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UNIT # 2
THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
Quadratic Equation 2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 0
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Quadratic Formula Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = 16
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 As we have
𝑥=
2𝑎 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Discriminant of a Quadratic equation Discriminant = (−8)2 − 4(1)(16)
In quadratic formula, the expression 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is Discriminant = 64 − 64
called Discriminant of quadratic equation. Discriminant = 0
Nature of quadratic equation Thus the roots are real, equal and rational
Case 1:
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, then the roots are real, equal (ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
and rational. Solution:
Case 2: 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 = 0
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, then the roots are unequal and Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
imaginary. Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 9, 𝑐 = 2
Case 3: As we have
If 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎, then: Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is a perfect square, then Discriminant = (9)2 − 4(1)(2)
roots are real, unequal and rational.
Discriminant = 81 − 8
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is not a perfect square, then
Discriminant = 73 > 0
roots are real, unequal and irrational.
Thus the roots are real, unequal and irrational
Example 1:
Find discriminant of the following equation (iii) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 Solution:
Solution: 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15 = 0
𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 = 0 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −15
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 9, 𝑐 = 2 As we have
As we have Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Discriminant = (−1)2 − 4(6)(−15)
Discriminant = (9)2 − 4(1)(2) Discriminant = 1 + 360
Discriminant = 81 − 8 Discriminant = 361
Discriminant = 73 Discriminant = 192 > 0
Thus the roots are real, unequal and rational
Example 2:
Examine the nature of the roots of the
following quadratic equations.
𝟐
(i) 𝒙 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
Solution:
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
𝟐 As we have
(iv) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution: Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 Discriminant = (5)2 − 4(1)(6)
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Discriminant = 25 − 24
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 Discriminant = 1
As we have Discriminant = 12 > 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Hence the roots are real, unequal and rational
Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(4)(1) 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Discriminant = 1 − 16 Using Factorizatin Method
Discriminant = −15 < 0 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
Thus the roots are unequal and imaginary 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 3(𝑥 + 2) = 0
Example 3:
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
Determine the nature of roots of the following
𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 3 = 0
equations and verify the results by solving the 𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3
by factorization. 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥, 𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥
(i) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝
Solution: Example # 4:
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 Without solving, determine the nature of the
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 roots of the quadratic equation.
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 9 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
As we have Solution:
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 0
Discriminant = (−6)2 − 4(1)(9) Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Discriminant = 36 − 36 Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 6
Discriminant = 0 As we have
Hence the roots are real, equal and rational Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Discriminant = (−4)2 − 4(3)(6)
Using Factorizatin Method Discriminant = 16 − 72
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 Discriminant = −56 < 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 3(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Example # 5:
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Without solving, determine the nature of the
𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 roots of the quadratic equation.
𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 = −𝟏
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥, 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 Solution:
𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 = −1
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
(ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Solution: Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = 1
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 As we have
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 6 Discriminant = (−7)2 − 4(2)(1)
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Ex # 2.1
Discriminant = 49 − 8 Ex # 2.1
Discriminant = 41 Page # 27
Hence the roots are real, unequal and irrational Q1: Find the discriminant of the following
Example # 6 (i): quadratic equations:
Determine the set of values of 𝒌 for which the (i) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎
given quadratic equations have real roots. Solution:
𝒌𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 13 = 0
Solution: Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑘𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 13
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 As we have
Here 𝑎 = 𝑘, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 1 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 Discriminant = (−4)2 − 4(1)(13)
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 Discriminant = 16 − 52
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 Discriminant = −36
(4)2 − 4(𝑘)(1) ≥ 0
16 − 4𝑘 ≥ 0 (ii) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
16 ≥ 4𝑘 Solution:
16 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
≥𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
4
4≥𝑘 Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 1
𝑘≤4 As we have
(ii) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Solution: Discriminant = (−5)2 − 4(4)(1)
2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 3 = 0 Discriminant = 25 − 16
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Discriminant = 9
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 3
𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 (iii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 Solution:
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑘)2 − 4(2)(3) ≥ 0 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑘 2 − 24 ≥ 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
𝑘 2 ≥ 24 As we have
Taking square root on B. S Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
√𝑘 2 ≥ ±√24 Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(1)(1)
Discriminant = 1 − 4
𝑘 ≥ ±√4 × 6
Discriminant = −3
𝑘 ≥ ±√4 . √6
𝑘 ≥ ±2 √6 Q2: Examine the nature of the roots of the
Therefore following equations:
(i) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑘 ≥ 2 √6
Solution:
𝑘 ≤ −2 √6
3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 1
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
As we have Taking square root on B. S
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 √𝑘 2 = ±√36
Discriminant = (−5)2 − 4(3)(1) 𝑘 = ±6
Discriminant = 25 − 12 (ii) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
Discriminant = 13 > 0 Solution:
Hence the roots are real, unequal and irrational 12𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 3 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(ii) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 Here 𝑎 = 12, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 3
Solution: As roots are equal then
6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −2 (𝑘)2 − 4(12)(3) = 0
As we have 𝑘 2 − 144 = 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑘 2 = 144
Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(6)(−2) Taking square root on B. S
Discriminant = 1 + 48 √𝑘 2 = ±√144
Discriminant = 49
𝑘 = ±12
Discriminant = 72 > 0
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
Hence the roots are real, unequal and rational
Solution:
(iii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
Solution: Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
As roots are equal then
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
As we have
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(−5)2 − 4(1)(𝑘) = 0
Discriminant = (2)2 − 4(3)(1)
25 − 4𝑘 = 0
Discriminant = 4 − 12
−4𝑘 = −25
Discriminant = −8 < 0
4𝑘 = 25
Thus the roots are unequal and imaginary
25
Q3: For what value of 𝒌 the roots of the following 𝑘=
4
equations are equal. Q4: Determine whether the following quadratic
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 equations and verify the results by solving
Solution: them.
𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 9 = 0 (i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Solution:
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 9 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
As roots are equal then Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 5
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 As we have
(𝑘)2 − 4(1)(9) = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑘 2 − 36 = 0 Discriminant = (5)2 − 4(1)(5)
𝑘 2 = 36
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
Discriminant = 25 − 20 𝟐
(iii) 𝟔𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Discriminant = 5 > 0 Solution:
As the roots are real 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
Now find the roots Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 Here 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −2
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 As we have
𝑥=
2𝑎 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Put the values Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(6)(−2)
−(5) ± √(5)2 − 4(1)(5) Discriminant = 1 + 48
𝑥=
2(1) Discriminant = 49
−5 ± √25 − 20 Discriminant = 72 > 0
𝑥= Verification by Solving equation
2
−5 ± √5 Using Factorizatin Method
𝑥= 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
2
−5 + √5 −5 − √5 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) + 2(2𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 2
−𝟓 + √𝟓 −𝟓 − √𝟓 (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 , 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
(ii) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 2𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 = −2
1 −2
Solution: 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 3
4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 1 −2
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = { , }
2 3
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 12, 𝑐 = 9 Q5: Determine the nature of roots of the following
As we have quadratic equations and verify the results by
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 solving them.
Discriminant = (12)2 − 4(4)(9) (i) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟏
Discriminant = 144 − 144 Solution:
Discriminant = 0 = 0 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
As the roots are real Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Now find the roots Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −10, 𝑐 = 3
Using Factorizatin Method As we have
4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 Discriminant = (−10)2 − 4(3)(3)
2𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) + 3(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 Discriminant = 100 − 36
(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 Discriminant = 64
2𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 Discriminant = 82 > 0
2𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 = −3 Verification by Solving equation
−3 −3
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = Using Factorizatin Method
2 2 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
−𝟑
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = { } 3𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝟐
𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) − 3(3𝑥 − 1) = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
3𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 As we have
3𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
1 Discriminant = (0)2 − 4(1)(−3)
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
3 Discriminant = 0 + 12
𝟏 Discriminant = 12 > 0
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = { , 𝟑}
𝟑 Verification by Solving equation
𝟐
(ii) 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝑥2 − 3 = 0
Solution: 𝑥2 = 3
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0 Taking Square root on B. S
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 √𝑥 2 = ±√3
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 4
𝑥 = ±√3
As we have
𝑥 = √3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −√3
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Discriminant = (−6)2 − 4(1)(4) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {√𝟑 , −√𝟑}
Discriminant = 36 − 16 Q6: For what value of 𝒌 the roots of the following
Discriminant = 20 > 0 equations are :
Verification by Solving equation (a) real (b) imaginary
Using Quadratic formula (i) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
Solution:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
2𝑎
Put the values Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 𝑘
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(1)(4)
𝑥= 𝒂) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥
2(1)
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
6 ± √36 − 16
𝑥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
2
(3)2 − 4(2)(𝑘) ≥ 0
6 ± √20
𝑥 = 9 − 8𝑘 ≥ 0
2
9 ≥ 8𝑘
6 ± √4 × 5
𝑥 = 9
2 ≥𝑘
8
6 ± 2√5 9
𝑥 = 𝑘≤
2 8
2(3 ± √5) 𝒃) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
𝑥 =
2 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑥 = 3 ± √5 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑥 = 3 + √5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 − √5 (3)2 − 4(2)(𝑘) < 0
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {𝟑 + √𝟓 , 𝟑 − √𝟓} 9 − 8𝑘 < 0
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 9 < 8𝑘
Solution: 9
<𝑘
𝑥2 − 3 = 0 8
9
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑘>
8
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −3
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
𝟐 𝒃) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
(ii) 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution: Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑘𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (5)2 − 4(1)(𝑘) < 0
Here 𝑎 = 𝑘, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1 25 − 4𝑘 < 0
𝒂) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 25 < 4𝑘
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 25
<𝑘
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 4
(2)2 − 4(𝑘)(1) ≥ 0 25
𝑘>
4 − 4𝑘 ≥ 0 4
4 ≥ 4𝑘 Ex # 2.2
4
≥𝑘 Cube root of unity
4
1≥𝑘 Let 𝑥 by the cube root of 1
1
𝑘≤1
x = (1) 3
𝒃) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
3
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0  1
( x) = (1) 3 
3
(3)2 (2)2 − 4(𝑘)(1) < 0
4 − 4𝑘 < 0  
4 < 4𝑘 𝑥3 = 1
4 𝑥3 − 1 = 0
<𝑘 (𝑥)3 − (1)3 = 0
4
1<𝑘 𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝑘>1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + (𝑥)(1) + (1)2 ) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution: 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 Now
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝒂) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 As we have
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(5)2 − 4(1)(𝑘) ≥ 0 𝑥=
2𝑎
25 − 4𝑘 ≥ 0 Put the values
25 ≥ 4𝑘 −(1) ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(1)
25 𝑥=
≥𝑘 2(1)
4
25 −1 ± √1 − 4
𝑘≤ 𝑥=
4 2
−1 ± √−3
𝑥=
2
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
−1 ± √−1 × 3 The Product of cube roots of unity is one
𝑥= 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1
2
−1 ± √−1. √3 −1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3
𝑥= As 𝜔 = and 𝜔2
2 2 2
−1 ± 𝑖√3 −1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3
𝑥= 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1. ( )( )
2 2 2
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 (−1 + 𝑖√3)(−1 − 𝑖√3)
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
2 2 2×2
−1 + 𝑖√3 2 2
Thus the cube root of unity are 1, (−1) − (𝑖√3)
2 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
4
−1 − 𝑖√3 1 − 𝑖 2 (3)
and 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
2 4
Here 1 is the real root and 1 − 3𝑖 2
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
𝑎𝑛𝑑 are complex roots 4
2 2 1 − 3(−1)
1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = ∴ 𝑖2 = 1
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 4
Let 𝜔 = and 𝜔2 1+3
2 2 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝜔2 4
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {𝟏, 𝝎, 𝝎𝟐 } 4
1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
4
Properties of the cube root of unity 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =1
The sum of cube roots of unity is zero 𝐎𝐑
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 𝜔3 = 1
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 Reciprocal of the cube root of unity
As 𝜔 = and 𝜔2 1 1
2 2 𝜔 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2 =
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 𝜔 𝜔
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1 + + 3
As 𝜔 = 1
2 2
2 + (−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 − 𝑖√3) We can write it as:
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1
2
2 − 1 + 𝑖√3 − 1 − 𝑖√3 1
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = Thus 𝜔 = 2
2 𝜔
And also
2 − 1 − 1 + 𝑖√3 − 𝑖√3
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1
2 𝜔2 =
1 − 1 𝜔
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = Example # 7:
2
0 Show that
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 =
2 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎𝟐 𝒚)
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 Solution:
Other properties are: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦)
1 + 𝜔 = −𝜔2 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
1 + 𝜔2 = −𝜔 (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦)
𝜔 + 𝜔2 = −1 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜔𝑥𝑦 + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 )
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦(𝜔2 + 𝜔) + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 ]
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
𝟐
𝐀𝐬 𝝎 + 𝝎 = −𝟏 (vii) 1
𝜔−13 =
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦(−1) + (1)3 𝑦 2 ] 1. 𝜔
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 1
𝜔−13 =
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒 𝜔
𝟏
Example # 8 𝐀𝐬 = 𝝎𝟐
𝝎
Evaluate 𝝎𝟏𝟓 , 𝝎𝟐𝟒 , 𝝎𝟗𝟎 , 𝝎𝟏𝟎𝟏 , 𝝎−𝟐 , 𝝎−𝟏𝟑
Solutions: 𝜔−13 = 𝜔2
(i) 𝜔15 = 𝜔3×5 Example # 9
= (𝜔3 )5 𝟑
(−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑) + (−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑) = 𝟏𝟔
𝟑

