Session 1.

3: Introductory Lectures
The Technological Steps of
Hydrogen Introduction
Dr. J. Töpler
25th – 29th September 2006
Ingolstadt
Session 1.2: Introductory K. Hall
Lectures
 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

CV – Dr. J. Töpler
Address: Dr. Johannes Töpler
German Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Association
Pfarrstr. 49
D 73773 Aichwald
Tel.: +49 711 362306
mail: [email protected]
1946 Born
1976 - 72 Study of Physics at Technical University Aachen
1972 - 77 Scientist at Research Centre Jülich, Dr.rer.nat
( Main Topic: Solid State Physics)
1977 - 06 Member of Daimler-Benz/DaimlerChrysler - Research
(Main Topic: Hydrogen application and storage
1988 - today Lecturer of „Regenarative Energies“ at the Technical University in Esslingen
2000 - today Member of Editorial Bord of „Fuel Cells- from Fundamentals to Applications“
2002 - today Member of the bord of German Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Association (DWV)
(2003 Chairman)
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 2
 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

¾ The Technological Steps of Hydrogen

Introduction, Dr. J. Töpler, 45 min

Abstract:
On the basis of the actual energy situation with decreasing ressources and
increasing environmental problems the necessity of regenerative energies are
discussed as well as hydrogen as a secondary energy carrier with high
potentials for different applications as mobile, stationary or portable applications
or APU‘s. The state of the art of these applications is shown and the concepts
for further developments are presented.
In this context some European projects (mainly funded by the EU) for H2-
application and - infrastructure are descibed.
Finally the way of cooperations in the EU for the further progress in these
developpments are lined out.

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 3

 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

Table of Content:

• Actual Basic Situation of Energy Supply

• First Applications of Hydrogen
- Mobile
- Auxilary Power Unit (APU)
- Stationary Applications
- Portable Applications
• Infrastructure
• Conclusions

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 4

 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

The first technological step to hydrogen application

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 5

 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

Actual Basic Situation of Energy Supply:

• The availiability of fossil primary energies is limited to years

with increasing efforts for exploitation

• The energy need will increase and will aggravate the situation
• The climate change due to CO2-emisssion is immense right now
with increasing tendency
• Fossil energy carriers are raw materials for organic chemistry
D too valuable for combustion only
• The introduction of a new energy system needs generally about

years for the first 10% of market penetration (Marchetti et al., 1980)

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 6

 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 7

 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

16 1.600
Owners of Cars: 17,6%

Number of Cars (Billion)

14 1.400
Population (Billion)

15,0%
12 1.200

10 1.000
12,7%
11,9% 800
8
10,5%
6 600
8,2%
4 400

2 200

0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

World Population and Number of Vehicle

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler Source: GM/Opel 8

 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

Consequence:

It is very urgent to proceed to regenerative energies

• free of CO2 ( if necessary via primary energies with less

CO2)
• with hydrogen as secondary energy carrier, which can be
stored, transported and used by different methods and
high efficiencies

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 9

 The role of hydrogen

∆x=∆t=0
Primary
direct Consumer
ħω, ½mv
kT
Sun Carrier Transformer
½mv Movement
∆x:
Electricity e—
Wind Fuel Cell kT

mgh Heat
∆x,∆t:
Hydro
CH kT
H
H2 ħω

Biomass
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Combustion
Dr. J. Töpler Light 10
 The role of hydrogen

First Applications of Hydrogen :

• Mobile applications in urban busses, vans and passenger cars

(internal combustion engines or fuel cells)
• Auxilary Power Unit (APU) for vehicles (busses, trucks,
special cars with additional electricity), airplanes or ships
• Stationary Applications in decentralised utilities for power
generation and heating

• Portable Applications in Laptops, Cameras etc.

