Indefinite Integration

Indefinite Integration

Integration: The process of finding an anti-derivative or integral of a function is called integration. It is the inverse

process of differentiation. If f  x  be a function of x related with another function F  x  in such a way that
d
 F  x    f  x 
dx 
then

 f  x  dx  F  x   c
which is called an indefinite integral of f  x  with respect to x .

where f  x  , F  x  and c are called integrand, integral and constant of integration respectively.
And
b

 f  x  dx  F b   F  a 
a

which is called the definite integral of f  x  from a to b , and ‘ a ’ is called the lower limit and ‘ b ’ the upper limit
of the definite integral.
Fundamental Properties:

1.   f  x   f  x   ... ... ... to nterms dx   f  x dx   f  x  dx  ... ... to nterms .

1 2 1 2

2.  cf  x dx  c f  x dx
where c is a constant.
Integration Formulas:

x n1 dx 1
1.  x dx 
n
c where  n   1 . 2. x   c where  n  1 .
n 1 n
 n  1 x n1
dx
3.  x
 2 x c. 4.  dx  x  c .
dx
  ln x  c .  e dx  e c.
x x
5. 6.
x
emx ax
 e dx  c.  a dx  c where a  0 .
mx x
7. 8.
m ln a
cos mx
9.  sin mxdx   m
c. 
10. sin xdx   cos x  c .

sin mx
11.  cos mxdx  m
c. 12.  cos xdx  sin x  c .
 sec xdx  tan x  c .  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c .
2
13. 14.

 co sec xdx   cot x  c .  co sec x cot xdx  co sec x  c .

2
15. 16.
 17.  tan xdx  ln sec x  c . 18.  cot xdx  ln sin x  c .
dx 1 x dx 1 xa
19. a 2
x 2
 tan 1    c
a a
where a  0 . 20. x 2
a 2
 ln
2a x  a
c.

21. a 2
dx
x 2

1
ln
ax
2a a  x
c. 22. 
dx
x a
2 2
 
 ln x  x 2  a 2  c .

23.  x a
dx
2 2
 
 ln x  x 2  a 2  c . 24.  a x
dx
2
x
 sin 1    c .
a
2

dx 1 x dx
25. x x a2 2

a
sec 1    c.
a
26. x x 12
 sec1 x  c.


27. co sec xdx  ln co sec x  cot x  c . 
28. sec xdx  ln sec x  tan x  c .

 du 
29.  uvdx  u  vdx    dx . vdx dx .
x x2  a2 a2
30.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
 ln x  x 2  a 2  c .
2

x x2  a2 a2
31.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
 ln x  x 2  a 2  c .
2

x a2  x2 a2 x
 a  x dx   sin 1    c .
2 2
32.
2 2 a
Illustrative Examples:

 sin  cos
2 2
Problem-01: xdx Exercise-01: xdx .

1 sin 2 x 
Sol n : Let I   sin 2 xdx Ans: x   c.
2 2 
1
2
 2sin 2 xdx

1
1  cos 2 x  dx
2


1 sin 2 x 
 x c
2 2 
where c is an integrating constant.
Problem-02: tan 2 xdx  cot xdx
2
Exercise-02:

Sol n : Let I   tan 2 xdx Ans:  cot x  x  c.

   sec2 x  1dx

  tan x  x   c.

2
 Indefinite Integration
where c is an integrating constant.
Problem-03:  1  sin 2xdx Exercise-03:  1  sin xdx .

 x x
Sol n : Let I   1  sin 2 xdx Ans: 2  sin  cos   c .
 2 2

  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos xdx

  cos x  sin x 
2
dx

   cos x  sin x dx

 sin x  cos x  c
where c is an integrating constant.

Problem-04:  1  cos xdx Exercise-04:  1  cos 2xdx .

Sol n : Let I   1  cos xdx Ans:  2 cos x  c .

x
  2 cos 2 dx
2
x
 2  cos dx
2
x
sin
 2 2 c
1
2
x
 2 2 sin c
2
where c is an integrating constant.
dx dx
Problem-05:  1  sin x Exercise-05:  1  cos x .

dx  x
Sol n : Let I   Ans: tan    c .
1  sin x 2
1  sin x 
 dx
1  sin x 1  sin x 
1  sin x
 dx
1  sin 2 x
1  sin x
 dx
cos 2 x
1 sin x
 2
dx   dx
cos x cos 2 x

3
   sec2 xdx   sec xtanxdx
 tan x  sec x  c
where c is an integrating constant.

 cos 
4
Problem-06: xdx Exercise-06: 1. sin 4 xdx .