= (1)5 Solution:
=1 3 3
(ii) 𝜔24 = 𝜔3×8 (−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 + 𝑖√3) = 16
= (𝜔3 )8 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
3 3
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 (−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 + 𝑖√3)
= (1)8 As
=1 −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
(iii) 𝜔90 = 𝜔3×30 𝝎= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝎𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐
= (𝜔3 )30 𝟐
𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 So
= (1)30 = (2𝜔)3 + (2𝜔2 )3
=1 = (23 𝜔3 ) + (23 𝜔6 )
(iv) 𝜔101 = 𝜔99 . 𝜔2 = (8𝜔3 ) + (8𝜔3×2 )
𝜔3×33 . 𝜔2 = (8𝜔3 ) + [8(𝜔3 )2 ]
(𝜔3 )33 . 𝜔2 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 = 8(1) + 8(1)2
= (1)33 . 𝜔2 = 8 + 8(1)
= 1. 𝜔2 =8+8
= 𝜔2 = 16 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
(v) 1
𝜔−2 = 2
𝜔
𝟏
𝐀𝐬 𝟐 = 𝝎
𝝎
−2
𝜔 =𝜔
(vi) 1
𝜔−13 =
𝜔13
1
𝜔−13 = 12
𝜔 .𝜔
1
𝜔−13 = 3×4
𝜔 .𝜔
1
𝜔−13 = 3 4
(𝜔 ) . 𝜔
𝟑
𝐀𝐬 𝝎 = 𝟏
1
𝜔−13 =
(1)5 . 𝜔
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Ex # 2.2
Ex # 2.2 1 + 𝑖√3 1 − 𝑖√3
Page # 31 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 2
Q1: Find the cube roots of the following numbers. −1 − 𝑖√3 −1 + 𝑖√3
(i) −𝟏 𝑥 = −( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − ( )
2 2
Solution: 𝑥 = −(𝜔2 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −(𝜔)
−1 𝑥 = −𝜔2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −𝜔
Let 𝑥 by the cube root of − 1 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {−𝟏, −𝝎, −𝝎𝟐 }
1
x = ( −1) 3 (ii) 𝟖
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 Solution:
3 8
 1

( x) = (−1) 3 
3
Let 𝑥 by the cube root of 8
  1

𝑥 3 = −1
x = (8) 3
𝑥3 + 1 = 0 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
3
(𝑥)3 + (1)3 = 0  13 
( x) = (8) 
3
𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − (𝑥)(1) + (1)2 ) = 0
 
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) = 0 𝑥3 = 8
𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥3 − 8 = 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑥)3 − (2)3 = 0
Now 𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + (𝑥)(2) + (2)2 ) = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) = 0
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = 1 𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
As we have 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Now
𝑥= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
2𝑎
Put the values Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(1)(1) Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 4
𝑥= As we have
2(1)
1 ± √1 − 4 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2𝑎
Put the values
1 ± √−3
𝑥= −(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(4)
2 𝑥=
2(1)
1 ± √−1 × 3 −2 ± √4 − 16
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
1 ± √−1. √3 −2 ± √−12
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
1 ± 𝑖√3 −2 ± √−1 × 4 × 3
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
−2 ± √−1. √4. √3 3 ± √9 − 36
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
−2 ± 2𝑖√3 3 ± √−27
𝑥= 𝑥 =
2 2
2(−1 ± 𝑖√3) 3 ± √−1 × 9 × 3
𝑥= 𝑥 =
2 2
−1 ± 𝑖√3 3 ± √−1. √9. √3
𝑥 = 2( ) 𝑥 =
2 2
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 3 ± 3𝑖√3
𝑥 = 2( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 ( ) 𝑥 =
2 2 2
3(1 ± 𝑖√3)
𝑥 = 2(𝜔) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2(𝜔2 ) 𝑥 =
𝑥 = 2𝜔 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2𝜔2 2
1 ± 𝑖√3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {𝟐, 𝟐𝝎, 𝟐𝝎𝟐 } 𝑥 = 3( )
2
(iii) −𝟐𝟕
Solution: 1 + 𝑖√3 1 − 𝑖√3
𝑥 = 3( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3( )
−27 2 2
Let 𝑥 by the cube root of − 27 −1 − 𝑖√3 −1 + 𝑖√3
𝑥 = −3 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3 ( )
1 2 2
x = (−27) 3
𝑥 = −3(𝜔2 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3(𝜔)
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 𝑥 = −3𝜔2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3𝜔
3 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {−𝟑, −𝟑𝝎, −𝟑𝝎𝟐 }
 1

