2]Estimate the time required to cook a hot dog in boiling water.

Assume that the hot dog is initially at

6℃, that the convection heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2-K, and that the final temperature is 80℃
at the centerline. Treat the hot dog as a long cylinder of 20 mm diameter having the properties: ρ=880
kg/m3, cp=3350 J/kg-K, and k=0.52 W/m-K. Ans: 7.4 minutes

3. A very thick slab with thermal diffusivity 5.6 × 10-6 m2/s and thermal conductivity 20 W/m-K is
initially at a uniform temperature of 325℃. Suddenly, the surface is exposed to a coolant at 15℃ for
which the convection heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2-K. Determine temperatures at the surface
and at a depth of 45 mm after 3 min have elapsed. Ans: 276℃, 313℃
4. A 15 mm diameter mild steel sphere (k=42 W/m0C) is exposed to cooling airflow at 200C resulting in
the convective coefficient of h = 120 W/m2 0C. Determine (i) the time required to cool the sphere from
5500C to 900C, (ii) the instantaneous heat transfer rate 2 minutes after the start of cooling and (iii) the
total energy transferred from the sphere during the first 2 minutes. For mild steel take the values of
density, specific heat and thermal diffusivity as 7850 kg/m3, 475 J/kg0C and 0.045 m2/h respectively
(Answer: 141.7 sec, -8.1 W, -2862.3 J)
5] A 6 mm thick stainless steel plate (ρ = 7800 kg/m3, c = 460 J/kg0C, k = 55 W/m0C) is used to form the
nose section of missile. It is held initially at a uniform temperature of 300C. When the missile enters the
denser layers of the atmosphere at a very high velocity the effective temperature of air surrounding the
nose region attains the value 21500C; the surface convective heat transfer coefficient is estimated at
3395 W/m2 0C. If the maximum metal temperature is not to exceed 11000C, determine (i) the
maximum permissible time in these surroundings and (ii) the inside surface temperature under these
conditions. (Answer: 2.58s, 1100.6˚C)
6. A copper cylinder (α = 1.12 x 10-4 m2/s), 600 mm in diameter and 750 mm in length, is initially at a
uniform temperature of 200C. When the cylinder is exposed to hot flue gases, its surface temperature
suddenly increases to 4800C. Calculate (i) the temperature at the centre of cylinder 3 minutes after

the operation of change in surface temperature and (ii) the time required to attain a temperature of
3500C. Assume the cylinder as semi-infinite solid. (Answers: 332.8˚C, 184.8S)
7]A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room whose temperature is 20°C. The temperature of the body is
measured to be 25°C when found, and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be h=8 W/𝑚2 °C.
Modeling the body as a 30-cm-diameter, 1.70-m-long cylinder, estimate the time of death of that person
accurately if possible or approximately. Assume the temperature of a healthy human body is 37°C and it
contains 72% water by mass. (Hint: Use water properties) (ρ=1000 kg/m3, k=0.62 W/m/K, Cp = 4.186
kJ/kg.K) Answer: 43860 S (12.2 hrs)

8. Consider a 1000-W ironbox whose base plate is made of 0.5-cm-thick aluminum alloy ( ρ= 2770 kg/
𝑚3, Cp= 875 J/kg · °C, α= 7.3 x 10−5 𝑚2 /s). The base plate has a surface area of 0.03 𝑚2 . Initially, the
iron is in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air at 22°C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient at the
surface of the base plate to be 12 W/ 𝑚2 · °C and assuming 85 percent of the heat generated in the
resistance wires is transferred to the plate, determine how long it will take for the plate temperature to
reach 140°C. Is it realistic to assume the plate temperature to be uniform at all times?

Answers: (Qin= 850 W, Qout=21.2 W, Bi=0.00034, time = 52 sec)

9]An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5-cm-diameter sphere .The egg is initially at a uniform
temperature of 5°C and is dropped into boiling water at 95°C. Taking the convection heat transfer
coefficient to be h = 1200 W/m2 · °C, determine how long it will take for the center of the egg to reach
70°C. (Hint Use : properties of water for EGG) (Answer: Bi=47.8 , temp ratio =0.278, fourier no. 0.22,
time =911sec =15.2 min)

Values have been changed. see the procedure

10] A solar concentrator provides a heat flux of 8000 W/m2 to heat a 10 mm plate on one side. The
other side of the plate is exposed to convection at 40 W/m2k at 20°C. The plate material has a density of
800 kg/m3 and specific heat of 500 J/kg K. The initial temperature of the plate is 20°C. Thermal
conductivity of the material is 80 W/m°C. (i) Determine the time for the plate to reach 100°C. (ii)
Determine the plate temperature after 6 minutes (Answer: 25.5 sec, 122.6 deg. C).
11]A metallic rod of 25 mm radius initially at 800°C (density = 3970 kg/m3, conductivity = 10.5 W/mK,
specific heat = 1225 J/kgK) is exposed to cooling fluid at 300°C with h = 1500 W/m2K. Determine the
bulk average temperature, the center, mid radius and surface temperatures, after 40 seconds.
(Answer:To=725°C, Ts=425°C, Tmid=640°C, Tavg=560°C)
12] Ice balls of 10 mm diameter at – 32°C are exposed to an air current at 15°C with a convection heat
transfer coefficient of 200 W/m2K. Determine the time when the surface layer will begin to melt. Also
determine the center, midsurface temperatures and heat removed. Use the following property values,
density = 920 kg/m3, specific heat 2040 J/kgK. Thermal conductivity = 2 W/mK. (Answer: 17.8 sec,