1 1 3
Sol n : Let I   cos4 xdx Ans: sin 4 x  sin 2 x  x  c .
32 4 8
1
 2 cos 2 x  dx
2

4 
1
1  cos 2 x  dx
2

4 

1
4  1  2 cos 2 x  cos 2 2 x dx

1  
1  2cos 2 x   2cos 2 x  dx
1
 
2

4  2 
1  1 
  1  2 cos 2 x  1  cos 4 x  dx
4  2 
1 x sin 4 x 
  x  sin 2 x   c
4 2 8 
1  3x sin 4 x 
   sin 2 x  c
4 2 8 
3 x sin 2 x sin 4 x
   c
8 4 32
where c is an integrating constant.

sin x sin 2 x
Problem-07:  1  cos x
dx Exercise-07:  1  cos 2 x
dx

sin x
Sol n : Let I   dx Ans: 2 sin x  c.
1  cos x
x x
2sin cos
 2 2 dx
x
2 cos 2
2
x x
2sin cos
 2 2 dx
x
2 cos
2

4
 Indefinite Integration
x
 2  sin dx
2
x
cos
 2 2 c
1
2
x
 2 2 cos c
2
where c is an integrating constant.
dx
Problem-08:  sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx
sol n : Let I  
sin x cos 2 x
2

sin 2 x  cos2 x
 dx
sin 2 x cos2 x
 1 1 
   2 dx
 cos x sin x 
2

   sec2 x  co sec2 x dx

 tan x  cot x  c.
where c is an integrating constant.

sin 6 x  cos6 x cos3 x  sin 3 x

Problem-09:  dx Exercise-08:  dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x cos x  sinx
sin 6 x  cos6 x 1
Sol n : Let I   dx Ans: x  cos 2 x  c .
sin 2 x cos2 x 4

 sin x    cos x  dx
2 3 2 3


sin 2 x cos 2 x

sin x  cos 2 x   3sin 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x 

2 3

 dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
1  3sin 2 x cos2 x
 dx
sin 2 x cos2 x
 1 
  2  3 dx
 sin x cos x 
2

 sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
  2 2
 3 dx
 sin x cos x 
 1 1 
    3 dx
 cos x sin x 
2 2

5
    sec2 x  cos ec 2 x  3dx

 tan x  cot x  3 x  c.
where c is an integrating constant.
sin 2 x sin x
Problem-10:  sin 5x sin 3xdx Exercise-09:  sin  x  a dx .
sin 2 x
sol n : Let I   dx Ans: x cos a  sin a ln sin  x  a   c .
sin 5 x sin 3 x
sin  5 x  3x 
 dx
sin 5 x sin 3x
sin 5 x cos 3 x  cos 5 x sin 3 x
 dx
sin 5 x sin 3 x
 cos 3x cos 5 x 
   dx
 sin 3x sin 5 x 
cos 3 x cos 5 x
 dx   dx
sin 3 x sin 5 x
   cot 3x  cot 5x dx

1 1
 ln(sin 3 x)  ln(sin 5 x)  c.
3 5
where c is an integrating constant.


Problem-11: sin x sin 2 x sin 3xdx 
Exercise-10: sin 3x sin 4 xdx

1 1
sol n : Let I   sin x sin 2 x sin 3xdx Ans: sin x  sin 7 x  c .
2 14
1
 2sin x sin 2 x  sin 3xdx
2



1
2
cos  x  2 x   cos  x  2 x  sin 3xdx
1
cos x  cos 3x sin 3xdx
2


1
2sin 3x cos x  2sin 3 x cos 3 xdx
4


1
2sin 3x cos x  sin 6 xdx
4



1
4
sin  3x  x   sin  3x  x   sin 6 xdx
1
sin 4 x  sin 2 x  sin 6 xdx
4


6
 Indefinite Integration
1  cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 6x 
    c
4 4 2 6 
cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 6 x
   c.
16 8 24
where c is an integrating constant.

