9: SEWAGE

DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela
CE 3: Building Systems Design

1
Outline

■ The Sewage Disposal System

■ Public Sewer Line
■ Septic Tank
■ Construction, Sizing and Location of Septic Tank
■ Safety Precautions
■ Sewage Management

2
Sewage Disposal System

■ The collection and safe disposal of human wastes are among the most critical
problems of environmental health.
■ Most waterborne diseases such as dysentery, typhoid, diarrhea, and other intestinal
disorders are prevalent in areas where there is no proper sewage disposal systems.
■ When human wastes are deposited in a pit, organisms do not travel horizontally in
the soil. They were carried somewhere through water flows, flies, rodents, and other
vermin which causes contamination.
■ The daily average volume of human waste, or excreta per capita is about 80 grams
of feces and 950 grams of urine. When diluted with water at a rate of 30-100
gallons per day to form sewage, the solid content becomes very small portion in
mg/L.

3
Sewage Disposal System

■ Of the total sewage solids, about 50% is organic and subject to rotting.
■ As decomposition continues, it becomes odorous and dark in color. Whether fresh
or stale, it contains harmful organisms that causes diseases.
■ Therefore, it is important not only to know the different types of sewage disposal
systems, but also to understand the scientific value of the system.

4
Types of Sewage Disposal System
Cesspool

Public Sewage
Sewer Privy
Line Disposal

Septic
Tank

5
Cesspool

■ The cesspool (or cesspit) is a hole in

the ground curbed with stones, bricks,
concrete hollow blocks, or other
materials laid in such a manner as to
allow raw contaminated sewage to
leach into the soil.
■ The organic wastes accumulate and
finally disposed of by disintegration
process.

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Privy

■ The privy is a concrete-sealed vault with

a wooden shelter constructed for the
collection of raw sewage.
■ The disintegration of excrement is
accomplished in the same manner as a
cesspool.
■ Both systems are objectionable
because of the danger contaminating
the source of water supply.

7
Septic Tank

■ The septic tank is a device or

receptacle used to expedite the
decomposition of the elements
contained in a raw sewage waste.
■ Raw sewage consists of water and
settable solid called organic materials
that can be precipitated in a septic
tank in a very short time.

8
Public Sewer Line

■ The public sewer line is a public

sewage system, operated and
maintained by the government,
consisting of a sewage treatment
plant that conveys the raw sewage
from buildings and houses to a
disposal system.

9
Types of Sewage Disposal System
Cesspool

Public Sewage
Sewer Privy
Line Disposal

Septic
Tank

10
The Public Sewer Line

Combined
Sewer

Public
Sewer
Storm Sanitary
Drain Sewer

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Combined Sewer

■ Oldest type of public sewer

that conveys both storm
water and sanitary wastes.
■ The “conventional” type is
no longer allowed by
sanitary authorities, instead,
the “outflow type” is
recommended for
combination public sewer
systems.

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Sanitary Sewer

■ The sanitary sewer is a public sewer facility that carries

regular sanitary wastes only.
■ It terminates in a modern sewage dispersal plant and
rainwater is not permitted to enter into this type of public
sewer.

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14
Sanitary Sewer
■ The intercepting sewer conveys
sanitary waste to a dispersal
plant. It is commonly made of
concrete pipe of sizes 0.60 to
3.00 meters in diameter. Usually
laid underground to a minimum
depth of about 3.00 meters.
■ The tributary sewer is made of
either vitrified clay or concrete
pipe laid in an open trench. It is
generally smaller in diameter and
installed not more than 3.00
meters below the street grade.
They terminate into the
intercepting sewers.

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Storm Drain

■ Storm drain is a type of

public sewer line that
carries only storm water
and surface runoff.
■ Storm drains terminate in
a natural drain, such as
canals, lakes, or rivers.

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Manhole

■ A manhole is a device of a storm sewer,

which serves as man’s access for
inspection, cleaning and repair. It is
constructed out of bricks, stone, adobe
or concrete at an interval distance of 75
to 150 meters.
■ Manhole diameter varies from 90 too
120 centimeters and provided with
“stairs” called ladder rungs for the
maintenance crew to reach the bottom.
■ It is provided with a well-fitted cover on
top, leveled with the road surface.

