som.
rainfall in Agra is shown in the following figure. (a) Statement i by itself determines the eldest
child.
Which of the followings are true? (k percentile
(b) Statement 2 by itself determines the eldest
is the value such that k percent of the data fall
child.
below that value)
IDRDE ERS'!;;I @ Previous Years GAi I:: Solved Questions I 255

(c) Statements i and 2 are both required to 97. A function f(x) is linear and has a value of 29 at
determine the eldest child. x == -2 and 39 at x = 3. Find its value at x = 5.
(d) Statements i and 2 are not sufficient to (a) 59 (b) 45
determine the eldest child. (c) 4-1 (d) 35
[CE, IN 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)] [CE (Set-1), CS (Set-3) 2015, 1 Mark]

93. The total exports an9 revenues from the exports 98. The exports and imports (in crores of Rs.) of a
of a country are given in the two pie charts below. country from the year 2000 to 2007 are given in
The pie chart for exports shows the quantity of the following bar chart. In which year is the
each item as a percentage of the total quantity of combined percentage increase in imports and
exports. The pie chart for the revenues shows the exports the highest?
percentage of the total revenue generated through
export of each item. The total quantity of exports 120
110
D Exports !@llmports

of all the items is 5 lakh tonnes and the total 100 .. ~-

. .,
revenues are 250 crore rupees. What is the ratio of
the revenue generated through export of Item
90
80 -- f--- '
.
,__,
1-- f-

f---

70 ,.
i per kilogram to the revenue generated through 60 <-- f--- ,__I• f---
..
export of Item 4 per kilogram?
50 --~·-- - I--
'····-· ~- - f- f-

40 -- I--- "',__ ,__ ~

-1 ~ f-

Exports Revenues 30 .- I---

.____ '-- ..
.. <-- _1, ,___ f-

20
10 -
,___
I---
,__
,__
>--1
I---, .
~

f-.
--1'
1---,..
I•
. _r~ ~

f-

<
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

[CE (Set-1 ), CS (Set-3) 2015, 2 Marks]

99. Choose the most appropriate equation for the

function drawn as a thick line, in the plot below:
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2: 1
re i :4 (d) 4 : 1
[CE, IN 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)] y

94. Xis i km northeast of Y. Y is 1 km southeast of Z.

W is i km west of Z. P is i km south of W. Q is
i km east of P. What is the distance between X
and Qin km?
(A) i (b) ✓2
(c) J3 (d) 2
[CE, IN 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)] q

95. i0% of the population in a town is HIV+. A new

(a) X= y- lyl
diagnostic kit for HIV detection is available; this
(b) X=-(y-lyl)
kit correctly identifies HIV+ individuals 95% of the
(c) x = y + lyl
time, and HIV- individuals 89% of the time. A
(d) x = -(y + lyl)
particular patient is tested using tt·iis kit and is
[CE (Set-1 ), CS (Set-3) 2015, 2 Marks]
found to be positive. The probability that the
individual is actually positive is _ __ 100. The head of a newly formed government desires
[CE, IN 2014, 2 Marks (Set-2)] to appoint five of the six selected members P,
Q, R, S, T and U to portfolios of Home, Power,
96. If ROAD is written as URDG, then SWAN should
Defense, Telecom, and Finance. Udoes not want
be written as:
(a) VXDQ (b) VZDQ any portfolio if S gets one of the five. Fr vvants

(c) VZDP (d) UXDQ either Home or Finance or no portfolio. Q says

[CE (Set-1 ), CS (Set-3) 2015, 1 Mark) that if S gets either Power or Telecom, then she
256 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

must get the other one. T insists on a portfolio 104. How many four digit numbers can be formed with
if P gets one. the 10 digits 0, 1, 2, ..... 9 if no number can start
Which is the valid distribution of portfolios? with O and if repetitions are not allowed?
(a) P-Home, O-Power, A-Defence, S-Telecom, [CE 2015, 2 Marks (Set-2))
T-Finance
105. The given question is followed by two statements;
(b) A-Home, S-Power, P-Defence, O-Telecom,
select the most appropriate option that solves the
T-Finance
question
(c) P-Home, O-Power, FDefence, S-Telecom,
Capacity of a solution tank A is 70% of the
U-Finance
capacity of tank B. How many gallons of solution
(d) O-Home, U-Power, T-Defence, A-Telecom,
are in tank A and tank B?
P-Finance
Statements:
[CE (Set-1 ), CS (Set-3) 2015, 2 Ma;rks]
I. Tank A is 80% full and tank B is 40% full.
i01. Four cards are randomly selected from a pack 11. Tank A if full contains 14,000 gallons of
of 52 cards. If the first two cards are kings, what
solution.
is the probability that the third card is a king?
(a) Statement I alone is sufficient.
4 2 (b) Statement II alone is sufficient.
(a) 52 (b) 50
(c) Either statement I or 11 alone is sufficient.
(d) Both the statements I and II together are

(d) ( s~) x( ;1) x(5~) sufficient.

[CE 2015, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
[CE 2015, 1 Mark (Set-2))
106. There are i 6 teachers who can teach
102. Mr. Vivek walks 6 meters North-East, then turns
Thermodynamics (TD), i 1 who can teach Electrical
and walks 6 meters South-East, both at 60 degrees
Sciences (ES), and 5 who can teach both TD and
to East. He further moves 2 meters South and
Engineering Mechanics (EM). There are a total of
4 meters West. What is the straight distance in
40 teachers. 6 cannot teach any of the three
meters between the point he started from and the
subjects, i.e. EM, ES or TD. 6 can teach only ES.
point he finally reached?
4 can teach all three subjects, i.e. EM, ES and
(a) 2✓2 (b) 2
TD. 4 can teach ES and TD. How many can teach
1
(c) ✓2 (d) J2 both ES and EM but not TD?
(a) 1 (b) 2
[CE 2015, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
(c) 3 (d) 4
103. Read the following table giving sales data of five [CE 2015, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
types of batteries for years 2006 to 2012
107. Consider a function ~x) = 1 -Ix I on --1 ::;x::; 1. The
Year Type I Type II Type lll Type IV Type V
value of x at which th0 function attains a maximum,
2006 75 144 114 102 108 and the maximum value of t11e function are:

2007 90 126 102 84 126 (a) 0, - 1 (b) -1 , 0

2008 96 114 75 105 135 (c) 0, 1 (d) -1, 2

2009 105 90 150 90 75 [CS (Set-1), EE (Set-2) 2015, 1 Mark]
2010 90 75 135 75 90 108. Base on the given statements select the most
2011 105 60 165 45 120 appropriate option to solve the given question.
2012 115 85 160 100 145 What will be the total weight of 1O poles each of
Out of the following, which type of battery achieved same weight?
highest growth between the years 2006 and 2012? Statements:
(a) Type V (b) Type Ill (I) One fourth of the weight of a pole is 5 kg.

(c) Type II (d) Type I (II) The total weight of these poles is 160 kg more
than the total weight of two poles.
[CE 2015, 2 Marks (Set-2))
 49 Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 257

(a) Statement I alone is not sufficient 113. Base on the given statements, select the most
(b) Statement II alone is not sufficient appropriate option to solve the given question. If
(c) Either I or II alone is sufficient two floors in a certain building are 9 feet apart,
(d) Both statement I and II together are not sufficient how many steps are there in a set of stairs that
[CS (Set-1), EE (Set-2) 2015, 1 Mark] extends from the first floor to the second floor of
the building?
109. If the list of letters, P, R, S, T, U is an arithmetic
Statements:
sequence, which of the following are also in
(I) Each step is 3/4 foot high.
arithmetic sequence?
(II) Each step is i foot wide.
(I) 2P, 2R, 2S, 2T, 2U
(a) Statement-I alone is sufficient, but statement-
(11) P-3, R-3, S-3, T-3, U-3
II alone is not sufficient.
(II) P2, R2, S2-, T2, IJ2
(b) Statement-II alone is sufficient, but statement
(a) I only (b) I an II
I alone is not sufficient.
(c) II and Ill (d) I and Ill
(c) Both statements together are sufficient, but
[CS (Set-i ), EE (Set-2) 2015, 1 Mark]
neither statement alone is sufficient.
110. If p, q, r, s are distinct integers such that (d) Statement I and II together are not sufficient.
~p, q, r, s) = max(p, q, r, s) [CS (Set-2), EE (Set-1) 2015, 1 Mark]
g(p, q, r, s) = min(p, q, r, s)
h(p, q, r, s) = remainder of (p x q)/(r x s) if
i 14. Given Set A= /2. 3, 4, 5} Set B = {1 i, 12, i3, 14,
(p x q) > (r x s) or remalnder of (r x s)/(p x q) it i 5}, two number: 1re randomly selected, one from
each set. What is the probability that the sum of
(r x s) > (p x q)
the two numbers are equals 16?
Also a function fgh(p, q, r, s) = ~p, q, r, s) x g(p,
(a) 0.20 (b) 0.25
q, r, s) x h(p, q, r, s)
(c) 0.30 (d) 0.33
Also the same operations are valid with two variable
function of the form ~p, q) [CS (Set-2), EE (Set-1) 2015, 1 Mark]
_ _ _ _W_ha~t_is_th_e_v_a_lu_e_o-::---f_,,fg~('--h_,_(2-'-,_5'--,7-c-'-,_3"--),_4_:_.,_6-'--,8::-'):--?-:.--=-__115___ _Tbapie..charlbetowbas..:tl:+e-br::eak-Yp-0f-th&FH::1mtlfPe""-r- - - -
[CS (Set-1 }, EE (Set-2) 2015, 2 Marks] of students from different departments in an
111. Four branches of a company are located c=it M, N, engineering college for the year 2012. Tho
0, and P. Mis north of Nat a distance of 4 km; P proportion of male to female students in each
is south of Oat a distance of 2 km; N is southeast department is 5: 4. There are 40 males in Electrical
of O by 1 km. What is the distance between M Engineering. What is the difference between the
and Pin km? numbers of female students in the Civil
(a) 5.34 (b) 6.74 department and the female students in the
(c) 28.5 45.49
(d) Mechanical department?
[CS (Set-1 ), EE (Set-2) 2015, 2 Marks)

112. In a triangle PQR, PS is the angle bisector of LOPR

and LOPS = 60°. What is the length of PS?

(q+r) qr
(a) 116. The probabilities that a student passes in
qr (b) (q+r)
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry are m, p,
(q+r)2 and c respectively. Of these subjects, the student
(c) ✓(c/+r2) (d) qr
has 75% chance of passing in at least one, a 50%
[CS (Set-1), EE(Set-2}2015, 2 Marks} chance of passing in at least two and a 40%
258 ® Reasoning & Aptitude ffllRDE ERS!:i

chance of passing in exactly two. Foliowing 121. Fill in the missing value
relations are drawn in m, p, c:
(I) p+m+c=27/20
(II) p+m+c=13/20
(Ill) (p) x (m) x (c) = 1/10
(a) Only relation I is true
(b) Only relation II is true
(c) Relations II and Ill are true
(d) Relations I and Ill are true
[CS (Set-2), EE (Set-i) 2015, 2 Marks]
[EC 2015, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
117. The number of students in a class who have
answered correctly, wrongly, or not attempted each 122. An electric bus has onboard instruments that report
question in an exam, are listed in the table below. the total electricity consumed since the start of the
The marks for each question are also listed. There trip as well as the total distance covered. During
is no negative or partial marking. a single day of operation, the bus travels on
stretches M, N, 0 and P, in that order. The
Answered Answered Not
QNo. Marks correctly
Wrongly Attempted
cumulative distance travelled and the
corresponding electricity consumption are shown
1 2 21 17 6
in the Table below:
2 3 15 27 2
3 1 11 29 4 Stretch Cumulative distance Electricity used
4 2 23 18 3 (km) (kWh)
5 5 31 12 1 M 20 12
-- N 45 25
What is the average of the marks obtained by the
class in the examination? 0 75 45
(a) 2.290 (b) 2.970 p 100 57
(c) 6.795 (d) 8.795
[CS (Set-2), EE (Set-i) 2015, 2 Marks] The stretch where the electricity consumption per
km is minimum is
118. If logx (5/7) =- 1/3, then the value of x is
(a) M (b) N
(a) 343/125 (b) 125/343
(c) 0 (d) P
(c) -25/49 (d) -49/25
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2015, 1 Mark]
[EC 2015, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
123. Ram and Ramesh appeared in an interview for
119. Operates □, ◊ and ➔ are defined by:
two vacancies in the same department. The
a-b a+b . probability of Ram's selection is 1/6 and that of
a □ b=--; a◊b=--; a ➔ b= ab. Find
a+b a-b Ramesh is 1/8. What is the probability that only
one of them will be selected?
the value of ( 66 □ 6) ➔ (66 0 6) (a) 47/48 (b) 1/4
(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 13/48 (d) 35/48
(c) i (d) 2 (EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2015, 1 Mark]
[EC 2015, 1 Mark(Set-1)]
124. Given below are two statements followed by two
120. A cube side 3 units is formed using a set of conclusions. Assuming these statements to be
smaller cubes of side 1 unit. Find the proportion true, decide which one logically follows.
of the number of faces of the smaller:cubes
Statements:
visible to those which are NOT visible.
(a) i : 4 (b) i : 3 I. All film star are playback singers.
(c) i : 2 (d) 2 : 3 II. All film directors are film stars.
[EC 2015, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
 mRDE ERS~ @ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 259

Conclusions: 130. log tan1° + log tan2° + ...... + log tan89° is _ _ .

I. All film directors are playback singers.
(a) 1 (b) _1
11. Some film stars are film directors. J2
(a) Only conclusion I follows.
(c) O (d) -i
(b) Only conclusion I nor II follows.
[EC (Set-3), ME (Set-2) 2015, 2 Marks]
(c) Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
(d) Both conclusions I and II follow. 131. From a circular sheet of paper of radius 30 cm,
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2015, 2 Marks] a sector of i 0% area is removed. If the remaining

125. If a2 + b2 + c = ·1, then ab + be + ac lies in part is used to make a conical surface, then the

the interval ratio of the radius and height of the cone is

(a) [i, 2/3] (b) [-i/2, 1]
(c) [-i, i/2] (d) [2, -4] [EC (Set-3), ME (Set-2) 2015, 2 Marks]
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2015, 2 Marks] 132. Five teams have to compete in a league, with every
126. A tiger is 50 leaps of its own behind a deer. The team playing every other team exactly once,
tiger takes 5 leaps per minute to the deer's 4. If before going to the next round. How many matches

the tiger and the deer cover 8 metre and 5 metre will have to held to complete the league round of
matches?
per leap respectively, what distance in metres will
(a) 20 (b) iO
the tiger have to run before it catches the deer?
(c) 8 (d) 5
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2015, 2 Marks]
[ME (Set-1 ), IN & Pl 2015, 1 Mark]
127. If x > y > 1, which of the following must be true?
(i) /nx>lny (ii) e'>eY 133. TanyaisolderthanEric.
(iii) yx > xY (iv) cosx > cosy Cliff is older than Tanya.
Eric is older than Cliff.
_ _ _____,(=a) (iJancL(ii.L--_ _(b.UlLandJjii.,___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv) If the first two statements are true, then the third
[EC (Set-3), MF (Set-2) 2015, 1 Mark] statement is
(a) True (b) False
128. Find the missing sequence in the letter series (c) Uncertain (d) Data insufficient
below: [ME (Set-1), IN & Pl 2015, 1 Mark]
A, CD, GHI?, UVWXY
134. In the given angle O is a right angle,
(a) UviN (b) MNO
PS : OS= 3 : 1, RT: QT= 5 : 2 and PU: UR= 1 : 1.
(c) MNOP (d) NOPQ
If area of triangle QTSis 20 cm 2 , then the area of
[EC (Set-3), ME (Set-2) 2015, 1 Mark] triangle PQR in cm 2 is __ .
129. Ms. X will be Bagdogra from 01/05/2014 to 20105/
R
2014 and from 22/05/2014 to 31/05/2014. On the
morning of 21/05/2014, she will reach Kochi via
Mumbai.
Which one of the statements below is logically
valid and can be inferred from the above
sentences? p ~-------""--__J Q
(a) Ms. X will be in Kochi for one day, only in May. s
(b) Ms. X will be in Kochi for only one day in May. [ME (Set-1 ), IN & Pl 2015, 2 Marks]
(c) Ms. X will be only in Kochi for one day in May.
(d) Only Ms. X will be in Kochi for one day in May. 135. Given below are two statements followed by two
conclusions. Assuming these statements to be
[EC {Set-3), ME (Set-2) 2015, 2 Marks]
true, decide whicl-1 one iogicaiiy follows:
260 rt Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::ll

Statements: (a) 3.00 (b) 4.99

I. No manager is a leader. (c) 6.02 (d) 7.01
II. All leaders are executives. [EC, ME 2016, 1 Mark (Set-i ))
Conclusions: i 40. A person moving through a tuberculosis prone zone
I. No manager is an executive.
has a 50% probability of becoming infected.
11. No executive is a manager
However, only 30% of infected people develop
(a) Only conclusion I follows.
the disease. What percentage of people moving
(b) Only conclusion II follows.
through a tubercclosis prone zone remains
(c) Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
infected but does not show symptoms of disease?
(d) Both conclusions I and II follow
(a) 15 (b) 33
[ME (Set-1), IN & Pl 2015, 2 Marks]
(c) 35 (d) 37
136. A coin is tossed thrice. Let X be the even that [EC, ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
head occurs in each of the first two tosses. Let Y
141 . Leela is older than her cousin Pavithra. Pavithra's
be the event that a tail occurs on the third toss.
brother Shiva is older than Leela. When Pavithra
Let Z be the event that two tails occur in three
tosses. Based on the above information, which and Shiva are visiting Leela. all three like to play

one of the following statements is TRUE? chess. Pavithra wins more often than Leela does.
(a) X and Y are not independent Which one of the following statement must be
(b) Yand Z are dependent TRUE based on the above?
(c) Yand Zare independent (a) When Shiva plays chess with Leela and
(d) Xand Zare independent Pavithra, he often loses.
[ME (Set-1 ), IN & Pl 2015, 2 Marks] (b) Leela is the oldest of the three
(c) Shiva is a better chess player than Pavithra
137. Right triangle POR is to be constructed in the (d) Pavithra is the youngest of the three
xy-plane so that the right angle is at Pand line PR
[EC, ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
is parallel to the x-axis. The x and y coordinates
of P, 0, and Rare to be integers that satisfy the
inequalities: 142. If q
-a - 1
- r and r -b = s1 and S-c = q,1 the value of
-4 sx s 5 and 6 sys 16. How many different
triangle could be constructed with these abc is. _ __
properties? (a) (rps)- 1 (b) 0
(a) iiO (b) i 100 (c) 1 (d) r + q + s
(c) 9900 (d) 10000 [EC, ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
[ME (Set-1 ), IN & Pl 2015, 2 Marks] 143. P, 0, Rand Sare working on a project. O can
finish the task in 25 days, working alone for
138. In a huge pile of apples and oranges, both ripe
and unripe mixed together, 15% are unripe fruits.
i 2 hours a day. R can finish the task in 50 days,
working alone for i 2 hours per day. O worked
Of the unripe fruits, 45% are apples. Of the ripe
ones, 66% are oranges. If the pile contains a total i 2 hours a day but took sick leave in the beginning
of 5692000 fruits, how many of them are apples? for two days, Rworked 18 hours a day on all days.
(a) 2029198 (b) 2467482 What is the ratio of work done by O and R after
(c) 2789080 (d) 3577422 7 days from the start of the project?
[EC, ME 2016, 1 Mark (Set-1 )] (a)iO:ii (b)ii:10
(c) 20 : 21 (d) 21 : 20
139. Michael lives i O km away from where I live. Ahmed
[EC, ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km away from
where I live. Arun is farther away than Ahmed but 144. Given (9 inches) 112 = (0.25 yards) 112 , which one of
closer than Susan from where I live. From the the following statement is TRUE?
information provided here, what is one possible (a) 3 inches = 0.5 yards
distance (in km) at which I !ive from Arun's place? (b) 9 inches= 1.5 yards
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 261

(c) 9 inches= 0.25 yards 149. A wire of length 340 mm is to be cut into two parts.
(d) 81 inches= 0.0625 yards One of the parts is to be made into a square and
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2016, 1 Mark] the other into a rectangle where sides are in the
ratio of 1 : 2. What is the length of the side of the
145. S, M, E and Fare working in shifts in a team to.
square (in mm) such that the combined area of
finish a project. Mworks with twice the efficiency
the square and the rectangle is a MINIMUM?
of others but for half as many days as Eworked.
(a) 30 (b) 40
S and M have 6 hour shifts in a day, whereas E
(c) 120 (d) 180
and F have 12 hours shifts. What is the ratio of
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2016, 2 Marks]
contribution of Mto contribution of Ein the project?
(n) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 "l 50. The number that least tits this set:
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 2: 1 (324, 441, 97 and 64) is _ __
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2016, 1 Mark] (a) 324 (b) 441
(c) 97 (d) 64
146. The Venn diagram shows the preference of the
student population for leisure activities.
[EC (Set-3) & IN 2016, 1 Mark]

151. It takes 1Os and 15s, respectively, for two trains

travelling at different constant speeds to
completely pass a telegraph post. The length of
the first train is 120 m and that of the second train
is 150 m. The magnitude of the difference in the
speeds of the two trains (in m/s) is _ __
(a) 2.0 (b) 10.0
(c) 12.0 (d) 22.0
[EC (Set-3) & IN 2016, 1 Mark]
Play sports
152. The velocity Vof a vehicle along a straight line is
measured in m/s and plotted as shown with
From the data given, the number of students who
respect to time in seconds. At the end of the
like to read books or play sports is _ _ .
7 seconds, how much will the odometer reading
(a) 44 (b) 51
increase by (in m)?
(r.) 79 (d) 108
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2016, 2 Marks] V(m/s)

14 7. Two and a quarter hours back, when seen in a

mirror, the reflection of a wall clock without number
markings seemed to show 1 : 30. What is the actual
current time shown by the clock?
(a)8:i5 (b)11:i5 7 Time (s)
(c)12:15 (d)12:45
[EC (Set-2), ME (Set-3) 2016, 2 Marks]

i 48. Mand N start from the same location. M travels (a) O (b) 3
i O km East and then 10 km North-East. N travels (c) 4 (d) 5
5 km South and then 4 km South-East. What is [EC (Set-3) & IN 2016, 2 Marks]
the shortest distance (in km) between Mand Nat
153. A flat is shared by four first year undergraduate
the end of their level.
students. They agreed to allow the oldest of them
(a) 18.60 (b) 22.50
to enjoy some extra space in the fiat. Manu is two
(c) 20.6i (d) 25.00
months older than Sravan, vvho is three months
[EC (Set~2), ME (Set-3) 2016, 2 Marks]
younger than Trideep. Pavan is one month older
262 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS'!:::1

than Sravan. Who should occupy the extra space to Ponly sometimes IV. R always loses to 0. Which
in the flat? of the following can be logically inferred from the
!
(a) Manu (b) Sravan above statements? (i) Pis likely to beat all the 1
l
(c) Trideep (d) Pavan three other players (ii) Sis the absolute worst player lI
[EC (Set-3) & IN 2016, 2 Marks] in the set l
!
154. Find the area bounded by the lines 3x + 2y == 14,
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only ''I
j
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) neither (i) nor (ii) ll
2x - 3y = 5 in the first quadrant.
(a) 14.95 (b) 15.25
[CE, CS 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1)] I
(c) 15.70 (d) 20.35 159. If f(x) = 2x7 + 3x - 5, which of the following is a I
[EC (Set-3) & IN 2016, 2 Marks] factor f(x) ?
155. A straight line is fit to a data set (ln x, y). This line (a) (x3 + 8)
(c) (2x- 5)
(b)(x-1) I
intercepts the abscissa at lnx == 0.1 and has a slope (d) (x + 1)
of -0.02. What is the value of y at x = 5 from the [CE, CS 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1))
fit?
160. In a process, the number of cycles to failure
(a) -0.030 (b) -0.014
decreases exponentially with an increase in load.
(c) 0.014 (d) 0.030
At a load of 80 units, it takes 100 cycles for failure.
[EC (Set-3) & IN 2016, 2 Marks]
When the load is halved, it takes 10000 cycles for
156. A cube is built using 64 cubic blocks of side one failure. The load tor which the failure will happen
unit. After it is built, one cubic block is removed in 5000 cycles is
from every corner of the cube. The resulting (a) 40.00 (b) 46.02
surface area of the body (in square units) after (c) 60.01 (d) 92.02
the removal is _ _ __ [CE, CS 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
(a) 56 (b) 64
(c) 72 (d) 96 161. In a quadratic function, the value of the product
[CE, CS 2016, 1 Mark (Set-1 )] of the roots (o:, ~) is 4. Find the value of

157. A shaving set company sells 4 different types of O'.n + ~n

-n + ~-n
razors, Elegance, Smooth, Soft and Executive. (J.