To= - 4.23°C, Tmid= -3.12°C, Q= - 30 J)

Sodium potassium alloy (25% + 75%) at 300°C flows over a 20 cm long plate element at 500°C with a free
stream velocity of 0.6 m/s. The width of plate element is 0.1 m. Determine the hydrodynamic and
thermal boundary layer thicknesses and also the displacement and momentum thicknesses. Determine
also the local and average value of coefficient of friction and convection coefficient. Also find the heat
transfer rate.(Answer: 1.6 mmm, 7.2 mm, 0.53mm, 0.229 mm, 1.064 x 10-3 , 2.218 x 10-3 , 4050 W/m2
K, 8100 W/m2 K, 32.4 kW)
Water at a bulk mean temperature of 40°C flows through a tube of 0.05 m inner diameter with a velocity
of 0.025 m/s. The tube is 2 m long and its surface is at a constant temperature of 60°C. Determine the
heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate. Assume hydrodynamic boundary layer already
developed. (Answer: h=113 W/m2 K, Q= 710 W)
Water is cooled in the annular section of double pipe heat exchanger with inner tube containing
evaporating refrigerant vapour at 5°C. The inner tube is 2.5 cm outer dia and the outer pipe is 5 cm
inner dia. The average bulk temperature of water is 10°C. For the flow rates of water of (i) 0.055 kg/s (ii)
0.400 kg/s, determine the convection coefficient. Assume thin tube.
Consider a staggered arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is 16.4 mm and the longitudinal
and transverse pitches are SL = 34.3 mm and ST = 31.3 mm. There are seven rows of tube in the airflow
direction and eight tubes per row. Under typical operating conditions the cylinder surface temperature
is at 700 C, while the air upstream temperature and velocity are 150 C and 6 m/s, respectively.
Determine the air-side convection coefficient and the rate of heat transfer for the tube bundle. What is
the air-side pressure drop? (Answer: 135.6 W/m2K, 19.4 kW/m and 246 N/m2 )
The decorative plastic film on a copper sphere of 10 mm diameter is cured in an oven at 75C. Upon
removal from the oven, the sphere is subjected to an airstream at 1 atm and 230C having a velocity of
10 m/s. Estimate how long it will take to cool the sphere to 350C. (Ans:71.8 s)
Steam condensing on the outer surface of a thin walled circular tube of diameter 50 mm and length 6 m
maintains a uniform outer surface temperature of 1000C. Water flows through the tube at a rate of 0.25
kg/s, and its inlet and outlet temperatures are 150C and 570C respectively. What is the average
convective coefficient associated with the water flow? (Ans:755 W/m2K)
Consider a rectangular fin that is used to cool a motorcycle engine. The fin is 0.15 m long and at a
temperature of 250℃, while the motorcycle is moving at 80 km/h in air at 27℃. The air is in parallel flow
over both surfaces of the fin, and turbulent flow conditions may be assumed to exist throughout. What
is the rate of heat removal per unit width of the fin? (Ans: 5.88 kW/m width)
A circular pipe of 37.5 mm outside diameter is placed in an airstream at 30℃ and 1 atm pressure. The air
moves in cross flow over the pipe at 10 m/s, while the outer surface of the pipe is maintained at 95℃.
What is the drag force exerted on the pipe per unit length? What is the rate of heat transfer from the
pipe per unit length? (Ans: 2.18 N/m, 456 W/m)
Consider a staggered arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is 16.4 mm and the longitudinal
and transverse pitches are SL = 34.3 mm and ST = 31.3 mm. There are seven rows of tubes in the airflow
direction and eight tubes per row. Under typical operating conditions the cylinder surface temperature
is at 70℃, while the air upstream temperature and velocity are 15℃ and 6 m/s, respectively. Determine
the air-side convection coefficient and the rate of heat transfer for the tube bundle. What is the air-side
pressure drop? (Ans: 157.4 W/m2 -K, 22.13 kW/m, 50 Pa)

A long, cylindrical, electrical heating element of diameter D = 10 mm, thermal conductivity k = 240 W/m.
K, density ρ= 2700 kg/m3 , and specific heat cp = 900 J/kg. K is installed in a duct for which air moves in
cross flow over the heater at a temperature and velocity of 27˚C and 10m/s, respectively. Neglecting
radiation, estimate the steady-state surface temperature when, per unit length of the heater, electrical
energy is being dissipated at a rate of 1000 W/m. (Answer: 330˚C)
Air at 25˚C flows over a 10-mm-diameter sphere with a velocity of 25 m/s, while the surface of the
sphere is maintained at 75˚C. (a) What is the drag force on the sphere? (b) What is the rate of heat
transfer from the sphere? (Answer: 0.011 N, 3.14 W)
In a processing plant of engine oil, it is heated by flowing through a circular tube which has a length and
diameter of 25 m and 5 cm respectively. The tube surface is maintained at 150˚C and the inlet
temperature of the oil is 20˚C with a flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. Determine the outlet temperature of the oil
and heat transfer rate to the oil. (Answer: 35˚C, 16 kW)