Method of substitution
Sometimes, the integration of given integral  f  x  dx is relatively difficult. In this case, we can replace x by   z 
and dx by  '  z  dz for integrating easily. This process is known as method of substitution.

Illustrative Examples:

2sin x
  a  bx   5  3cos xdx
n
Problem-01: dx Exercise-01:

2
sol n : Let I    a  bx  dx ln  5  3cos x   c .
n
Ans: 
3
put z  a  bx  dz  bdx

1
 dz  dx
b
1
Now I  z
n
dz
b
1 n
b
 z dz

1 z n 1
 c
b n 1

7
  a  bx 
n 1

 c
b  n  1
where c is an integrating constant.
dx dx
Problem-02: x Exercise-02: x
x 2
 a2  x2  1

dx
sol n : Let I   Ans: sec
1
x c.
x x 2
 a2 

put x  a sec   dx  a sec tan  d

a sec  tan  d
Now I 
a sec  a 2
sec 2   a 2 

a sec  tan  d

a sec  a  sec 2
  1

1 sec  tan  d
a  sec  tan 2 


1 sec  tan  d
a  sec  tan 


1
a
 d

1
  c
a
1 x
 sec 1  c
a a
where c is an integrating constant.
1
sin 1 x e m tan x
Problem-03:  1  x2
dx Exercise-03:  1  x 2 dx
1
sin 1 xdx em tan x
sol : Let I  
n
Ans: c.
1  x2 m

1 dx
put z  sin x  dz 
1  x2
Now I   zdz
z2
 c
2

sin x  1 2

 c
2

8
 Indefinite Integration
where c is an integrating constant.

1  x  e x  x  1 x  ln x 
2

Problem-04:  cos  xe dx 2 x

Exercise-04:  x
dx

1  x  e x 1
sol n : Let I    x  ln x   c .
3
dx
cos  xe 
2 x
Ans:
3

put xe  z
x
 1  x  ex dx  dz
dz
Now I   cos 2
z
  sec2 zdz
 tan z  c
 tan  xe x   c
where c is an integrating constant.
dx sin x
Problem-05: e x
1
Exercise-05:  1  cos x  2
dx

dx 1
sol n : Let I   Ans:  c.
e 1 x
1  cos x 
e x
 dx
1  e x
put 1  e
x
 z   e x dx  dz
dz
Now I  
z
  ln z  c

  ln 1  e x   c
where c is an integrating constant.
x  ln x
Problem-06:  x
dx

x  ln x
sol n : Let I   dx
x
 1 ln x 
   dx
 x x 
1
 ln x
  x 2 dx   dx
x

9
 1
 1
2
x 1
   ln x   c  putting ln x  z inthe 2nd part
2

1 2
 1
2
1
2 x  ln x   c
2

2
where c is an integrating constant.

  x 1  x  dx
2 5
Problem-07: x 1  xdx Exercise-06: 3

8
sol n : Let I   x 1  xdx Ans: 
3
16
  c.
1  x 2 3

put 1  x  z  dx  dz
1

Now I    z  1 z 2 dz

1
   z  1 z 2 dz

 3 1

   z 2  z 2  dz
 
2 52 2 32
 z  z c
5 3
2 2
1  x  2  1  x  2  c
5 3

5 3
where c is an integrating constant.
x dx
Problem-08:  x 1
dx Exercise-07:  x 1

sol n : Let I  
x
x 1
dx Ans: 2 x  2 ln  
x 1  c .

put x  z  2 zdz  dx
2

z2 z
Now I  2 dz
z 1
z3
 2 dz
z 1
z3  z 2  z 2  z  z  1  1
 2 dz
z 1
z 2  z  1  z  z  1   z  1  1
 2 dz
z 1
 1 
 2  z 2  z  1  dz
 z  1

10
 Indefinite Integration

 z3 z 2 
 2    z  ln  z  1  c
3 2 
 x 32 x 
 2
 3
  x  ln x  1
2
   c

where c is an integrating constant.

x3 x2
Problem-09:  x 1
dx Exercise-08:  x 1
dx

x3 2 4
sol n : Let I    x  1 2   x  1 2  2  x  1  c .
5 3
dx Ans:
x 1 5 3
put x 1  z  dx  dz

 z  1 dz
3

Now I 
z


z 3
 3z 2  3z  1
dz
z
 5 3 1
 
1
   z 2  3z 2  3z 2  z 2 dz
 
2 72 6 52 3 1
 z  z  2z 2  2z 2  c
7 5
2 6
 x  1 2   x  1 2  2  x  1 2  2  x  1 2  c .
7 5 3 1