Elegance sells at Rs. 48, Smooth at Rs. 63, Soft

(a) IT (b) 4n
at Rs. 78 and Executive at Rs. 173 per piece. The (c) 2211- 1 (d) 411-1
table below shows the numbers of each razor sold
[EE (Set--1 ), CS (Set-2) 2016, 1 Mark]
in each quarter of a year.

Quarter/
162. Pick the odd one from the following options.
Elegance Smooth Soft Executive
Product (a) CADBE (b) JHKIL
'
01 27300 20009 17602 9999 (c) XVYWZ (d) ONPMQ
02 25222 19392 18445 8942 [EE (Set-1 ), CS (Set-2) 20'16, 1 Mark]
03 28976 22429 19544 10234
04 21012 18229 16595 10109
163. Among 150 faculty members in an institute, 55
are connected with each other through Facebook®
Which product contributes the greatest fraction and 85 are connected through WhatsApp® 30
to the revenue of the company in that year? faculty members do not have Facebook® or
(a) Eleganct:l (b) Executive WhatsApp® accounts. The number of faculty
(c) Smooth (d) Soft members connected only through Facebook®
[CE, CS 2016, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] accounts is
158. Consider the following statements relating to the (a) 35 (b) 45
level of poker play of four players P, Q, Rand S. I. (c) 65 (d) 90
P always beats O 11. R always beats S 111. S loses [EE (Set-1), CS (Set-2) 2016, 2 Marks]

I
?
 @ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 263

164. In a 2 x 4 rectangle grid shown below, each cell is

10
a rectangle. How many rectangles can be
observed in the grid?
7~~~~-;,~8~
6~ 6.5 6

I I I I i 4

(a) 21 (b) 27
If the amounts invested in the companies, P and
~~ ~)~
Q in 2006 are in the ratio 8 : 9, then the amounts
[EE (Set-1), CS (Set-2) 2016, 2 Marks]
received after one year as interest from companies
165. ChoosA thp, correct expression for f(x) givon in tho P Elnd O would be the I aliu
graph. (a) 2: 3 (b) 3: 4
(c)6:7 (d)4:3
[CE 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

169. Fact 1 : Humans are mammals.

Fact 2: Some humans are engineers.
Fact 3 : Engineers build house.
If the above statements are facts, which of the
X following can be logically inferred?
3 4 I. All mammals build houses.
11. Engineers are mammals.
111. Some humans are not engineers.
(a) 11 only (b) Ill only
(c) I, 11 and Ill (d) I only
[CE 20 l6+2.MarkS-(-Set,,2J}-------
(a) f(x) =1- lx---1-1_(_b_)-f(x_)_=_1_+_l_x___i_l_-----~17~o=--.--:-A-s_q_u-ar_e_p_y_ra_m.~i--d~h_,,a~s~a~base perimeter x and

(c) f(x) =2 - Ix_ 11 (rl) f(x) = 2 + Ix_ 11 the slant height is half of the perirr1eter. What is
[EE (Set-1 ), cs (Set-2) 2016, 2 Marks] the lateral surface area of the pyramid?
(a) x2 (b) 0.75x2
166. (x% of y) + (y<'lo of x) is equivalent to __ . (c) 0.50x2 (d) 0.25x2 r,·
(a) ~% ot xy (b) 2% of (xy/100) [CE 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(c) xy% of 100 (d) 100% of xy
[CE 2016, 1 Mark (Set-2)] 171. Ananth takes 6 hours and Bharath takes 4 hours
to read a book. Both started reading copies of
167. The sum of the digits of a two digit number is
the book at the same time. After how many hours
12. If the new number formed by reversing the
is the number of pages to be rad by Ananth,
digits is greater than the original number by 54,
twice that to be read by Bharath? Assume Ananth
find the original number.
and Bharath read all the pages with constant
(a) 39 (b) 57
pace.
(c) 66 (d) 93
(a) i (b) 2
[CE 2016, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
(c) 3 (d) 4
168. Two finance companies, P and O declared fixed [CE 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
annual rates of interest on the amounts invested
172. Pick the odd one out in the following:
with them. The rates of interest offered by these
13,23,33,43,53
companies may differ from year to year. Year-
(a) 23 (b) 33
wise annual rates of interest offered by these
(c) 43 (d) 53
companies are shown by the line graph provided
[EE 2016, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
below.
264 I ® Reason·ing & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Which one of the option given below is NOT

i 73. If l9y-61 = 3, then y
2
- ~ is _ __ logically possible, based on the given fact?
(a) If (iii), then (iv). (b) If (i), then (iii).
i (c) If (i), then (ii). (d) If (ii), then (iv).
(a) O (b) + 3 [ME 2016, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
178. A window is made up of a square portion and an
1
(c) (d) undefined equilateral triangle portion above it. The base of
3
the triangular portion coincides with the upper side
[EE 2016, 1 Mark (Set-2)] of the square. If the perimeter of the window is
6 m, the area of the window in m 2 is- - - -
17 4. Shaquille O' Neal is a 60% career free throw
(a) 1.43 (b) 2.06
shooter, meaning that he successfully makes 60
(c) 2.68 (d) 2.88
free throws out of 100 attempts on average. What
is the probability that he will successfully make
[ME 2016, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
exactly 6 free throws in IO attempts? 179. Students taking an exam are divided into two
(a) 0.2508 (b) 0.2816 groups, P and Q such that each group has the
(c) 0.2934 (d) 0.6000 same number of students. The performance of
[EE 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)] each of the students in a test was evaluated out
of 200 marks. It was observed that the mean of
175. The numeral in the units position of
211870 + 146127 X 3424 is _ _
group P was ms, while that of group Q was 85.
The standard deviation of group P was 25, while
[EE 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
that of group Q was 5. Assuming that the marks
176. The following graph represents the installed were distributed on a normal distribution, which
capacity for cement production (in tonnes) and of the following statement will have the highest
the actual production (in tonnes) of nine cement probability of being TRUE?
plants of a cement company. Capacity utilization (a) No student in group Q scored less marks than
of a plant is defined as ratio of actual production any student in group P.
of cement to installed capacity. A plant with (b) No student in group Pscored less marks than
installed capacity of at least 200 tonnes is called any student in group Q.
a large plant and a plant with lesser capacity is (c) Most students of group Q scored marks in a
called a small plant. The difference between total narrower range than students in group P.
production of large plants and small plants, in (d) The median of the marks of group Pis 100.
tonnes is [ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
300 0 Installed Capacity fJ Actual Production 180. Find the missing sequence in the letter series.
250
230 B, FH, LNP, __
200190 (a) SUWY (b) TUVW
(c) TVXZ (d) TWXZ
[ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

181. The binary operation is defined as

a b = ab+ (a+ b), where a and bare any two
2 4 5 6 8 9
Plant Number real numbers. The value of the identity element of
this operation, defined as the number x such that
[EE 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
a x = a, for any a, is _ _ __
177. Fact: If it rains, then the field is wet. (a) 0 (b) 1
Read the following statements:
(c) 2 (d)10
(i) It rains (ii) The field is not wet
(iii) The field is wet (iv) It did not rain [ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
 @ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 265

'82. Which of the following curve represents the 184. Consider the following sentences:
function y ::: ln(IJsin (lxl)] I) All benches are beds. No bed is a bulb. Some
bulbs are lamps.
for Ix I< 2 n?
Which of the following can be inferred?
Here, x represents the abscissa and yrepresents
(i) Some beds are lamps.
the ordinate.
(ii) Some lamps are beds.
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii)
(c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii)
[CE20i7, i Mark(Set-1)]

185. If the radius of a right circular cone 1s increased

by 50%, its volume increases by
(a) 75% (b) 100%
(c) 125% (d) 237.5%
[CE 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1)]

186. Two machines Mi and M2 are able to execute

any of four jobs, P, Q, R and S. The machines
21t
can perform one job on one object at a time, Jobs
P, Q, R and S take 30 minutes, 20 minutes,
60 minutes and 15 minutes each respectively.
-1.5
There are i O objects each requiring exactly 1 job.
Job P is to be performed on 2 objects, Job Q
on 3 objects, Job R on 1 object and Job S on
4 objects. What is the minimum time needed to
__75,_,'l::_i=_-::J,_"\==Z:S:::==-----------r,ornprete--afl-thB'-jObs.
_ _ _ _ _-::-__-:_.=_.=_75,._,,,-::_=

(a) 2 hours (b) 2.5 hours

(c)
(c) 3 hours (d) 3.5 hours
[CE 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
-2n -n 0 n 2n
187. ThA hm ornrh below shows the output of five
carpenters over one month, each of whom made
different items of furniture; chairs, tables and
1.2
beds.

20 C]Bed
18 C=:]Table

-2re -re 0 re 2n
E16 j;-jChair
~ 14
Cl)
:i 12
:t:'.
[ME 2016, 2 Marks (Set-2)] E 10
2
'o,_ 8
183. The following sequence of numbers is arranged Cl)
.n 6
in increasing order: 1, x, x, x, y, y, 9, 16, 18. Given E
:,
z 4
that the mean and median are equal, and are also
2
equal to twice the mode, the value of y is
0
(a) 5 (b) 6 Ci C2 C3 C4 C5
(c) 7 (d) 8 Carpenter ( C)

[CE 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1))

266 e Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Consider the following statements: 191 . What is the value of x when

(i) The number of beds made by carpenter C2 is 16)x+2 (3)2x+4 = 144?
exactly the same as the number of tables made 81x -
25( 5
+- -
.
by carpenter C3.
(a) 1 (b) --i
(ii) The total number of chairs made by all
(c) -2 (d) Cannot be determined
carpenters is less than the total number of
[CE, IN 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
tables.
Which one of the following is true? 192. The points in the graph below represent the halts
(a) Only (i) of a lift for durations of 1 minute, over a period
(b) Only (ii) of 1 hour.
(c) Both (i) and (ii)
5 .. ~ : - - o o ~ - - ~ - - . - ~ - - - i - 1
(d) Neither (i) nor (ii) I
I
!
I
l
!
!
I
I
I
!
I
!
!
I
I
I I t I l l ! ! l I I
4f--~oo--i-+oooo-+----000-_,__----()0---~
[CE 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)] ' ! I I I

' I I

' I I
3 r---+-----!-<·Xl<l·*'-+----+--f---:,-+-----<,>-· ~l0----+----+-1
+--:

188. Students applying for hostel rooms are alloted ' '
'
'
I

2r----+---,--,-~--~,-,--T~-~:----+---+-~
rooms in order of seniority. Students already '
''
staying in a room will move if they get a room
· in their preferred list. Preferences of lower ranked o
applicants are ig11ored during allocation. 0 25 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time (min)
Given the data below, which room will Ajit stay in?
Which of the following statements are correct?
Room
Student Current (i) The elevator never moves directly from any
Names Seniority preference
room
list non-ground floor to another non-ground floor
Amar 1 p R,S,Q over the one hour period.
Akbar 2 None R,S (ii) The elevator stays on the fourth floor for the
Anthony 3 Q p longest duration over the one hour period.
Ajit 4 s Q,P, R (a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii)
(c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii)
(a) p (b) Q [CE, IN 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(c) R (d) S
193. Budhan covers a distance of i9 km in 2 hours ;I
[CE 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)] by cycling one fourth of the time and walking the
189. The last digit of (2i7i) 7 + (2172) 9 + (2173) 11 + rest. The next day he cycles (at the same speed
(2174) 13 is as before) for half the time and walks the rest ( at
(a) 2 (b) 4 the same speed as before) and covers 26 km in
(c) 6 (d) 8 2 hours. The speed in km/h at which Budhan
walks is
[CE 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
(a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
190. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability
[CE, IN 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
that the product of the numbers appearing on the
top faces of the dice is a perfect square is 194. A map shows the elevations of Darjeeling.
Gangtok, Kalimpong, Pelling and Siliguri.
1 2
(a) ·-- (b) - Kalimpong is at a lower elevation than Gangtok.
9 9
Pelling is at a lower elevation than Gangtok.
1 4 Pelling is at a higher elevation than Siliguri.
(c) (d) - Darjeeling is at a higher elevation than Gangtok.
3 9
Which of the following statements can be inferred
[CE, IN 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
from the paragraph above?
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 267

(i) Pelling is at a higher elevation that Kalimpong. (a) 120 (b) 144
(ii) Kalimpong is at a lower elevation than (c) 160 (d) 212
Darjeeling. [EC 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1)]
(iii) Kalimpong is at a higher elevation thc;l.n Siliguri.
199. Trucks (10 rn long) and cars (5 m long) go on a
(iv) Siliguri is at a lower elevation than Gangtok.
single lane bridge. There must be a gap of at least
(a) Only (ii) (b) Only (ii) and (iii)
20 m after each truck and a gap of at least 15 m
(c) Only (ii) and (iv) (d) Only (iii) and (iv)
after each car. Trucks and cars travel at a speed
[CE, IN 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
of 36 km/h. If cars and trucks go alternately. What
195. P, Q, R, S, T and U are seated around a circular is the maximum number of vehicles that can use
table. R is seated two places to the right of 0, the bridqe in one hour?
Pis seated three places to the left R. Sis seated (a) 1440 (b) 1200
opposite U. If P and U now switch seats, which (c) 720 (d) 600
of the following must necessarily be true? [EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-i)]
(a) P is immediately to the right of R
200. A contour line joins locations having the same
(b) Tis immediately to the left of P
height above the mean sea level. The following is
(c) T is immediately to the left of P or P is
a contour plot of a geographical region. Contour
immediately to the right of Q
lines are shown at 25 m intervals in this plot.
(d) U is immediately to the right of R or P is
immediately to the left of T
[CE, IN 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

196. In the summer, water consumption is known to

decrease overall by 25%. A Water Board official
states that in the summer household consumption
decreases by 20%, while other consumption
increases by 70%.
Wh'rc;horrne-fotrow1ngsratement 1s correctr--- ne pam-~fromPToTI IS best described by
(a) The ratio of household to other consumption (a) Up-Down-Up-Down
is 8/17. (b) Down-Up-Down-Up
(b) The ratio of household to other consumption (c) Down-Up-Down
is 1/17. (d) Up-Down-Up
(c) The ratio of household lu ult1er com;urnption [EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-i)j
is17/8.
(d) There are errors in the official's statement. 201. There are 3 Indians and 3 Chinese in a group of
[EC 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1)] 6 people. How many subgroups of this group can
we choose so that every subgroup has at least
197. Some tables are shelves. Some shelves are chairs.
one Indian?
All chairs are benches. Which of the following
(a) 56 (b) 52
conclusions can be deduced from the preceding
(c) 48 (d) 44
sentences?
[EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
(i) At least one bench is a table
(ii) At least one shelf is a bench 202. S, T, U, V, W, X. Y and Z are seated around a
(iii) At least one chair is a table circular table. T's neighbours are Y and V. Z is
(iv) All benches are chairs seated third to the left of T and second to the
(a) only (i) (b) only (ii) right of S. U's neighbours are Sand Y; and T and
(c) only (ii) and (iii) (d) only (iv)
Ware not seated opposite each other. Who is third
[EC 2017, 1 Mark(Set-1)]
to the left of V?
198. 40% of deaths on city roads may be attributed to (a) X (b) vV
drunken driving. The number of degrees needed fr-\
\V/ V
II (d) T
to represent this as a slice of a pie chart is [EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
268 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS'!::1

203. A rule states that in order to drink beer, one Which of the following is the steepest path leaving
must be over i8 years old. In a bar there are from P?
4 people. Pis 16 years old, Q is 25 years old, (a) Pto Q (b) Pto R
Ris drinking milkshake and Sis drinking a beer. (c) Pto S (d) Pto T
What must be checked to ensure that the rule [EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
is being followed?
207. 1200 men and 500 women can build a bridge
(a) Only P's drink
in 2 weeks, 900 men and 250 women will take
(b) Only P's drink and S's age 3 weeks to build the same bridge. How many
(c) Only S's age men will be needed to build the bridge in one
(d) Only P's drink. Q's drink and S's age week?
[EC 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)] (a) 3000 (b) 3300
(c) 3600 (d) 3900
204. Fatima starts from point P, goes North for 3 km
[EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
and then East for 4 km to reach point 0. She
then turns to face point P and goes 15 km in 208. Each of P, 0. R. S, W, X, Y and Z has been
that direction. She then goes North for 6 km. married at most once. X and Y are married and
How far is she from point P and in which direction have two children P and 0. Z is the grandfather
should she go to reach point P? of the daughter S of P. Further, Z and W are
(a) 8 km, East (b) 12 km, North married and are parents of R. Which one of the l

(c) 6 km, East (d) 10 km, North following must necessarily be FALSE? I
[EC 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)] (a) Xis the mother-in-law of R I
1
(b) P and Rare not married to each other
205. 500 students are taking one or more courses out
of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.
(c) Pis a son of Xand Y tI
(d) 0 cannot be married to R i
Registration records indicate course enrolment
as follows: Chemistry (329), Physics ( 186),
Mathematics (295), Chemistry and Physics (83),
[EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

209. The number of 3-digit numbers such that the digit

i
1
j
Chemistry and Mathematics (217) and Physics 1 is never to the immediate right of 2 is
and Mathematics (63). How many students are (a) 781 (b) 79i
taking all 3 subjects? (c) 881 (d) 89i
(a) 37 (b) 43 [EC 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(c) 47 (d) 53 210. The probability that a k-digit number does NOT
[EC 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)] contain the digits 0, 5 or 9 is
(a) 0.3k (b) 0.6k
206. A contour line joins locations having the same
(c) 0.7'' (d) 0.9"
height above the mean sea level. The following
[EE, CS 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1)]
is a contour plot of a geographical region.
Contour lines are shown at 25 m intervals in 211. Find the smallest number ysuch that that y x 162
this plot. is a perfect cube.
(a) 24 (b) 27
(c) 32 (d) 36
[EE, CS 2017, 1 Mark (Set-1)]

212. Rahul, Murali, Srinivas and Arul are seated around

a square table. Rahul is sitting to the left of
Murali. Srinivas is sitting to the right of Arul.
Which of the following pairs are seated opposite
each other?
4 75 ---------- (a) Rahul and Murali
(b) Srinivas and Arul
0 2km
fflADE EASY ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 269

(c) Srinivas and Murali 217. There are 3 red socks, 4 green socks and 3 blue
(d) Srinivas and Rahul socks. You choose 2 socks. The probability that
[EE, CS 20i7, 1 Mark (SeH)] they are of the same colour is
(a) i/5 (b) 7/30
2i 3. A contour line joins locations having the s8me
(c) 1/4 (d) 4/15
height above the mean sea level. The following
[EE, CS 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
is a contour plot of a geographical region. Contour
lines are shown at 25 m intervals in this plot. If 218. There are five buildings called V, W. X, Y and Z
in a flood, the water level rises to 525 m, which in a row (not necessarily in that order). V is to
of the villages P, Q, R, S, T get submerged? the West of W. Z is to the East of X and the West
of V. W is to the West of Y. Which is the building
in the middle?
(a) V (b) W
(c) X (d) y
[EE, CS 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)]

219. A test has twenty questions worth 100 marks in

total. There are two types of questions. Multiple
(a) P, Q (b) P, Q, T
choice questions are worth 3 marks each and
(c) R, S, T (d) 0, R, S
essay questions are worth 1 i marks each. How
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)] many multiple choice questions do the exam
have?
(x+ y)-jx- yj (a) 12 (b) 15
214. The expression is equal to
2 (c) 18 (d) 19
(a) the maximum of x and y [EE, CS 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
(b) the minimum of x and y
(c) 1
220. The number of roots of er + 0.5x 2 - 2 =0 in the
range [-5~5) Is
(d) none of the above
(a) O (b) 1
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
(c) 2 (d) 3
215. Arun, Guiab, Neel and Shweta must choose one [EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
shirt each from a pile of four shirts coloured red,
pink, blue and white rospoctivoly. Arun dislikes 221. An 8ir pressure contour line joins locations in a
the colour red and Shweta dislikes the colour region having the same atmospheric pressure.
white. Guiab and Neel like all the colours. In how The following is an air pressure contour plot of
many different ways can they choose the shirts a geographical region. Contour lines are shown
so that no one has a shirt with a colour he or she at 0.05 bar intervals in this plot.
dislikes?
(a) 21 (b) 18
(c) 16 (d) 14
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]

216. Six people are seated around a circular table.

There are at least two men and two women. There
are at least three right-handed persons. Every
woman has a left-handed person to her immediate
right. None of the women are right-handed. The '--0.8
number of women at the table is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) Cannot be determined
If the possibility of a thunderstorm is given by
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)] how fast air pressure rises or drops over a region,
270 ° Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::I

which of the following region is most likely to

have a thunderstorm?
(aj P (b)O
S has at least one car. Only one of P, 0 and R
is right. The number of cars owned by S is
(a)0 (b)1
I
i
J

l
(c) R (d) S (c) 3 (d) Cannot be determined
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)] [ME, 2017, i Mark (Set-1)]