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 11

 H2-Vehicles: Potential System-Combinations
for Propulsion and Storage

H2
Compressed H2 Internal Combustion
(10 bar<p<700 bar; -40C<T<85C) Engine („ICE“)

Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Cell („FC“)

3 bar < p < ca.8 bar; T~ 22K)

Metal-Hydrides (spec. Appl.) Hybrid-Antrieb

(3 bar< p<50 bar; -15C <T< 60 C) (FC + Battery)

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 12

 Hydrogen Application in
Passenger Cars

BMW CleanEnergy.
BMW Wasserstoff 7er.

Quelle: BMW Group

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 13

 Hydrogen Application in
Passenger Cars

DaimlerChrysler, FCell Packaging

Power Distribution Unit

(PDU) Battery
Fuel Cell Stack

Hydrogen Storage

Cooler
System
Electric Drive Module

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 14

 DaimlerChrysler: Citaro-Bus,
Packaging

Ballard Fuel
Cell Supply Unit Ballard Fuel Cell Modules
(> 125 kW fc gross power each)

Modine Convection
Dynetek Composite Hydrogen Tanks Cooler Unit
Webasto Air
(350 Bar, 40 kg H2,
Condition Unit
Al-Liner, Carbon Fibre)
Rouland
ZF Automatic Transmission
Electric Motor

DaimlerChrysler PTU
distribution gearcase Auxiliary Components
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler Saminco Power Inverter, etc. 15
 Energy system of trucks:
conventional system

Nebenaggregate
Tank

Motor Ge-
triebe

Anlasser
Batterie

Riementrieb Generator
Source:DaimlerChrysler
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 16
 Energy system of trucks:
conventional system

Steuergerät

Tank

Motor Ge-
Bat.
triebe

Brennstoffzelle
Anlasser
Dieselreformer

Am Motor verbleibende Nebenaggregate flexibel

Nebenaggregate + E-Motor angeordnet + E-Motoren
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 17
 Domestic Fuel Cell Application
for Europe

Fuel Cell Heating Appliances

Key Elements
– Domestic Combined Heat and
Power
(DCHP, Micro-Cogeneration)
– Grid connected
– Central heating and hot water
production
– Intelligent hot water storage
management
– Condensing peak heater
– Digital communication and
control

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 18

 PEM Fuel Cell Heating Applicance

Electrical Output 1 - 4.6 kWel grid parallel

Thermal Output 1.5 - 7 kWth
plus ~ 25 - 280 kWth peak heater
Electric Efficiency > 30 %
Total Efficiency > 80 %
Application Multi-family house, small business

Fuel natural gas

System Lifetime 15 years, 80.000 h
Maintenance 2 years (annual inspection)
Exhaust Temperature: max. 75 °C

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler Source:Vaillant 19

 System schematic microCHP for
a single family home

SOFC Fuel Cell Heating Appliance

Power
microCHP
Natural Gas System
Water

Source: Vaillant
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 20
 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

LOW TEMP vs HIGH TEMP FUEL CELL SYSTEM

Low Temperature System High Temperature System

The PEMEAS high temperature MEA combined with Plug Power’s unique
system design deliver a greatly simplified system.
Source: Vaillant
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 21
 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

• Surplus of Hydrogen (By-Product) in chemical industry

• Electrolysis from electricity of power-plant reserves for regulation
or surplus of other sources (e.g. wind)
• Decentralised production from natural gas (less CO2)
• Production from biomass (CO2 - neutral)
• Production from coal with subsequent CO2 -sequestration
• In a log term scale: production from regenerative primary energy
sources

Hydrogen is the best synthetic fuel for a

sustainable mobility free of emissions

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 22

 Locations of cheap H2- Production
(By-Product of Chemical Industry)
17.2 Mm³/yr
(for first vehicle fleets Brunsbüttel (Bayer) 260 Mm³/yr
[35 Mm³/yr
or merket niches) Kiel
Rostock
merchant]
Stade (Dow) Total:
37.6 Mm³/yr
Wilhelmshaven (ICI) Bremerhaven Lübeck
Schwerin
~ 1 Billion Nm³/yr
Hamburg
28.8 Mm³/yr Oldenburg
Ibbenbüren (Elektrochemie Ibb.)

