tFg;G : xd;gJ

ghlk; : jkpo;
,ay; -1 jkpNohtpak; (nr)
tpdh-tpil
1. jkpNohtpak; ftpijapy; cq;fis <h;j;j mbfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
‘khdpl Nkd;ikiar; rhjpj;jplf; Fws;
kl;LNk NghJNk Xjp el’
vd;Dk; mbfNs vd;id kpfTk; <h;j;jJ. jpUf;Fws; jkpo;nkhopapy;
vOjg;gl;bUg;gpDk; rkak;> ,dk;> nkhop> ehL> fhyk; fle;J midtUf;Fk;
nghJthd ePjpiag; Nghjpf;fpwJ. kdpj ,dk; Nkd;ik mila
jpUf;Fwisf; fw;W tho;tpy; gpd;gw;wpdhy; NghJk;.
2. ‘mfkha; Gwkha; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mit mike;jijr; nrhy;Yk;
,yf;fzq;fs;’- ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ghLnghUs;fshf ,t;thpfs; czh;j;Jtd
ahit?
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ghLnghUs;fshf mikgit fhjYk;
tPuKk; MFk;. jkpo; kf;fspd; cs;sk; rhh;;e;j mftho;itf; fhjy; vd;Wk;
tPuk;> nfhil rhh;e;j tho;itg; Gwk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpw;F
,yf;fzk; tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;fs; jkpo; ,yf;fz Kd;Ndhbfs;. ,itNa
nghUs; ,itNa nghUs; ,yf;fzk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
3. GJf;Nfhyk; Gide;J jkpio tsh;g;gha; - cq;fs; gq;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz tsk; ngw;w nkhop. tho;f;iff;F
top fhl;Lk; ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa nkhop. rkaq;fisg; Nghw;wp
tsh;j;j nkhop. vdNt nkhop Fwpj;Jf; Fiw nrhy;yhky; Gjpad gilj;Jj;
jkpo; tsh;g;Nghk;.
vq;fs; gq;fspg;G:
jkpo; mwpe;Njhhplk; jkpopy; NgRjy;. J}a jkpopy; Ngr KaYjy;>
vOJjy;> mwptpay; Jiw rhh;e;j nrhw;fSf;fhd jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpe;J
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
****************
,ay;-1 jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; (ciu)
tpdh – tpil
1. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; gphpTfs; ahit? kw;Wk; cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j
nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJf.
 jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; nkhopfs; gutpa epy mbg;gilapy; njd;
jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tljpuhtpl nkhopfs;> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vd %d;whf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:
jkpo;: njhd;ikAk; tsikAk; epiwe;j nkhop. xNu nghUisf; Fwpf;fg;
gy nrhw;fs; mike;j nrhy; tsKk; nghUs; tsKk; epiwe;j nkhop.
njYq;F: Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhop. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;
xd;W. ‘Re;juj; njYq;F’ vd;W ghujpahuhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;l nkhop.
2. %d;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vt;thW
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ?
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; %d;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; xd;W NghyNt
mike;Js;sJ.
%d;W - jkpo;
%Z - kiyahsk;
%L - njYq;F
%U - fd;dlk;
%[p - JS
3. jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;:
1. njhd;ikAk; ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa tsKk; cilaJ jkpo;
nkhopahFk;.
2. Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfis tplTk; jkpo;nkhop jdf;nfdj;
jdpj;j ,yf;fz tsj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; nkhopahFk;.
3. jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; gpw nkhopj;jhf;fk; kpfTk; Fiwe;jjhff;
fhzg;gLk; nkhop jkpNo MFk;.
4. jkpo;nkhop> jpuhtpl nkhopfs; rpytw;wpd; jha;nkhopahff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
5. xNu nghUisf; Fwpf;fg; gy nrhw;fs; mike;j nrhy;tsKk;
nrhy;yhl;rpAk; epuk;gg; ngw;w nkhop jkpNo MFk;.
6. jkpopd; gy mbr;nrhw;fspd; xypad;fs;> xyp ,lk;ngah;jy;
vd;w tpjpg;gb gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tbtk; khwpapUf;fpd;wd. Rl;Lg;
ngah;fSk; %tplg; ngah;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fisg;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
7. jkpo;> gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfistpl xg;gpay; Ma;Tf;Fg;
ngUe;Jizahf mike;Js;sJ.