It
222. Xis a 30 digit number starting with the digit 4 226. In a company with iOO employees, 45 earn Rs.
followed by the digit 7. Then the number X3 will 20000 per month, 25 earn Rs. 30000, 20 earn Rs.
have 40000, 8 earn Rs. 60000, and 2 earn Rs. 150000.
(a) 90 digits (b) 91 digits The median of the salaries is I
(c) 92 digits (d) 93 digits
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(aj Rs.20000
(c) Rs. 32300
(b) Rs.30000
(d) Rs. 40000 I
,,
223. There are three boxes. One contains apples,
another contains oranges and the last one contains
[ME, 2017, 1 Mark(Set-1)]
ll
227. What is the sum of the missing digits in the
both apples and oranges. All three are known to subtraction problem below? l
be incorrectly labelled. If you are permitted to I
open just one box and then pull out and inspect
5......... .. l
-48 89
only one fruit, which box would you open to
1i1i
determine the contents of all three boxes?
(a) 8 (b) 10
(a) The box labelled 'Apples'
(c) 11 (d) Cannot be determined
(b) The box labelled 'Apples and Oranges'
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
(c) The box labelled 'Oranges'
(d) Cannot be determined
[EE, CS 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
228. Let S1 be the plane figure consting of the points

(x, y) given by the inequalities jx - 1j : : ; 2 and

I
ii
224. A right-angled cone (with base radius 5 cm and
height 12 cm), as shown in the figure below, is jy + 21::::: 3. Let S 2 be the plane figure given by i
rolled on the ground keeping the point P fixed
the inequalities x - y:::: - 2, y:::: i, and x s 3.
until the point O (at the base of the cone, as
Let S be the union of S1 and S2 . The area of S
shown) touches the ground again.
is
(a) 26 (b) 28
360 deg. (.__ ?
(c) 32 (d) 34 J
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)]

229. Here, throughout the early 1820s, Stuart continued

It
' ._-. . --"'1----J?}_
<rn to fight his losing battle to allow his sepoys to
Q p Ground
year their caste-marks and their own choice of
facial hair on parade, being again reprimanded
By what angle (in radians) about P does the by the commander-in-chief. His retort that A
cone travel? stronger instance than this of European prejudice
5n 5n with relation to this country has never come under
(a) i 2 (b) 24
my observations had no effect on his superiors.
24n iOn According to this paragraph, which of the
(c) 5 (d) 13
statements below is most accurate?
[ME, 2017, 1 Mark(Set-1)]
(a) Stuart's commander-in-chief was moved by
225. P, 0, and R talk about S's car collection, P states this demonstration of his prejudice.
that S has at !east 3 cars. 0 believes that S has (b) The Europeans were accommondating of the
less than 3 cars, R indicates that to his knowledge. sepoys desire to were their caste-marks
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 271

(c) Stuart's losing battle refers to his inability to (a) O (b) 1

succeed in enabling sepoys to wear caste- (c) 2 (d) cannot be determined
marks. [ME, 2017, 1 Mark {Set-2)]
(d) The commander-in-chief was exempt frorn lhe
233. A couple has 2 children. The probability that both
European prejudice that dictated how the
children are boys if the older one is a boy is
sepoys were to d r~ss
(a) i/4 (b) 1/3
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
(c) 1/2 (d) 1
30. The growth of bacteria (lactobacillus) in milk leads [ME, 20i 7, 1 Mark {Set-2)]
to curd formation. A minimum bacterial population 234. All people in a certain island are either 'Knights'
density of 0.8 (in suitable) is needed to form or 'Knaves' and each person knows every other
curd. In the graph below, the population density person's identity. Knights NEVER lie, and knaves
of lactobacillus in i litre of milk is plotted as a ALWAYS lie.
function of time, at two different temperature, P says 'Both of us are knight'. Q says 'None of
25°C and 37°C. us are knaves'
Which one of the following can be logically inferred
1.0 :=Et-t:r I
......
from the above?
0 .9 "-H -al- 3 °C 1
., <'..I _r.,
,,_,
(a) Both P and Oare knights
0.8 c:__µ -Br I ~5°C ,_, ,, (b) Pis a knight; Q is a knave
i--~=4---~---l-+-+-M+--+---1
J
.,.,, -,-- -'--
C' 0. 7 '-"--~- ',-l--+-+-l--+n"'1-+-l-hn4--l---+-+-+--l-+--l--1
IL II
I
--t-- ...... ' (c) Both P and Oare knaves
-~ 0. 6 1-+--+-+-+.....,__,__,~ll.,_-+-➔
(j) /
(
j
(d) The identities of P, Q cannot be determined
v 0. 5 l-+---+--l--l-+--+-.JJ-"1-+--.\---1-+-l+-+--l-----+-+-1-+--!-+-l
I..J.
c
_£'.J 0 .4
,
l-l--+-+-1-+--+..J.-l+-+-i--
1

t-- ll'-
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
:::, ,
0 0. 3 l-+----+-+-1-+---'.,.,<-+--+-+---<--<-A--+-+-+--+---+---1-+--+-
l' 235. There are 4 women P, 0, R, Sand 5 men V, W,
o.. 0 .2 l-!--e-+-!_,._,,(-1-J-f--+--h,-,A-+-4-+-+-f--l---'--+-!-t-J
ILJ iVJ X, Y, Z in a group. We are required to form pairs
0 .1 "'
l-l---l--1---IL..,i:n:./------1,..~
each consisting of one woman and one man. P
~ r a. . ~H:fi::t:t=t=tt1ttttt::t=1::::i-- is not to be paired with Z, and Y must necessarily
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 be paired with someone. In how many ways can
Time (min)
4 such pairs be formed?
(a) 74 (b) 76
Consider the following statements based on
(c) 78 (d) 80
thA data shown above:
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(i) The growth in bacterial population stops earlier
at 37°C as compared to 25°C 236. In the graph below, the concentration of a
(ii) The time taken for curd formation at 25°C is particular pollutant in a lake is plotted over
twice the time taken at 37°C (alternate) days of a month in winter (average
Which one of the following option is correct? temperature i 0°C) and a month in summer
(a) only i (b) only ii (average temperature 30°C)
11 r!
(c) both i and ii (d) neither i nor ii
I I I I I I I I I I I I i I
i \
I
' i J ' -¢-

~~
i I
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-1)] 10 -El-- Winter
' !~ II / ..

3 i. If a and b are integers and a - bis even, which

[ 9 --e- Summer
l,/ i ...

-9: 8 ! '
of the following must always be even? C
,g 7 f-
i
' /1 ,µ i:J-i;f
(a)ab (b)a 2 +b2 +1
[::
1: 6
I-
I vrr
(!)

( C) a2 +b+1 (d) ab - b g 5 - I!
[ME, 2017, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
0
u 4
~