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Curb Inlet

■ Curb inlets are temporary sediment

control barriers consisting of a filter
media, such as compost filter socks,
gravel and mesh, sandbags, gravel bags,
etc., around a curb and gutter inlet
designed to prevent sediment from
entering the storm sewer.
■ Shallow temporary ponding during and
after rainfall should be expected.

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 Estimating materials for public sewer
Quantity of cement and sand per pipe joint
1. From the plan of the public sewer line, find
the net distance between manholes to be laid Concrete Pipe Cement Sand
with concrete pipes. Size (m) (bags) (cu.m.)
2. Total distance minus the space area occupied 0.60 0.132 0.0165
by the manhole.
3. The net distance found divided by the length 0.90 0.198 0.0247
of one pipe at 1.00 meter long regardless of 1.20 0.264 0.0330
its diameter.
1.50 0.320 0.0400
4. Subtract 3% to 4% from the obtained number
of pipes in order to get the exact number 1.80 0.376 0.0470
required. 2.10 0.443 0.0554
2.40 0.496 0.0620
If the distance between two manholes 100 cm 2.70 0.558 0.0720
in diameter is 100 meters, determine the
3.00 0.616 0.0770
number of 0.60-m dia. concrete pipe and
volume of sand and cement needed to connect It is assumed that the grout or plaster is completely
the two. surrounding the joints between pipes
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 Drainage Outfall
■ An outfall is the discharge point of a
waste stream into a body of water;
alternatively it may be the outlet of a
river, drain or a sewer where it
discharges into the sea, a lake or
ocean.

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The Septic Tank

■ Septic Tank is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharged from
the house sewer. The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate
solid waste purifying odorous material.
■ Sewage that was discharged into the tank is retained. During this retention period,
about 60-70% of the suspended solid of the sewage is removed largely by
sedimentation to form a semi-liquid substance called sludge.
■ The sludge accumulates at the bottom of the septic tank, where parts of the solids
forms into a floating scum.
■ The scum and the sludge are processed by anaerobic bacteria, thereby transforming
them into liquids and gases.

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The Septic Tank process

Anaerobic
Digestion Sedimentation
decomposition

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The Septic Tank process

■ Decomposition of organic matter from human waste is a bacteriological process

caused by:
– Aerobic bacteria called aerobes (presence of material oxygen)
– Anaerobic bacteria called anaerobes (absence of free oxygen)
– Facultative bacteria (functions with or without free oxygen)
■ These bacteria thrive naturally in sewage, and will function when conditions are
favorable in terms of:
– Food supply
– Temperature
– Moist

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The Septic Tank process

■ Even when conditions are favorable, these bacteria will cease to exist in the
presence of antiseptics or disinfectants.
■ To discharge large amount or volume of waste and water containing disinfectants,
oil and grease into the septic tank will affect and disturb the bacterial activities.
■ Putrefaction is the process of decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria, and
usually accompanied by unpleasant odors. On the other hand, processes facilitated
by aerobic bacteria are almost odorless.
■ A sewage that turns dark and smell unpleasantly due to anaerobic decomposition is
called septic, and can be accomplished with no definite time and could be within a
matter of hours.

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Gases produced inside the septic tank

■ Methane gas, 𝐶𝐻 , combination of hydrogen and carbon, a principal component of

natural gas
■ Carbon dioxide gas, 𝐶𝑂 , combination of carbon and oxygen, simplest oxide of
carbon
■ Carbon monoxide gas, 𝐶𝑂, a by-product of methane, poisonous gas
■ Hydrogen, 𝐻 , evolves as a moist gas from organic waste
■ Hydrogen sulfide, 𝐻 𝑆, a colorless gas with offensive odor
■ Sulfur dioxide, 𝑆𝑂 , a colorless gas having an irritating odor

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CONSTRUCTING A
SEPTIC TANK

32
General conditions

Septic tank is constructed from either of the following materials:

■ Reinforced concrete
■ Plastered concrete hollow blocks
■ Pre—fabricated asbestos
■ Thin metal and plastic

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General conditions

■ The ST is usually constructed in rectangular form.