( x) = (−27) 3 
3
Q2: Evaluate:
  (i) 𝝎𝟏𝟐 + 𝝎𝟓𝟖 + 𝝎𝟗𝟓
𝑥 3 = −27 Solution:
𝑥 3 + 27 = 0 𝜔12 + 𝜔58 + 𝜔95
(𝑥)3 + (3)3 = 0 = 𝜔12 + 𝜔57 . 𝜔1 + 𝜔93 . 𝜔2
𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝜔3×4 + 𝜔3×19 . 𝜔 + 𝜔3×31 . 𝜔2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 − (𝑥)(3) + (3)2 ) = 0 = (𝜔3 )4 + (𝜔3 )19 . 𝜔 + (𝜔3 )31 . 𝜔2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9) = 0 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏
𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 = (1)4 + (1)19 . 𝜔 + (1)31 . 𝜔2
𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 = 1 + 1. 𝜔 + 1. 𝜔2
Now = 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 =0 ∴ 𝟏 + 𝝎 + 𝝎𝟐 = 𝟎
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(ii) (𝟏 + 𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 )𝟕
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 9
As we have Solution:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )7
𝑥= = (−𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )7
2𝑎
Put the values = (−2𝜔2 )7
−(−3) ± √(−3)2 − 4(1)(9) = (−2)7 (𝜔2 )7
𝑥= = −128𝜔14
2(1)
= −128. 𝜔12 . 𝜔2
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
= −128. 𝜔3×4 . 𝜔2 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
= −128(𝜔3 )4 . 𝜔2 4
(−1 + 𝑖√3) (−1 + 𝑖√3)
5

𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 𝐀𝐬
= −128(1)4 . 𝜔2
−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
= −128(1). 𝜔2 𝝎= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝎𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐
= −128 𝜔2 𝟐
𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
(iii) (𝟏 + 𝟑𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝝎 − 𝟐𝝎𝟐 ) So
= (2𝜔)4 (2𝜔2 )5
Solution:
(1 + 3𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔 − 2𝜔2 ) = (24 𝜔4 )(25 𝜔10 )
= (1 + 𝜔 + 2𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔 − 2𝜔2 ) = 16 × 32𝜔4+10
𝐀𝐬 𝟏 + 𝝎 = −𝝎𝟐
= 512𝜔14
= (−𝜔2 + 2𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(−𝜔2 − 2𝜔2 )
= 512𝜔12 . 𝜔2
= (2𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )(−3𝜔2 )
= 512(𝜔3 )4 . 𝜔2
= (2𝜔 − 2𝜔2 )(−3𝜔2 )
= −6𝜔3 + 6𝜔4 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏
= −6𝜔3 + 6𝜔3 𝜔 = 512(1)4 . 𝜔2
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 = 512𝜔2 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
= −6(1) + 6(1)𝜔
= −6 + 6𝜔 Q4: Show that:
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
= −6(1 − 𝜔) (i) 𝒙 − 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎 𝒚)
Q3: Prove that: Solution:
(i) (𝟏 + 𝟐𝝎)(𝟏 + 𝟐𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 ) = 𝟔 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔2 𝑦)
Solution: 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
(1 + 2𝜔)(1 + 2𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) = 6 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔2 𝑦)
𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒: = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝜔2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝜔𝑥𝑦 + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 )
(1 + 2𝜔)(1 + 2𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦(𝜔2 + 𝜔) + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 ]
= (1 + 2𝜔2 + 2𝜔 + 4𝜔3 )[1 − (𝜔 + 𝜔2 )] 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟐 + 𝝎 = −𝟏
= [1 + 2(𝜔2 + 𝜔) + 4𝜔3 ][1 − (𝜔 + 𝜔2 )] = (𝑥 − 𝑦)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦(−1) + (1)3 𝑦 2 ]
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟐 + 𝝎 = −𝟏 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= [1 + 2(−1) + 4(1)][1 − (−1)] = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
= (1 − 2 + 4)(1 + 1)
(ii) (𝟏 + 𝝎)(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟖 ) = 𝟏
= (−1 + 4)(2)
Solution:
= (3)(2)
(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) = 1
= 6 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
Hence
(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 )
(1 + 2𝜔)(1 + 2𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) = 6
= (−𝜔2 )(−𝜔)(1 + 𝜔8 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔12 )
(ii) (−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑)𝟒 (−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑)𝟓 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝝎𝟐 𝐀𝐬 𝟏 + 𝛚 = −𝝎𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 = −𝝎
Solution: = (𝜔3 )(1 + 𝜔6 . 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 𝜔 + 𝜔12 )
4 5
(−1 + 𝑖√3) (−1 + 𝑖√3) = 512𝜔2 = (𝜔3 )[1 + (𝜔3 )2 . 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 𝜔 + (𝜔3 )4 ]
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.3
= (1)(1 + (1)2 . 𝜔2 + (1)𝜔 + (1)4 ) 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬
= 1 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔 + 1 −𝑏
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
𝐀𝐬 𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 + 𝝎 = 𝟎 𝑎
𝑐
=0+1 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝛼. 𝛽 =
𝑎
=1
Example # 10
Ex # 2.2 Without solving, find the sum and products of
Roots and co-efficients of a Quadratic equation the roots of the equations.
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation (i) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Solution:
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
Thus 𝛼 =
2𝑎 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −4
And 𝛽 =
2𝑎 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 −(−3) 3
𝛼+𝛽 = + 𝛼+𝛽 = = =
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2 2
(−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ) + (−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ) 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 =
2𝑎 𝑐 −4
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝛼 .𝛽 = = = −2
𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑎 2
2𝑎
−𝑏 − 𝑏 (ii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝛼+𝛽 =
2𝑎 Solution:
−2𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
2𝑎
−𝑏 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝛼+𝛽 = Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = −2
𝑎
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝛼. 𝛽 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 −6
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝛼+𝛽 = = = −2
=( ).( ) 𝑎 3
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
(−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ). (−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ) 𝑐 −2 2
𝛼. 𝛽 = 𝛼 .𝛽 = = =−
(2𝑎)(2𝑎) 𝑎 3 3
2 Example # 11
(−𝑏)2 − (√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 )
𝛼. 𝛽 = Find the value of 𝒌 so that the sum of the roots
4𝑎2
of the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 is equal to
𝑏 2 − (𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐) three times the product of its roots.
𝛼. 𝛽 =
4𝑎2 Solution:
𝑏 2 − 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑐 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝛼. 𝛽 =
4𝑎2 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
4𝑎𝑐 Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 6
𝛼. 𝛽 = 2
4𝑎 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝑐
𝛼. 𝛽 =
𝑎
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 7𝑎2 7
−𝑏 −𝑘 =
7 7
𝛼+𝛽 = = 2
𝑎 2 𝑎 =1
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
𝑐 6 √𝑎2 = ±√1
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 3
𝑎 2 𝑎 = ±1
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝟑 × 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 Example # 13
−𝑘 Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of
=3×3
2 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 differ by unity.
−𝑘
=9 Solution:
2
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
Multiply B. S by 2
−𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
×2=9×2 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = 𝑘
2
−𝑘 = 18 Let 𝛼 and α + 1 be the roots of equation
𝑘 = −18 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏
Example # 12 𝛼+α+1=
𝑎
Find the value of 𝒂 if the sum of the square of −(−7)
the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎 is equal to 7. 2𝛼 + 1 =
1
Solution: 2𝛼 + 1 = 7
𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 = 0 2𝛼 = 7 − 1
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2𝛼 = 6
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3𝑎, 𝑐 = 𝑎2 6
𝛼=
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 2
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝛼=3
−𝑏 −(−3𝑎) 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 = = = 3𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 1 𝛼 ( α + 1) =
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎
𝑘
𝑐 𝑎2 𝛼2 + 𝛼 =
𝛼 . 𝛽 = = = 𝑎2 1
𝑎 1 𝛼2 + 𝛼 = 𝑘
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶
𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟕
(3)2 + 3 = 𝑘
𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
9+3=𝑘
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
12 = 𝑘
𝐒𝐨
𝑘 = 12
(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = 7
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬
(3𝑎)2 − 2(𝑎2 ) = 7
9𝑎2 − 2𝑎2 = 7
7𝑎2 = 7
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟕
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
Example # 14 Example # 15
If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎, find 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧 𝐢𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝
the 𝒌 such that 𝟐𝜶 + 𝟓𝜷 = 𝟕 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Solution: 𝒎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒏 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎.
9𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 Solution:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑚𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = −27, 𝑐 = 𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Here 𝑎 = 𝑚, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑛
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
−𝑏 −(−27) 27 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 = = = =3 −𝑏 −(−5) 5
𝑎 9 9
𝛼+𝛽 = = =
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖) 𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐 𝑘 𝑐 𝑛
𝛼 .𝛽 = = 𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 9 𝑎 𝑚
𝑘 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝛼 .𝛽 = … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖) 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎
9
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 5
= 10
2𝛼 + 5𝛽 = 7 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑚
Equ (i) ⇒ 5 = 10𝑚
5 10𝑚
𝛼+𝛽 =3 =
10 10
𝛼 = 3 − 𝛽 … … … Equ (iv) 1
Put the value of 𝛼 in Equ (iii) =𝑚
2
2(3 − 𝛽) + 5𝛽 = 7 1
6 − 2𝛽 + 5𝛽 = 7 𝑚=
2
6 + 3𝛽 = 7 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎
3𝛽 = 7 − 6 𝑛
= 10
3𝛽 = 1 𝑚
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟑 𝑛 = 10𝑚
3𝛽 1 1
= 𝑛 = 10 ×
3 3 2
1 𝑛=5
𝛽= 1
3 Thus 𝑚 = and 𝑛 = 5
1 2
Now put 𝛽 = in equ (iv)
3
1
𝛼 =3−
3
9−1
𝛼=
3
8
𝛼=
3
Put the value of 𝛼 and 𝛽 in Equ (ii)
8 1
( )( ) = 𝑘
3 3
8=𝑘
𝑘=8
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Ex # 2.3
Ex # 2.3 Q2: Find the value of 𝒌 if sum of the roots of
𝟐
Page # 34 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 is equal to the product of
Q1: Without solving the equation, find the sum and its roots
products of the roots of the following quadratic Solution:
equations. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 6 = 0
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Solution: Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 6
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = −3 −𝑏 −𝑘
𝛼+𝛽 = =
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 𝑎 2
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 −(−4) 4 𝑐 6
𝛼+𝛽 = = = =1 𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 3
𝑎 4 4 𝑎 2
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝑐 −3 3 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
𝛼 .𝛽 = = =− −𝑘
𝑎 4 4 =3
2
(ii) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 Multiply B. S by 2
Solution: −𝑘
×2=3×2
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 2
−𝑘 = 6
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑘 = −6
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 6
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Q3: Find the value of 𝒌 if the sum of the square of
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔𝒌𝟐 = 𝟎 is equal to 13.
−𝑏 −5 5 Solution:
𝛼+𝛽 = = =− 𝑥 2 − 5𝑘𝑥 + 6𝑘 2 = 0
𝑎 2 2
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 6 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5𝑘, 𝑐 = 6𝑘 2
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 3
𝑎 2 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
(iii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 −𝑏 −(−5𝑘)
𝛼+𝛽 = = = 5𝑘
Solution: 𝑎 1
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑐 6𝑘2
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 6𝑘2
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −5 𝑎 1
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑
−𝑏 −2 2 𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝛼+𝛽 = = =−
𝑎 3 3 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐒𝐨
𝑐 −5 5 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = 13
𝛼 .𝛽 = = =−
𝑎 3 3
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 Q5: Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of
𝟐
(5𝑘)2 − 2(6𝑘 2 ) = 13 𝒙 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝒌 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 differ by three.
25𝑘 2 − 12𝑘 2 = 13 Solution:
13𝑘 2 = 13 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 𝑘 + 2 = 0
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟏𝟑 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
13𝑘 2 13 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −9, 𝑐 = 𝑘 + 2
= Let 𝛼 and α + 3 be the roots of equation
13 13
𝑘2 = 1 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 −𝑏
𝛼+α+3=
√𝑘 2 = ±√1 𝑎
−(−9)
𝑘 = ±1 2𝛼 + 3 =
1
Q4: Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of 2𝛼 + 3 = 9
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 differ by unity. 2𝛼 = 9 − 3
Solution: 2𝛼 = 6
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 6
𝛼=
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘 𝛼=3
Let 𝛼 and α + 1 be the roots of equation 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐
𝛼 ( α + 3) =
−𝑏 𝑎
𝛼+α+1= 𝑘+2
𝑎 𝛼 2 + 3𝛼 =
−(−5) 1
2𝛼 + 1 = 𝛼 2 + 3𝛼 = 𝑘 + 2
1
2𝛼 + 1 = 5 𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶
2𝛼 = 5 − 1 (3)2 + 3(3) = 𝑘 + 2
2𝛼 = 4 9+9 =𝑘+2
4 18 = 𝑘 + 2
𝛼=
2 18 − 2 = 𝑘
𝛼=2 16 = 𝑘
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑘 = 16
𝑐
𝛼 ( α + 1) = Q6: If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎, find
𝑎 the 𝒌 such that 𝟑𝜶 + 𝟐𝜷 = 𝟏𝟐
𝑘
𝛼2 + 𝛼 = Solution:
1
𝛼2 + 𝛼 = 𝑘 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(2)2 + 2 = 𝑘 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘
4+2 =𝑘 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
6 =𝑘 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 −(−5) 5
𝑘=6 𝛼+𝛽 = = =
𝑎 1 1
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 5 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖)
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 3×5=3×𝑚
𝑐 𝑘 15 = 3𝑚
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 𝑘 15 3𝑚
𝑎 1 =
𝛼 . 𝛽 = 𝑘 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖) 3 3
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 5=𝑚
3𝛼 + 2𝛽 = 12 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑚=5
Equ (i) ⇒ 𝟑
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨
𝛼+𝛽 =5 𝟓
−𝑛 3
𝛼 = 5 − 𝛽 … … … Equ (iv) =
𝑚 5
Put the value of 𝛼 in Equ (iii) −𝑛 3
3(5 − 𝛽) + 2𝛽 = 12 = ∴𝑚=5
5 5
15 − 3𝛽 + 2𝛽 = 12 −𝑛 3
15 − 𝛽 = 12 ×5= ×5
5 5
−𝛽 = 12 − 15 −𝑛 = 3
−𝛽 = −3 𝑛 = −3
𝛽=3 Thus 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑛 = −3
Now put 𝛽 = 3 in equ (iv)
𝛼 =5−3 Ex # 2.4
𝛼=2 Symmetric functions of roots of a Quadratic
Put the value of 𝛼 and 𝛽 in Equ (ii) equation
(2)(3) = 𝑘 Let 𝛼 , 𝛽 be the roots of a quadratic equation,
6=𝑘 then the expressions of the form of 𝛼 + 𝛽 ,
𝛼𝛽 , 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 are called the functions of the
𝑘=6
roots of the quadratic equation.
Q7: 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧 𝐢𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 By symmetric function of the roots of an
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 equation, we mean that the function remains
𝟑 unchanged in values when the roots are
𝒎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒏 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 interchanged.
𝟓
Solution: Example:
𝑚𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑛 = 0 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 then
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑓(𝛽, 𝛼) = 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2
Here 𝑎 = 𝑚, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −𝑛 Both are symmetric functions.
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Example # 16 (i)
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find
−𝑏 −(−3) 3 the values of the symmetric function 𝜶 + 𝜷
𝛼+𝛽 = = = Solution:
𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 −𝑛 As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation
𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 𝑚 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 −𝑏
𝟑 𝛼+𝛽 =
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝑎
𝟓
3 3
=
𝑚 5
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
Example # 16 (ii) Now to find 𝛼 + 𝛽3
3