7 5
where c is an integrating constant.
tan x
Problem-10:  sin x cos xdx
tan x
sol n : Let I   dx
sin x cos x
tan x
 dx
tan x cos2 x
sec2 x
 dx
tan x
put tan x  z  sec2 xdx  dz
dz
Now I 
z
1
 1
z 2
 c
1
 1
2
11
 1
2
z
 c
1
2
 2 tan x  c
where c is an integrating constant.
sin x cos x
Problem-11:  cos 4
x  sin 4 x
dx

sin x cos x
sol n : Let I   dx
cos 4 x  sin 4 x
sin x cos x
 dx
 sin 4 x 
cos x  1 
4
4 
 cos x 
tan x sec2 x
 dx
1  tan x  4

put tan x  z  2 tan x sec xdx  dz

2 2

1 dz
Now I  
2 1 z2
1
 tan 1 z  c
2

tan 1  tan 2 x   c
1

2
where c is an integrating constant.
dx dx
Problem-12:  Exercise-09: 
1  x  1  x 
3
2 2 2 2

dx x
sol n : Let I   Ans: c .
1  x 2 2
 1  x2

put x  tan   dx  sec2  d

sec 2  d
Now I  
1  tan   2 2

sec 2  d

 sec   2 2

sec2  d

sec4 
d

sec 2 
12
 Indefinite Integration

  cos2  d

1

2  2 cos 2  d

1
1  cos 2  d
2


1 sin 2 
   c
2 2 

1 1 2 tan  
   c
2 2 1  tan 2   
 

1  1 x 
  tan x  c
2
 1  x 
2 

where c is an integrating constant.

x
Problem-13:  ax
dx

x
sol n : Let I   dx
ax
put x  a sin
2
  dx  2a sin  cos  d

a sin 2 
Now I   a  a sin 2 
2a sin  cos  d

sin 2 
 2a sin  cos  d
1  sin 2 

sin 2 
 2a sin  cos  d
cos 2 
sin 
 2a sin  cos  d
cos 
 a  2sin 2  d

 a  1  cos 2  d

 sin 2 
 a   c
 2 
 a   sin  cos   c


 a   sin  1  sin 2   c 

13
  x x x
 a  sin 1  1    c
 a a a

 x x x
 a  sin 1  1    c .
 a a a
where c is an integrating constant.
Problem-14:  1  sec xdx

sol n : Let I   1  sec xdx

1
  1 dx
cos x
1  cos x
 dx
cos x
x
2 cos 2
 2 dx
x x
cos  sin 2
2

2 2
x
2 cos 2
 2 dx
x x
1  sin  sin 2
2

2 2
x
2 cos
 2 dx
x
1  2sin 2
2
x
2 cos
 2 dx
2
 x
1   2 sin 
 2
x x
put 2 sin  z  2 cos dx  2dz
2 2
2dz
Now I 
1  z2
dz
 2
1  z2
 2sin 1 z  c

 x
 2sin 1  2 sin   c .
 2

14
 Indefinite Integration
where c is an integrating constant.
dx dx
Problem-15:  Exercise-10: 
1  x 
5 1 5
x 1  x  2
3 3
x 2

3
dx  x  2 x  2
sol : Let I  
n
Ans: 2     c
3
x 3
1  x 
5
 1 x  3  1 x 

dx
 1 5
x 1  x  3
3

1
put 1  x  zx x
z 1
1
or, z  1 
x
1
 dz   dx  dx   x2 dz
x2
x 2 dz
Now I   1 5 5
x3 z 3 x3
x 2 dz
  5
2 3
x z
5
  z 3
dz
5
 1
z 3
 c
5
 1
3
2

3
z
 c
2

3
2
3 1 x  3
   c
2 x 
2
3 x  3
   c
2 1 x 
where c is an integrating constant.
dx
NOTE: Integrals of the type  x  a  bx 
m n
where m  0, n  0 can be evaluated exactly in the same way.