 8. mj;Jld; jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; fhye;NjhWk; jd;idg;
GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G nfhz;ljhfTk; jkpo;nkhop tpsq;fp tUfpwJ.
4. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nghJg;gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nghJg;gz;Gfs;:
nrhw;fspd; ,d;wpaikahg; gFjp Nth;r;nrhy;> mbr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nrhw;fis Muha;e;jhy;> mit nghJthd
mbr;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
rhd;W:
mbr;nrhy; - jpuhtplnkhopfs;
fz; - jkpo;
fz;Z - kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;
fd;D - njYq;F> FlF
/fd; - F&f;
nfz; - gh;[p
nfhz; - Njhlh
Fwpy; - neby; NtWghL:
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; capnuOj;Jfspy; cs;s Fwpy;> neby;
NtWghLfs; nghUis NtWgLj;jj; Jiz nra;fpd;wd.
mb – Fwpy; tsp – Fwpy;
Mb – neby; thsp – neby;
ghy; ghFghL:
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nghUs;fspd; jd;ikia xl;bg; ghy;ghFghL
mike;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> tlnkhopapy; ,t;thW mikatpy;iy. capuw;w
nghUs;fSk; fz;Zf;Nf njhpahj Ez;nghUs;fSk;$l Mz;> ngz; vd;W
ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Mz;> ngz; vd;w gFg;G cah;jpiz
xUikapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. m/wpizapy; ,g;gFg;G ,Ug;gpDk; ghy; fhl;Lk;
tpFjpfs; ,y;iy. jdpr;nrhw;fshy; Mz;> ngz; vd;w gFg;ig czh;j;jpdh;.
rhd;W: fLtd; - ke;jp fspW – gpb
5. fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; jd;id vt;thW GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ?
jdpj;jpaq;Fk; nkhop:
gpw nkhopfspd; jhf;fk; kpfTk; Fiwthfg; ngw;wJ
jkpo;nkhop. gpw nkhopfspd; Jizapd;wpj; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wJ.
 rhd;W: rhg;;l;Nth; - nkd;nghUs; g;nusrh; - cytp.
khwhj nkhop:
jkpopd; gy mbr;nrhw;fspd; xypad;fs; gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;
xyp ,lk; ngah;jy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb khwpAs;sd.
fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; cila nkhop:
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis mg;gbNa Vw;Wj; j d;idr; rpijj;Jf;
nfhs;tjpy;iy. fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; nfhz;l nkhop.
rhd;W: Nyg;lhg; - kbf;fzpdp
fhye;NjhWk; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nkhop:
kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> tpz;ntspj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; Gjpa
Ml;r[r; nrhw;fis cUthf;fpf; fhye;NjhWk; jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
6. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpay; Ma;tpw;Fj; jkpNo ngUe;Jizahf
,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpthp.
jpuhtplh; Ngrpa nkhopNa jpuhtpl nkhop vdg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo; vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;Jjhd; jpuhtplh vd;w nrhy; gpwe;jJ
vd;W nkhop Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;.
`Puh]; ghjphpahh; fUj;J:
jkpo; ---- jkpoh ---- jkpyh ----- bukpyh ------ l;ukpyh ----- j;uhtplh
---- jpuhtplh vd;fpwhh;.
/gpuhd;rp]; vy;yp]; fUj;J:
jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Nghd;w nkhopfis Ma;e;J
xg;Gikg;gLj;jp ,it jdpnahU nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit vd;Wk;
,it njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfs; vd;Wk; ngahpl;lhh;.
N`hf;fd;> khf;]; Ky;yh; fUj;J:
N`hf;fd; vd;ghh; ,k;nkhopfs; midj;ijAk;; ,izj;Jj; ‘jkpopad;’
vdg; ngahpl;lhh;. ,it Mhpa nkhopapdpd;W khWgl;lit vd;W fUjpdhh;.
khf;]; Ky;yUk; ,Nj fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
xg;gPl;L msTNfhy; jkpNo!
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; mbr;nrhw;fis Muha;e;jhy; mit nghJthd
mbr;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
rhd;W: mbr;nrhy; - jpuhtplnkhopfs;
fz; - jkpo;
fz;Z - kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;
 fd;D - njYq;F> FlF
/fd; - F&f;
nfz; - gh;[p
nfhz; - Njhlh
,t;thW jpuhtplnkhopfspd; xg;gpay; Ma;tpw;Fj; jkpNo ngUe;Jizahf
,Uf;fpwJ.
