Name: Hassan Abdullah

Roll no: BSIT021R19-01

Subject: Database
Teacher: Mam Manal Ahmad
Semester: 5th
Assignment # 01

Question: 1 Discuss the roles of the following personnel in

the database environment:
(a) data administrator
(b) database administrator
(c) logical database designer
(d) physical database designer
(e) application developer
(f) end-users
Answer: (a) data administrator: A data administrator should be
responsible for;
1. Install and maintain the performance of database servers.
2. Develop processes for optimizing database security.
3. Set and maintain database standards.
4. Manage database access.
5. Performance tuning of database systems.
 6. Install, upgrade, and manage database applications.
7. Diagnose and troubleshoot database errors.
8. Recommend and implement emerging database
technologies.
9. Create and manage database reports, visualizations, and
dashboards.

(b) database administrator: database administrator will be the

performance, integrity and security of a database. He will be
involved in the planning and development of the database, as well
as in troubleshooting any issues on behalf of the users.
He will ensure that:
• data remains consistent across the database
data is clearly defined
• users access data concurrently, in a form that suits their
needs
• there is provision for data security and recovery control.

(c) logical database designer: The role of the logical

database designer is to identify the data as well as the
relationships and constraints on the data which is stored in
the database.

(d) physical database designer: The role of the physical

database designer is to decide how the logical database
design should be physically identified. Physical database
designer specifies how the records regarding the data are
stored.

(e) application developer:

 Application Developer Responsibilities:
1. Developing software solutions to meet customer needs.
2. Creating and implementing the source code of new
applications.
3. Testing source code and debugging code.
4. Evaluating existing applications and performing updates
and modifications.
5. Developing technical handbooks to represent the
design and code of new applications.

(f) end-users: The end-users are the ‘clients’ for the

database, which has been designed and implemented,
and is being maintained to serve their information
needs.

Question: 2 Why are views an important aspect of database

management systems?
Answer: The key reason is that a view, which is basically a
stored SQL SELECT statement, appears to any program or script
to be just like any table in the database, with rows and columns.
No special handling is required. A view can be as complex as you
need, meaning that it is not necessary to reimplement that
complexity in your programs. Some views are updateable
provided certain conditions are met, but they can also be made
read-only to protect the data.
When SELECTing from a view, a WHERE clause, GROUP BY,
etc can be added, just as for a table.
A typical use of views is to provide the data needed by a report,
perhaps one that is customizable by the user. All necessary joins,
function calls, logical CASE statements etc can be included in the
view, making it easy for the user to create the desired report
without worrying about the underlying complexity.
Question: 3 Discuss the function and importance of the
system catalog?
Amswer: The system catalog is a vital part of a database. Inside
the database, there are objects, which include tables, views and
indexes. Basically, the system catalog is a set of objects, which
includes information that defines:
Other objects included in the database
The database structure itself
Several other vital pieces of information
The system catalog intended for implementation can be split into
logical groups of objects. This is to offer tables that are accessible
by not just the admin of the database, but also by all other
database users as well. For instance, users might want to see the
specific database privileges that they have been granted with;
however, have no requirement to find out regarding the
database's processes or internal structure.

A user generally looks up the system catalog to gain information

regarding the user's own objects as well as privileges, while the
database admin must be capable of inquiring about any event or
structure inside the database. In certain implementations, one can
find system catalog objects, which can be accessible only by the
administrator of the database.
A system catalog is extremely important to database admins or all
other database users who wish to understand the nature and
structure of a database. The system catalog lets order to be kept,
not just by the users and database administrator, but also by the
database server as well.
Question: 4 Describe the types of facility that you would
expect to be provided in a multi-user DBMS.
Answer:
• Data Storage,
• Retrieval and Update
• Authenticate user
• A User-Accessible Catalog
• Support for Data Communication Transaction Support
• Integrity Services Concurrency Control Services
• Services to Promote Data Independence
• Recovery Services
• Utility Services

Question: 5 Of the facilities described in your answer to

Question above, which ones do you think would not be
needed in a standalone PC DBMS? Provide justification for
your answer.
Answer: Multiuser DBMS should have following features:
It should be easy to fetch any data and updating of database
should be easy. · Data independence should be there means
change in one record should not affect other files in any manner. ·
Concurrency control should be there means if more than one
operation is going on, it should not lose any data while
manipulations. · Recovery process should be there means if user
to recover old data it should not be a tough process. · It should
have facility to authenticate user so that unauthorized people
cannot access the important file. · Every database should have
data dictionary and catalog so that if you don’t know the meaning
you can look up in data dictionary. IN standalone PC it can
authenticate user and even it can control operations if more than
one operation is in process so concurrency control and
authenticate user should not be needed in standalone pc.
Question: 6 Define the term “database integrity”. How does
database integrity differ from database security?
Answer: Data integrity is a fundamental component of
information security. In its broadest use, “data integrity” refers to
the accuracy and consistency of data stored in a database, data
warehouse, data mart or other construct. The term – Data
Integrity - can be used to describe a state, a process or a function
– and is often used as a proxy for “data quality”. Data with
“integrity” is said to have a complete or whole structure. Data
values are standardized according to a data model and/or data
type. All characteristics of the data must be correct – including
business rules, relations, dates, definitions and lineage – for data
to be complete. Data integrity is imposed within a database when
it is designed and is authenticated through the ongoing use of
error checking and validation routines.

1. Data Security :
Data security refers to the prevention of data from
unauthorized users. It is only allowed to access the
data to the authorized users. In database, the DBA or
head of department can access all the data. Some
users are only allowed to retrieve data, whereas others
are allowed to retrieve as well as to modify the data.
2. Data Integrity :
Data integrity is defined as the data contained in the
database is both correct and consistent. For this
purpose, the data stored in the database must satisfy
certain types of procedures (rules). The data in a
database must be correct and consistent. So, data
stored in the database must satisfy certain types of
procedure (rules). DBMS provides different ways to
implement such types of constraints (rules). This
improves data integrity in a database.