15
 Some Important Standard Integrals

dx dx
Problem-01:  Exercise-01:  1 x  x
4x  4x  5
2 2

dx 2  2x 1 
sol n : Let I   Ans: tan 1  c.
4x  4x  5
2
3  3 
dx dx
 Exercise-02: x
4x  4x  5
2 2
 x6
1 dx 1 x3
4
 Ans: ln c.
5 5 x2
x2  x 
4
1 dx
4

1 1 5 1
x 2  2. x   
2 4 4 4
1 dx
 
4  1
2

 x   1
 2
1
Put x z  dx  dz
2
1 dz
Now I 
4 1 z2
1
 tan 1 z  c
4
1  1
 tan 1  x    c
4  2
where c is an integrating constant.
cos xdx
Problem-02:  sin 2
x  4 sin x  3
cos xdx
sol n : Let I  
sin x  4sin x  3
2

cos xdx

sin x  2.2 sin x  4  1
2

16
 Indefinite Integration
cos xdx

 sin x  2 1
2

Put sin x  2  z  cos xdx  dz

dz
Now I  z 2
1
1  z 1
 ln  c
2  z 1
1  sin x  2  1 
 ln  c
2  sin x  2  1 
1  sin x  1 
 ln  c
2  sin x  3 
where c is an integrating constant.
dx
NOTE: Integrals of the type  ax 2
 bx  c
where a  0, p  0 can be evaluated exactly in the same way.

dx dx
 
1  x  1  sin x  
Problem-03: Exercise-03:
1  x  1   tan 1 x 
2 2 1 2
2

sol n : Let I  
dx
Ans: tan
1
sin x   c .
1

1  x  1   tan 1 x 
2 2

1 1
Put tan xz dx  dz
1  x2 
dz
Now I 
1  z2
1
= sin zc
= sin
1
 tan x   c
1

where c is an integrating constant.

dx dx
Problem-04:  x  7 x  12
2
Exercise-04:  1  x  x2
dx  2x 1 
sol n : Let I   Ans: sin
1
 c.
x  7 x  12
2
 5 
dx dx

2
Exercise-05:  2ax  x 2
7  7  49
x  2. x    
2
 12
2 2 4

17
 dx  xa
 Ans: sin
1
 c.
 7 1
2 2
 a 
x   
 2 2
7
Put x  z  dx  dz
2
dz
Now I 
2
1
z  
2

2
2
1
 ln z  z     c2

2

2 2
 7  7 1
 ln  x     x       c .
 2  2 2

where c is an integrating constant.

dx dx
Problem-05:   x    x    Exercise-06:   x      x 
dx  x  
sol n : Let I   Ans: 2sin
1
   c .
 x    x       
Put x   z2  dx  2 zdz and x  z 2  
2zdz
Now I 
z2  z2     

dz
 2
 
2
z2   

 
2
 2 ln z  z 2    c

 2ln x   x      c

 2 ln x   x    c .

where c is an integrating constant.

dx
NOTE: Integrals of the type  ax  bx  c
2
where a  0, p  0 can be evaluated exactly in the same way.

x 1 4 x  15
Problem-06:  dx Exercise-07: x dx
x  4x  5
2 2
 6 x  10

18
 Indefinite Integration
x 1
sol n : Let I   dx Ans: 2ln x  6 x  10  3tan
2 1
 x  3  c .
x  4x  5
2

Put x  1  l  2 x  4  m
1
 1  2l , 1  4l  m  l  , m  1
2

 2x  4  1
1
Now I   22 dx
x  4x  5
 2x  4 1
2  x2  4x  5
1 dx   dx
x  4x  5
2

 2x  4 1
2 x
1 dx   dx
 4x  5  x  2 1
2 2

putting x  4 x  5  z in the first part and x  2  t in second part we have

2

dz dt
2  z  1 t2
1 

 1 ln z  tan 1 t  c
2
 1 ln x 2  4 x  5  tan 1  x  2   c .
2
where c is an integrating constant.
x2 x 1
Problem-07:  2 x  8x  5
2
dx Exercise-08:  4  x2  2 x
dx

x2
sol n : Let I   dx Ans: x2  2 x  4  c .
2x  8x  5
2

Put x  2  l  4 x  8  m
1
 1  4l ,  2  8l  m  l  , m0
4

4
1 4 x  8
Now I   2 x2  8x  5
dx

dz
4 z
1 ; putting 2x  8x  5  z
2

1

1
4  z 2 dz
1
 1
z 2
1 c
4 1
 1
2

19
 1
 1 z 2 c
2
1 2 x2  8x  5  c
2
where c is an integrating constant.
px  q px  q
NOTE: Integrals of the type  ax 2
 bx  c
dx and  ax 2  bx  c
dx where a  0, p  0 can be evaluated

exactly in the same way.