If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find 𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟑 + 𝜷𝟑 + 𝟑𝜶𝜷(𝜶 + 𝜷) = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟑

the values of the symmetric function 𝜶𝜷 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟑 + 𝜷𝟑 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟑 − 𝟑𝜶𝜷(𝜶 + 𝜷)
Solution: 𝐒𝐨
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 −𝑏 3 𝑐 −𝑏
As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = ( ) − 3 ( ) ( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: −𝑏 3
3𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = 3 + 2
𝛼 .𝛽 = 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 −𝑏 2
+ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
Example # 16 (iii) 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 =
𝑎3
If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏 2
the values of the symmetric function 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 =
𝑎3
Solution: Example # 16 (v)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎,
𝟏 𝟏
As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 +
𝜶 𝜷
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 Solution:
𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation
𝑐 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼 .𝛽 =
𝑎 −𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =
Now to find 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑎
𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷 𝛼 .𝛽 =
𝐒𝐨 𝑎
1 1
−𝑏 2 𝑐 Now to find +
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = ( ) − 2 ( ) 𝛼 𝛽
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 2
2𝑐 𝐒𝐨
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 2 − 1 1 𝛽+𝛼
𝑎 𝑎 + =
𝑏 2
− 2𝑎𝑐 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼𝛽
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 1 1 𝛼+𝛽
𝑎2 + =
Example # 16 (iv) 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼𝛽
If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find −𝑏
1 1
the values of the symmetric function 𝜶𝟑 + 𝜷𝟑 + = 𝑎 𝑐
𝛼 𝛽
Solution: 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 1 1 −𝑏 𝑐
+ = ÷
As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation 𝛼 𝛽 𝑎 𝑎
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 1 1 −𝑏 𝑎
+ = ×
−𝑏 𝛼 𝛽 𝑎 𝑐
𝛼+𝛽 = 1 1 −𝑏
𝑎 + =
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝛼 𝛽 𝑐
𝑐
𝛼 .𝛽 =
𝑎
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
Example # 16 (vi) Formation Of Quadratic Equation Whose
𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, Roots Are Given
𝟏 𝟏 Let 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation
𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 +
𝜶𝟐 𝜷𝟐
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Solution: −𝑏
S=𝛼+𝛽 =
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎
As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation 𝑏
S=−
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎
−𝑏 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑐
𝑎 P = 𝛼 .𝛽 =
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎
𝑐 𝑐
𝛼 .𝛽 = P=
𝑎 𝑎
1 1 As 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Now to find + Divide all terms by 𝑎
𝛼2 𝛽2
𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0
𝐒𝐨 + + =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝛽2 + 𝛼 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐
+ = 𝑥2 + + =0
𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 Now we can write it as
+ =
𝛼 2 𝛽2 (𝛼𝛽)2 𝑏 𝑐
𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 𝑥 2 − (− ) 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷 𝑏 𝑐
As − = S and = P
𝐒𝐨 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 Then
+ = 𝑥 2 − S𝑥 + P = 0
𝛼 2 𝛽2 (𝛼𝛽)2
−𝑏 2 𝑐 Example # 17 (i)
1 1 ( 𝑎 ) − 2 (𝑎 )
+ = Form a quadratic equation whose roots
𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝑐 2
𝑎 ( ) are 𝟏 + √𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏 − √𝟓
𝑏 2
2𝑐 Solution:
1 1 𝑎 2− 𝑎
+ 2= 1 + √5 , 1 − √5
𝛼2 𝛽 2 𝑐
𝑎2 As 1 + √5 and 1 − √5 are the roots of
𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 required equation
1 1 𝑎2 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
+ =
𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝑐2
𝑎2 𝑆 = 1 + √5 + 1 − √5
1 1 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2
2 𝑆 = 1 + 1 + √5 − √5
+ = ÷ 2 𝑆=2
𝛼2 𝛽2 𝑎2 𝑎
1 1 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑎2 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
+ = × 2
𝛼2 𝛽2 𝑎2 𝑐 𝑃 = (1 + √5) (1 − √5)
2 2
1 1 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑃 = (1)2 − (√5)
+ =
𝛼2 𝛽2 𝑐2 𝑃 = 1−5
𝑃 = −4
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
As required equation is: 𝟏 𝟏
(iii) ,
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 𝒂 𝒃
Now Solution:
2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + (−4) = 0 1 1
2 ,
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑎 𝑏
Which is the required equation 1 1
As and are the roots of required equation
Thus the given roots is the reverse process 𝑎 𝑏
of solving an equation. 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Example # 18 1 1
𝑆= +
Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏+𝑎
(i) 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟏 , 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟏 𝑆=
𝑎𝑏
Solution: 𝑎+𝑏
2𝑎 + 1 , 2𝑏 + 1 𝑆=
𝑎𝑏
As 2a + 1 and 2b + 1 are the roots of 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
required equation 1 1
𝑃=( ) ( )
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎 𝑏
𝑆 = 2a + 1 + 2a + 1 1
𝑆 = 2𝑎 + 2b + 1 + 1 𝑃=
𝑎𝑏
𝑆 = 2𝑎 + 2b + 2 As required equation is:
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
𝑃 = (2𝑎 + 1) (2b + 1) Now
𝑃 = 4𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 1 𝑎+𝑏 1
𝑥2 − ( )𝑥 + =0
As required equation is: 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 Multiply all terms by 𝑎𝑏
Now 𝑎+𝑏 1
𝑥 2 − (2𝑎 + 2b + 2)𝑥 + (4𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 1) = 0 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑏 × ( ) 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 × =0
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
Which is the required equation
𝑎𝑏𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
(ii) 𝒂 , 𝒃 Which is the required equation
Solution:
𝑎2 , 𝑏 2 𝟐 𝟓
2
(iv) ,
As 𝑎2 and 𝑏 + 1 are the roots of 𝟓 𝟐
required equation Solution:
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 2 5
,
𝑆 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏
2 5 2
2 5
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: As and are the roots of required equation
2 5 2
𝑃 = (𝑎2 ) (𝑏 ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑃 = 𝑎2 𝑏
2 2 5
𝑆= +
As required equation is: 5 2
4 + 25
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 𝑆=
Now 10
2 2
29
𝑥 2 − (𝑎2 + 𝑏 )𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑏 = 0 𝑆=
10
Which is the required equation
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Q1: If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find
2 5 (ii) the values of (𝜶 − 𝜷)𝟐
𝑃=( ) ( )
5 2 Solution:
10 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑃= As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation
10
𝑃=1 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
As required equation is: −𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 𝑎
Now 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
29 𝑐
2
𝑥 − 𝑥+1=0 𝛼 .𝛽 =
10 𝑎
Multiply all terms by 10 According to given condition
29 (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = ?
10 × 𝑥 2 − 10 × 𝑥 + 10 × 1 = 0 𝐀𝐬 𝟒𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − (𝜶 − 𝜷)𝟐
10
10𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 10 = 0 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 (𝜶 − 𝜷)𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟒𝜶𝜷
Which is the required equation 𝐒𝐨
−𝑏 2 𝑐
Ex # 2.4 2
(𝛼 − 𝛽) = ( ) − 4 ( )
𝑎 𝑎
2
Page # 39 𝑏 − 4𝑎
(𝛼 − 𝛽)2 =
Q1: If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find 𝑎2
(i) the values of 𝜶𝟑 𝜷 + 𝜷𝟑 𝜶 Q2: Find the quadratic equation whose root are:
Solution: 𝟏
(i) 𝟏,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝟐
As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation Solution:
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 1
1,
−𝑏 2
𝛼+𝛽 = 1
𝑎 As 1 and are the roots of required equation
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 2
𝑐 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼 .𝛽 = 1
𝑎 𝑆 =1+
According to given condition 2
2+1
𝛼 3 𝛽 + 𝛽 3 𝛼 = 𝛼𝛽(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) 𝑆=
2
𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 3
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷 𝑆=
2
𝐒𝐨 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼 3 𝛽 + 𝛽 3 𝛼 = 𝛼𝛽[(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 ] 1
𝑃 = (1) ( )
3 3
𝑐 −𝑏 2 𝑐 2
𝛼 𝛽 + 𝛽 𝛼 = [( ) − 2 ( ) ] 1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑃=
𝑐 𝑏 2
2𝑐 2
𝛼 3𝛽 + 𝛽3𝛼 = [ 2 − ] As required equation is:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
3 3
𝑐 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 Now
𝛼 𝛽+𝛽 𝛼 = [ ]
𝑎 𝑎2 3 1
𝑐 (𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐) 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + = 0
𝛼 3𝛽 + 𝛽3𝛼 = 2 2
𝑎3
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝟐 (iv) 𝒂, −𝟐𝒂
3 1 Solution:
2 × 𝑥2 − 2 × 𝑥 + 2 × = 2 × 0
2 2 𝑎, −2𝑎
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 As 𝑎 and − 𝑎 are the roots of required equation
Which is the required equation 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
(ii) −𝟑, 𝟒 𝑆 = 𝑎 + (−2𝑎)
Solution: 𝑆 = 𝑎 − 2𝑎
−3,4 𝑆 = −𝑎
As − 3 and 4 are the roots of required equation 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑃 = (𝑎) (−2𝑎)
𝑆 = −3 + 4 𝑃 = −2𝑎2
𝑆=1 As required equation is:
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
𝑃 = (−3) (4) Now
𝑃 = −12 𝑥 2 − (−𝑎)𝑥 + (−2𝑎2 ) = 0
As required equation is: 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎2 = 0
2
𝑥 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 Which is the required equation
Now Q3: Form a quadratic equation whose roots are
𝑥 2 − 1. 𝑥 + (−12) = 0 square of the roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 = 0 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝒐; 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎.
Which is the required equation Solution:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑜
(iii) 𝟑 + √𝟐 , 𝟑 − √𝟐 As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation
Solution: 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
3 + √2 , 3 − √2 −𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =
𝑎
As 3 + √2 and 3 − √2 are the roots of
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
required equation 𝑐
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝛼 .𝛽 =
𝑎
𝑆 = 3 + √2 + 3 − √2 As 𝛼 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 2 are the roots of required equation
𝑆 = 3 + 3 + √2 − √2 Now
𝑆=6 𝑆 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝑃 = (3 + √2) (3 − √2) 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
2 𝐒𝐨
𝑃 = (3)2 − (√2)
𝑃 = 9−2 𝑆 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
𝑃= 7 −𝑏 2 𝑐
𝑆 = ( ) − 2( )
As required equation is: 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 𝑏 2 2𝑐
𝑆= 2−
Now 𝑎 𝑎
2
𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑐
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0 𝑆=
Which is the required equation 𝑎2
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
2
𝐍𝐨𝐰 −3 1
𝛼 𝛽 ( 2 ) − 2 (2)
𝑃 = 𝛼 2 𝛽2 + =
𝛽 𝛼 1
𝑃 = (𝛼 𝛽)2 2
𝑐 2 9
𝑃=( ) 𝛼 𝛽 4−1
𝑎 + =
𝑐2 𝛽 𝛼 1
𝑃= 2
𝑎2 9−4
As required equation is: 𝛼 𝛽
+ = 4
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0 𝛽 𝛼 1
Now 2
5
2
𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐2 𝛼 𝛽 4
𝑥 −( )𝑥 + 2 = 0 + =
𝑎2 𝑎 𝛽 𝛼 1
2
𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝒂𝟐 𝛼 𝛽 5 1
𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐2 + = ÷
𝑎2 × 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 × ( ) 𝑥 + 𝑎 2
× =0 𝛽 𝛼 4 2
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝛼 𝛽 5 2
𝑎2 𝑥 2 − (𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 0 + = ×
𝛽 𝛼 4 1
This is the required equation 𝛼 𝛽 10
+ =
Q4: 𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝛽 𝛼 4
(i) 𝜶 𝜷 Q4: 𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎,
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 +
𝜷 𝜶 (ii) 𝟏 𝟏
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟐 + 𝟐
Solution: 𝜶 𝜷
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 Solution:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 1 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 1
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
−𝑏 −3 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 = =
𝑎 2 −𝑏 −3
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝛼+𝛽 = =
𝑎 2
𝑐 1 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 2 𝑐 1
Now 𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 2
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼. 𝛼 + 𝛽. 𝛽 Now
+ =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛽𝛼 1 1 𝛽2 + 𝛼 2
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 + 𝛽2
2 + =
𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝛼 2 𝛽2
+ =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 1 1 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
+ =
𝐀𝐬 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝛼 2 𝛽2
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷 𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝐒𝐨 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
𝛼 𝛽 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 𝐒𝐨
+ =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 1 1 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
+ =
𝛼 2 𝛽2 (𝛼𝛽)2
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
2 3
−3 1 −3 1 −3
1 1 ( 2 ) − 2 ( 2) 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 ( 2 ) − 3 (2) ( 2 )
+ = + =
𝛼 2 𝛽2 1 2 𝛽 𝛼 1
( ) 2
2
−27 −9
9 𝛼 2
𝛽 2 −( 4 )
1 1 −1 + = 8
+ 2=4 𝛽 𝛼 1
𝛼 2 𝛽 1 2
4 −27 9
5 𝛼 2 𝛽2 8 +4
1 1 + =
1
+ =4 𝛽 𝛼
𝛼 2 𝛽2 1 2
4 2 2
−27 + 18
𝛼 𝛽 8
1 1 5 1 + =
+ = ÷ 𝛽 𝛼 1
𝛼 2 𝛽2 4 4 2
1 1 5 4 −9
𝛼 2 𝛽2
𝛼 2
+ 2= ×
𝛽 4 1 + = 8
𝛽 𝛼 1
1 1 2
2
+ 2=5 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 −9 1
𝛼 𝛽 + = ÷
𝛽 𝛼 8 2
Q4: 𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 −9 2
(iii) 𝜶𝟐 𝜷𝟐 + = ×
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 + 𝛽 𝛼 8 1
𝜷 𝜶 1 1 −9
Solution: + =
𝛼 2 𝛽2 4
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 1 1 9
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2
+ 2=−
𝛼 𝛽 4
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 1 Q5: 𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎,
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 𝜶 𝜷
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 ,
𝜷 𝜶
−𝑏 −3 Solution:
𝛼+𝛽 = =
𝑎 2 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 0
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 1
𝛼 .𝛽 = = Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 5
𝑎 2
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
Now
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼 2 𝛽 2 𝛼. 𝛼 2 + 𝛽. 𝛽 2
+ = −𝑏 −2
𝛽 𝛼 𝛽𝛼 𝛼+𝛽 = =
𝑎 3
𝛼 2 𝛽2 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
+ =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 𝑐 5
𝐀𝐬 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝟑𝜶𝜷(𝜶 + 𝜷) = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝛼 .𝛽 = =
3𝑎
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟑 + 𝜷𝟑 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟑 − 𝟑𝜶𝜷(𝜶 + 𝜷) 𝛼 𝛽
As 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are the roots of required equation
𝐒𝐨 𝛽 𝛼
𝛼 2 𝛽 2 (𝛼 + 𝛽)3 − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
+ =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 𝛼 𝛽
𝑆= +
𝛽 𝛼
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Ex # 2.4
𝛼. 𝛼 + 𝛽. 𝛽
𝑆=
𝛽𝛼
𝛼 + 𝛽2
2
𝑆=
𝛼𝛽
𝐀𝐬 𝜶 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝟐

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷

𝐒𝐨
(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
𝑆=
𝛼𝛽
2
−2 5
( 3 ) − 2 (3)
𝑆=
5
3
4 10
−
𝑆=9 3
5
3
4 − 30
𝑆= 9
5
3
−26
𝑆= 9
5
3
−26 5
𝑆= ÷
9 3
−26 3
𝑆= ×
9 5
−26 1
𝑆= ×
3 5
26
𝑆=−
15
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
𝛼 𝛽
𝑃 = ( )( )
𝛽 𝛼
𝑃=1
As required equation is:
𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
Now
26
𝑥 2 − (− ) 𝑥 + 1 = 0
15
26
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
15
𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝟏𝟓
26
15 × 𝑥 2 + 15 × 𝑥 + 15 × 1 = 15 × 0
15
2
15𝑥 + 26𝑥 + 15 = 0
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
Q6: 𝐈𝐟 𝜶, 𝜷 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝐒𝐨
𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 1 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
𝟏 𝟏 𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 + +
𝜶 + ,𝜷 + 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽
𝜶 𝜷 2
1 (4) − 2(2)
Solution: 𝑃 =2+ +
2 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0 4 + 1 16 − 4
𝑃= +
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2 2
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 2 5 12
𝑃= +
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 2 2
5 + 12
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑃=
−𝑏 −(−4) 2
𝛼+𝛽 = = =4 17
𝑎 1 𝑃=
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 2
As required equation is:
𝑐 2
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
𝑎 1
1 1 Now
As 𝛼 + and 𝛽 + are the roots of 17
𝛼 𝛽 𝑥 2 − 6. 𝑥 + =0
2
required equation
𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝟐
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 17
1 1 2 × 𝑥 2 − 2 × 6𝑥 + 2 × =2×0
𝑆=𝛼+ + 𝛽+ 2
𝛼 𝛽 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 17 = 0
1 1
𝑆 =𝛼+𝛽+ +
𝛼 𝛽 Ex # 2.5
𝛽+𝛼 Synthetic Division
𝑆 =𝛼+𝛽+
𝛼𝛽 Synthetic division is the process of finding the
𝛼+𝛽 quotient and remainder with less writing and
𝑆 =𝛼+𝛽+
𝛼𝛽 fewer calculations.
4 Synthetic division is the shortcut of long
𝑆 =4+
2 division method and allows one to calculate
𝑆 =4+2 without writing variables.
𝑆=6 Note:
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 Synthetic division can be used only when the
1 1 divisor is a linear factor.
𝑃 = (𝛼 + ) (𝛽 + )
𝛼 𝛽 Must write a zero for the coefficient of each
𝛼 𝛽 1 missing term in descending order.
𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 + + +
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽
1 𝛼 𝛽
𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 + + +
𝛼𝛽 𝛽 𝛼
1 𝛼. 𝛼 + 𝛽. 𝛽
𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 + +
𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛼
1 𝛼 + 𝛽2
2
𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 + +
𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽
𝐀𝐬 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷

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Ex # 2.5 Ex # 2.5
Use synthetic division to find the quotient 𝑸(𝒙) And also add the numbers under 3rd column
and remainder R when the polynomial and so on….
𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎 is divided by 𝒙 − 𝟒
4 3 −2 0 −150
In this question
Dividend = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 150 12 40 160
Divisor = 𝑥 − 4 3 10 40 10
First find synthetic divisor Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 40
So we compare 𝑥 − 𝑎 with the divisor 𝑥 − 4 And 𝑅 = 10
𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑥−4 Example # 19
−𝑎 = −4 Use synthetic division to find the quotient
𝑎=4 𝑸(𝒙) and remainder R when the polynomial
Thus 4 is the synthetic divisor 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎 is divided by 𝒙 − 𝟒
Now we can write the dividend like: Solution:
P(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 150 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 150
First write the polynomial in descending order. Let P(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 150
Write zero with coefficient if missing in order. Now
P(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 150 −𝑎 = 𝑥 − 4
Write the co-efficients of 𝑥 from dividend −𝑎 = −4
𝑎=4
polynomial in a row
Write the synthetic divisor 4 on the left side. 4 3 −2 0 −150