****************
,ay; - 1 jkpo;tpL J}J (nr)
tpdh – tpil
1. fz;zp vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; ahJ?
,uz;L ,uz;L G+f;fis itj;Jj; njhLf;fg;gLk; khiyf;F fz;zp
vd;W ngah;. mNjNghy; jkpopy; ,uz;buz;L mbfs; nfhz;l vJifahy;
njhLf;fg;gLk; nra;As; tif fz;zp MFk;.
2. J}J mDg;gj; jkpNo rpwe;jJ. jkpo;tpL J}J fhl;Lk; fhuzq;fis
tpsf;fp vOJf.
* kJiuapy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nrhf;fehjh; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l
ngz; xUj;jp jd; fhjiyf; $wp tUkhW jkpo;nkhopiaj; J}J mDg;GtNj
jkpo;tpL J}J MFk;.
fhuzq;fs;:
* ,dpf;Fk; njspe;j mKjkha;> me;j mkpo;jpDk; Nkyhd tPLNgw;iwj;
jUk; fdpahfj; jkpo; jpfo;fpwJ.
* ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd %d;wha;r; rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ.
* FwtQ;rp> gs;S vd;w E}y;fisg; ghbg; Gyth;fs; rpwg;Gf; nfhs;s
vLj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ jkpNo. jhopir> Jiw> tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; %tifg;
ghtpd cwTilaJk; jkpNo MFk;.
* ghtpd; jpwk; midj;Jk; iftug; ngw;W vd;WNk rpe;jhkzpaha;
,Uf;fpwJ.
* Njth; Kf;Fzq;fisNa ngw;Ws;sdh;. Mdhy; jkpNoh gj;Jf;
Fzq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
*kdpjh; cUthf;fpa tz;zq;fs; Ie;J. Mdhy;> jkpo; E}W
tz;zq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkYk; xd;gJ RitfisAk; vl;L
tdg;GfisAk; ngw;Wj; jpfo;tjhy; J}J mDg;gj; jkpNo rpwe;jJ MFk;.
****************
 ,ay; - 1 tsUk; nry;tk; (J)
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;:
Kd;Diu> Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> rpe;jidj; jil> fiyr;
nrhw;fspd; mtrpak;> ekJ gzp> KbTiu.
fijf; fU: nkhop tsh;r;rpapd; thapyhd fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fj;jpd;
mtrpak; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fjy;.
Kd;Diu:
nrhw;fs; tuyhw;iwg; NgRgit. xt;nthU nrhy;ypYk; ,dj;jpd; >
nkhopapd; tuyhW ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; top jkpoh; ehfhpfj;ijak;
tho;itAk; mwpa KbAk;. ,JNghyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; gpwnkhopr;
nrhw;fSk; mit rhh;e;j ,dj;jpd; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,e;j tifapy; fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; Kjd;ik ngw;W tUfpwJ. ,JFwpj;J
,f;fl;;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs; :
jkpor; nrhy;yhd ehtha; vd;gNj Mq;fpyj;jpy; Netp vd;W MdJ.
vwpjpiu vd;Dk; jkpo;r;nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; vWjpuhd; vdTk; ePh; vd;gJ
ePhpNah]; vdTk; Njhzp vd;gJ NjhzP]; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rpe;jidj; jil:
Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fis epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s mjpf Neuk;
nrytplg;gLfpwJ. ,J ek; rpe;jid Ntfj;ijj; jil nra;fpwJ.
Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fis ehk; NgRk;NghJ xypj;jphpG Vw;gl;Lg; nghUs;
kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;. Nfl;NghUf;Fg; nghUs; Ghpahj epiy Vw;gLk;.
fiyr;nrhw;fspd; mtrpak;:
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhfpf; nfhz;Nl Nrd;why;
jha;nkhopr; nrhw;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl mjpfkhfptpLk; vdNt>
mwptpay; rhh;e;j fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
ekJ gzp:
jha;nkhop epiyj;jpUf;f tsh;e;J tUk; mwptpay; Jiw rhh;e;j
fiyr;nrhw;fis clDf;Fld; jha;nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jj;Jtk;> murpay; Mfpa Jiwfspd; rpe;jidfisg; gpwnkhopfSf;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu:
jkpo;nkhopapy; Gjpa Gjpa nrhy; tsk; ngUf> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;
cUthf ek;khyhd gzpfisj; njhlh;e;J nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
****************