dx dx
Problem-08:   2 x  1  4 x  3 Exercise-09:   2  x  1  x 

sol n : Let I  
dx
 2 x  1  4 x  3
Ans: 2 tan
1
 
1 x  c .

z2  3
Put 4 x  3  z
2
or x
4
1
 dx  zdz
2
1 zdz
Now I  2
 z 3 
2

  1 z
 2 
dz
2 z
1 2
3 2
 
 2 
dz
 z 2
1
1 z 1
 ln c
2 z 1

1 4x  3  1
 ln c
2 4x  3  1
where c is an integrating constant.
dx
NOTE: Integrals of the type   ax  b   cx  d  where a  0, c  0 can be evaluated exactly in the same

way.
dx dx
Problem-09:  Exercise-10: 
1  x  1  2 x  x  2
 x  3 x 2
 6 x  8

dx
sol n : Let I   Ans: sec1  x  3  c .
1  x  1  2 x  x  2

20
 Indefinite Integration
1 1
Put 1  x   dx   dz
z z2
1 dz
Now I  z2
1 

1 2 1 1  1 1    
2

z  z z 

dz
 
z z z 
z 1  2  2  1 2  2  1 
  
dz
 
z  2 z 1 1z 2  2 1
z 
dz
 
z  1z 2 4 2
z 
dz
 
 1  4 z  2 z  2

1 dz
 
2
  12  2 z  z  2

1 dz
 
2  1   z2  2z 
2
1 dz
 
2  1   z 2  2 z  1  1
2
1 dz

2
  1   z  12 
 2 
1 dz
   1  2 2
2
    z  1 
 2 
 
1  z 1 
1
 sin  c
2  1 
 2
 1 1
1   x  1 
1
 sin  c
2 1
 
 2 

21
 sin 1   x 2 c
1
 
2  x  1 

sin 1  x 2 c.
1
 
2  x  1 
where c is an integrating constant.
dx
NOTE: Integrals of the type   px  q  ax 2  bx  c
where p  0, a  0 can be evaluated exactly in the

same way.

Problem-10:  10  4 x  4 x 2 dx

Sol n : Let I   10  4 x  4 x 2 dx

5 
  4   x  x 2 dx
2 

 1 1  9
2

 2  x 2  2. x      dx
 2  2   4
2 2
 1 3
 2  x      dx
 2 2

 2 2 
  x    x     
2
1 1 3 3 
  2 2
 2  2 2  2  1  1 3 
 2  ln  x     x        c

2 2  2  2 2

 
 
2 2 2 2
 1  1 3 9  1  1 3
  x    x       ln  x     x       c
 2  2 2 4  2  2 2

 2 x  1  2 x  1
2 2
2x  1 9 9 2x 1 9
   ln   c
2 4 4 4 2 4 4

 2 x  1
2
1 9 2x  1 9
  2 x  1  2 x  1  9  ln   c
2

4 4 2 4 4

where c is an integrating constant.

Problem-11:  18 x  65  x 2 dx

Sol n : Let I   18 x  65  x 2 dx

  65   x2  18x dx

22
 Indefinite Integration

  65   x2  2.9 x  92   81dx

  16   x  9 dx
2

  42   x  9 dx
2

 x  9 42   x  9 
2
42  x 9
  sin 1  c
2 2  4 
x9
 x  9  42   x  9   8sin 1 
1
 c
2

2  4 
where c is an ntegrating constant.

Integration by Parts
The formula for the integration of a product of two functions is referred to as integration by parts. i.e,

 du 
  uv dx  u  vdx    dx  vdx  dx .
While applying the above rule for integration by parts to the product of two functions, care should be taken to choose properly the
first function, i.e., the function not to be integrated.
Illustrative Examples:


Problem-01: xe x dx x
2
Exercise-01: cos xdx

sol n : Let I   xe x dx Ans: x2 sin x  2x cos x  2sin x  c

 dx 
 x  e x dx     e x dx dx Exercise-02: x
n
ln xdx
 dx 
x n 1
 xe x  1.e x dx Ans:  n  1 ln x  1  c
 n  1
2

 xex  ex  c
where c is an integration constant.