62.1 Mm³/yr Hannover 33.9 Mm³/yr

Wolfsburg Berlin
Rheinberg (Solvay) Osnabrück
Braunschweig Potsdam
Bitterfeld (Chemie AG)
50 Mm³/yr Münster Bielefeld
Salzgitter
Magdeburg

Krefeld (Bayer) Gelsenkirchen Hamm

Bottrop
Cottbus
Oberhausen Dortmund
86.1 Mm³/yr Duisburg
Krefeld
Herne
Bochum
Halle 57.7 Mm³/yr
Essen Hagen
Dormagen (Bayer) Düsseldorf Wuppertal Schkopau (Buna AG)
M-Gladbach MühlheimRemscheid Kassel Erfurt Leipzig
Dresden
Solingen Chemnitz
Aachen Leverkusen
118 Mm³/yr Köln Bonn
Jena
Gera
Cologne (Air Products, ECE, Degussas) Zwickau
Koblenz
85.4 Mm³/yr 30-50 Mm³/yr
Wiesbaden Frankfurt (Hoechst-Infraserv)
Leverkusen (Bayer) Offenbach
Mainz DarmstadtWürzburg
Erlangen
43.4 Mm³/yr Ludwigshafen Mannheim
Nürnberg
Hürth (Hoechst) Heidelberg Fürth 20.8 Mm³/yr
Kaiserslautern
Heilbronn Regensburg Gendorf (Hoechst)
Karlsruhe
78.1 Mm³/yr PforzheimStuttgart Ingolstadt 45.3 Mm³/yr
Ludwigshafen (BASF) Ulm
Augsburg
Burghausen
München (Wacker)
Freiburg

Source: LBST 1998 16.1 Mm³/yr

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler Gersthofen (Hoechst) 23
 1.3 The Technological Steps
of Hydrogen Introduction

Leuna H2-Pipeline, Linde

Belgium-France-NL Air Liquide:

Belgium, France, NL 966 km 10 MPa
H2-Pipeline, Air Liquide
Germany:
Rhein-Ruhr Pipeline 240 km 1.1/ 2.3/ 30 MPa
[operative since 1938]
Leuna-Merseburg, Linde 100 km 2-2.5 MPa
Air Products Pipelines:
Europoort, NL 50 km
UK:
ICI Teeside 16 km 5 MPa
Sweden:
Chemical Industry 18 km 0.5-2.8 MPa
Source: Air Liquide, Linde
Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 24
 Needs of H2- Filling stations
with respect to H2- vehicles

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 25

 CUTE-Projekt (Clean Urban
Transportation Energy)

• 3 FC- busses in each

city
• Different hydrogen
Productions

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 26

 H2 Highway

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 27

 Proposal for a H2- highway in Norway:
Stavanger-Oslo

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 28

 Perspectives of market
penetration of H2- vehicles

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 29

 Roadmap of EU

Roadmap of EU
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform
www.HFPeurope.org

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 30

 Summary

• The price of H2 will perhaps be higher than for conventionel

energies, but it will represent the real value of energy
• Strong efforts for saving energy will be necessary
• International cooperations will be imperative for cost sharing in
development, for common standards and regulations and for
systems of infrastructure and supply
• The cooperation of policy and economics is absolutely necessary
for the basis of legal conditions as well as for safety or decisions

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 31

 Overview HFP

European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP)

Member States‘ Advisory Council H2FCTP

Mirrow Group Secretariat

Strategic Research Deployment Steering

Agenda Strategy Panels

Financing, Business Regulations, Education, Public Initiative

Development Codes, Standards Training Awareness Groups

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 32

 Handicaps to market penetration
of H2: human imagination

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 33

 Thank you for your attention !
And visit us on our web-side
www.dwv-info.de

Session 1.3: Introductory Lectures Dr. J. Töpler 34

Session 1.2: Introductory Lectures
The Technological Steps of
Hydrogen Introduction
Dr. J. Töpler
25th – 29th September 2006
Ingolstadt
Session 1.2: Introductory K. Hall
Lectures