■ The minimum inside dimension of a ST is 90 cm wide by 150 cm long.
■ For effective decomposition of the organic materials inside the ST, a 120 cm depth
of liquid content is necessary. The depth of the tank should not be deeper than the
groundwater table.
■ The inlet and outlet of the ST should be a sanitary tee. The inverts are installed in
the wall at least 120 cm from its bottom floor equally spaced from both sides.
■ The invert is extended down the liquid of the tank not more than 30 centimeters.
This is to assure smooth delivery of the incoming sewage below the scum line.

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General conditions

■ The bottom of the digestion chamber should be sloped to one low point, to gather
the settled organic materials into one mass favor the propagation of the anaerobic
bacteria.
■ The ST should be provided with a manhole, extended a few centimeters above the
surface of the soil to overcome infiltration of surface water.
■ ST has a minimum of two chambers; namely digestion chamber and leaching well.
The leaching well is estimated to be ½ to 1/3 of the size of the digestion chamber.

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36
Sizing conditions
■ For a family of 6 persons, the
minimum tank capacity Technical Data in Determining Volume of Septic
should be approximately 1.3 Tank
cubic meters with a Minimum width 90 cm
minimum size of 90 cm wide Minimum length 150 cm
by 150 cm long by 120 cm Minimum depth 120 cm
deep.
■ For residential installation, • Residential buildings to serve larger number of
the practice is to allow 5-6 people, per capita (0.14 to 0.17 cu.m.)
cubic feet of tank volume per • For small residential house to serve up to 12
person. (1 cubic foot = 748 persons, the chamber should have a liquid
gallons) content of not more than (2.0 cu. m.)
■ It is not advisable to permit • For school, commercial and industrial
entry of water waste from establishments, the volume of the ST should not
shower bath, laundry and be less than 0.057 cu.m. nor more than 0.086
others to the septic tank. cu.m. per capita
• Assume 1.2 meter width of tank per 100
persons
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Sizing conditions
Determine the size of a septic tank
Technical Data in Determining Volume of Septic
to serve 200 persons in a
Tank
commercial establishment
Minimum width 90 cm
Minimum length 150 cm
Minimum depth 120 cm

• Residential buildings to serve larger number of

people, per capita (0.14 to 0.17 cu.m.)
• For small residential house to serve up to 12
persons, the chamber should have a liquid
content of not more than (2.0 cu. m.)
• For school, commercial and industrial
establishments, the volume of the ST should not
be less than 0.057 cu.m. nor more than 0.086
cu.m. per capita
• Assume 1.2 meter width of tank per 100
persons
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Sizing conditions
A motel with toilet and bath, and kitchen facilities will serve a
maximum of 200 persons. Determine the capacity of the ST,
assuming formula for liquid volume of the tank, in gallons be
𝑉 = 1.125 + 0.75𝑄. Also, assume maximum depth of the ST is
1.50 meters and the width to be 3.00 meters, what is the length
of the ST?

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Location of septic tank

■ The ST may be located closer to the building it will serve, providing a minimum
distance of 2.00 meters from the outside wall.
■ As much as possible, the ST should not be closer to the doors and windows
■ ST should be at least 15 meters away from any source of water supply. The farther,
the better.

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WASTE AND SOIL PIPES

41
Waste Pipe

■ The waste pipe is any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the discharges of
any fixture except waster closet and conveys the same to the soil branch, soil pipe or
house drain.
■ Waste pipe is generally smaller in size than the soil pipe, because of the kind of
waste it receives from the various plumbing fixtures.
■ Among the suspended materials found in the water waste are: grease, lint, matches,
hair, garbage and many objectionable substances.

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General Conditions for a Good Waste
Pipe Installation
■ By making the right choice of materials
■ By conservative use of fittings
■ By right location of cleanouts
■ By right grading of the pipelines
■ By using the right size of pipes
■ By correcting the manner of joining pipes
■ By providing stable and rigid support

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“By making the right choice of
materials”
■ The materials intended for waste pipe installation could be selected from the
previously discussed type of pipes.
■ The character of the waste to be drained, and the service to which it is intended for,
dictates the kind of materials to be used.
■ Any waste pipe line that conveys large amount of acid must specify acid-resistant
materials.
■ Refused that are coming from domestic and commercial kitchens, contains acid of
different kinds, but considerably in small, negligible quantity and therefore, does not
require the use of an acid-resistant pipe.