,r ,.
c V
ill 3

~~~vr
2
32. P looks at Q while Q looks at R, P is married, ~ 2 I-,~
R is not. The number of pairs of peopte in which ~r
P.,:r r . -
0
a married person is looking at an unmarried person L-J~LiJ___L_l__J_ I
LJ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
is
Day of the month
272 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!:j

Consider the following statements based on the

data shown above: To p T
(i) Over the given month, the difference between
25 2 32.4
the maximum and the minimum pollutant
30 5 42.0
concentrations is the same in both winter and (a) 0.8 (b) 1.0
summer. (c) 2.0 (d) 10.0
(ii) There are at least four days in the summer [CE, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-1)]
month such that the pollutant concentrations
240. Tower A is 90 m tall and tower B is 140 m tall.
on those days are within 1 ppm of the pollutant
They are 100 m apart. A horizontal skywalk
concentrations on the corresponding days in connects the floors at 70 m in both the towers.
the winter month. If a taut rope connects the top of tower A to the
Which one of the following option is correct? bottom of tower B, at what distance (in meters)
(a) only i (b) only ii from tower A will the rope intersect the skywalk?
(c) both i and ii (d) Neither i nor ii [CE, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-1)]
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
241. Hema's age is 5 years more than twice Hari's age.
237. X bullocks and Y tractors take 8 days to plough Suresh's age is 13 years less than 10 times Hari's
a field. If we halve the number of bullocks and age. If Suresh is 3 times as old as Hema. How
double the number of tractors, it takes 5 days old is Hema?
(a) 14 (b) 17
to plough the same field. How many days will it
(c) 18 (d) 19
take X bullocks alone to plough the field?
[CE, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
(a) 30 (b) 35
(c) 40 (d) 45 242. Consider a sequence of number a 1 , a2 , a3 , .... , ·

[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

1 1
an where an = - - - - , for each integer n > 0.
238. If you are looking for a history of India, or for an n n+ 2
account of the rise and fall of the British Raj, or What is the sum of the first 50 terms?
for the reason of the cleaving of the subcontinent
into two mutually antagonistic parts and the effects
(a) (1+ 2)-
2
_1
50
this mutilation will have in the respective sections,
and ultimately on Asia, you will not find it in these (b)(1t:1)+ 5~
pages; for though I have spent a lifetime in the
country, I lived too near the seat of events, and (c) (1+2)-(2+-
2
1
51 52
)
was too intimately associated with the actors, to
get the per3pective needed for the impartial (d) 1-(251 _1)
+
52
recording of these matters."
[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-i )]
Which of the following is ciosest in meaning to
'cleaving'? 243. A fruit seller sold a basket of fruits at 12.5% loss

(a) deteriorating Had he sold it for Rs. i08 more, he would have
(b) arguing
made a i 0% gain. What is the loss in Rupees
(c) departing (d) splitting
incurred by the fruit seller?
[ME, 2017, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(a) 48 (b) 52
239. The temperature Tin a room varies as a function (c) 60 (d) 108
of the outside temperature T0 and the number of [CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
persons in the room p, according to the relation 244. Each of the letters arranged as below represents
T = K(0p + T0 ), where 0 is Kare constants. What a unique from 1 to 9. The letters are positioned
would be the value of 0 given the following data? in the figure such that (A x B x C), (B x G x E)
 e Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 273

and (D x E x F) are equal. Which integer among (a) 3 (b) 1

the following choices cannot be represented by (c) O (d) -1
the letters A, B, C, D, E, F or G? [CE, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-2))

E
249. a+ a+ a+ ... + a= a2b and
F
ntimes
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 9 b+ b+ b+ ... + b = ab2, where a, b, n and m
[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1)] mtimes

245. The price of a wire made of a superalloy material are natural numbers. What is the value of
is proportional to the square of its length. I he
price of IO m length of the wire is Rs. 1600. What (
m+ m+ m+ ... + m)(n + n+ n+ ... + n)?
nt1mes mt1mes
would be the total price (in Rs.) of two wires of
(a) 2cib2 (b) Eftf
lengths 4 m and 6 m?
(c) ab(a + b) (d) a2 + b 2
(a) 768 (b) 832
[CE, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
(c) 1440 (d) 1600
[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1)] 250. In manufacturing industries, loss is usually taken
to be proportional to the square of the deviation
246. What of the following function(s) in an accurate
from a target. If the loss is Rs. 4900 for a deviation
description of the graph for tr,e range(s) indicated?
of 7 units, what would be the loss in Rupees for
a deviation of 4 units from the target?
: : y : :
I I l
----r---r---1--j ----r---r---1---
l I l
(a) 400 (b) 1200
1 ! I ! I I
I ! I ! I I (c) 1600 (d) 2800
----1----L--- --- ----1----L----l.---
: : I 2 : [ : [CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
I I
____ 1____ L_ _ lI ____ ____ 1I __ _
I I

l I I I
I I
I
I
I
251. Each of the letters in the figure below represents
- :

I
1

I
=1r-- ~~---
I I I I
X
a unique integer from 1 to 9. The letters are
----~- -~---+--- ----~---~---+---
: : : -1 : : : positioned in the figure such that each of
I J I l I I
--- ---L---~--- ----L---L---~--- (A+B+C), (C+D+E), (E+F+G) and (G+H+K) is
:t :I -2 :I :I :t
----:----: ---:--- ----: ---: --- :--- equal to 13. Which integer does E represent?
: : : -3 : :
l I I I

(a) y = 2x + 4 for -3 s x s - 1 IA B C
D
(b) y = Ix - 1I for - 1 s x s 2
E F G
(c) y = x 1I for -1 s x s 2
11 I - H
K
(d) y = i for 2 s x s 3 -
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) only (a) 1 (b) 4
(c) (i) and (iv) only (d) (ii) and (iv) only (c) 6 (d) 7
[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1 )] [CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
247. A three-member committee has to be formed 252. The annual average rainfall in a tropical city is
from a group of 9 people. How many such distinct 1000 mm. On a particular rainy day
committees can be formed? (24-hour period), the cumulative rainfall
(a) 27 (b) 72 experienced by the city is shown in the graph.
(c) 81 (d) 84 Over the 24-hour period. 50% of the rainfall falling
[CE, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-2)] on a rooftop, which had an obstruction-free area
of 50 m 2 , was harvested into a tank. What is the
248. For non-negative integers, a, b, c, what would be
total volume of water collected in the tank in
the value of a + b + c if log a + log b + log
liters?
c == 0?
27 4 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSl!:B

400 ~ ~ , - ~ ~ ~ - - - ~ - (a) nd (b) nd 2

't I I I t l I
~ 350 ----,----1----+----;----1----.----+--- 1
E
E
l : : : : : : (c) 2nd 2 (d) nd
__, 3QQ
:::::
I

I
I

I
I

I
I
----:----~---t---~----:----
I
l

I
l

I
I
I
1
4 2
(G I I l I I I I

£ro 250 ----:----~---+---"i----:-- -~---1---

I I I I I I
[CS, 2018, 1 Mark]
'- I I I I I I

~
•-
zoo ----:----~---+---
I l l
l
l 1
---~---{---
1 I
SQ : : : : : : : 1 i 1
:::i 150 ----1----1----+- --;----1----1----+---
E : : : : : : :
258. In pqr t:- O and p-' = - , q-·Y = - , r 2 = -p, what
:J I I I I I I I q r
() 100 ----:----~--- l ---~----:----~---1---
I I I I I l I
I I I I I I is the value of the product xyz?
50 ---~- -~---t---~----~---~---f---
1 l l I I t
I I I l l 1
I l I l I I
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 (a) -1 (b) pqr
Hours
(a) 25,000 (b) 18,750 (c) 1 (d) pqr

(c) 7,500 (d)3,125 [CS, 2018, 2 Marks]

[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)] 259. In appreciation of the social improvements
completed in a town, a wealthy philanthropist
253. Given that ~gP = logO = logR = 1 O for decided to gift Rs 750 to each male senior citizen
y-z z-x x-y in the town and Rs 1000 to each female senior

x*y * z, what is the value of the product POR? citizen. Altogether, there were 300 senior citizens
eligible for this gift. However, only 8/9 th of the
(a)0 (b)1
eligible men and 2/3 rd of the eligible women
(c) xyz (d) rnxyz
claimed the gift. How much money (in Rupees)
[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
did the philanthropist give away in total?
254. A faulty wall clock is known to gain 15 minutes (a) i ,50,000 (b) 2,00,000
every 24 hours. It is synchronized to the correct (c) 1,75,000 (d) 1,51,000
time at 9 AM on 11 th July. What will be the correct [CS, 2018, 2 Marks]
time to the nearest minute when the clock shows
260. In the figure below, LDEC + LBFC is equal to
2 PM on 15th July of the same year?
(a) 12:45PM (b) 12:58PM
(c) 1:00 PM (d) 2:00 PM E
[CE, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

255. What is the missing number in the following

sequence? 01--___:,,_:c:_
F
2, 12, 60,240,720, 1440, _ _ _ , 0
(a) 2880 (b) 1440 8
(c) 720 (d) 0
[CS, 2018, 1 Mark]

256. What would be the smallest natural number which (a) LBCD - L'.BAD (b) LBAD + LBCF
when divided either by 20 or by 42 or by 76 (c) LBAD + L'.BCD (d) LCBA + LADC
leaves a remainder of 7 in each case? [CS, 2018, 2 Marks]
(a) 3047 (b) 6047
261. A six sided unbiased die with four green faces
(c) 7987 (d) 63847 and two red faces is rolled seven times. Which
[CS, 2018, 1 Mark] of the following combinations is the most likely
257. The area of a square is d. What is the area of outcome of the experiment?
the circle which has the diagonal of the square (a) Three green faces and four red faces.
as its diameter? (b) Four green faces and three red faces.
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 275

(c) Five green faces and two red faces. which offers 10% annual rate of interest, if the
(d) Six green faces and one red face. interest was compounded annually?
[CS, 2018, 2 Marks] (a) 5,00,000 (b) 6,21,000
(c) 6,66,667 (d) 7,50,000
~62. In a party, 60% of the invited gu0sts are male
[EC, 2018, 2 Marks]
and 40% are female. If 80% of the invited guests
attended the party a~d if all the invited female 268. A cab was involved in a hit and run accident at
guests attended, what would be the ratio of males night You are given the following data about the
to females among the attendees in the party? cabs in the city and the accident.
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 (i) 85% of cabs in the city are green and the
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 remaining cabs are blue.
[CS, 2018, 2 Marks] (ii) A witness identified the cab involved in the
accident as blue.
. 1 1 1 1 (iii) It is known that a witness can correctly identify
~63. What Is the value of 1+ - + - + - +- + .... ?
4 16 64 256 the cab colour only 80% of the time.
Which of the following options is closest to the
7
(a) 2 (b) 4 probability that the accident was caused by a
blue cab?
3 4 (a) 12% (b) 15%
(c) -
2
(d) 3
(c) 41% (d) 80%
[EC, 2018, 1 Mark] [EC, 2018, 2 Marks]

~64. A 1.5 m in tall person is standing at a distance 269. A coastal region with unparalleled beauty is home
of 3 m from a lamp post. The light from the lamp to many species of animals. It is dotted with coral
at the top of the post casts her shadow. The reefs and unspoilt white sandy beaches. It has
length of the shadow is twice her height. What remained inaccessible to tourists due to poor
_ _ _-.:i-=-s---=t_:_:_he::.___:_h.:. .: e. .:. ,ig2-..~.:. .: 1t---=o~f:_-=-th:_:_e::. __:__:la: .:. .m:. :.ip=----i.: p_:: _o-=---st'-----'--'--in'-'---'-m=e~te~rs~?.~_______ --connectivLty.--@ncl-~-aGk--G-f---aGc0rRm0€1-a-tien;--/J,.-----
(a) 1.5 (b) 3 company has spotted the opportunity and is
(c) 4.5 (d) 6 planning to develop a luxury resort with helicopter
[EC, 2018, 1 Mark] service to the nearest major city airport.
Environmentalists are upset that this would lead
~65. If the number 715? 423 is divisible 3 (? denotes
to the region becoming crowded nnd polluted like
the missing digit in the thousandths place), then
any other major beach resorts.
the smallest whole number in the place of? is
Which one of the following statements can be
logically inferred from the information given in the
(a) O (b) 2
above paragraph?
(c) 5 (d) 6
(a) The culture and tradition of the local people
[EC, 20i 8, 1 Mark]
will be influenced by the tourists.
266. Two alloys A and B contain gold and copper in (b) The region will become crowded and polluted
the ratios of 2 : 3 and 3 : 7 by mass, respectively. due to tourism.
Equal masses of alloys A and B are melted to (c) The coral reefs are on the decline and could
make an alloy C. The ratio of gold to copper in soon vanish.
alloy C is _ _ (d) Helicopter connectivity would lead to an
(a) 5 : 10 (b) 7 : 13 increase in tourists coming to the region.
(c) 6 : 11 (d) 9 : 13 [EC, 2018, 2 Marks]
[EC, 2018, 2 Marks]
270. The Cricket Board has long recognized John's
267. Leila aspires to buy a car worth Rs., 0,00,000 potential as a leader of the team. However, his
after 5 years. What is the minimum amount in on-field Temper has always been a matter of
Rupees that she should deposit now in a bank concern for them since his junior days. While this
276 @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflROE ERS!::i

aggression has filled stadia with die-hard fans, 274. In a certain code AMCF is written as EOGJ and
it has taken a toll on his own batting. Until recently, NKUF is written as ROYJ. How will DHLP be
it appeared that he found it difficult to convert written in the code?
his aggression into big scores. Over the past (a) RSTN (b) TLPH
three seasons though, that picture of John has (c) HLPT (d) XSVR
been replaced by a cerebral, calculative and [EE, 2018, 2 Marks]
successful batsman-captain. After many years, 275. An e-mail password must contain three characters.
it appears that the team has finally found a The password has to contain one numeral from
complete captain. o to 9, one upper case and one lower case
Which of the following statements can be logically character from the English alphabet. How many
inferred from the above paragraph? distinct passwords are possible?
(i) Even as a junior cricketer, John was (a) 6,760 (b) i3,520
considered a good captain. (c) 40,560 (d) 1,05,456
(ii) Finding a complete captain is a challenge. [EE, 2018, 2 Marks]
(iii) Fans and the Cricket Board have differing
276. A designer uses marbles of four different colours
views on what they want in a captain.
for his designs. The cost of each marble is the
(iv) Over the past three seasons John has
same, irrespective of the colour. The table below
accumulated big scores.
shows the percentage of marbles of each colour
(a) (i). (ii) and (iii) only
used in the current design. The cost of each
(b) (iii) and (iv) only
marble increased by 25%. Therefore, the designer
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
decided to reduce equal numbers of marbles of
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (v) each colour to keep the total cost unchanged.
[EC, 2018, 2 Marks] What is the percentage of blue marbles in the
new design?
. (k+2) 2
271. For what values of k given below Is k- an
Yellow
3 Blue Black Red

integer? 40% 25%. 20% 15%

(a) 4, 8, 18 (b) 4, iO, 16
(a) 35.75 (b) 40.25
(c) 4, 8, 28 (d) 8, 26, 28
(c) 43.75 (d) 46.25
[EE, 2018, 1 Mark]
[EE, 2018, 2 Marks]
272. The three roots of the equation ~x) == O are
277. P, O, R and S crossed a lake in a boat that can
x == {-2, 0, 3). What are the three values of x for
hold a maximum of two persons, with only one
which f(x - 3) = 0?
set of oars. The following additional facts are
(a) -5, -3, 0 (b) -2, 0, 3 available
(c) 0, 6, 8 (d) 1, 3, 6 (i) The boat held two persons on each of the three
[EE, 2018, 1 Mark] forward trips across lake and one person on
273. Functions. F(a, b) and G(a, b) are defined as each of the two return trips.
follows: (ii) P is unable to row when someone else is in
the boat.
F(a, b) == (a -- b) 2 and G(a, b) = la-tj, where
(iii) Q is unable to row with anyone else except R.
(iv) Each person rowed for at least one trip.
lxl represents the absolute value of x. What would (v) Only one person can row during a trip.
be the value of G(F(i, 3), G(1, 3))? Who rowed twice?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) P (b) 0
(c) 6 (d) 36 (c) R (d) S
[EE, 2018, 1 Mark] [EE, 2018, 2 Marks]
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 277

278. A class of twelve children has two more boys 283. In a detailed study of annual crow births in India,
than girls. A group of three children are randomly it was found that there was relatively no growth
picked from this class to accompany the teacher during the period 2002 to 2004 and a sudden
on a field trip. What is the probability that the spike from 2004 to 2005. In another unrelated
group accompanying the teacher contains more study, it was found that the revenue from cracker
girls than boys? sales in India which remained fairly flat from 2002
to 2004, saw a sudden spike in 2005 before
325
(a) O (b) 864 declining again in 2006. The solid line in the
graph below refers to annual sale of crackers and
525 5 the dashed line refers to the annual crow births
(c) 864 (d) 12 in India. Choose the most appropriate inference
from the above data.
[EE, 2018, 2 Marks]
(\J
~ ~ . ~ , - ,- ,- ,- ,- ,~ )>
279. For O:S:x::::: 2n, sinx and cosx are both decreasing - .I. - -!- - "- - -1 - - I- - -I - - 1- - s
_!;; C
functions in the interval _ __ ~ - ~
<l)
:,,::
(.)
~
(.)

i,-,rc ' -= r I ! ! I ! :::i

(d) l,'.?2L' 2n) ~-;--:--;--;--:--;I ~

C
<l'. 2001 2003 2005 2007
[IN, 2018, 1 Mark] (a) There is a strong correlation between crow

280. Arrange the following three-dimensional objects birth and cracker sales.
(b) Cracker usage increases crow birth rate.
in the descending order of their volumes:
(i) A cuboid with dimensions iO cm, 8 cm and (c) If cracker sale declines, crow birth will decline.

6 cm (d)-·trrcreasect·btrth-ratcot~TOws-wrll'~-ause-an
(ii) A cube of side 8 cm increase in the sale of crackers.
(iii) A cylinder with base radius 7 cm and height [IN, 2018, 2 Marks]
7 cm
(iv) A sphere of radius 7 .cm 284. If x 2 + x - 1 = 0 what is the value of x +~?
4
(a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (b) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii) X

(c) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv) (d) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i) (a) 1 (b) 5
[IN, 2018, 1 Mark] (c) 7 (d) 9
[IN, 2018, 2 Marks]
281. The area of an equilateral triangle is ✓3. What
is the perimeter of the triangle? 285. To pass a test, a candidate needs or answer at
(a) 2 (b) 4 least 2 out of 3 questions correctly. A total of
(c) 6 (d) 8 6,30,000 candidates appeared for the test.
[IN, 2018, 1 Mark] Question A was correctly answered by 3,30,000
candidates. Question B was answered correctly
282. An automobile travels from city A to city B and
by 2,50,000 candidates. Question Cwas answered
returns to city A by the same route. The speed
correctly by 2,60,000 candidates. Both questions
of the vehicle during the onward and return
A and B were answered correctly by 1,00,000
journeys were constant at 60 km/h and 90 km/h,
candidates. Both questions B and C were
respectively. What is the average speed in km/h
answered correctly by 90,000 candidates. Both
for the entire journey?
questions A and C were answered correctly by
(a) 72 (b) 73
80,000 candidates. If the number of students
(c) 74 (d) 75
[IN, 2018, 2 Marks] answering all questions correctly is the same as
278 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

the number answering none, how many candidates Which of the following statements can be logically
failed to clear the test? inferred from the above statements?
(a) 30,000 (b) 2,70,000 (a) If (i) is true and (ii) is false, then (iii) is false.
(c) 3,90,000 (d) 4,20,000
[IN, 2018, 2 Marks]
(b) If (i) is true and (ii) is false, then (iii) is true.
(c) If (i) and (ii) are true, then (iii) is true.
iI
286. A set of 4 parallel lines intersect with another set
(d) If (i) and (ii) are false, then (iii) is false. I
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1 )]
of 5 parallel lines. How many parallelograms are
formed?
(a) 20
(c) 60
(b) 48
(d) 72
292. Which of the following functions describe the
graph shown in the below figure.
II
[IN, 2018, 2 Marks] : : : y : : :
--t---:---i--3 ---i---t---:--- t!
- - : - - -:- - - : - - - -- : - - :- - -: - -
1 I I I I I

287. A rectangle becomes a square when its length

'
I '
I
and breadth are reduced by 10 m and 5 m,
respectively. during this process, the rectangle
loses 650 m 2 of area. What is the area of the
1

1
l
--i---:--- !-=1
!
I

I
---!
!

I
1 l
--;---i--
! f
___ ! _ _ _ _ _ _ ! _ _ _ _ _ I __ 1 ___ 1 __
I!
I
original rectangle in square meters? : :-2 : : :l
I I I I
--j--7---r-- ---,--~---1--
(a) 1125 (b) 2250 : : :-3 : : :
(c) 2924 (d) 4500
[ME, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-1)]

288. A number consists of two digits. The sum of the

(a) y = 11 x I+ 11- 2 (b) y = II x I -11- 1 II
(c) y=llxl+1l-1 (d) y=llx-11-11
digits is 9. If 45 is subtracted from the number, II
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
its digits are interchanged. What is the number? 'i
(a) 63 (b) 72 293. For integers a, b and c, what would be the i
(c) 81 (d) 90
[ME, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-1 )]
minimum and maximum values respectively of a
+ b + c it log la I + log lb I + log le I = O
I
(a) -3 and 3 (b) -1 and 1
289. Seven machines take 7 minutes to make 7
(c) -1 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
identical toys. At the same rate, how many
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
minutes would it take for 100 machines to make
100 toys? 294. From the time the front of a train enters a platform,
(a) 1 (b) 7 it takes 25 seconds for the back of the train to
(c) 100 (d) 700 leave the platform, while travelling at a constant
[ME, 2018, 1 Mark(Set-1)] speed of 54 km/h. At the same speed, it takes
14 seconds to pass a man running at 9 km/h in
290. Given tha; a and bare integers and a+ a 2b 3 is the same direction as the train. What is the length