Problem-02: x3e x dx

sol n : Let I   x3e x dx

d 
 x3  e x dx     x3   e x dx dx
 dx 


  x3 e  x   3x 2  e  x  dx 
  x3 e x  3 x 2 e x dx

23
  d  
  x3 e  x  3  x 2  e  x dx     x 2   e  x dx  dx 
  dx  

 
  x3e x  3  x2 e x   2 x  e x  dx 
 
  x3 e x  3x 2 e x  6 xe x dx

  dx  
  x3 e  x  3x 2 e  x  6  x  e  x dx     e  x dx dx 
  dx  

  x3 e x  3x 2 e x  6   xe x   1.  e x dx 

  x3 e x  3x 2 e x  6 xe x  6 e x dx

  x3e x  3x2 e x  6xe x  6e x  c

where c is an integration constant.
xe x
Problem-03:  1  x  2
dx

xe x
sol n : Let I   dx
1  x 
2


 x  1  1 e x
dx
1  x 
2

ex ex
 dx   dx
1 x 1  x 
2

1 d  1  x  ex
1 x 
 e dx    
x
  e dx dx   dx  c
 dx  1  x  1  x 
2


ex  1 
x ex
  e  dx   dx  c
1 x      
2 2
 1 x  1 x

ex ex ex
1  x  1  x 2
  dx   dx  c
1  x 
2

ex
 c
1 x
where c is an integration constant.

 x
2
Problem-04: cos xdx Exercise- 03: sin 2 xdx

x3 1 2 1
sol n : Let I   cos xdx Ans:  x sin 2 x  x cos 2 x
6 4 4
1 1
Put xz  dx  dz  dx  2 zdz  sin 2 x  c
2 x 8

24
 Indefinite Integration

Now I   cos z.2 zdz

 2 z cos zdz

  dz  
 2  z  cos zdz     cos zdz  dz 
  dz  

 2  z sin z   sin zdz 

 2 z sin z  cos z   c

 2  x sin x  cos x   c
where c is an integration constant.

x
2
Problem-05: sin x cos xdx

sol n : Let I   x2 sin x cos xdx

1 2
2
 x .2sin x cos xdx

1 2
2
 x sin 2 xdx

1 2 d  
  x  sin 2 xdx     x 2   sin 2 xdx  dx 
2  dx  

1  x2 
  cos 2 x   x cos 2 xdx 
2 2 
x2 1  dx  
 cos 2 x   x  cos 2 xdx     cos 2 xdx dx 
4 2  dx  
x2 1 x 1 
  cos 2 x   sin 2 x   sin 2 xdx 
4 2 2 2 
x2 1 x 1 
  cos 2 x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x   c
4 2 2 4 
x2 x 1
  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c
4 4 8
where c is an integration constant.
ln  ln x 
Problem-06:  x
dx

ln  ln x 
sol n : Let I   dx
x
1
Put ln x  z  dx  dz
x
Now I   ln zdz
25
 d 
 ln z  dz     ln z   dz dz
 dz 
1
 z ln z   .zdz
z
 z ln z   dz
 z ln z  z  c
 ln x ln  ln x   ln x  c
where c is an integration constant.
x x  sin x
Problem-07:  1  cos x dx Exercise-04:  1  cos x dx
x x
Sol n : Let I   dx Ans: x tan c.
1  cos x 2
x
 dx
x 2
2 cos
2
1 x

2  x sec 2 dx
2
1 x d x  
  x  sec 2 dx     x   sec 2 dx  dx 
2 2  dx 2  

 x x 
tan tan
1 2 dx   c

 x 2

2 1 1 
2 2
 
x x
 x tan   tan dx  c
2 2
x
ln sec
x 2
 x tan  c
2 1
2
x x
 x tan  2ln sec  c
2 2
where c is an integration constant.
Problem-08: e
ax
cos bxdx Exercise-05: e
ax
sin  bx  d  dx

eax  a sin  bx  d   b cos  bx  d  

Sol : Let I   e cos bxdx
n ax
Ans: c
a 2  b2
d 
 eax  cos bxdx     eax   cos bxdx dx
 dx 