3 12 40 160
4 −2 0 −150
3 10 40 10

Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 40

And 𝑅 = 10
Bring the first number straight down Example # 20
Use synthetic division to find the values of 𝒌 if
4 3 −2 0 −150 2 is a zero of the polynomial
𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖
3 Solution:
Now multiply 4 with 3 of third row and write the 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 − 8
result under 2nd number of 2nd row. Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 8
As − 2 is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥)
4 3 −2 0 −150 So 𝑃(2) = 0
2 2 1 𝑘 0 −8
12
3 4 10 2𝑘 + 20 4𝑘 + 40
Now add the numbers under 2nd column and write 2 5 𝑘 + 10 2𝑘 + 20 4𝑘 + 32
in 3rd row. Here Remainder = 4𝑘 + 32
As Remainder = 0
4 3 −2 0 −150
4𝑘 + 32 = 0
12 4𝑘 = −32
3 10 4𝑘 −32
=
Now multiply 4 with 10 of third row and write the 4 4
result under 3rd number of 2nd row and so on…. 𝑘 = −8
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Ex # 2.5 Ex # 2.5
Example # 21 Example # 22
Use synthetic division to find the values of 𝒎 If −𝟏 and 𝟐 are roots of the quartic equation
amd 𝒏 if 𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒙 + 𝟐 are the factors of 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟎, use synthetic division to
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 find other roots.
Solution: Solution:
As 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑚𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 12 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
Now Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 0𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 4
𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥−1 As − 1 and 2 are the roots of 𝑃(𝑥)
−𝑎 = −1 Now
𝑎=1 −1 1 0 −5 0 4
And
−1 1 4 −4
𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥+2
2 1 −1 −4 4 0
−𝑎 = 2
𝑎 = −2
2 2 −4
1 1 −𝑚 𝑛 12
1 1 −2 0
1 1−𝑚 1−𝑚+𝑛
−2 1 1−𝑚 1−𝑚+𝑛 13 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
Now to find the other
−2 2 + 2𝑚 roots
1 −1 − 𝑚 3+𝑚+𝑛
𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
Since 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥 + 2 are the factors of 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑥 − 1) = 0
So the remainders are equal to zero. (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
13 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖) 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0
3 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2
𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢) Thus the other roots are 1 and − 2
13 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0
3+𝑚+𝑛 = 0 Ex # 2.5
16 + 2𝑛 = 0 Page # 42
Q1: Use synthetic division to find the quotient 𝑸(𝒙)
As 16 + 2𝑛 = 0 and remainder R when the first polynomial is
2𝑛 = −16 divided by the second binomial in each case:
−16 (i) 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏; 𝒙 + 𝟑
𝑛=
2 Solution:
𝑛 = −8 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
Put 𝑛 = −8 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖) Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
3 + 𝑚 + (−8) = 0 Now
3+𝑚−8=0 𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥+3
𝑚+3−8=0 −𝑎 = 3
𝑚−5=0 𝑎 = −3
𝑚=5 −3 3 2 −1 −1
Thus 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑛 = −8 −9 21 −60
3 −7 20 −61
2
Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 20
And 𝑅 = −61
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Q3: Use synthetic division to find the values of 𝒑 amd
(ii) 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕; 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒒 if 𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒙 − 𝟐 are the factors of
Solution: 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝟔.
2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 27 Solution:
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 27 As 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 6
Now 𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥+1
𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥−3 −𝑎 = 1
−𝑎 = −3 𝑎 = −1
𝑎=3 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥−2
3 2 −7 12 −27 −𝑎 = −2
𝑎=2
6 −3 27 −1 1 𝑝 𝑞 6
2 −1 9 0 −1 −𝑝 + 1 −𝑞 + 𝑝 − 1
Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 9 2 1 𝑝−1 𝑞−𝑝+1 −𝑞 + 𝑝 + 5
And 𝑅 = 0
𝟒 𝟐 2 2𝑝 + 2
(iii) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟕; 𝒙 + 𝟐
1 𝑝+1 𝑞+𝑝+3
Solution:
Since 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 − 2 are the factors of 𝑃(𝑥)
2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7
So the remainders are equal to zero.
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 0𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7
4
−𝑞 + 𝑝 + 5 = 0 … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖)
Now
𝑞 + 𝑝 + 3 = 0 … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥+2 𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢)
−𝑎 = 2
−𝑞 + 𝑝 + 5 = 0
𝑎 = −2
𝑞+𝑝+3 =0
−2 2 0 −3 5 −7
2𝑝 + 8 = 0
−4 8 −10 10 As 2𝑝 + 8 = 0
2 −4 5 −5 3 2𝑝 = −8
3 2 −8
Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 5
𝑝=
And 𝑅 = 3 2
𝑝 = −4
Q2: Use synthetic division to find the value of 𝒌 if −𝟐 is Put 𝑝 = −4 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖)
zero of the polynomials 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟖
𝑞 + (−4) + 3 = 0
Solution:
𝑞−4+3= 0
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 8 𝑞−1=0
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 8 𝑞=1
As − 2 is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥) Thus 𝑝 = −4 and 𝑞 = 1
So 𝑃(−2) = 0 Q4: If 𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒙 − 𝟐 are the factors of the
−2 1 4 𝑘 8 polynomial 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟐, then using
−2 −4 −2𝑘 + 8 synthetic division, find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃.
1 2 𝑘−4 −2𝑘 + 16 Solution:
As 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 2
Here Remainder = −2𝑘 + 16 Now
As Remainder = 0 𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥+1
−2𝑘 + 16 = 0 −𝑎 = 1
−2𝑘 = −16 𝑎 = −1
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 – 𝟐 And
−2𝑘 −16 𝑥−𝑎 =𝑥−2
=
−2 −2 −𝑎 = −2
𝑘=8 𝑎=2
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−1 1 𝑎 𝑏 2 Ex # 2.5
−1 −𝑎 + 1 −𝑏 + 𝑎 − 1 Q6: If −𝟏 and 𝟐 are roots of the quartic equation
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
2 1 𝑎−1 𝑏−𝑎+1 −𝑏 + 𝑎 + 1 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎, use synthetic
division to find other roots.
2 2𝑎 + 2 Solution:
1 𝑎+1 𝑏+𝑎+3
𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2 = 0
Since 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 − 2 are the factors of 𝑃(𝑥)
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2
So the remainders are equal to zero.
As − 1 and 2 are the roots of 𝑃(𝑥)
−𝑏 + 𝑎 + 1 = 0 … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖)
Now
𝑏 + 𝑎 + 3 = 0 … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖)
−1 1 −5 3 7 −2
𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢)
−𝑏 + 𝑎 + 1 = 0 −1 6 −9 2
𝑏+𝑎+3=0 2 1 −6 9 −2 0
2𝑎 + 4 = 0
As 2𝑎 + 4 = 0 2 −8 2
2𝑎 = −4 1 −4 1 0
−4
𝑎=
2 Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑎 = −2 Now to find the other roots
Put 𝑎 = −2 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑏 + (−2) + 3 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑏−2+3 =0
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 1
𝑏+1 = 0
As we have
𝑏 = −1
Thus 𝑎 = −2 and 𝑏 = −1 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
Q5: One root of the cubic equation 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 2𝑎
is 3. Use synthetic division to find the other roots. Put the values
Solution: −(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(1)
𝑥=
𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − 6 = 0 2(1)
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 0𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6 = 0
3 4 ± √16 − 4
𝑥 =
As 3 is the root of P(x). So 2
4 ± √12
3 1 0 −7 −6 𝑥 =
2
3 9 6 4 ± √4 × 3
𝑥 =
1 3 2 0 2
Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
4 ± 2√3
𝑥 =
And 𝑅 = 0 2
Now to find the other roots 2(2 ± √3)
𝑥 =
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 2
𝑥 2 + 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥 = 2 ± √3
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1) = 0 𝑥 = 2 + √3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 − √3
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 Thus the other roots are 2 + √3 and 2 − √3
𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2
Thus the other roots are − 1 and − 2
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Ex # 2.6
Ex # 2.6 Example # 24
Simultaneous Equations Solve the system
More than one equation which are satisfied by the 𝒙−𝒚=𝟕
same values of the variables involved are called 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏
simultaneous equations. Solution:
Note: 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7 … … … Equ (i)
A system of Linear equation consists of two or 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = −1 … … … Equ (ii)
more linear equations in the same variables.
Equ (i) ⇒
Example # 23
𝑥−𝑦 =7
Solve the system 𝑥 = 7 + 𝑦 … … … Equ (iii)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 Put the value of 𝑥 in Equ (ii)
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔𝟖 (7 + 𝑦)2 + 3(7 + 𝑦)𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = −1
Solution: (7)2 + 2(7)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 + 3𝑦(7 − 𝑦) + 𝑦 2 = −1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 … … … Equ (i) 49 + 14𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 21𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = −1
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 68 … … … Equ (ii) 49 + 14𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 21𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = −1
Equ (i) ⇒ 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 + 21𝑦 + 49 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 5𝑦 2 + 35𝑦 + 50 = 0
𝑦 = 10 − 2𝑥 … … … Equ (iii) 5(𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 10) = 0
Put the value of y in Equ (ii) 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟓, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
4𝑥 2 + (10 − 2𝑥)2 = 68 𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 10 = 0
4𝑥 2 + (10)2 − 2(10)(2𝑥) + (2𝑥)2 = 68 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑦 + 10 = 0
4𝑥 2 + 100 − 40𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 = 68 𝑦(𝑦 + 2) + 5(𝑦 + 2) = 0
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 100 − 68 = 0 (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 + 5) = 0
8𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 32 = 0 𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 5 = 0
8(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝑦 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −5
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟖, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 Now put y = −2 in equ (iii)
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑥 = 7 + (−2)
𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑥 =7−2
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 4(𝑥 − 1) = 0 𝑥=5
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0 Now put y = −5 in equ (iii)
𝑥−1=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥−4=0 𝑥 = 7 + (−5)
𝑥=1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=4 𝑥 =7−5
𝑥=2
Now put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (iii)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟓, −𝟐), (𝟐 , −𝟓)}
𝑦 = 10 − 2(1)
Example # 25
𝑦 = 10 − 2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒
𝑦=8
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖
Now put 𝑥 = 4 in equ (iii)
Solution:
𝑦 = 10 − 2(4)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 … … … Equ (i)
𝑦 = 10 − 8
𝑥 = −𝑦 2 + 45 … … … Equ (ii)
2
𝑦=2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟏, 𝟖), (𝟒 , 𝟐)}
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝑥 2 + (2𝑥)2 − 2(2𝑥)(3) + (3)2 = 2
𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 5𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 − 2 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 8 5𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 7 = 0
3𝑥 2 = 12 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 7 = 0
5𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 7(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Thus 3𝑥 2 = 12 (𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 − 7) = 0
12 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 5𝑥
𝑥2 =
3 −7=0
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 = 7
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 7
√𝑥 2 = ±√4 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
5
𝑥 = ±2 Now put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (iii)
𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 𝑦 = 2(1) − 3
Now put 𝑥 = 2 in equ (i) 𝑦 =2−3
(2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 𝑦 = −1
4 + 𝑦2 = 4 7
Now put 𝑥 = in equ (iii)
𝑦2 = 4 − 4 5
7
𝑦2 = 0 𝑦 = 2( ) − 3
𝑦=0 5
14
Now put 𝑥 = −2 in equ (i) 𝑦= −3
5
(−2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 14 − 15
4 + 𝑦2 = 4 𝑦=
5
𝑦2 = 4 − 4 −1
𝑦=
𝑦2 = 0 5
𝑦=0 𝟕 −𝟏
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟏, −𝟏), ( , )}
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟐, 𝟎), (−𝟐 , 𝟎)} 𝟓 𝟓