odd, which one of the following statements is of the train and that of the platform in meters,
correct? respectively?
(a) a and b are both odd (a) 210 and 140 (b) 162.5 and 187.5
(b) a and bare both even (c) 245 and 130 (d) 175 and 200
(c). a is even and b is odd [ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
(d) a is odd and b is even
295. Find the missing group of letters in the following
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-1)]
series:
291. Consider the following three statements: BC, FGH, LMNO, _ _
(i) Some roses are red (a) UWVXY (b) TUVWX
(ii) All red flowers fade quickly. (c) STUWV (d) RSTUV
(iii) Some roses fade quickly [ME, 2018, i Mark (Set-2)]
 111 Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 279

J.96. The perimeters of a circle, a square and an (a) 50 (b) 89

equilateral triangle are equal. Which one of the (c) 146 (d) 175
following statements is true? [ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
(a) The circle has the largest area
300. Forty students watched films, A, B and C over
(b) The square has the largest area
a week. Each student watched either only one
(c) The equilateral triangle has the largest area
film or all three. Thirteen students watched film
(d) All the three shapes have the same area
A, sixteen students watched film B and nineteen
[ME, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
students watched film C. How many students
rn7. The value of the expression watched all three films?
(a) 0 (h)?
1 1
----+----+---- is (c) 4 (d) 8
1+ logu vw 1 + logv WU 1 + logw UV
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]

301. A wire would enclose an area of 1936 m 2, if it is

(a) -1 (b) O
bent into a square. The wire is cut into two pieces.
(c) 1 (d) 3
The longer piece is thrice as long as the shorter
[ME, 2018, 1 Mark (Set-2)]
piece. The long and the short pieces are bent into
~98. An unbiased coin is tossed six times in a row a square and a circle, respectively. Which of the
and four different such trials are conducted. One following choices is closest to the sum of the
trial implies six tosses of the coin. If H stands areas enclosed by the two pieces in square
for head and T stands for tail, the following are meters?
the observations from the four trials: (a) 1096 1b) 11, 1
(1) HTHTHT (2) TTHHHT (3) HTTHHT (4) HHHT _ (c) 1243 (d) 2486
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2))
Which statement describing the last two coin
302. A house has a number which needs to be
--~tos_s_e~D1theJorn:tbJrLaLbastbahighest-ProbabilHV-------c---.,----------'----'-'--'-...:.c.__:__------'---=----"'-=----------
identified. The following three statements are given
of being correct?
that can help in identifying the house number.
(a) Two Twill occur
1. If the house number is a multiple of 3, then
(b) One H and one T will occur it is a number from 50 to 5 9 _
(c) Two H will occur
2. If the house number is NOT a multiple of 4,
(d) One H will be followed by one T
then it is a number from 60 to 69.
[ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
3. If the house number is NOT a multiple of 6,
'.99. A contract is to be completed in 52 days and 125 then it is a number from 70 to 79.
identical robots were employed, each operational Which is the house number?
for 7 hours a day. After 39 days, five-seventh of (a) 54 (b) 65
the work was completed. How many additional ~oo ~)m
robots would be required to complete the work [ME, 2018, 2 Marks (Set-2)]
on time, if each robot is now operational for
8 hours a day? iHl!llllllllll

I
I
di
 1. (d) 52. (d) 103. (d) 154. (b) 205. (d) 256. (c)
2. (c) 53. (a) 104. (4536) 155. (a) 206. (b) 257. (d)
3. (d) 54. ( 16) 105. (d) 156. (d) 207. (c) 258. (c)
4. (b) 55. (d) 106. (a) 157. (b) 208. (b) 259. (b)
5. (b) 56. (b) 107. (c) 158. (d) 209. (c) 260. (a)
6. (b) 57. (d) 108. (c) 159. (b) 210. (c) 261. (c)
7. (d) 58. (4) 109. (b) 160. (b) 211. (d) 262. (b)
8. (a) 59. (20000) 110. (8) 161. (a) 212. (c) 263. (d)
9. (d) 60. (0.81) 111. (a) 162. (d) 213. (c) 264. (b)
10. (c) 61. (a) 112. (b) 163. (a) 214. (b) 265. (b)
11. (a) 62. (495) 113. (a) 164. (c) 215. (d) 266. (b)
12. (b) 63. (c) 114. (a) 165. (c) 216. (a) 267. (b)
13. (c) 64. (b) 115. (32) 166. (a) 217. (d) 268. (c)
14. (d) 65. (b) 116. (c) 167. (a) 218. (a) 269. (b)
15. (c) 66. (22) 117. (c) 168. (d) 219. (b) 270. (c)
16. (a) 67. (b) 118. (a) 169. (b) 220. (c) 271. (c)
17. (b) 68. (96) 119. (c) 170. (d) 221. (c) 272. (d)
18. (b) 69. (d) 120. (c) 171. (c) 222. (a) 273. (a)
19. (c) 70. (850) 121. (3) 172. (b) 223. (b) 274. (c)
20. (a) 71. (48) 122. (d) 173. (c) 224. (d) 275. (c)
21. (d) 72. (6) 123. (b) 174. (a) 225. (a) 276. (c)
22. (a) 73. (b) 124. (d) 175. (7) 226. (b) 277. (c)
23. (c) 74. (c) 125. (b) 176. (120) 227. (d) 278. (b)
24. (d) 75. (d) 126. (800) 177. (c) 228. (c) 279. (b)
25. (a) 76. (140) 127. (a) 178. (b) 229. (c) 280. (d)
26. (d) 77. (a) 128. (c) 179. (c) 230. (a) 281. (c)
27. (a) 78. (c) 129. (b) 180. (c) 231. (d) 282. (a)
28. (d) 79. (c) 130. (c) 181. (a) 232. (b) 283. (a)
29. (b) 80. (d) 131. (2.064) 182. (c) 233. (c) 284. (c)
30. (a) 81. (c) 132. (b) 183. (d) 234. (d) 285. (d)
31. (c) 82. (c) 133. (b) 184. (d) 235. (c) 286. (c)
32. (d) 83. (c) 134. (280) 185. (c) 236. (b) 287. (b)
33. (c) 84. (1300) 135. (c) 186. (a) 237. (a) 288. (b)
34. (b) 85. (d) 136. (b) 187. (c) 238. (d) 289. (b)
35. (b) 86. (b) 137. (c) 188. (b) 239. (b) 290. (d)
36. (c) 87. (180) 138. (a) 189. (b) 240. (22.22) 291. (c)
37. (c) 88. (d) 139. (c) 190. (b) 241. (d) 292. (b)
38. (d) 89. (b) 140. (c) 191. (b) 242. (c) 293. (a)
39. (b) 90. (25) 141. (d) 192. (d) 243. (c) 294. (d)
40. (a) 91. (a) 142. (c) 193. (d) 244. (b) 295. (b)
41. (a) 92. (a) 143. (c) 194. (c) 245. (b) 296. (a)
42. (16) 93. (d) 144. (c) 195. (c) 246. (b) 297. (c)
43. (d) 94. (c) 145. (b) 196. (d) 247. (d) 298. (b)
44. (b) 95. (0.4896) 146. (d) 197. (b) 248. (a) 299. (*)
45. (560) 96. (b) 147. (d) 198. (b) 249. (b) 300. (c)
46. (d) 97. (c) 148. (c) 199. (a) 250. (c) 301. (c)
47. (b) 98. (4.54) 149. (b) 200. (c) 251. (b) 302. (d)
48. (b) 99. (b) 150. (c) 201. (a) 252. (c)
49. (45) 100. (b) 151. (a) 202. (a) 253. (b)
50. (c) 101. (b) 152. (d) 203. (b) 254. (b)
51. (163) 102. (a) 153. (c) 204. (a) 255. (b)
fflRDE ERS!::l! 111 Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 281

1. (d)
(731)8
Using the set theory formula
n(A) : Number of people who play hockey= 15 +(672)8
n(B): Number of people who play football= 17 (1623)8
n (An B): Persons who play both hockey and
Hence the overall problem was based on
football = 10
identyfying base, which was 8, and adding
n (A u 8): Persons who play either hockey or
football or both number on base 8.
Using the formula 'J
w. (d)
n (Au B) == n(A) + n(B) - n(A n B) 1
Per day work or rate of 5 skilled workers=
n(AuB)= 15+ 17-10= 22 20
⇒ Per day work or rate of one skill worker
Thus people who play neither hockey nor football
1
= 25 22 = 3 =--=-
5x20 100
Alternative Method Similarly Per day work or rate of 8 semiskilled
i
Refer to Venn diagram given below: workers= -
25
⇒ Per day work or rate of one semi-skill worker

Football i 1
(17) =--=-
8 X 25 200
And per day work or rate of 10 unskilled workers

=
30
Neither hockey ⇒ Per day work or rate of one semi-skill worker
nor football
Both 1 1
(3) =---=
10x30 300
Thus total per day work of 2 skilled,
Number of people playing nither of the two 6 semiskilled and 5 unskilled workers
games is equal to 3.
= -2+ -6- +5- =
i2+18+10
2. (c) ----
! 00 200 300 600
137 + 276 =435
This an addition on base 8. 40 1
=-=-
600 i5
Hence, 73i + 672(8) = i623
Alternative Method Thus time to complete the work is i 5 days.
Alternative Method
7 and 6 added is becoming five means the
Let one day work of skilled semi-skilled and
given two numbers are added on base 8.
unskilled worker be a, b, c units respectively.
(137)8 Sa x 20 = 8b + 25 = 10c x 30 = Total unit of
+(276)8 work
1ooa = 200b = 300c
(435)8
a= 2b = 3c
Hence we have to add the another two given
a a
set of numbers also on base 8. ⇒ b = - and c =~
2 3
282 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

Given that 2 skilled, 6 semi-skilled and Total 4 digit numbers in case 1 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 6 + 3

5 unskilled workers are working. Let they finish + 3 + 3 + 1 = 25
the work in 'x' days.
Case (2) thousands digit is 4 ; Now other three
(2a + 6b + Sc )x = 5a + 20 digits may be any of 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4.
= Total units of work (a) Using 2, 2, 3 ⇒ 223, 232, 322

( 2a + 3a + ~a) x = Sa x
20 (~: = 3numbers are possible)
(b) Using 2, 2, 4 ⇒ 224, 242, 422
20a
- - x = Sax 20
3
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
x = 15 days
(c) Using 2, 3, 3 ⇒ 233, 323, 332
4. (b)
We have to make 4 digit numbers, so the ( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
number should be start with 3 or 4, two cases (d) Using 2, 3, 4 ⇒ 234, 243,324,342,
possible; 423,432
Case (1) thousands digit is 3
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
Now other three digits may be any of 2, 2, 3, 3,
4, 4, 4, 4. (e) Using 2, 4, 4 ⇒ 244, 424, 442
(a) Using 2, 2, 3
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
⇒ 223, 232, 322 -------

(f) Using 3, 3, 3 ⇒ 333

( ~; = 3 numbers are possible)
(~: = 1 number is possible)
(b) Using 2, 2, 4 ⇒ 224,242, 422
(g) Using 3, 3, 4 ⇒ 334, 343, 433
(~: = 3 numbers are possible)
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
(c) Using 2, 3, 3 ⇒ 233, 323, 332
(h) Using 3, 4, 4 ⇒ 344, 434, 443
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible) I
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
(d) Using 2, 3, 4 ⇒ 234,243, 324, 342,
(i) Using 4, 4, 4 ⇒ 444
423,432
(3! = 6 numbers are possible) (~: = 1 number is possible)
(e) Using 2, 4, 4 ⇒ 244, 424, 442
Total 4 digit numbers in case 2 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 6
+3+3
( ~: = 3 numbers are possible)
=1+ 3 + 1 = 26
(f) Using 3, 3, 4 ⇒ 334, 343, 433 Thus total 4 digits numbers using case (1) and
case (2)
(~: == 3 numbers are possible) = 25 + 26 = 51

(g) Using 3, 4, 4 ⇒ 344, 434, 443 * Alternative Method / Shortcut method

As the number is greater than 3000. So
(~: = 3 numbers are possible) thousand's place can be tiehr 3 or 4.
Let's consider the following two cases
(h) Using 4, 4, 4 ⇒ 444
Case (I) When thousand's place is 3.
(~: = i numbers are possible) .3 Q b Q
 fflADE ERSW ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 283

If there is no restricton on number of two's, ⇒ p = (Q)i/2 = (R)1l3 = K

three's and four's. Then each of a, b, c can be ⇒ P = K, 0 = K2 , R = K3 ... (i)
filled with 2 or 3 or 4 each in 3 ways. 2
Now, only option (B) 0 = PR satisfies
So 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 numbers are there. Out 02 = (f</)2 = K4 From ... (i)
of which 3222, 3333 are invalid as 2 can P.R = K * K = K
3 4 From ... (l)
be used twice & three thrice only so number Here, 02 = PR holds true
of such valid numbers begining with 3 are
27 - 2 = 25. ...(l) 7. (d)
Shortcut Method
Case (II) When thousand's place is 4
Every time if we take i litre of mixture out and
4 g .b .Q
replace with water, content of pure spifit will keeµ
Without restriction on number of 2's, 3's and 4's
a, b, c (as explained in case I) can be filled in
on reducing by i0%.
27ways. So, final quantity of spirit after 3 such operations
Out of these 27 numbers, 4 2 2 2 is only invalid are
as two have to be used twice only. 10 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 = 7.29 litres
So valid numbers are 27 - i = 26 .... (ii) Alternate Solution
Total numbers from Case(!) & Case(!!) 25 + 26 Quantity of spirit left after dh operation
= 51. fnttal quantity of spirit
5. (b)
Suppose: Hari's age : H, Gita's age : G,
Saira's age : S, lrfan's age ; I
• H +G >I+ S where 'a' is initrat quantity of pure spirrt and 'b' rs
• Using Statement (2) both G - S = i or quantity taken out and replaced every time.
S - G = i; G can't be oldest and S can't be Hence, quantity of spirit feft after 3rd operation
youngest. 3
----..---fhere-are--notwrnsthosusiTTg-statement(2t~~-
either GS or SG possible.
;-rnttTa! quantity x ( 1- l~)
(A) HSIG: not possible as there is I between S = 10 X 0.9 X 0.9 X 0.9
and G which is not possible using statement = 7.29 Htres
(3)
8. (a)
(8) SGHI: SG order is possible,
(T.C.) Totat cost= V + f
S > G > H > I and G + H > S +I (possible)
Because if { S = G + 1; and G = H+1 and
H = I +2 then G + (1+2) > (G+1) +I} ITC~4q+~ I
(C) IGSH: according to this I > G and S > H As we have to minimize totat cost.
thus adding these both inequanties we get Us:rna options
I + S > G + H which is opposite of
statement (2) thus not possible.
(D) IHSG: according to this I > Hand S > G
thus adding both inequalities I + S > H + G
100
wt1ich is opposite of statement (2). Thus (b) q = 4, T.C. = 4 X 4 +4 = 41
not possible.

6. (b) (c) q = 7, T.C. ,,,,. 4 x 7 + 100 = 42.. 20:5

& ,
7
i ( . ·. i I R.
log(P) = rog 0) = og( ) 100 . -:-.
2 3 (d) q = 6, T.C. = 4 X 6 + 6 = 40.66
⇒ iog(P) = iog(0) 112 · Hence, T.C. is minimum at q = 5, {a) ans.
= !og(R) 1/3 = I< * aiways put options to get answer fast
284 0 Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Alternate Solution 1 80 85
Sx--+---
or TC.== 4q+
100 5x+y
n -- - - -- 3 3 _-2
q 5 5 5

100 Hence, 5.66 truck will be required. As number of

for minimum _.::1_(4q + ) =0 trucks have to be natural number. Hence, 6 trucks
dq q
will be required.
⇒ q2 = •25 or q =5
11 . ( a)
_.::1_(4q+100) >0 Let there be overall 'x' candidates. Initially those
dq q q=S
who decided to vote for P and Q are. 0.4x and
Hence, TC (Total cost) is minimum at q == 5 0.6x respectively. On the day of election 15% of
(a) ans. 0.4x = 0.06x went from P's side to Q's side and
25% of 0.6x = 0.15x went from Q's side to P's
9. (d)
As we can understand that the danger of a microbe side.
to human being will be directly proportional to Now, after transfer 'p' has 0.4x - 0.06x
potency and growth. At the same time, it will be + 0.15x == 0.49x
inversely proportional to toxicity defined (more and after transfer 'q' has 0.6x - 0.15x
dangerous will a microbe be if lesser of its + 0.06x = 0.5h
milligram is required). So level of dangerous Given, in the question that P lost by 2 votes
Q - P = 2 votes
PixGi
a TJ where P, G and T are the potency, 0.51x-0.49x = 0.02.x = 2 votes
Hence, (x = 100)
growth and toxicity as defined in question.
Total number of votes are 100.
So Q. = KPG Alternate Solution
I T "' (i)
Using options:
Where K is constant of proportionality. Lets take option (a) 100 as total number of voters.
So level of dangerous of Swill be maximum given Initially P and O has 40 and 60 voters on their
sides respE:)ctively.
byD = 0.8xn(10mm)2
s 200 i 5% went from P's side to Q and 25% went from
Similar calculation for Dp, D 0 , DR can be done Q's side to P.
based on (i) to find out that Ds is maximum and p 0
so most dangerous among them. (40) (60)
(-) 15% of 40 - 25% of (60)
10. (c) + 25% of 60 + 15% of (40)
Let 'y' we the backlog with transporter and 'x' be 40 - 6 + 15 60- 15 + 6
the number of orders each day. = 49 = 51
So, as per conditions given in question Hence Q and P has 51 and 49 respectively
4x + y :::: 28 ... (i) difference in number of votes == 2. Hence
iOx + y == 30 ... (ii) answer (a).
Solving (i) and (ii),
i 80 12. (b)
x == - and y == - Fuel consumed per km will we least, when mileage
3 3
Since, we need to find out number of trucks so (kilometres per litres) mentioned on 'y' axis of graph
that no pending order will be there at the end of will be maximum irrespective of number of
5 th day. kilometres travelled.
5x + y =nx 5 From the graph ('y' axis) we can observe that
So we need to find 'n', where 'n' is the number of mileage (kilometres per litres) is maximum when
trucks required. vehicle is driven at 45 kilometres per hour. Hence
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 285

the stretch which 'Q' covered at 45 kmph, mileage 15. (c)

was highest and fuel consumption per kilometre 4 + 44 + 444 .............. .
was lowest. If we see first term of series = 4
Hence, sum upto 1st term is also= 4
13. (c)
Put, n = 1 (first term) only option (c) satisfies.
Shortcut Method
The question can be done orally as R took 1/3 rd of
tofees initially. Hence total number of tofees have
:.ir, 1
on+ - 9n - i O] = ;l 101+1 - 9 x 1- iO]
to be multiple of 3. There is only one option ( c) as
= _i_x81=4
48 which is multiple of 3. 81
Alternate Solution Hence, option (c) is correct answer. Always solve
Using options:
these questions by putting values.
If we use options. For e.g. option (c), if total
Alternative Solution
number of tofees are 48. R took 1/3rd if 48 and
4 + 44 + 444 ..................... ..
returned 4. So R has i6 - 4 = 12 tofees. Out of
left over 36 tofees S took i/4 th of 36 and returned 4
9[9 + 99 + 999 .............. ]
3. So, S has 9 - 3 = 6 and remaining 30 will be left
in bowl. Now T took i /2 of 30 and returned two
back. So, the bowl has 17 left. =9
4 [ (10-1)+(10 2 -1)+(10 3 -1) ...... .]

*/\!ways so!ve such questions by options.

14. (d)

f(y) = ill = 4 [ 10n+1 - 9n - iO ]

y
81
As we know,
16. (a)
--YY-~<--0- } - - -
... (i) - - - - - - - TofaTCost C = 5q2
0 Total Sales Revenue,
So from (i), S = 50q
Profit (P)=(S - C) = S0q - 5q 2
If y ~ 0 As the profit have to be maximized
P = 50q-5q 2
Using options
f(y) = -y =- 1 If y < 0 (a) q=5
y p =50 X 5 - 5 X 52 = 125
Hence,lt(q)-f(-q)I =li-(-1)1 =2 (b) q = 10
Alternate Solution p =50 X IQ - 5 X I 0 2 = 0
(c) q = 15
Otherwise if f(y) = ill
y
P =50 x 15-5 x 152 = -ive
(d) q = 25
P =50 x 25 - 5 x 25 2 = -ive
f(i) = lj = 1 Hence the maximum profit will happen at q = 5
i
Alternative solution:
t(-1) = l--11I= -1 P = 50q-5q 2

For calculating If(q)- f(-q)j For max/min dp =0

dq I

Let, q = i, jf(q)- f(-q)I

⇒ 50-10q = 0
Jt(,)- t(- i)I = 1 - (-1) =2 q"" 10
286 I ll) Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

2 20. (a)
~ ~] = - 1O which is negative AD, CG, FK, JP are given terms. The first letter in
q q=5
each term A, C, F, J are respectively 1, 3, 6, 10
Hence maximum profit wilt happen at letter of alphabetical sequence.
q=5 A = 1; i st letter of alphabetical sequence
C = 1 + 2 = 3 ; 3rd letter of alphabetical
i 7. (b)
sequence
y = 2x-0.ix2
F = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 ; 6th letter of alphabetical
For y (height) to be maximum dy = 0 sequence
dx G = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10; 10th letter of alphabetical
dy .
- = 2x-2x= 0 sequence
dx The next term should begin with
⇒ X= 10 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15th letter of alphabetical

d2y
dx2
l x= 10
=-0.2 (-1ve),
. sequence. So next term should begin with 0.
Also in the series AD, CG, FK, JP, two letters in
each term are separated by 2, 3, 4, 5 letters in
Hence maximum height will be at x = 1O between them respectively. Hence next term
y = 2 X 10-0.1 X (10) 2 = 10 should be OV as there should be a gap of 6
Maximum height= 10 meters. alphabets between O and V.
Hence answer is OV.
18. (b)
Let total 100 shock absorbes are supplied 21. (d)
so X supplies = 60 ( 40% of 100) (1.001 ) 1259 = 3.52 and (1.001 )2062 = 7.85
Y supplies = 40 (60% of 100) 3321
(1.001) 1259 X (1.001) = (1.001)
Reliable supply by X = 96% of 60 = 57.6 j, j,
Reliable supply by Y = 72% of 40 = 28.8
3.52 x 7.85 = (1.001) 3321 (as am x an= am+n)
So the required probability that random chosen
reliable shock absorber is made by Y is Hence (1.001 )3321 = 27.632"' 27.64
Required probability
22. (a)
28.8 0 33 3 Let the number of~ 20 notes be 'a' and~ 1O notes
== 57.6+ 28.8 = .
be 'b' respectively.
~ 0.334
So, a+ b = 14
19. (c) 20 a + 1 0 b = 230
Adding each and every observation by constant on solving a = 9, b = 5
increases the arithmetic mean by same constant. Hence number of <'10 notes are 5.
Also multiplying each and every observation by Alternative Solution:
constant mutiplies the arithmetic mean by same If we use option (a)
constant. While the standard deviation will not Number of ten <' notes are 5.
show similar effect <10 X 5 = <50
Alternative Solution: The remaining nine notes have to be Z 20 notes
<20 X 9
:::: 180
and hence 50 + 180 = 230 (total money value)
Hence option (a) number of ten~ notes are 5.

23. (c)
Probability that A & B will meet will be given by ·
the graphical representation where shaded region
Hence only P, Rare correct.
represents favorable area
 @ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 287

unfavorabie
favorable
28 - 81 ➔ 4 weghing required
favorable
area
and the process will go so on.
60 .--1-..--~~,,,. 4~~~,-.,1-,

B 45
t 30~'/.m~
3----.. As there are eight objects. Minimum number of
weighings required will be only 2.

i 5 ~tfri"t/rl>,,/r/,"'i<--"'t---,
111 111 28. (d)
0 LA.4.A.O"-----'---I--J % of raw material are salary and wages
15 30 45 60
-11> A unfavorable = 6240- 5200 X I 00 == 20 %
area
5200
Required probability
% of raw material and research and development
fabourable area 7
-
total area 16 = 26400 - 22000 X I OO = 20 %
22000
24. (d)
29. (b)
Category Amount
Food 4000
I 4x - 11 = 5

Clothing 1200
4x - 7 =5
and 4x 7 = .5
Rent 2000
⇒ X = 3
Savings 1500
Others 1800
and x = 0.5
Total 10500 21xl - I-XI= 2 x 3 - 3 =3
i i i
So total expenses are i0,500. and 2fxl - I-xi = 2x- - -
2 2
=-2
Expenses excluding savings are 9,000.
= 1 3
Hence required percentage

~------=-+~:
2'

X 100 = 85.714% ""86% 30. (a)

2x + y s 6
25. (a) X + 2y S 8

Divide 8 bags into three parts. XS i.33

3, 3 and 2 respectively. Now two cases arise. y s 3.33
Case {i): Firstly, if we compare the 3, 3 bags on :. option (b) and (c) is rejected because
pans of a balance. We can identify on which side X 1 1.33.
is the lighter bag placed. And then we will need Option ( d) is rejected x j, i 0/3.
only one more weighing for identifying faulty bag.
31. (c)
So only two weighings are required.
.Forsum to be maximum, we will consider only
Case (ii): Secondly, if the 3, 3 compared bags
positive terms
are equal, then to ce sure faulty bag is one among
44 + 42 + ............. 2
the remaing two bags. So one more weighing is or 2 + 4 + 6 ............. 42 + 44
required to find out faulty bag from these two 2[ 1 + 2 + 3 ........... 22)