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“By conservative use of fittings”

■ Conservative use of fittings refer to the right choice of the right kind of fittings for a
particular change of directions, turns or offsets.
■ Short cuts that will not allow smooth passage of waste should be avoided.
■ Pipe joints and fittings were especially designed to make smooth changes of
directions, turns or offsets, therefore, avoid in what was called shortcut method.
■ Pipe installations that fail or break too soon, may have been due to any of the
following causes:
– The use of too many fittings
– The use of wrong type of fittings

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“By conservative use of fittings”
1/8 bend long sweep
■ Recommendations:
– Do not use short radius fittings on a
vertical-to-horizontal directions or
horizontal-to-horizontal changes
– Use long sweep fittings on horizontal
changes wye 1/8 bend or
– For vertical-to-horizontal direction of 45-deg elbow
changes, the Y and 45-deg fittings
are the most appropriate
– The tee fitting was designed for premature waste line defect
vertical run with lateral branches
only. Its use on horizontal installation
will create a tilted or crooked joint
connection called “premature waste
line defect” tilted joint
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“By right location of cleanouts”

■ The waste pipe installation must be provided with an ample amount of cleanouts,
strategically located, to be opened in case of pipeline trouble.
■ A cleanout is a receptacle of the plumbing system accessible on floor, walls, or
ceiling. It is equipped with a plug so designed as not to impair the aesthetical view of
the room.
■ The location of a cleanout must be indicated in the plan. It must be sized equal to
the diameter of the waste pipe where it is connected.

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“By right grading of the pipelines”

■ The ideal position of horizontal waste pipe, is 2% slope. For example, a 3-meter pipe
installed as a waste line will have an inclination of 6.00 cm.
■ This is also to prevent trap seal loss, or the loss or escape of standing water inside
the P-trap. It is usually caused by siphonage induced by rapid flow of waste inside
the pipe, also referred to as water seal escape.

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DETERMINING THE SIZE
OF WASTE PIPE

49
Determining the Size of Waste Pipe

■ National Plumbing Code: “the waste pipe diameter shall be adequate enough to
serve the installation of fixtures in a general way, but the best way is to fit the
diameters of commercial pipe into the fixture pattern in the most efficient manner.”
■ The size of waste pipe intended to receive waste from the fixture must be of
sufficient diameter to occur scouring, or flushing or washing out, of dirt or grease by
flowing through.
■ This is to accommodate the velocity of the flow, making them as nearly scouring as
necessary to prevent the silting of the pipe.

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Sizing of the Pipe

According to Uniform Plumbing Code:

1. Increasing the size of the drainage pipe does not guarantee effective scouring
action, or self-cleaning ability of the pipe.
2. Water flowing inside a larger pipe is relatively shallow. Solid waste does not flow on
shallow water but tends to remain at the bottom of the pipe.
3. Drainage pipe must be of the right size to have a liquid flow of about 50% of the
pipe diameter. (Water inside pipe must have a depth equal to ½ the pipe diameter.)
4. Too small pipeline is subject to overloading of flow. The tendency is to create back
pressure, siphonage and floor flooding.

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 Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit

The Fixture Unit

Bathtub 2
Floor drain 1
Kitchen sink 2
Residential sink 1.5
Lavatory, wash basin 1
Laundry tub 2
■ From NPC, the fixture unit (fu) or unit fixture, is
Shower bath 2
equal to one cubic foot or 30 liters of water
Slop sink 3
discharged by a fixture in one-minute interval.
Sink, hotel/public 2
Urinal 5
Water closet 6
Combination fixture 3
One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1

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 Diameter of pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit
One Not over 3 Stack with 3 or more

The Fixture Unit horizontal branches branches/intervals Bathtub 2

branch Floor drain 1
mm. In. In one Total in stack
branch Kitchen sink 2
interval
Residential sink 1.5
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
Lavatory, wash basin 1
38 1½ 3 4 2 8 Laundry tub 2
50 2 6 10 6 24 Shower bath 2

63 2½ 12 20 9 42 Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel/public 2
75 3 20 30 20 60
Urinal 5
100 4 160 240 90 500
Water closet 6
125 5 360 540 200 1100 Combination fixture 3
150 6 620 960 350 1900 One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600 overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