26
 Indefinite Integration

eax sin bx  sin bx 

   aeax dx
b  b 

eax sin bx a ax
   e sin bxdx
b b
e ax sin bx a  ax d  
  e  sin bxdx     e ax   sin bxdx  dx 
b b  dx  

eax sin bx a  eax cos bx a ax 

     e cos bxdx 
b b b b 
eax sin bx a ax a2
  2 e cos bx  2 I
b b b
a2 eax sin bx a ax
 I I   2 e cos bx
b2 b b
I  a 2  b2  beax sin bx  aeax cos bx
 
b2 b2
eax  a cos bx  b sin bx 
I 
a 2  b2
eax  a cos bx  b sin bx 
I c
a 2  b2
where c is an integrating constant.

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

dx dx
Problem-01:  5  4 cos x Exercise-01:  2  cos x
dx 2  1 x
Sol n : Let I   Ans: tan 1  tan   c
5  4 cos x 3  3 2

dx

 x x  x x
5  cos 2  sin 2   4  cos 2  sin 2 
 2 2  2 2
dx

x x
9 cos 2  sin 2
2 2
dx

x 2 x
cos 2  9  tan 
2 2

27
 x
sec 2 dx
 2
 2 x
 9  tan 
 2
x x
put tan  z  sec 2 dx  2dz
2 2
2dz
Now I  
9  z2
dz
 2
3  z2
2

1 z
 tan 1  c
3 3
1 1 x
 tan 1  tan   c
3 3 2
where c is an integrating constant.
dx dx
Problem-02:  2  3cos 2 x Exercise-02:  3  5cos x
x
2  tan
dx 1
Sol n : Let I   Ans: ln 2 c
2  3cos 2 x 4 x
2  tan
2
dx

2  cos x  sin x   3  cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
2 2

dx

5cos x  sin 2 x
2

dx

cos x  5  tan 2 x 
2

sec2 xdx

5  tan 2 x
put tan x  z  sec2 xdx  dz
dz
Now I  
5  z2
dz

 5
2
 z2

1  5z
 ln  c
2 5  5  z 

28
 Indefinite Integration

1  5  tan x 
 ln  c
2 5  5  tan x 
where c is an integrating constant.
dx dx
Problem-03:  4  5sin x Exercise-03:  3  2 cos x
  x 
 3 tan    2 
dx 2  2 
Sol n : Let I   Ans: tan 1  c
4  5sin x 5  5 
 
dx

 x x x x
4  cos 2  sin 2   5.2sin cos
 2 2 2 2
dx

x x x x
4 cos 2  4sin 2  10sin cos
2 2 2 2
dx

x x x
cos2  4  4 tan 2  10 tan 
2 2 2
x
sec2 dx
 2
 2 x x
 4  4 tan  10 tan 
 2 2
x x
put tan z  sec 2 dx  2dz
2 2
2dz
Now I  
4  4 z 2  10 z
1 dz
 
2  2 5 
 z  z  1
 2 
1 dz
2
 2
5 5 9
z 2  2. z    
4  4  16
1 dz
 
2  2
5 3
2

z    
 4 4

29
   5 3 
1 1 z  
  ln  4 4 c
2  2. 3  5 3 
 4 z  
  4 4 
x 1
tan 
1 2 2 c
 ln
3 tan x  2
2
where c is an integrating constant.
11cos x  16sin x
Problem-04:  2 cos x  5sin x
dx

11cos x  16sin x
Sol n : Let I   dx
2 cos x  5sin x
put 11cos x 16sin x  l  2cos x  5sin x   m  2sin x  5cos x   n

Comparing coefficient of cos x , sin x and constant terms, we get

2l  5m  11; 5l  2m  16; n  0
Solving,
l  2; m  3; n  0

2  2cos x  5sin x   3  2sin x  5cos x 

Now I   dx
2cos x  5sin x
2 cos x  5sin x 2sin x  5cos x
 2  dx  3 dx
2 cos x  5sin x 2 cos x  5sin x
dz
 2  dx  3 putting 2 cos x  5sin x  z in 2nd integral
z
 2 x  3ln z  c

 2x  3ln  2cos x  5sin x   c

where c is an integrating constant.
2 sin x  3cos x
Exercise-03:  7 sin x  2 cos x dx
8 x 25
Ans:  ln 7 sin x  2 cos x  c
53 53

30