bags. Hence overall two weighings are required.
= 2[22 X 23] =
506
Thus in either cases only two weighings are 2
required. Alternate:
Alternative Solution: Sum of even Natura[ Numbers
In case of a weighing balance (i.e. beam balance) 2 + 4 + 6 ... 44 = n(n + 1)
the foflowing model can be observed 22 X 23 = 506
1- 3 ➔ 1 weghing required
32. {d)
4 - 9 ➔ 2 weghing required
There are Ninety (90) two digited numbers between
10 - 27 ➔ 3 weghing required
1 and 100 (typically 1Oto 99). Among these numbers
288 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS'!:11

which are divisible by 7 are (14, 21, ... 98) only From eq. (ii)- eq. (i)
13 numbers. Th- M = 6
Also Th= i.iSM
1.i5M-M=6
⇒ 15M = 6
So, the required probability that the number is not ⇒ M = 40
divisible by Th = i .15 m
⇒ Th = 1.15x40
1-~ = 77
90 90 ⇒ Th == 46

33. (c) 37. (c)

Total distance
Total distance Average speed= T .
Average speed= -T-o-ta-l-tim_e_ ota 1 time
Total distance (8 + 6 + i6)km
D =
= D/2 D/4 D/4 = 24 kmph Total time
_:!_+_:!_+_!)hr
-+-+- (4 4 4
60 30 iO
30
km = 40 km/hr
34. (b)
~hr
The question can be written as .. 4
1 1 1 1 38. (d)
--- +---+---
/2 + ✓-1 .J3+J2 J4+J3··· Js+Joo S = iO + 84 + 73 + ...
Rationalize each term by multiplying it with its s = (9 + 1) + (9 2
+ 3) + (93 + 5) .. '
congugate in both numerator and denominator. S= {9 + 92 + 93 + ... 9n}+{1 + 3 + 5... (2n-1))
1 ✓2 - ✓1] [ 1 13- ✓2.J 9(9n - 1)
[✓2+ ✓1x ✓2- ✓1 x ✓3+ ✓2.x .J3- ✓2 x ...... . S= (9-1) +n
2

i Js-1-Joo]
........ [ ✓Sx.foox Js-1-Joo s a + ar + ar 2......... ar n-1)
Which can be resolved as [A a(rn -i)
=--- for r>1
[ ✓2 - ✓1] + [ ✓3 - ✓2] ..... '''' '[✓81 - ✓80] (r - i)
(as denominator in each term will become 1)
Now cancelling like terms we will be left with
and i + 3 + 5 ............ (2n- i) = n
( Sum of odd natural numbers =n
2

2
l
)Si_ ✓1 = (9 - i) =8
9(9n - 1)
35. (b)
So S = - - - + n2
8

Now cost= ,3200[1 + i ][,- 2

~]
Alternate Method:
Put n = 2 in all options and check wheather
sum = 1O + 84 = 94 is in which option.
= i32oo[~Jx[!!]
39. (b)
= 15, i80 3x 2 + 2x + p(p - 1) = O
If roots are of opposite signs product of the roots
36. (c)
will be negative.
M+ Tue+W
= 4i
3 p(p-1)
< 0
⇒ M +Tue+ W = 123 ... (i) 3
Tue+ W + Th
= 43 p(p -1) < 0
3
0 < p< 1
⇒ Tue+ W + Th = 129 ... (ii)
p E (O, i)
 111 Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 289

40. {a) 46. (d)

Every leap year will have 366 days. Deficit should be equal to (1/5)th of exports which
1 leap year == 366 days is possible in 2006
== 52 x 7 + 2 days
Irr iports - Exports
Every leap year will have 52 complete weeks. For Deficit = Exports
53rd Saturday there are two favourable cases from
7 possible cases 120-100 20 1
= ----=
100 100 - 5
Fri Sat
Sat Sun 2 favourable cases 47. (b)
Sun Mon As one of the face is already shown o.s head os
Mon Tue the possibility of second coin is not there (because
Tue Wed second coin has both tail). Now sample space
Wed Thu
will contain now events (H, H, T). So the probability
Thu Fri
for another face as tail will be 1/3.
2
Required probability = 48. (b)
7
As the numbers appearing on the faces are not
+2. Solution : equally likely because their probability of
12,35,81, 173,357,~-
occurrence over a large number of throws are
Difference between consecutive terms of the series
different (as given) so we can term it to be biased
are : 13, 46, 92, 184, _ _ .
die.
35 - 12 = 23 = 23 X I
81 - 35 = 46 =23 X 2 49. Solution:
173 - 81 = 92 = 23 X 4 2, 3, 6, 15, _ _ , 157.5, 630
357-173 = 184 = 23 X 8 2 X 1.5 - 3
-'-----su-trre,mxn:tttference have to oeZTx_8_== 368, · ·· 3x2 = 6
therefore next term have to 357 + 368 6 X 2.5 = tS
== 725 15 X 3 = 45
= 23 X 16 45 X 3.5 = 157.5
725 - 357 = 368 = 23 X. 16
157.5 X 4 = 630
i3. (d) Hence the answer is 45.
Difference between 1st and 4th, 2nd and 3rd letters 45 is missing term of the series.
in each series respectively is same except NVBD.
50. (c)
i4. (b) Adding 6, 3 and 2 to the consecutive letters gives
A resident female with annual income Rs. 9 Lakh the only (c) does not follow.
should satisfy eligibility for filling form T. So answer
is option B is answer. Option A, C , D corresponds 51. Solution :
to filling form P, S, D respectively. Let eight consecutive odd numbers be
a,a+2 ....... a+14
is. Solution : and four consecutive over numbers be
Let u-,e length of platform is x and velocity of train
b, b + 2, b + 14, b + 16
is V.
Given (a)+ (a+ 2), ........ +(a+ 14) = 656
Distance = Vel. x time 8a + 56 = 656
(280 + x) = V x 60 ... (i)
a= 75
280 = V x 20 ... (ii) Also given
Frorn equation (i) and (ii), we get (b) + (b + 2)+ (b + 4) + (b + 6) = 87 x 4
X = 560 m
= 348
290 I @ Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY il
l

4b + 12 == 348
b= 84
Sum of smallest odd no ( a) and second largest
55. (d)
P=A<R<M
P is surely less than M only in option (d) else in
I
l
even no (b + 4) will be any other option it cannot be conveyed surely. ll
= (a)+ (b + 4) l
56. (b)

52. (d)
== 75 + (84 + 4) = 163
7 G, 1 i K, 13 M, _ _
Next term will be Q which is 17 letter of English
I
i
'
For maximum revenue per kg. Let us solve through alphabet.
i
iI
options Among option only (b) (i.e. 17 Q) is correct.

A
20% of 250
ltem 2"' 20% of 500 = 0.5
57. (d) l
I
On seeing the given figure in question
23% of 250 i, ii and iii can be concluded.
8. Item 3 = % of = 0.6
19 500
58. Solution :
19% of 250 Let the velocity of stream is 'V' time taken during
C. Item 6 = i6% of 500 = 0.59
downstream is 't' and distance is 'x'.
20% of 250 X
D. Item 5 = % of = 0.83 t = - ... (i)
12 500 8+V
Clearly item 4 is largest. During upstream
X
53.(a) 3t = - ... (ii)
8-V
Drainage pipe drains half of the tank in 30 minutes
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get
or full tank is 68 minutes. Now the tank have to be
V = 4 m/s
filled in 10 minutes (when both drainage and filling
pipes are in action) 59. Solution: l
i

I
Drainage pipe would drained 1/6th of capacity of Since,
tank in 10 minutes. So filling pipe have to fill 1/2 i 5% = 4,50,000
of capacity of 1/6 of capacity more i.e. 2/3rd of OO% :::: 4, 50,000 X 100
the tank in 1O minutes. or complete tariR is 15 1
15
minutes. That's why the filling tank should have = 30,00,000
rate 4 times the draining rate. Selling price of purifier
Alternatively :
30,00,000 + 10,00,000
Drainage pipe can drain complete tank in 60 min. =
200
Let the filling pipe can fill the tank in 'x' min. Now
both are operational and tank is half filled. Also = 20,000
remaining half needs to get filled in 10 minute.
60. Solution:
rn[J_ __i Jl = _:1_
5
X 60 2 Probability of bulb being defective =
100
x == 15 minutes
So filling pipe needs to have rate be times = 0.05
drainage pipe's rate. Probability of bulb being non defective
= 1 -0.05
54. Solution: = 0,95
81, 54,36,24,_ Probability that the batch is accepted
Alternate terms are perfect squares 92, 6 2 , 4 2 and = None of the four bulb
in between terms are products 9 x 6, 6 x 4m _ _ being defective
and so on missing terms is = (0.95) 4 = 0.81450625
42 = 16 "'0.81
fflRDE ERS~ ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 291

61. (a) Cost of raw material in 2012

~x, y) = (2xf x(~)m =2n-mxP = 30,00,000x

20
100

62. Solution : = 6,00,000

Let the 12 consecutive odd numbers be Cost of raw material in 2013
a, a+ 2, a+ 4, a +··6 ..... a+ 22 30
Sum of first five (a)+ (a+ 2) +(a+ 4) +(a+ 6) + = 600000 + 600000 X OO
I
(a+ 8) = 425
= 7,80,000
Sa + 20 = 425 ⇒ a = 81
other expenditure in 2012
Sum of last five (a+ 14) +(a+ 16) + (a+10) +
= 3000000 - 600000
(a+ 20) +(a+ 22)
""2400000
Sa + 90 = 5 x 81 + 90 = 495
Increased cost of other expenditure in 2013
63. (c)
20
13 M, 17 0, 19 S = 2400000 + 2400000 XI OO
among options only W is correct as W is 23rd
= 2880000
letter in English language.
Total cost in 2013
64. (b) = 2880000 + 780000
BEST OF LUCK = 3660000
B-ST -F L-CK % increase in total cost in 2013
GOOD WISHES
G-0 W-SH-S = 3660000 - 3000000 X i OO
3000000
ACE THE EXAM
-C- TH_ -X-M =22%
.SlLanswer is MXHTC(voj;)/_eLismis.s.ing)..___ --- -···~-
07
:75
65. (b) Overall there will be 5! = i 20 numbers. Digit I will
The value doubled over 10 years appear at unity, tens, hundred, thousand and ten
thousand place 4! times each. So sum received
A= P(1+ 1ior due to all i's will be 4! x (1 + 10 + 100 + 1000 +
10000)=4! X 1111
( R '\ 10
2P = pl 1+ 100) Similarly sum received due to all 3's
4! X (3 + 30 + 300 + 3000 + 30000) = 4! X 3333
R"' 7.2
Similarly for digits 3, 4 and 5
Alternate:
Simple growth rate for a quantity to double in So, overall sum received due to all digits
10 years will be "10%. For compounded growth = 4! X 1111 [1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9]
answer have to be less than 10. Among options = 24 X 1111 [25] = 66666600
7.2 (Ans. (b)) is correct as ((a) (5.6)) wiHbe very
68. (96 to 96)
much less than i 0.
((c) (10)), ((d) (i 2) cannot be answer as compared (\-.
7+.!f
z)
= 98
growth rate have to be less than 10.
1
66. (22 to 22) So, z2 +- = 96
z2
In 2012, total cost

4,50,000x100
69. (d)
= Given ax 2 + bx + c = 0
15
roots are real and positive
= 30,00,000
292 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

For e.g. 72. (6 to 6)

x 2
- Sx + 6 = O roots are 2, 3 6
Then roots of ax 2 + b x + c I I =0 73. (b)
then roots of x 2 - 5 x I I +6 = 0 There are 19 multiples of 10 from 2 to 198 typically
:. IX I2 - 5 IX I + 6 = 0 10, 20, 30 · · · 190.
if X > 0} Average of these number will be
x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
Ix!= x 10 + 20 + 30 + · · · + 190
=
(x - 2) (x - 3) = 0 x = 2, 3 are roots 19

= 10 ['1 + 2 + 3 + .. · + 19]
If x < 0 }
Ix I= - x x2 + 5x + 6 = O 19

= 10 ['19 x 20] = mo
(x + 2) (x + 3) = O x = -2, -3 are roots 19 X 2
So if x 2 - 5x + 6 = O has two real roots
I I
then x 2 - 5 I x I + 6 = 0 has four real roots 7 4. (c)
ax 2 + bx + c = O has real roots
then ax 2 + b Ix I + c = O has 4 real roots.
Let. Y= )12+ ✓12+ ✓12+ .. ,
70. (850 to 850) So, y = ✓12+ y
One way fare of single person = 100
Squaring y2 = i 2 + y
Undiscounted round trip fare of singe person
y2 - y - 12 = 0
= 200
⇒ (y - 4) (y + 3) = 0
Undiscounted round trip fare of five persons
y=4
= 1000
Option (c) ➔ 4.000
Round trip will result in a discount of 10%. Also
additional discount of 5% on total fare for 4 or 75. (d)
more person. Given x is real
So a term of 5 person will be eligible for overall
discount of (10% + 5%) = 15% discount Ix2 - 2x + 3 I = 11
Discounted round trip for 5 persons
x2 2x - 8 = 11
1000 x 0.85 = 850 Rs.
x2 - 2x - 8 = O
71. (48 to 48) (x - 4) (x + 2) = 0
Following table can be redrawn: = 4, -2
X
or x2 - 2x + 3 = - 11
x2 2x + 14 = O
Will not give real roots as D = b2 - 4ac < O

Now 1-- x3 + x 2 - x I can attach

If x = 4,
Now following venn-diagram can be drawn
I- x3 + x2 - x I = I- 64 + 16 41 = 52
If x:::: -2,

I- x3 + x x I= I8 + 4 + 2 I
2
- = 14

76. (140)
Given ratio of male to female is 2.5 in year 2008.
So % of people not owing a scooter So let us assume male as 500 and female as 200.

[(
74
+
70
) X 100] ::::
144
X 100 = 48% So ratio ~ in 2008 = 2.5
300 300
 • Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 293

Now female doubles up in 2009 80. (d)

Number of female in 2009 = 2 x 200 = 400 Let GDP before year 2012-2013 be 100 Rs.
During 2012-2013 GDP increased by 7%.
~ ratio in 2009 is 3 So, GDP in year 2013-2013 =- i07 Rs.
Now exchange rate for USO change from
M Rs. 50/USD to Rs. 60/USD.
3
400 =
5
i.e. value of Rupee reduced to
⇒ M = 1200 6 of original value.
So number of males in 2009 is 1200.
% increase in number of males from 2008 to 2009 So, new GDP (in USO).;... 107 x ¾= 89. i 6
. 1200- 500
% increase = - - - - x mo= 140% Effective change is from 100 to 89.16
500
= 10.83% decrease'.:::'. ii% decrease
77. (a)
Any angle and corresponding time can be driven 81. (c)
by Ratio of male to female 2001 is given.
Let there be 100 males and 100 female in 201 i.
Now number of female in 2012 is same as number
of females in 2012 as given in question.
So female in 2012 is also 100.
Between 6 and 7 pm angle have to be 60°
Ratio of male of female in 2012 is 1 .5
Put x = 6 and D = 60°
M = 1.5
60°] 12 12 9 F
[
5x6-- x- = 20x-=21-
6 11 11 11
M = 1.5
F
Se-at+~-2+f -a11gie-b-~errmrr1at1:rs~anar---ho=u~r,------,----⇒
1 -----M-= ~---·-······
10
hand will be 600. So there are 150 males n 2012.
In given question angle have to close to 500 Ratio of male in 2012 to male in 2011
nearest option is 6: 22.

78. (c)
2, 5, 10, i 7, 26, 37, 50, 64.
82. (c)
2 = 12 + 1 , 5 = 22 + 1 , 10 = 3 2 + 1, (7526) - (Y)8 = (4364)8
17 = 42 + 1, 26 = 52 + 1, 3 7 = 62 + 1, So, Y = (7526) 8-(4364)8
50 = 72 + 1, 64 = B2 = (7526-4364)8
So 64 is the incorrect term. = (31420)8
79. ( C) 83. (c)
Answered Answered Not Total
O.No. Marks dy
Correctly Wrongly Attemped Students Slope = · · = 10x
1 2 21 17 6 44 dx
2 3 15 27 2 44
3 2 23 18 3 44 dy!
dx (o,3) =0
Total marks scored
Average = Equation of tangent
Total number of students
(y-3) = 0(x-0)
= 21x2+15x3+23x2 = 3 _022727
44 y=3
'.::::: 3.02 Line parallel to x-axis.
294 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EASY

84. Solution: Revenue generated through export of item-1 per

Total cost of production 30xi000000
= 50000 + 800 X 100 kg = 0.55 x 1000000
= ~ 130000
130000 . Rs == 545.45/kg
Cost of production per tonne = = t 1300
100 Revenue generated through export of item-4 per
87. Solution: 15x 106
180 kg = 101x105

88. (d) Rs = 136.36/kg

Let the population of county Y is P R.G. item 1 4

::::
Population of country X is 3P R.G.item4 1
% of people taken than 6 ft 94. (c)
3Px1 Px2
-=i-00+100 w(-1-:h,Jz)
3P+P = 1.25

90. Solution:

Average time interval = T = 2p = 25 years

Y(O. 0)

91. (a)

⇒ 10 = 5( 1+ 100
20 r
⇒ 2 = (i.2t = ✓3
log2 95. Solution:
⇒
log1 .2 == n
+/ 95% correct .
⇒ n = 3.8 year 10% HIV
93. (d) ~ 5% incorrect

Total quantity of export = 5 lakh tonnes

- / 89% correct
90% HIV
Quantity of export of item-1 ~ 1i % incorrect
== 0.11 x 5 = 0.55 lakh tonnes
N(declared HIV+) tree diagram is as shown
Quantity of export of item-4 = 0.22 x 5 above= 0.1 x 0.95 + 0.9 x 0.11

= 1. 1 lakh tonnes = 0.194

Total revenues generated from item-1 N(actual HIV+)= 0.1 x 0.95

= 250 x 0.12 = 30 crore = 0.095

Total revenues generated from item-4 0.095

P(actual HIV+)= _1 = 0.4896
0 94
= 0.06 x 250 = 15 crore
mRDE ERIS'!::!! @ Previous Yearn GATE Solved Questions I 295

96. (b) Combined percentage increase in imports and

R O A D exports for year 2007
+3! +3! +3! +3i (100+120)-(110+120) I
U R D G _ ~---'-----'------Xi 00 - 4 5401
- 100 + 120 - . /O
Add 3 to respective letters 1

So, :. year 2006 has shown in highest percentage

S W A N combined growth in imports and exports.
+3i +3i +3i +3i 99. {b)
V Z D Q

97. (c)
Let f(x:) = Ax:+ b (linear function) (2, 0)
at x = -2,f(x) = 29
⇒ + b = 29
--2a ... (i)
X = 3, f(x) = 39
⇒ 3a + b = 39 ... (ii)(a = 2, b = 33) (0,-1) - - - - " " ' \ . .

Giving f(x) = 2x + 33
⇒ f(S) = 43 Option (c) is not possible.
x = 0 for +ve value of y in
graph.
98. Solution Option (a), through valid for +ve values of y, is
Combined percentage increase in imports and not correct for -ve values of 'y'.
exports for year 2001 Option ( d) is also not true since x is -ve for +ve
values of y which is contradictory to the given
- (60+ 50)-(50+ 40) 100 - 0
- + X - 22.221/o graph.
50 40
Combined percentage increase in imports and 100. {b)
Option (a) is not correct as R is given defence.
exports for year 2002
As given in question R wants only Finance or ______
- (70+60)-(60+50) 100 - 0
Home.
- 60+S0 X - 18.181/o Option (d) is not corect as R is alloted Telecom
(same reason as above).
Combined percentage increase in imports and
Option (c) is not possible because S & U cannot
exports for year 2003
be together as per question.
So only option (b) is possible.
= (70+60)-(60+70)x 100 =0
70+60 101. (b)
Before drawing third card, only two kings remain
Combined percentage increase in imports and
among the remaining 50 cards.
exports for year 2004

_ (70+ 80)-(60+ 70) X _

100 -15.381/o
0
Probability = 5
: C1 = 2_
- 60+70 C1 50

Combined percentage increase in imports and

102. (a)
exports for year 2005

- (70+90)-(70-80) 100 - 0
- 70+ 80 X - 6.671/o

Combined percentage increase in imports and

exports for year 2006

= (100+ 120)-(70+ 90) X 100 = v17 i:::,010

70+ 90 ,_ /(
296 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EAS~

&VNE is equilateral & Hence both statements will be required for finding
So VE= 6 out gallons of solution in A and B respectively.
Also VP = VE - PE = 6 - 4 = 2
i06. (a)
VP= 2, PW= 2

So, VW = ✓VP2 + PW2 4

= 2✓2
a 0
6
103. (d)
Type I:

=C 1
~~
75
)x100 =53.3% 5
C
Type II:

85 -144) n=6
=( x100 = -40.97% EM
144
Type Ill: 40

160-114} See set ES

=( 114 x100=40.3% 0 + 4 + X + 6 = 11
X = I
Type IV:
No. of teachers ES & EM
145-108) but not TD is x = 1
= ( 108 X 100 = 14.25%
107. (c)
Type V:
~x) = i-lxl , use options
100-102)
=( x100 = 1.9% Putx = 0, ~x) = 1 is maximum value
102
So maximum for Type I. 109. (b)
If subtract or multiply every term of an A.P. by a
104. Solution constant resulting sequence will be also A.P. as
ABC D, left most digit cannot be zero. common difference will still be constant.
:. A can have 9 district values B, C, D can have
9, 8, 7 values. 110. (8)
.". 9 X 9 X 8 X 7 = 4536. fg(h(2, 5, 7, 3), 4, 6, 8)

105. (d) tg[(Re ~: ~). 4, 6, 8] = fg[i, 4, 6, 8]

Both statements will be required as capacity is
required and what portion of capacity is filled is = ~1, 4, 6, 8] X Q[1, 4, 6, 8] :::: 8 X I =8
also required. iii. (a)
From (ii) we get full capacity of tank A= 14000 Refer to the figure below.
14 00 M
So capacity of 8 is 20000 ( = ~ }

But for getting quality of solution we also need 1

how much it is full. 0 ✓2 A
Statement I gives A is 80% full and 8 is 40% full. 45°
1
i.e., Vol. in A occupied = 80% of 14000 45° ✓2

= 11,200
Vol. in 8 occupied = 40% of 20000 = 8000
fflRDE ERS!::11 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 297

115. (32)
As ON= 1, OA = AN= -J2.1 = PB Let the total number of students in electrical be
Te. Male students in electrical is 40.
So.MB= ( 4+2-~) 5
So, -T0 == 40 ⇒ Te= 72
9
andPB= ( ~ ) Also, let total number of students (overall)= T
Electrical is 20% of T
⇒ 20% of T = 72 ⇒
T == 360
PM= ✓PB2 +BM2 = 5.34
Now number of female students in Civil
,,M 4
/
/
/
/
/

⇒ 30% Of 360 X g = 48
/
/
/

/
/
/

4+2-_:i_ and number of female students in Mechanical

/ ✓2
4
/
/
/
⇒ 10% Of 360 X g = 16
/

/
/
/

-----------------
Difference = 48 - 16 = 32
p 1 8
✓2 116. (c)

112. (b) Maths Physics

p

r q

According to question
In llPQR ⇒ Ar/\PQR = Ar(llOPS) + l\r(IiPSR) 75% = .a + b + c + (x + y + z) + t
Also, x + y + z + t = 50%
~rxqxsin120° = lrxPSxsin60°+~qxPSsin60°
X + y+ Z = 40%
so, t = 10%
2r x qx sin(i 80- 60°) = 2 PS sin60°(r + q) so, (iii) is correct.
2 2 .
and a + b + c = 25 %
2r
2
x q x sin60° = 2 PS sin60°(r + q)
2
Also, m + c +ch= (a+ x + y+ t) + (b + x + z
+ t) + ( C + y + Z + t)
m + c + ch= (a + b + c) +2 (x + y + z) + 3t 25
PS= [rxq]
r+q
27
+2(40)+3x 10= i35% =
113. (a) 30
From statement A, if height of each step is known,
117. (c)
we can get the number of steps as height of
Marks are alloted only for correct answer
building is given in the question.
Total marks
114. (a) Average marks= N
o. o f st udens
t
A= {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = (11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
Sample space will contain 4 x 5 = 20 events 21 X 2 + i 5 X 3 + 11 X 1+ 23 X 2 + 31 X 5
=
favourable events [2, 14](3, 13][4, 12)[5, 11) for 21 + 17 + 6
sum 16
99
4 == :? == 6.795
required probability=
20
= 25 = 0.2 44
298 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

118. (a) 1+9+2+1+2+1

------==8
If x8 == m 2
logm 3+3
a log x = log m then a== - -
logx
So last row middle term= -
2
- = 3.
a== log'.; 122. (d)

logx(?) = -l Following chart can be drawn from commulative

chart:
.
Electricity used
⇒ (x)-1/3 = ~ Stretch Distam:::e
7 M 20 12 12/20:::: 0.6

⇒
X = (if N
0
45
75
25
45
13/25 = 0.52
20/30:::: 0.66

343 p 100 57 12/25 = 0.48

⇒ x=-
125 Hence minimum for P.

119. (c) 123. (b)

(66 □ 6) ➔ (66 ◊ 6) Required probability

( 66 - 6)
66 + 6
X( 66 + 6) :::: 1
66-6
: : i i)
X ( +; X ( ¾) = :! : : ±
124. (d)
120. (c)
Both the conclusions I and II follow.
Number of faces visible == 9 x 6 = 54
(9 on each face x 6 faces) 125. (b)
We know,
(a+ b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + cl-+ 2[ab + be+ ca]
(a+ b + c) 2 -
1 == 2[ab + be+ ca]
[ as a2 + b2 + c2- = 1]
For ab+ be+ ca to be min. (a+ b + c) = 0

. 1
Min. (ab+ be+ ca)= -
Total faces == 27 x 6 2
Not visible = Total face - visible faces [an putting a+ b + c = 0]
:::: 27 X 6- 9 X 6 = I 08
Only option (b) has min. value as -~.
Visible 54 2
Required ratio = - - - - = - =-i
Not visible i 08 2
126. (800)
121. (3) Tiger is 50 leap of its own behind deer. Given tiger's
one leap is 8 m. So initial separation of Tiger and
sum)
Look at first row middle term is ( - - of terms deer == 50 x 8 = 400 m/min
2
Tiger goes 5 leap in a minute which is equal to
6 4
an e1t. her s1'd e .1t + = 5 . 5 x8 = 40 m/min.
X
Deer goes 4 leap in a minute which is equal to
Second row middle term is ( s~) of terms an 4 x5 = 20 m/min.
Now relative distance of 400 m have to be covered
7+4+2+1 = 20 m/min.
either side of it
2
=7 is equal to middle with (40-20)

term in 2 nd row. . d t·1me == - -400m

Similarly 3 rd row middle term
Require ---
(40 - 20)rn'min
fflRDE ERS'!:::11 I& Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 299

(Distance) = 20 min. . . R'

Requ1red ratio h
Relative speed
So distance travelled by Tiger 27
== .Jffj=2.064
40m .
- .- x 20 min = 800 m/min.
min 132. (b)

127. (a) Total number of matches 5~ = 10.

If 1 < y < x so logx > logy a as well e< > eY other
133. (b)
two will not always be true. T > E, C > T, ⇒ C > T > E. So Eric is actually order

128. (c) older than Cliff so third staterner 1l is false.

A, CO, GHI?, UVWXY 134. (280)
Series is as follows: Write first letter A, leave aside R
nearby one B, write next two CO. Leave aside net
z
two EF Write next three GHI leave aside next JKL 5y

then we have to write MNOP.

i 30. (c)
log tani 0 + log tan2° + ...... + log tan89°
= !og(tan1° x tan2° x • • • tan89°)
As [logm + logn = log mn]
= log(tani O x tan2° • • • tan (90° -2°)) tan(90° - 1°) AreaAOTS= 2so+OTsin90°
2
0