Determine the size of a horizontal waste pipe to serve 5 urinals, 3 lavatories, 8 showers and 2
slop sinks. (Answer: 50 fu, Use 100-mm (4”) dia. waste pipe.)
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 Diameter of pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit
One Not over 3 Stack with 3 or more

The Fixture Unit horizontal branches branches/intervals Bathtub 2

branch Floor drain 1
mm. In. In one Total in stack
branch Kitchen sink 2
interval
Residential sink 1.5
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
Lavatory, wash basin 1
38 1½ 3 4 2 8 Laundry tub 2
50 2 6 10 6 24 Shower bath 2

63 2½ 12 20 9 42 Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel/public 2
75 3 20 30 20 60
Urinal 5
100 4 160 240 90 500
Water closet 6
125 5 360 540 200 1100 Combination fixture 3
150 6 620 960 350 1900 One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600 overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

Determine the size of a horizontal branch waste pipe for one lavatory, one residential sink, and
one slop sink. (Answer: 5 ½ fu, Use 50-mm (2”) dia. waste pipe)
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Waste Pipe and Other Fixtures
Waste pipe is classified into two types 7. Laundry
depending upon the kind of fixtures it will
8. Laboratory
serve: (1) direct waste, and (2) indirect
waste 9. Hospital Fixture
Direct waste is one with terminal directly
connected to the plumbing system.
Indirect waste refers to a connection with
1. Urinals – pedestal, stall, through terminals not directly connected to the
plumbing system
2. Bathtub – siltz, foot, bidet
1. Soda fountain
3. Lavatories – wall hung, pedestal, two
pieces 2. Bar waste
4. Sink – kitchen, pantry, slop 3. Refrigeration
5. Showers –single stall, gang 4. Drinking fountain
6. Drinking Fountains
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Recommended size of connected waste
pipes
Fixture Size (National Plumbing Code)
Sink waste Minimum: 38mm (1 ½”), but in practice, use 50mm (2”) pipe
Slop sink 50mm for traps installed in walls; 75-100mm for traps on the floor
Scullery sink 50mm
Pantry sink 38mm
Factory wash up sink 50mm
Bathtub Minimum: 38-50mm
Lavatories 50mm
Shower bath 50mm
Urinal 50mm
Laundry tub Minimum: 38-50mm
Drinking fountain 32mm
Lavatory waste 50mm
Hospital fixtures 50mm
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SOIL PIPE

57
Soil Pipe

■ The soil pipe is any pipe that receives and conveys discharges of the water closet,
with or without the discharge coming from other fixtures to the house drain or house
sewer.
■ The word soil is affixed to pipe installation that carries human waste coming from
water closet. Soil pipe installed vertically is called soil stack and soil branch when
installed horizontally.
■ On water closets (NPC):
– No water closet shall discharge into a drain less than 75 mm (3”) dia. pipe.
– Not more than 2 water closets shall discharge into any 75 mm (3”) dia.
horizontal soil branch, house sewer, or house drain

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Soil Pipe
The NPC on soil provides:
■ At least one of the vertical stacks in the plumbing system must extend full size
through the roof:
– To ventilate and dispose off the sewer gas above the roof
– To prevent siphoning of the water trap seal by force of suction
– To prevent the possibility of back pressure which may force the water seal off
the fixture trap
■ Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack or stack
vent, extended full size above the roof not less then 30 cm long and should not be
less than 75 mm (3”) diameter or the size of the drain, whichever is smaller.
■ As a general rule, the vent stack must be extended and terminate through the roof
of the building. When the roof is to be used other than protection from the elements
of weather, the vent stack should be extended no less than 2.00 meters above the
roof.
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 Diameter of pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit
One Not over 3 Stack with 3 or more

The Fixture Unit horizontal branches branches/intervals Bathtub 2

branch Floor drain 1
mm. In. In one Total in stack
branch Kitchen sink 2
interval
Residential sink 1.5
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
Lavatory, wash basin 1
38 1½ 3 4 2 8 Laundry tub 2
50 2 6 10 6 24 Shower bath 2

63 2½ 12 20 9 42 Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel/public 2
75 3 20 30 20 60
Urinal 5
100 4 160 240 90 500
Water closet 6
125 5 360 540 200 1100 Combination fixture 3
150 6 620 960 350 1900 One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600 overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