= log(tan 1° x tan2° x • • •tan45° x cot44 ••. cot2° coti )

=log(tan45°) 1
20:: - XX X 2y X 1
=log(i)=0 2
As tan(90° - 0) = cote and xy= 20
tan1° x·coff' =tan2° x cot2° =·· .. 1

131 . (?. 064) Now Area for fiPQR"" J..po

2
X QR X Gin90°

The shade of part of circular sheet is folded to

form a cone (Figure below). 1
= -x4xx 7yxsrn90°
.
2
= 14 xy == 280 cm 2
30 = radius 135. (c)
of circle

S1:0 0
Arc length
of shaded
S2:
2rcR' = ~ 2rc x 30 R' = 27
10

h = ✓30 2 - 272 = ✓900- 729 Therefore concluding diagram can be

= ✓171

orN /0)
fil ~ 27 Fig. (a)
~
~
~

Fig. (b)
E/
300 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

1. Some manager can be executive. Alternate Method :

2. Some executive can be manage. - 4::; x::; 5, 6::; y :S: i 6
PO II y axis and PR II x axis L.OPR is 90°
137. (c)
As all co-ordinates of P,O,R, are integers so, we
PR is parallel to x axis can choose (x, y) integer co-ordinates for vertex P
-4'.S:x'.S:5 in 10 x 11 = i 10 ways.
6 '.S:y'.S: 16 Now with respect to fixed y co-ordinate for R we
can choose itsx-coordinate in only 9ways as one
point is already occupied (two points of cannot
concide) overall 9 ways of doing it.
Now choosing y-coordinate for O because
p .__..__.~---+~--+--"'-_,____._ x-coordinate of O is already fixed (it has same
x=-4 y::::6 x-coordinate as R) it can take 10 different values.
SO, overall 110 x 9 x 10 = 9900 ways 9900 such
0
b,.'s will be possible.

pat X = - 4 138. (a)

!:,,.'s = with base 1 unit ycan take values (7, 8, .... ,
16) : 10 values
!:,,.' s = with base 2 unit yvaries (7 .... 16) : i Ovalues
!:,,.' s = with base 9 unit yvaries (7 .... i 6) : 1Ovalues
Similarly Pat x = - 3 we will get 80 and 50 on
So [90 + 80 + ......... i0] = 9(1 + 2 .... 10]
9

= 10 I,,n .(45%) (55%) (34%) (66%)

n=1 apples oranges apples oranges
Similarly changing ordinate of Pwe will respectively
get Total number of apples = Ripe apples +
9 Unripe apples
[81 + 725 .... 9] b..'s = 9 [1 + .... 9] = 9I,,n = (0.85 X 0.45 + 0.15 X 0.34) X 569200
n=1
= 2029198
8
and further (64 + 56 .... 8) fl' s = 8 I, n and so on 139. (c)
n=1 Following line with respective distances can be
drawn
If we sum all of the above
Total= 10 km
9 9 8
102,n+ 92, n + 8I,n.Ln .......
n=1 n=1 n=1 i. ~I Arun Susan Michael
I S km Ahmad
9 9 10
7km
9I,n[i+2+3 ..... 10] = I,nxI,n
n=1 n=1
Arun can reside anywhere between Ahmed and
But there are overall tour orientation for rt. Susan i.e. between 5 km and 7 km from I.
Hence ans (c) 6.02
_ as shown~. LJ, V, ~. so actual 5 < 6.02 < 7
9 10
answer will be 4 x 2. n x 2. n
n=1 n=1
140. (c)
The required probability

35
4 X ( -9x10)
- X (10x11)
- - = 9900. 0.5 X 0.7= 0.35 z 10Q = 35%
2 2
 fflRDE ER5Y w Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 301

141. (d) The number of student who like to read books

L > P (Leela is older thean Pavithra) or play sports have been shown
S > L (Shiv is older than Leela) = 13 + 12 + 44 + 7 + 15 + 1
So Pavithra is youngest "° 108

142. (c) 147. (d)

8 0
q =r, rb=s , s =q'

a log q = log r,
b log r = log s, iO 2
clog s = log q
logr logs logq
So ax bx c = -- x -- x -- = 1
logq logr logs

143. (c)
Q can do work in 25 x 12 = 300 hrs
R can do work in 50 x i2 = 600 hrs Mirror image of i : 30 is i O : 30
So we can say Q is twice efficient as R 10: 30 was the time two and quarter hour back
Now O worked only for 5 days@ 12 hrs/day. So so time now will be i 2 : 45
he will do 60 units of his work (Total work for Q
148. (c)

i.e. 300 hrs) he will do only

1
5 of work
( 60
300
i)
=5
While R worked for all 7 days @ 18 hrs/day
So he will do 18 x 7 = 126 of his work (Total work
for 600 hrs)

~--He-wi+h:te---( ~
66}=-(e:--crruf-hrs-work------
i 126
So required ratio
5 . 600
120: 126
N
20: 21
See the adjoining figure for solution
145. {b)
M works with twice efficiency as E but worked MM = 5-fj_ + 5 + 2✓2 == 5 + 7✓2
for half as many days. So in this repsect they
NM= 10+5✓2-2✓2 = 10+3✓2
will do equal work if their shifts would have been
for same timings. But Ms shift is for hrs, whil8 MN = ✓(MM')2 + (NM) 2
E's shift for i 2 hrs. Hence Ewill do twice the work
as M. = ✓(5+ 712)+(10+312.)2 ~ 20.61
Ratio of contribution of M : E in work, i : 2
149. (b)
146. (108)
Let the two parts length is x and y
so x + y = 340 mm ... (1)
The part which has length x is used in making
a square so each side will be length x/4, and the
part which has length y is used in making a
rectangle with sides in ratio i : i so sides have
length (y/6 : y/3)
Area of square is x 2/i 6
302 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Area of rectangle is y 2/16 154. (b)

x2 y2]
So combined area is (16 + 18 ... (2)
A
y

(0, 7)
Since the combined area should be minimum so
using equation i in 2, we get

!!_(x
dx 16
2
+ (340 -
18
x)2 l_ - O
(0, 1) B

-------'-'-'--+-~-x
0

so [ i i- ~88°] = O
+
or x = 160 mm 2x-3y = 5
and length of side of square is
X Required area = Area of ~ABC + Area of
- = 40 mm
4 trapezoid BCDO
150. (c) 1 1
= - X 4 X 6 + - X (4 + 2.5) XI
97 is not a perfect square. 2 2
= 12 + 3.25 = 15.25 sq. units
152. (d)
The odometer reading increases from starting 155. (a)
point to end point Straight line equation y = mx + c
Magnitude of area of the given diagram = Odometer m = slope=-0.02 (lnx,y)
If ln x = X, then set (x, y)
reading
Magnitude of area of the velocity and time graph
t t
0.1 0
per second y =
mX+ C
o = -0.02 x 0.1 + C
1 1
i st sec ⇒ triangle = x 1x 1 = C = 0.002
2 2
2nd sec ⇒ square= 1 x 1 = 1
y = mX+ C
3 rd sec ⇒
y = -0.02 x logx + C
at X =5
1 1
square+ triangle= 1+ 1+ - x 1x 1 = 1- y = -0.02 x log 5 + 0.002
2 2 = -0.030
1
4th sec ⇒ triangle =- x 1x 2 =1 156. (d)
2
Original surface area = 6 (4) 2 = 96
5th sec ⇒ straight line = 0
If corner cubes are removed, three exposed
1 1
6th sec ⇒ triangle = -- x 1x 1 = - surfaces are removed which will create 3 new
2 2 surfaces in miginal large cube. So surface area
· 1 1 will remain unchanged, i.e. 96.
7th sec ⇒ triangle= - x 1x 1 = -
2 2
Total Odometer reading at 7 seconds 157. (b)
Elegance
1 1 1 1
= -+1+1-+i+0+-+-=5 (27300 + 25222 + 28976 + 21012) x 48 = A
2 2 2 2
Executive
153. (c) (999 + 8942 + i0234 + 10234 + ·10109) x 173 = B
Manu's age = Sravan's age + 2 months Smooth
Manu's age = Trideep's age - 3 months (20009 + 9392 + 22429 + 18229) x 63 = C
Pavan 's age = Sr avan's age + 1 month Soft
From this Trideep's age> Manu > Pavan > Sravan (17602 +18445 + 19544 + 16595) x 78 = 0
:. Trideep can occupy the extra spane in the flat. Which is highest for B (executive).
 ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 303

158. (d) Following venn diagram can be drawn as

From conditions I, II and IV, following inference n(A u B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A n B)
can be drawn 120 = 55 + 85 - n(A n 8)
P always beats Q n(A n B) = 20
0 always beats R So only facebook 35(A)
and R always beats S 164. (c)
Thus, arranging players from best performing to Number of rectangules will be
worst performing is
P-0 R-S
Now, condition Ill states that S loses to P only
10x3...c30
~I
I ..------,-I
I I
sometimes. That means S most
As whenever any two horizontal and any two
of the times beats the otherwise best performing
vertical lines are choosen their intersection will
player P.
produce a rectangle.
Thus, statement (i) P is likely to beat all the other
three players is FALSE, As 172. (b)
P is likely to lose from S. 13, 23, 43, 53 are all prime numbers.
Statement (ii) S is absolutely the worst player in only 33 is composite 33, ("11 x 3)
the set is also FALSE as S beats odd one out is 33.
P most of the times.
173. (c)
159. (b) I 9y 6 I= 3
⇒ Either (9y- 6 = 3) or (9y- 6 = -3)
f(x)= 2x 7 + 3x - 5
Use option (b), if (x-1) will be a factor then on ⇒ [y=1]or[y=i] [y2- 1]
putting x - 1 = 0 i.e. (x = 1) in ~x).

160. (a)
f(1)= 2(1) 7 + 3 - 5 = 5 - 5 =0 -~------'"'P~U~t V = ~L(~r -_;X~= 4
=[=---------
-=~--QLJIL-;2-=-=

put y = 1, i2 - ~ = _2
3 3
174. (a)
60
Probability of free throw= = 0.6
given, - 100
Probability of NOT free throw= 1 - 0.6 = 0.4
162. (d) So required probability of exactly 6 throws in ·1 O
attempts will be given by
C A D B E
~
10
-2, +3, -2, 3 C5(0.6)6 x (0.4)4 = 0.2508
Same pattern follows in all options A, 8, C only
(d) doesn't follow this pattern , Hence odd number 175. Sol.
out (D). Unit digit of 211 870 + 146 127 x 3424 is 1 + 6 x 1 == 7

163. (a) 178. (b)

Following figure can be drawn:

a a

a
a a

T = 150 a
304 • Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS!::I

Perimeter of window, i83. (d)

Sa= 6 m 1, X, X, X, y, y, 9, 16, 18
a= 1.2 m M _ 1+3x+2y+9+16+18 = 3x+2y+44 (').·
Complete area for window = Area of square ean - ... 1
9 9
+ Area of equi Ll Median ⇒ As number of terms are odd i.e. 9,

= (1.2) 2 + 1 (1.2) 2 ,,, 2.06 m2

so median will be middle i.e. y.
Mode ⇒ Number showing maximum frequency
of repetition. So mode is x.
179. (c)
Given ⇒ Mean = Median = 2 Mode
Lesser standard deviation for group Q will mean
⇒ y = 2x ... (ii)
that the observation sin group Qare closer and
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
hence narrower is the range of marks scored in
group Oas compared to group P. Other options X = 4, y = 8
(a), (b), (d) remains unconfined. Value of y is 8

180. (c) 184. (d)

Bed
B FH LNP T V X Z

8
2 2 8 1214 16 20 22 24 26

4 6 8

So the required alphabets have to start with

20 is T and there after common difference in A B
term will be 2 each hence answer is TVXZ

181. (a) Bulbs Lamps

Use options only (A) ➔ 0, satisfies
a b = ab - ( a + b)
a b = a x O + (a + 0) = a C
Given a x = a which satisfied for (x = 0) Since there is no direct relation given between
lamps and beds. So, neither will be correct.
182. (c)
185. (c)
y = lnje[sirN]j
V= in(R)2H
= \sin \x\\
_ {-sinx x <0 V' = .2_n(1.5R)2 H
3
Y - sinx x > 0
i 2
= = 2.25
sin x
3n 2.25 R H V

Hence increase 125% as

2 25
[ · : - VJ x iOO = 125%

186. (a)
P 30 min x 2 = 60 min

Q 20 min X 3 = 60 min

R 60min X 1 = 60 min

s 15 min X 4 = 60min
\\ M1 I p II Q I = 2 hrs
-2n 21t X M2 I R II s I = 2 hrs
fflRDE ERSW 111 Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 305

187. (c) On Solving eq. (i) and (ii) We get,

Clearly we can see from graph both (i) and (ii) W = 6 km/hr
are correct. 194. (c)
Following information is given
188. (b)
K < G, P < G, S < P and G < D
Amar ~ R From these it can be inferred
Akbar ~ S S < P < G < D and also ( K < G)
Antony~? As per their preferences give:1. So, K < Das well but no comparison between
K & S or K & P is given
Ajit ~ Q
So (ii) and (iv) follows.
189. (b) 195. (c)
Unit digit
Following two possibilities can be drawn
11
(2171/ + (2172) 9 + (2173) + (2174) 13 T T
(1tny + (2)4n+1 + (3)4n+3 + (4)2n+ 1
1 + 2 + 7 + 4 ::: 14

190. (b)
Sample space = 6 x 6 = 36 events = Total Q Q
chances Given in question P & U interchange then new
Product of numbers on 2 dice have to perfect diagram can be drawn.
square = Favourable chances T T

(1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6) (1, 4)

(4, 1) ⇒ 8 events
__Ea\LuurahLacban.G@&--@-•~,,___ __
PfolYa5TITTy = Total chances = 36 = 9
Q Q
191. (b) Now verify (c) only follows.

Put (x = -"1)-···
s1[~:J 2 =~
32
34 x2 4
=32 x22 = 144
196. (d)
Let His householrl consumption and P be other
consumption.
1~l H x 0.8 + P x 1.7 = (H + P) x 0.75
LsJ
(According to given condition)
On putting (x == -1)
:. from here ratio is negative.
⇒ LHS = RHS
Hence option (b) is correct.
197. (b)

192. (d) B

(i) is incorrect as it has move directly.

(ii) is incorrect as it stayed for maximum duration
on ground floor.

193. (d)
Let cycling speed =C
and walking speed == W

c(2l+w(~l
\_2) \2)
c-
-·
19

C+ W= 26 "'(ii) Only conclusion (ii) follows.

306 0 Reasoning & Aptitude ffiRDE EASY

198. (b) X
40
40% of 360° = -x360° = 144°
100
So, the angle subtended on pie chart will be
= 144°.

199. (a)
Length of Truck+ gap required = 1O + 20 = 30 m T

Length of Car + gap required = 5 + i 5 = 20 m Only one such arrangement can be drawn.
Alternative pairs of Truck and Car needs The person on third to the left of V is X.
30 + 20 = 50 m
203. (b)
Let 'n' be the number of repetition of (Truck +
Car) in i hour (3600 secs) 204. (a)
Given speed= 36 km/hr = 1O m/sec 205. (d)
50mxn
3600 secs = 36 km/hr 206. (b)

50n 207. (c)

- - m/sec = 1O m/sec
3600 208. (b)
36000
n = - - = 720 (Trucks+ Cars) 209. (c)
50
So, 720 (Trucks+ Cars) passes= 720 x 2 = 1440
210. (c)
vehicles
200. (c) I V
Contour lines can be observed to cross region K digits
with height Each digit can be filled in 7 ways as 0, 5 and
550 - 500 - 575 - 550 9 is not allowed, so each of these places can
uuu be filled by "1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 so required

1~r
Down Up Down

Down-Up-Down satisfies.
probability is ( or 0.7K
201. (a)
Subgroups containing only Indians 2ii. (d)
3 3 3 y x 162 = Perfect cube
= C1 + C2 + C3 = 3 +3 + 1 = 7

Subgroups containing one Indian and rest Chinese Option,

y = 24 ⇒ 23 x 3 (2 x 81) ct Not perfect cube
= 3 c{ 3 C1 + 3 c2 +3 C3] y = 27 ⇒ 33 x (2 x 3 4 ) ct Not perfect cube
= 3 [3 + 3 + ·11 = 21 y = 32 ⇒ 2 5 x 2 x 3 4 ct Not perfect cube
Subgroups containing two Indian and remaining y = 36 ⇒ 2 2 X 32 X 2 X 3 4 = 23 X 36 = (2 X 32) 3

3 3 3
is a perfect cube
3
Chinese= C2 [ C1 + C2 + C3 ]=21
Hence the answer is. y = 36
Subgroups containing three Indian and remaining
212. (c)
3 3 3 3
Chinese= C3 [ C1 + C 2 + C3 ]=7 Following seating arrangement can be drawn
Total number of subgroups
= 7 + 2i + 21 + 7 = 56. S~A

202. (a)
Following circular seating arrangement can be R~M

drawn Therefore correct option is (c).

fflRDE EASY ill Previous Years GAlE Solved Questions I ~07

213; (C) 216. (a)

P will not get submerged as it ls @ 550. So P Out of six people. 3 place definitely occupied
is not present in correct options. Hence (i) and by right handed people as at least 2 women are
(ll) options are incorrect. Now compare Oo.nd T. there so mese two Will sit adjacently, Now as only
As T is between 500 and 525. T Will get on seat is ieft it will be occuple<d by a left handed
submerged. Hence ans (c) as among option C man because on right side of this seat is sitting
and D. Tis present in only option (c). an right handed man.

214. (b)

(x + y)~ /x- Y/ ".( i)

2 ? have to be a left handed riian.
If x > ylx - yl = x - y ;
If x < ylx - yl = y - x L(wJ
Now if x > y, above expression (i) becomes
Here, Ff..mJ indicates right handed man and L(w)

(x + y) - (x - y) 2y indicates left handed women.

2 2 Therefore answer should be only 2 women.
=Y = minimum of (x, y) as x > y 224. (d)
Now if x < y; Distance travelled by cone in one rotation
= 2ftt = 2n (5) = i01t ... (i)
X +y ~ (y - X) 2x
= = x = minimum of (x, y) ⇒ point O touches ground again after going
2 2 (10n) distance.
as x < y 2n order to make complete revofution now slant
Therefore correct answer is option (b). height will be acting as a radius
Alternate solutioh:
Use easy values,
R...:.. ,,J52 +122 .::.. i3(Radiusoflarger

x =1 and y = ~2 complete revolution)

2rrR == 2rr x 13 = (267t) ... Oi)
Now this one rotation angle inscribed in radians
Will be (i)/(ii)
or x =2 and y = -1 10.n 10n
- x 2 n radians = - radians
20n 13
(2-1)-/2-(-1)/ = 1~3 = -i
2 2 225. (a)
P says ➔ S Ms atleast 3 Cars
which is minimum of (x, y).
Q says ➔ S has fess than, 3 Cats
Therefore, correct answer is option (b).
R says ➔ S has atleast 1 Car
215. (d) Solve by options
As there are 4 people A,G,N,S and four colours
A(O) P X B(i)PX C(3)Pv
so without any restriction total ways have to be
QV Q v Q X
4 X 4 ::: 16.
Now, Arun --> dislikes Red a11d Shweta disrikes RX RV RV
white so 16 - 2 = 14 ways. as given in question only has to be right so
Therefore correct answer should be option ( d). answer is O (car).
Alternate solution: 226. (b)
Only one option is less than i6.
45p-->20K
Therefore correct answer should be option (d). 25p-->30K
308 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

20p----:► 40K i . Let Q be married

8p ➔ 60K pmarried ➔ Qmarried

omarried ➔ Runmarried
2p ➔ i50K
Median will be arithmatic mean 50th and 5ist only one pair in which married person is looking
term, so both are in 30K bracket. @ unmarried.
So average or arithmatic mean of, 2. Let Q be unmarried
pmarried ➔ ounmarried
30000 + 30000 ounmarried ➔ Runmarried
= Rs. 30000
2 Then also only one pair exists.
So, only one pair exists in which married person
227. (d)
is looking @ unmarried.
The following Two possibiles exists.
237. (a)
5 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
- 4 8 9 8 9 and - 4 8 8 8 9 x ➔ Bullocks
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 y ➔ Tractors
Sum=1+9=10 Sum::: 0 + 8 = 8

228. (c)
(x + y)8 = (j+2y )s
E 5x
8x + 8y= +i0y
(5, 3)
2
⇒ 5.5x = 2y or y = 2.75x
Now, x bullocks are alone working or 'd' days.
A (0, 1) B xx d = (x + y)8
(-1, -1)
xx d= (x + 2.75x)8
(-1, 0) (0, 0) (3, 0) x x d = 3.75x x 8
d = 30 days

238. (d)
Cleave - means to divide/split
D ~_ _,__ _ _ ___, C
(0, -5)
239. (b)
32.4 = K (20 + 25) ... (i)
IY + 21 ~ 3 X - y ~ - 2 42 = K (50 + 30) ... (ii)
X:S:: 3 y :s; i e= 1
x~-1 -5:S::y
240. (22.22)
Total area= Area of rectangle ABCD
+ Area of L1ABE
i A
= 4x6+--(4x4)=32 E
2 T
EM
20m

230. (a)
We can see graph only (i) follows.
0
0)

l p
70 m
~~
C
l
232. (b) 100 m - - - - - - - 1
P➔ Married tiAME "" tiAPC
R ➔ Unmarried AM ME
---
Q ➔ Status Not given AP PC
P ➔ Looks@ Q 20 ME
⇒ ---
O ➔ Looks@ R 90 100
Now two possibility arise, ⇒ ME= 22.22
fflRDE ERS!::il ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 309

241. {d) ⇒ C= k(10) 2 = 100k= 1600 ⇒ k= 16

Using options (a) and (c) cannot be answer.
C1 = k(4) 2 = 16k
As Hema's age = 2n +5, where n is a natural
number. C2 =k(6) 2 =36k

(2n + 5 =f:. i4) } Now total cost = 52k = 52 x i 6 = 832

( n + =f:. ). for any natural number n
2 5 18
246. (b)
(b) and ( d) remains
Put value and verify
Let us take Hema's age as option ( d) which is
(i) y = 2.x + 4 is true in -3 s:: x :s: - 1
19.
On putting x = -3, y = 2 and x - -2,
So, Hari's aye =7 and Suresh age = bf
y = 0 and x = -1, y = 2
Verifies all condition "answer ( d)"
(ii) y = Ix -- 11 is also true (x = -1, y = 2),
Alternate Method
(x = 0, y = i) and (x = 1, y = 0)
Hema = 2 Hari + 5
(iv) y = 1 in (2 ::,; x :s: 3) always true
Suresh = 10 Hari - 13 =3 Hema
(i), (ii) and (iv) are true.
Solving equations.
Hari = 7 247. (d)
Hema= 19 9 C, = 9! = 9x8x7 =S4
Sui·esh == 57 -o 6!x3! 6 -

242. (c) 248. (a)

Sum of series will be As a, b, c are non-negative integers and given
log a + log b + log c = 0
log(a x b x c) = log 1
⇒ axbxc=1
Which can be possible for simple values.
(4~ s~)+(4~ s\Hs~ si, 8=b-C=1

All like terms will cancel out and we will be left

Hence a + b + c= 1+ 1 + 1 =3
with Alternate Method:
;) /1 ii Given,
( 1+_!_ -f-+-1
\. 2 \. 51 52) log a + log b + log c = 0
243. (c) As we know log 1 = O, so each one of them can
12.5%x + 10%x = 108 be zero if a = b =c= 1
log 1 + log 1 + log 1 = O
By putting a = b = 1 equation satisfies

12.5 a+b+c=1+1+1=3
So loss 108 x - - = 60
22.5 249. (b)
244. (b) a+a+a+ ... +a = na = 8 2b
ntimes
A x B x C = B x G x E = D x E x F = 72
⇒ n= ab "' (i)
8 X 9 X 1= 9 X 2 X 4 = 3 X 4 X 6 = 72
Any of A, B, C, D, E, F, G cannot be 5. b+b+b+ ... +b = mb = b 2a
,nlirnes

245. (b) ⇒ m= ab (ii\

•.. \" I

C= W2 [m+m+ ...... +m] x [n+n+ ...... +n]

So,
ntirres mtin"Bs
C=kW2
310 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSY

i.e., mn x mn = (mn)2 253. (b)

from (i) and (ii) mn = a2 b 2 logP = i0(y - z)
So, result, (mn) 2 = (a 2 b 2 ) = a4 b 4 log Q = 10(z x)
log R = i0(x y)
250. (c)
logP + logO + logR = 0
Loss = kd 2 For duration of 7 units
log(PQR) = log 1
4900 = k(7) 2 · ⇒ k = 100
PQR = 1
Loss = kd 2 For duration of 4 units
= k(4) 2 ⇒ '16k = i600 254. (b)
9 Am of 1 i July of 2 PM on 15th July= 1Oi hours
251. (b)
A+ B + C = i3
C + D + E= 13
... (i)
... (ii)
( 24 + ~6) hours of incorrect clock = 24 hours

of correct clock
E + F + G = 13 ... (iii)
G + H+ K = 13 ... (iv) (24 + 150) hours of IC
6
Adding [(i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv)]
= 24 hours of correct clock
A+B+C+O+ E + F + G + H + K +
96
(C + E + G) = 13 x 4 = 52 ... (v) 1 hour of IC = hours of correct clock
97
Also A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H & K represents natural
numbers from (1 to 9) 96
101 hour of IC = - x 101 hours of correct clock
97
= 99.958 hours of correct clock
There sum will be given by n(n+ i) = 45
2 = 99 hours+ 0.95876 x 60 minutes
Substituting (iv) C + E + G = 7 ... (vi) of correct clock

Only possibly for sum 7 will be (1, 2, 4) == 99 hours + 57.525 minutes

Now, C + E cannot be (i and 2) = 99 hours and approx 58 minutes

As eq. (ii) is C + D + E = 13 So, correct time will be

Now, 0 will become equal to 10 (which is not 2 PM, 11 th july + (99 hours and 58 minutes)

possible because digits i to 9 given) = 12 : 58 PM on 15th July

C & E can be either ( 2 , 4 )

(1. 4) l ... (vii)
255. (b)
2v12v6ov240v72ov144ov144ovo
{2, 6) (12, 5) (60, 4) (240, 3) (720, 2) (1440, 1) (1440, 0)

H C = H from eq. (vi) C + E+ G = 7 So, 1440 must be answer.

Now, E+ G=3
256. (c)
(Not possible in eq. (iii) E + F + G = 10, F
Number is divided by either by 20 or 42 or by
= 10 which is not possible)
76
So from eq. (vii) only possibility remains is
K x LCM(20, 42, 76) + constant difference
E = H. = 7980 K + 7 (K is natural number)
252. (c) Least number will be 7980 + 7 = 9987.
Cumulative rainfall = 300 mm 257, (d)

50% of minfaH = 300 x

160 = 150 mm
Area= 50 m 2 p
[d
⇒ Volume stored in tank = 150 x 10-3 x 50 m3
or = 7500 f
 fflRDE ERS!:ll
® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 311
Area of square =d
= 6000M + 6000F
Side one side of square = ✓
d
9 9
Diagonal of square= ✓d + d = ✓
2c] = 6000 (M+F)
Area of circle = rcr2 9
From equation (i)
- 6000
rota/ money= - -. (300)= 2,00,000
9
d 260. (a)
= rc-
2 E
i
= -red
2
258. {c)

p-x _ _1 q-Y :::: _i r-Z = _1 q

- q, r p B
a
Put x=1,y=1,Z=1 A
LE+ LF =?
a + q + E = 180 ". (i)
a + ~ + F = 180 ... (ii)
i.e.
1 1 1 1 1 1 a+p+p+q=360 ... (iii)
p = q' q = -r -r =-
p Equation (i) + (ii) = (iii)
Which is true i.e. a+ q+E+a+P+F=a+p+p+q
1 1 1 E+F=p-a
P q r 261. (c)
So, xyz = 1 Four green, two red face
Alternate Solution:
V= q
qY = r
P(G) = i 1 =

1
(z = p q(R) =3
x logp = logq
n= 7
y logq = logr
z logr = logp Option (1),P(G = 3)=
7
¼(~J3(ir
logq
x=-···- 35x~ 35x~
YP =
(3)7 - (3)7
yr
y == logq

logp
(2),
P(G = 4) =
7
C4 x(~r x(iY