Determine the soil pipe diameter to serve 8 water closets, 3 shower baths, 4 urinals, 2 slop
sinks, and 3 wash basins. (Answer: 83 fu, Use 100mm (4”) dia. soil pipe)
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 Diameter of pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit
One Not over 3 Stack with 3 or more

The Fixture Unit horizontal branches branches/intervals Bathtub 2

branch Floor drain 1
mm. In. In one Total in stack
branch Kitchen sink 2
interval
Residential sink 1.5
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
Lavatory, wash basin 1
38 1½ 3 4 2 8 Laundry tub 2
50 2 6 10 6 24 Shower bath 2

63 2½ 12 20 9 42 Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel/public 2
75 3 20 30 20 60
Urinal 5
100 4 160 240 90 500
Water closet 6
125 5 360 540 200 1100 Combination fixture 3
150 6 620 960 350 1900 One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600 overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

Find the size of a soil stack to serve: 2 units water closet, 2 showers, 2 lavatories, and 1
residential sink. (Answer: 20 units, Use 75mm (3”) dia. soil pipe).
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Soil Branch

Conditions in installing soil branch:

1. SB is concealed in floors, and should be accessibly provided with sufficient number of
cleanouts
2. Cleanout should be installed wherever changes of SB directions are made
3. Cleanout should be the same diameter as the SB
4. Cleanout should be located at the farthest end of the branch away from the vertical soil
pipe
5. The use of short radius fittings on SB when making a change of direction such as short
sanitary T, ¼ bend and short L should be avoided.
6. A long radius fitting shall be used for a horizontal-to-horizontal or vertical-to-horizontal
change of direction
7. SB shall be graded properly and carefully aligned.
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 Diameter of pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit
One Not over 3 Stack with 3 or more

The Fixture Unit horizontal branches branches/intervals Bathtub 2

branch Floor drain 1
mm. In. In one Total in stack
branch Kitchen sink 2
interval
Residential sink 1.5
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
Lavatory, wash basin 1
38 1½ 3 4 2 8 Laundry tub 2
50 2 6 10 6 24 Shower bath 2

63 2½ 12 20 9 42 Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel/public 2
75 3 20 30 20 60
Urinal 5
100 4 160 240 90 500
Water closet 6
125 5 360 540 200 1100 Combination fixture 3
150 6 620 960 350 1900 One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600 overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

What diameter of a soil branch is appropriate to serve a battery of 3 water closets? (Answer: 18
fu, 100 mm dia. Horizontal soil branch)
63
 Diameter of pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Kind of Fixture Fixture
Unit
One Not over 3 Stack with 3 or more

The Fixture Unit horizontal branches branches/intervals Bathtub 2

branch Floor drain 1
mm. In. In one Total in stack
branch Kitchen sink 2
interval
Residential sink 1.5
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
Lavatory, wash basin 1
38 1½ 3 4 2 8 Laundry tub 2
50 2 6 10 6 24 Shower bath 2

63 2½ 12 20 9 42 Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel/public 2
75 3 20 30 20 60
Urinal 5
100 4 160 240 90 500
Water closet 6
125 5 360 540 200 1100 Combination fixture 3
150 6 620 960 350 1900 One bathroom group consisting of 8
water closet, lavatory, bathtub, and
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600 overhead shower OR water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
For every 15 sq.ft. of roof drain 1
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

What diameter of a soil will be satisfactory to serve a battery of 25 water closets? (Answer: 150
fu, 100-mm dia. Horizontal soil branch)
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Noise and Condensation

1. Soil pipe should not be in contact with plastered walls or ceiling because it will
create sounds that are magnified inside the room. Waste and soil pipe not
embedded in the concrete must be insulated.
2. Condensation may be overcome by applying a good quality anti-sweat covering
materials to the soil pipe installation.

65
Prohibited Fittings

■ A. Prohibited fittings:
– Double hub, double tee, or double Y branch should not be permitted on soil
pipes or horizontal lines
– The drilling and tapping of house drain, soil pipe and waste or vent pipes are
strictly prohibited
■ B. Dead end fittings
– Dead-end connections in any drainage installation should not be permitted.
This could only accumulate waste and sludge.

66