Z= ~·--.
yr
xxyxz=1
59. {b)
Male + Female = 300 (3),
". (i)
8 2
Total money=
9 Mx750+ 3F x moo
312 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERSl!::I

265. (b)
(4), 715 ? 423
0
We know that the divisibility rule for 3 is sum of
7x26 28x24 all digits should be divisible by 3.
=
= (3)7 (3)7 7 + 1 + 5 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 22
Option 3 is maxin:ium value. So, the next number after sum 22 which are
divisible by 3 are 24. 27, 30 etc.
So, five green faces and two red faces.
So, 22 + 2 = 24
262. (b) 22 + 5 = 27
Let total number of people are 100. But according to minimum condition 2 is right
100 answer.

266. (b)
(M)60/I~ 40(W)
80 (Attend)
Alloy A contains Gold and Copper.
Let 2x : 3x
(M)/ ~ 40(W) Which is same as 4x : 6x
Alloy B contains Copper 3x : 7x
So, M must be 80 - 40 = 40
As masses of Alloy A is equal to Alloy of mass B.
Ratio of male to female
i.e.
40: 40
Gold Copper
1 : 1
i.e. Alloy 1 4x 6x ⇒ 10x (mass)
263. (d) Alloy 2 3x 7x ⇒ 10x (mass)
This is a infinite Geometric progression with first :. Ratio of Gold to Copper is,
term (a) = 1 Gold from alloy 1 + Gold of alloy 2
1 Copper from alloy 1 + Copper of alloy 2
and common ratio (r) =
4 4x+3x 7x 7
The formula for finding the sum of infinite G.P = --=---
6x+ 7x 13x 13
a
is given by - - 267. (b)
1-r
1 1 4
1-2 - 3/4
=
3 A= P(1+-r )n
100
4
5
264. (b) 1000000 = P(1 + _2g_)·
iOO
A
5

Height of D
1000000 = p(_!2)
10
lamp post (h)

B
I..._
1.5

E
3 ___,...,...__ 3 -I
1000000 =
115
P(--105 l
ABC and DEC are similar triangles, 105 1011
p = 1000000 X --
AB BC 1 115
DE EC = 620921.323:ce62i000
h 6 268. (c)
- --
1.5 - 3 Let us suppose total number of cabs are i 00.
h 85 are green and rest 15 are blue.
-- = 2
i .5 Witness is correct 80% of times in identifying.
h = 3 meter Total number of blue cabs identified correctly.
IDRDE ERS~ @ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 313

80 272. (d)
(80% of 15) ⇒ X 15 = 12
100 f(x) = 0
Witness is incorrect 20% of times X = {-2, 0, 3}
That incorrectness should happen for green f(-2) = 0 , f(0) = 0 , f(3) = 0
f(x - 3) = 0
20 1, 3, 6
(20% of 85) ⇒ - , x85 = 17
100 f(1 - 3) = f(-2) = 0
Witness identifies 12 + 17 = 29 Cabs in total. f(3 - 3) = f(O) = 0
f(6 -- 3) = f(3) = 0
Required 12 12
Probability = Total = 12 + 17 = 29 273. (a)
=41.3%:co41% F(a, b) = (a - b) 2

269. (b) G(a, b) = /a-q

(a) is beyond the scope of given information G(F(1, 3) G(1, 3)) = G((1 - 3) 2 , l1 -31)
option (c) can also be discarded on the same = G(4 , 2)
grounds.The argument deals with the coastal ::: /4 - 21 = 2
region becoming crowded and polluted because
274. (c)
of the upcoming luxury resort. Option (b)
precisely underlines the theme of the para.

270. (c)
Statement (i) is not true as nowhere it is mentioned
that John was a captain in junior team. The
introductory line emphasizes on the board
recognizing John's potential (Latent quality/
possIbfflty) as leader of the team.
Statement (iii) also manipulates the facts
mentioned in the argument.
DHLP HLPT
The 3 rd statement of the argument while this +3 I
aggression has filled stadia with die-hard fans +3 I
+3
does not indicate fans expectations from John
+3
as a caption.
Statement (ii) The concluding statement of the
275. (c)
para suggests that finding a completer captain
Numeral can be selected in 1 O ways (O - 9).
is a tough task as it took John many years to
Each of upper case and lower case alphabhats
become a successful and calculative batsman
can be done in 26 ways each.
- captain.
All three choosen (1 numeral and 2 alphabat) can
Statement (iv) can be explicitly concluded from
be arrange in 3! ways.
the last 4 lines of the para.
So, total number of ways will be 1 O x 26 x 26
?71. (c) x 3! = 40560 ways

(4+2)2 276. (c)

K=4 ⇒ = 36
4-3 Assume number of marbles = 100
(8+ 2) 2
= 100 = 20
Cost of marbles increased = 25
K=8 ⇒ Integers
8-3 5 New cost = Rs. 125
{?P. ..L ')\2 ano Number of marbles in Rs.100
L.../ - ~ :::;: 36
K - 28 ⇒ 28- 3 -
- \'-'--' l

25
iOO
So, option (c) ⇒ 4, 8, 28
= - x 100 = 80 marbles
125
3i 4 I III Re,asoning & Aptitude fflRDE ERS~

Now, (40-x) + (25-x) + (20 ~x) + (15 ~x) = 80

100 - 4x = 80
x=5
% blue marbles in new design 10 X 7 + 10 X 1 80 4
==-::;:::-
. 12 >< fO X 1 f 220 11
;::: ( 0 ~ S)
4
. 80
X 100 = 35x §_
. . 4
= 43.75%
6
~ 0.3636
277. (c)
279, (b}
{i) Q and R moves first.
In forward trip Q rowed.
CQ$X
In return trip R rowed.
(ii) P and R moves in second trip A I

R rowed in forward trip

P rowed in return trip 0 X

(iii) P and S moves in last trip :2i

I
I
S rowed in forward trip.
sinx
R rowed twice.

278. (b) From the curve it is clear that sinx and cosx both

B + G = 12
B=G+2 are decreasing in the interval (i, 1t).
⇒ 8=7
G=5 280. (d)
7 Boys and 5 Girls are there is 12 students. (i) Cuboid volume :;;: 8 x 1O x 6 ;::; 480 cm 3
Among 3 students selected boys have to be (ii) Cube volume ;::; 8 x 8 x 8 = 512 cm 3
more than girls. (iii) Cylinder volume = nr 2 h
So only two cases arise. 22 x 7 x 7 x 7 == 1078
. .3
G B = --
7 . . .cm
2 i
(iv) Sphere volume
3 0
As case (i)
4 .3 4 3 . 3
5 5 5 . 3 .. ;:::~nx(7)
""~nr 3 .... · ="1436.75cm
.
GGG-1 x x
12 12 12
Hence, the descending order of their volumes is

case (ii)G
GGB} ➔ B G 3x
5
x_§_x!_
(iv), (iii), (li), (i).

B G G 12 12 12 281. (c)
Area of equilateral triangle = ✓3
3 2
Required prob.= ( 2. )
\12
+ 3(2)
12
(1-)
12
x

650 325
= --=-
1728 864 a2 = 4
= 0.3761574 ~ 0.376 a== 2
Alternative Method : Perimeter = 3a = 3 x 2 : : : : 6
Th€3re are 7B and 5G
Throu.gh as question is stating 3 students are 282. (a)
taken at random. Total distance == x
This can be a possible way 'fo approach it. (Onward journey) $ 1 =;: 60 km/h
G B (Return journey) S2 = 90 km/h
2 1 Total distance
Average speed
3 0 Total time
 fflRDS EASY ® Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 315

x+x 286. (c)

X X Number of parall_elogram
= -+-
60 90 = 4C2 XS½
= 2 x 90 x 2 = 72 km/h =6x10=60
5
287. (b)
284. (C) Rectangle initial length is l and breath is b. If
x2 + X = 1 I is reduced by 1O m and breath reduced by 5
x(x + 1) =1 m then it becomes square.
1 So, l - i O ::-: b - 5
X I i ;:;;
X
I - b =5

(x-});:;; (-1) Given, initial, l x b = A ". ( i)

2nd condition,
Squaring above equation, (I - 10) (b - 5) = A - 650
2 1 lb - iOb - 51 + 50 = A - 650
X +--2 = (+i)
.l A - iOb · · · 51 = A - 700
2 1 iOb + 5/ = 700
X +2 = 3
X
iOb + 5(b + 5) = 700
Squaring above eqt,Jatiori,
15b + 25 = 700
1
4 15b = 700 - 25
x +4 + 2 = 9
X
15b = 675 ⇒ b = 45 m
4 1 I = 45 + 5 = 50 m
X + 4 =7
X
Area of original rectangle = 45 x 50 = 2250 m 2
285. (d)
-----------·--·-·-···----288-L_Lb.,__..)~
100,000 Let two digit no is xy

A
(3,3Q,OQO) ---- \ ~ R
(2,50,0QO)
X + Y = 9 ". (i)
10x + y - 45=: iOy + X

or x-5=y
x-y=5 "' (ii)
100000 -· y
150000 + y 60000 + y
Adding (i) and (ii)
x=7
Subtracting (i) and (ii)
y=2
80,000 Therefore the number is 72.
90,000

90000 + y 289. (b)

C
(2,60,000) 7 machine ➔ 7 toys ➔ 7 minutes

---
6,30,000;:;; 2y + i ,50,000 + 100000 + 80000 +
60000 + 90000 + 90000
1 machine ➔ i toy ➔ 7 minutes
Because one machine takes 7 minute for making
i toy.
So, 100 machines will take 7 minute for making
6,30,000 - 5.70,000 = 2y 100 toys.
y = 30000
Students who failed to clear the test = 150000 290. (d)
+ 60000 + 90000 + 4y Given, a and b are integer
= 300000 + 4 X 300QQ a + a2 b3 is odd
Students who failed to clear the test = 420000 a(i +ab3 ) is odd
316 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE EASY

Multiplication of odd and odd number is odd. y = lo - 1 I

3
So, a is odd and 1 + a_b is odd. y = 1 Not satisfied
1 + ab3 is odd, so ab3 will be even.
293. (a)
Because a is odd so for ab3 to be even b must
log Ia I + log Ib I + log Ic I = 0
be even.
It is possible only,
So, a is odd and b is even.
if lal, lbl and lei all are equal to 1.
291. (c) So, a, b, c may be ± 1, ± 1, ± 1 respectively.]
For minimum valJe all three will be negative.
So, minimum value = -3
For maximum value all three will be positive,
So, maximum value = +3.
294. (d)
Train speed = 54 km/h
Time = 25 sec for travelling length
Case-I Case-II
of train and length of platform
Roses Man speed = 9 km/h
Fade Speed of train to man = 45 km/h
Time = 14 sec
So.length of train= time x speed
5
= 14x45x-
18
Length of train = 35 x 5 m = 175 m
Case-Ill Length of platform + length of train = speed x
time
292. (b)
5
X 25 = 15 X 25 = 375 m
= 54 X
X 0 ±1 ±2 18
y 0 -1 0 Length of platform = 375 - 175 = 200 m

Solving through options, 295. (b)

BC, FGH, LMNO, TUVWX
(a)
296. (a)
Putting, x = 1
y =2 - 2 =O Not satisfied
Pc= Ps = Pr
rcO = 4a = 3s
. n 2
now, Area of circle = O [nO = 4a]
Putting, x = 1 4
y=h-11-1 Area of square = a2
y = --1 Satisfied rc2cf- 1t2
=-=-CY
i6 16

~=
2

Putting, x = 1 Area of triangle = J3

4
~(!:
4 3
)
0

y=l1+1l-1 {·: nO = 3s}

y = -1 Not satisfied (J3)n2!J2
=----
36
TC 7t2 J3n2
Putting, x = 1 4 > 16>36
y=lh-11-1 So, circle has the largest area.
fflRDE ERSY ~ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 317

297. (c) 301. (c)

1 Area = 1936 m 2
----+----+----
1+ logu vw 1+ logv WU 1+ logw UV a2 = 1936 m 2
a= 44 m
i
------+-----+----- Length of wire = 4a
- logu u + logu vw logv v + logv wu logw w + logw uv
= 4 X 44 = 176 m
1
= +---+--- Now,part-1 length
logu uvw logv uvw logw uvw
= 3 X 44 = 132 m
= loguvw u + loguvw v + loguvw w = loguvw uvw = 1 part-2 length =1 x 44 = 44 m
Long wire is bent in square,
298. {b) So, 4a = 132
For remaining two trials highest probability is, a= 33 m
that
Area of square = 33 2 = 1089 m2
HH Now, small wire is bent in circle,
HT
TH So, rcO = 44
TT 22
-xO = 44
Out of 4 possible cases one head and Twill be 7
have the highest probability of occurance. 0= 14 m
TC 2 1t 2
299. (*) Area of circle = -x O = -x14
4 4
5 = 153.94 m 2
125 x 7 x 39= 7W Total area enclosed
= Area of square+ Area of circle
W = 4 7775 Robot hrs.
= 1089 + 153.94
Left work = 47775 - 125 x 7 x 39 2
= =_
13650 Robot hrsL._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1242.97"'"
____ 1243
__ m_ _ _ _ _ _ __
13 XX X 8 = 13650 302. (d)
X = t'.ii.?5 By condition 1 ⇒
Addition robot required Possible numbers are ➔ 51, 54, 57
= 131.25 - 125 = 6.25"'" 7 By condition 2 ⇒

Possible nurnbers are ➔ 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67,

300. (c)
69
By condition 3 ⇒

Possible numbers are ➔ 70, 71, 73, 7 4, 75, 76,

77, 79
⇒ 66 is multiple of 3, it does not belong to 50
to 59. So it is not the answer.
⇒ 54 is multiple of 3 and 6. But it is not the
multiple of 4. So according to second condition
it cannot be the answer.
C(19)
⇒ Because 65 is not the multiple of 6. So condition
T=40
3 is not satisfied. So it cannot be the answer.
Total student= 40 ⇒ For 76. All three conditions are satisfied. So
13 - X + I6 - X + l9 - X + X = 40 it is the answer.
Students watches all three movies,
x=4 ll!Ulllillllllliliilil
1. Three hundred passengers are travelling in white, If the rest of them finished the work in 12 days,
silver and black cars; each of these cars is the number of members present in the team
carrying 6, 5 and 3 passengers, respectively. If originally is
the number of white and silver cars is equal and (a) 50 (b) 45
three is only one black car, what is the total (c) 35 (d) 30
number of cars? [ESE Pre-2017 : 2 Marks]
(a) 52 (b) 53
(c) 54 (d) 55 7. The sum of squares of successive integers 8 to
[ESE Pre-2017 : 2 Marks] i6, both inclusive, will be
(a) i i26 (b) i i74
2. The present ages of 3 brothers are in the proportion
(c) i292 (d) i356
3 : 4 : 5. After iO years the sum of their ages
[ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]
will be 78. What are their ages now?
(a) 12, 16 and 20 (b) 15, 20 and 25 8. Given that 0.8 is one root of the equation,
(c) 21, 28 and 35 (d) 24, 32 and 40 x3 - 0.6x 2 - 1.84x + 1.344 = 0. The other roots
[ESE Pre-2017 : 2 Marks] of this equation will be
(a) 1.1 and -1.4 (b) -1.2 and 1.4
3. A total of 324 notes comprising of< 20 and< 50
(c) 1.2 and -1.4 (d)-1.1 and 1.4
denominations make a sum of < 12,450. The
[ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]
number of < 20 notes is
(a) 200 (b) 144 9. The equation, x 3 - 8x 2 + 37x - 50 = 0 is factored
(c) 125 (d) 110 and it has (3 + 4i) as one of its roots. What is
[ESE Pre-2017 : 2 Marks] the real root of this equation?
(a) 2 (b) 4
4. Five Men can paint a building in 20 days, 8 Women
(c) 6.5 (d) i3
can paint the same building in 25 days and
[ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]
10 Boys can paint it in 30 days. If a team has
2 Men, 6 Women and 5 Boys, how long will it take 10. Circle A is 4 cm in diameter; circle B is 5 cm
to paint the building? in diameter. Circle Chas its circumference equal
(a) i 2 days (b) 13 days to the sum of the circumferences of both A and
(c) 14 days (d) 15 days B together. What will be the ratio of the area of
[ESE Pre-2017 : 2 Marks] circle C, with respect to the area of circle A and
Rajiv spends 40% of his salary on food, 20% on circle B respectively?
5.
house rent, i 0% on entertainment and 10% on (a) 5.0625 and i .84 (b) 3.875 and 1 .84
conveyance. If his savings at the month end are (c) 5.0625 and 3.24 (d) 3.875 and 3.24
< 2,000, then his monthly salary is: [ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]
(a) < 6,000 (b) <8,000 11. The 12 digits on the face of a clock are to be
(c) <10,000 (d) < 12,000 represented employing contributions of only the
[ESE Pre-2017 : 2 Marks)
number 9 as either 9 or Jg . The other prescribed
6. A group of workers estimate to finish a work in conditions are (i) the least number of uses alone
1O days, but 5 workers could not join the work. are permitted; and (ii) when alternates are possible,
 fflRDE ERS!:J • Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 319

use of 9 will be preferred over use of -Jg , which 16. A wall, rectangular in shape, has a perimeter of
72 m. If the length of its diagonal is 18 m, what
should be used minimally. How many times
is the area of the wall?
would Jg have to be used? (a) 224 ni 2 (b) 486 m 2
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 572 m2 (d) 606 m 2
(c) 4 (d) 3 [ESE i->re-2018 : 2 Marks]
[ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]
17. To isolate an enclosed area for conservation, an
12. In a particular test, the marks scored by open traverse is run kE::eping close to (but outside
4 candidates •- A, B, C and Oare as follows: of) the exterior boundary of the area through
@ Marks ohtAined by A and B add to 100;
ground points A ➔ B ➔ C ➔ D ➔ E ➔ F ➔ G
• Marks obtained by C and O add up to those ➔ towards H (to be eventually located). AB is
scored by A;
80° to the East of the North line at A. Deflection/
• B scores 4 times of O;
Interior angles at B, C, D, E, Fare indicated.
• D scores 1O marks less than C.
What would be the magnitude of the deflection
The marks obtained by C will be
angle at G (as marked) so that GH many run
(a) 30 (b) 15
parallel to BA? (Lengths are immaterial in this
(c) 20 (d) 25
case.)
[ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]

13. What is the form of the function f(x) for the N C E

following data?

b
80° 60°
1300 900
kso:_.~B ~ ,D

---
(a) x 2 + 2x + 3
jgl_~~ + 2x - 3
(b) x 2 - 2x + 3
(dLx.~_:::::_2x_= .::s~-- To: ~ i o n ( a n g l e ~ --=--=-~----'-------
14. What is the maximum value of z, if (a) 190° (b) 210°
z = 10x+ 6y subject to t~e constraints (c) 200° (d) 230°
3x + y :s; 12, 2x + Sy :s; 34, x 2 0, y 2 07 [ESE Pre~2018: 2 Marks]
(a) 56 (b) 52
(c) 50 (d) 40 18. The objective function z =
3x 1 + 5x 2 is to be
[ESE Pre-20i 8 : 2 Marks j maximized subjected to constraints.
x 1 + 2x 2 S:: 200
15. Let the sum of the squares of successive integers X 1 +x2 S150
o, 1, 2, ... , n - i, n be denoted by S. Let the x1, X 2 2 0
sum of the cubes of the same integers be denoted The values of x 1 and x 2 in this context are,
C . , respectively
by C. It is desirable that
5 , as n increases 1n
(a) 100 and 75 (b) 125 and 75
steps of 'unity' from 'zero', is given by the series:
(c) 100 and 50 (d) 125 and 50
0 3 9 18 30 [ESE Pre~2018 : 2 Marks]
-,-,-,-,-, ... (for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 .... ). What
135 7 9
19. Consider the length Qf a room is 15 m and width
will this ratio be for n = 8? is 10 m. If the sum,Qf,tQ~;~r~,s of the floor and
108 103 ceiling ls equal J· ,~, "cthe areas of the
(a) fl (b) i7 four walls, then tffe,
103 100 (a) 900 m 3

(c) 15 Id\1 -
' i5 (c) 1200 m3
[ESE Pre-20i 8 : 2 Marks]
320 ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflADE EASY

20. A small production unit now works 6 days per an 8% increase in weekly wages. How much
change in the hourly production would mean parity
week with 3 2 hours of first shift every one of the in the agreement for both management ar-id
3
employees?
6 days and 3 hours of second shift for each of (a) 3.68% (b) 2.15%
the first 5 days. Wage negotiations led to an (c) 1.82% (d) 1.33%
agreement to work on 5 days a week with both [ESE Pre-2018 : 2 Marks]

shifts together clocking 7 2 hours per day with gl!IIIIIIIHIIIII

2

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a)

10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c)

19. (a) 20. (a)

1. (d) Alt 1: If all the notes are Rs. 50 notes, total amount
Since the number of passengers in Black car is = 324 x SO= Rs. 16200 which is 16200- 12450
3, it leaves 300 - 3 = 297 passengers to be = 3750
accommodated in White and Silver coloured cars 3750/(50 - 20) = 125 notes of Rs. 20.
which are equal in number (W = S). Alt 2: This question can also be solved by putting
We can form a linear equation: options.
(6 + 5)W = 297 giving W = 27 as also S = 27
4. (d)
Total number of cars being 27 + 27 + 1 = 55
5 men in 20 days = i 00 man days
2. (a) 8 women in 25 days = 200 woman days
Let 3x, 4x, 5x be the present age of 3 brothers. 10 boys in 30 days = 300 boy days
After 10 years, sum of their age is 12x + 30 = 78 which means 100 MO = 200 WD = 300 80 or 1
which gives x = 4 man day = 3 boy days; 1 woman day = 1.5 Boy
Hence the present age of three brothers is 12, 16 days 2 men, 6 women and 5 boys = 2 x 3 + 6
and 20 years. x 1.5 + 5 = 20 boys deployed to complete the
Alt: Can be directly solved using the given options task which will get completed in 300/20 = i 5 days
since the sum of their present age = 78 - 30 = Alt: [2(1/iO0) + 6(1/200) + 5(1/300)]x = 1
48 which is satisfied by option 'A' alone. Which gives x = i 5

3. (c) 5. (c)
We can form 2 linear equations taking the number The remaining percentage after expenditure 20%
of Rs. 20 and Rs. 50 notes as T and F which equals Rs. 2000 leading to total monthly
T + F = 324 ... ( 1) income = Rs. 10000.
20T + 50 F = 12450 ... (2)
6. (d)
Solving the 2 equations, we get T = 125
If' W' is the original number of workers estimated
 mRDE ERS~ @ Previous Years GATE Solved Questions I 321

to finish the work, we can form an equation as: Diameter of circle C = 9 cm

= (W- 5)
(29) n: = 481 n
10 W x 12 which gives W = 30. 2
Area of circle C =
7. (d)
/\pply formula for I,n2 to solve this question where Ratio of are of circle C w.r.t. area of circle A and
n(n+ i)(2n+ i)
In2- = 6 81 81
~n=16 n2 _ ~n=7 n2
that of circle B will be
16 ,25 or 5.0625 and 3.24.
.Lin=1 .Lin=1

i6(i6+ 1)(32+ 1) 7(7 + i)(14+ 1) 11. (b)

=
6 6 Care is to be taken to meet thP given conditions
= 1496 - 140 = 1356 i.e. least number of 9s and or ✓9 to be used and
preference to be given to use of 9.
8. (c)
9 9 9.
Use the formulae for sum and product of roots 1=~· 2= { + ). 3= '9· 4=
g' 9 ' '\f'-J,
'9+ 9'
,j';:J
Given equation is x 3 - 0.6x 2 - i .84x + 1.344 = 0
Let the roots of this equation be a, 13, y 9 9
5=9-19-~- 6=9-J9 7=9- + . 8=9-~·
9' ' 9 ' 9'
b
a + 13 + y = - - = 0.6
= 9 + ~ ·, = 9 - ✓9;
... (i) 99
a. 9 = 9; 10 11 = · 12
9 9'
C
al3 + l3y + ya = - = i .84 ... (ii) 12. (d)
a
A + 8 = 100
d
al3Y = -- = i .334 ... (iii) C + 0= A
a
If a = 0.8 then 13 + y = 0.6 - 0.8 = -0.2 which
= 40 8

can be picked up as option since numerically

D = C - 10 or C = D + 10
_ _ _ _ A_±_AD =_JDQ___
~~---- greater __value s.bauLd_ba\Le_oe.gatLve-S.fgR-~.- - -
and O + D + 10 = A
9. (a)· or A= 20 + 10
Use the formulae for sum and product of roots Solving these 2 equations given O = 15 and C = 25
Given equation is x3 - 8x 2 + 37:x - 50 = O
13. (a)
Let the roots of this equation be a, 13, y
This question can be solved by just putting values
With one root a as 3 + 4i; the other root 13 is its
given in various options.
conjugate i.e. 3 - 4i
b 14. (a)
(X + 13 + y = - - = 8 ..... (i) This question can be solved by finding point of
a
this gives the third root =8 - 6 =2 intersection of the 2 linear equations representing
the constraints.
10. (c)
3x + y ~ 12
Circumference of circle A = 4n: as its diameter= 4 and 2x + 5y ~ 34
16 which is x = 2 and y = 6
cm; Area of circle A = 4n or 4n Putting this value in the given objective function
i.e. z = iOx + 6y, we get maximum value of
Circumference of circle B = 5n: as its diameter = 5
z = 56.

(25) n
2
25 15. (a)
cm; Area of circle B = or
4 n
C;
Circumference of circle C = Circumference of circle Ignoring i st term;
A + Circumference of circle B = 4n + 5n = 9rc
322 I ® Reasoning & Aptitude fflRDE IERSY

C 108 18. (c)

Putting, n =8 we get ; =
17 This question can be solved by finding point of
intersection of the 2 linear equations representing
16. (b)
the constraints
x1 + 2.x2 ~ 200
and x1 + x2 ~ '150
Wall which is x 1 == i 00 and x 2 = 50

19. (a)

Perimeter = 72 m Th
(a + b) x 2 = 72 m .;. (i)
a + b = 36 m
1
a2 + b2 = c?- ~
⇒ a2 + b 2 = 182 = 324 ... (ii) I 1s m
Area = a x b ... (iii) ..,_____1om-------....~
we know, (a + b) 2 = a2 + b 2 + 2ab
Given information is
⇒ 362 = 324 + 2 x (Area)
Area of floor + Area of ceiling = Sum of area of
⇒ Area= 486 m2
four walls
17. (a} ⇒ (10xi5)+(10 x i5) = (i5x h x2) + (iO x h x 2)
⇒ 300 = 50h
E
N
⇒ h=6m
Volume of room = i O m x i5 m x6 m
130° = 900 m3
B
D
A t=...-L-:..::...,
10'
G
----- 20. (a)
HA F In the first case, total number of hours per week
= 3.5 x 6 + 3 x 5 = 36 hours
L'.FGH = 190° In the second case, total number of hours= 75 x 5
Note: Line FG will be horizontal and not inclined = 37.5 hours
as given in question. With increased wages, the effective hourly rate is

36 08
( xi_· ) = i .0368 Imp
· I,YlnQ
· 3 .68°/co as the
37 5
increase in expected productivity.

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