(ii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
Ex # 2.6 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
Page # 45 Solution:
Q1: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 … … … Equ (i)
(i) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 = 32 … … … Equ (ii)
2

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐 Equ (i) ⇒
Solution: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 … … … Equ (i) 𝑥 = −2𝑦 … … … Equ (iii)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2 … … … Equ (ii) Put the value of 𝑥 in Equ (ii)
Equ (i) ⇒ (−2𝑦)2 + 4𝑦 2 = 32
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 32
−𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥 8𝑦 2 = 32
𝑦 = −3 + 2𝑥 Divide B. S by 8
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 … … … Equ (iii) 8𝑦 2 32
Put the value of y in Equ (ii) =
8 8
𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 − 3)2 = 2 𝑦2 = 4
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 (iv) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒
√𝑦 2 = ±√4 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑
𝑦 = ±2 Solution:
𝑦 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 … … … Equ (i)
Now put 𝑦 = 2 in equ (iii) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 3 … … … Equ (ii)
2

𝑥 = −2(2) Equ (i) ⇒

𝑥 = −4 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
Now put 𝑥 = −2 in equ (iii) 𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥 … … … Equ (iii)
𝑥 = −2(−2) Put the value of y in Equ (ii)
𝑥=4 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + (4 − 2𝑥)2 = 3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(−𝟒, 𝟐), (𝟒 , −𝟐)} 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + (4)2 − 2(4)(2𝑥) + (2𝑥)2 = 3
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 16 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 = 3
(iii) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟖
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 16 − 3 = 0
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝒚
5𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 13 = 0
Solution:
5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 13𝑥 + 13 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −8 … … … Equ (i)
5𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 13(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 𝑦 … … … Equ (ii)
(𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 − 13) = 0
Equ (i) ⇒
𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 − 13 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −8
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 = 13
−𝑦 = −8 − 2𝑥
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 = 13
−𝑦 = −(8 + 2𝑥) 13
𝑦 = 8 + 2𝑥 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
5
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 8 … … … Equ (iii) Now put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (iii)
Put the value of y in Equ (ii) 𝑦 = 4 − 2(1)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 8 𝑦 =4−2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0 𝑦=2
𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 2(𝑥 + 4) = 0 13
Now put 𝑥 = in equ (iii)
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 5
𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 2 = 0 13
𝑦 = 4 − 2( )
𝑥 = −4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 5
26
Now put 𝑥 = −4 in equ (iii) 𝑦 =4−
𝑦 = 2(−4) + 8 5
20 − 26
𝑦 = −8 + 8 𝑦=
5
𝑦=0 −6
Now put 𝑥 = 2 in equ (iii) 𝑦=
5
𝑦 = 2(2) + 8 𝟏𝟑 −𝟔
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟏, 𝟐), ( , )}
𝑦 =4+8 𝟓 𝟓
𝑦 = 12
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(−𝟒, 𝟎), (𝟐 , 𝟏𝟐)}
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝟐 𝟐 𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢)
(v) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 5𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 + 9
Solution: 𝑥 2 = −𝑦 2 + 45
4𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 4 … … … Equ (i) 6𝑥 2 = 54
3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 3 … … … Equ (ii) Thus 6𝑥 2 = 54
Multiply equ(ii) with 5 54
𝑥2 =
15𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 15 … … … Equ (iii) 6
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢) 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝑥2 = 9
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
15𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 15 √𝑥 2 = ±√9
±4𝑥 2 ± 5𝑦 2 = ±4
𝑥 = ±3
11𝑥 2 = 11 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3
Thus 11𝑥 2 = 11 Now put 𝑥 = 3 in equ (i)
11 5(3)2 = 𝑦 2 + 9
𝑥2 =
11 5(9) = 𝑦 2 + 9
𝑥2 = 1 45 = 𝑦 2 + 9
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 45 − 9 = 𝑦 2
√𝑥 2 = ±√1 36 = 𝑦 2
𝑥 = ±1 𝑦 2 = 36
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
Now put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (ii) √𝑦 2 = ±√36
3(1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 3 𝑦 = ±6
3(1) + 𝑦 2 = 3 𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −6
3 + 𝑦2 = 3 Now put 𝑥 = −3 in equ (i)
𝑦2 = 3 − 3 5(−3)2 = 𝑦 2 + 9
𝑦2 = 0 5(9) = 𝑦 2 + 9
𝑦=0 45 = 𝑦 2 + 9
Now put 𝑥 = −1 in equ (ii) 45 − 9 = 𝑦 2
3(−1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 3 36 = 𝑦 2
3(1) + 𝑦 2 = 3 𝑦 2 = 36
3 + 𝑦2 = 3 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
𝑦2 = 3 − 3 √𝑦 2 = ±√36
𝑦2 = 0 𝑦 = ±6
𝑦=0 𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −6
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟏, 𝟎), (−𝟏 , 𝟎)} 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟑, 𝟔), (𝟑 , −𝟔), (−𝟑, 𝟔), (−𝟑 , −𝟔)}
𝟐 𝟐
(vi) 𝟓𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟗
𝒙𝟐 = −𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝟓
Solution:
5𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 + 9 … … … Equ (i)
𝑥 2 = −𝑦 2 + 45 … … … Equ (ii)
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝟐 𝟐
(vii) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 1
2 ( ) + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 2
Solution: 1 + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0
4𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 5 = 0 … … … Equ (i) 3𝑦 2 + 1 − 4 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0 … … … Equ (ii) 3𝑦 2 − 3 = 0
Subtract equ(ii) from equ(i) 3𝑦 2 = 3
3
4𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 5 = 0 𝑦2 =
± 2𝑥 2 ± 3𝑦 2 ∓ 4 = 0 3
𝑦2 = 1
2𝑥 2 −1=0
2 √𝑦 2 = ±√1
Thus 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 2 = 1 𝑦 = ±1
1 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
𝑥2 = 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭
2
Taking Square root on B. S 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= {( , 𝟏) , ( , −𝟏) , (− , 𝟏) , (− , −𝟏)}
√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
1
√𝑥 2 = ±√ Challenge!
2 Q2: Solve the system of equations
1 (i) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟗
𝑥=±
√2 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑
1 1 Solution:
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=−
√2 √2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 … … … Equ (i)
1 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0 … … … Equ (ii)
2
Now put 𝑥 = in equ (ii)
√2 Equ (i) ⇒
2
1 𝑥+𝑦 =9
2( ) + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0
√2 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦 … … … Equ (iii)
1 Put the value of 𝑥 in Equ (ii)
2 ( ) + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0
2 (9 − 𝑦)2 + 3(9 − 𝑦)𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
1 + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0 (9)2 − 2(9)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 + 3𝑦(9 − 𝑦) + 2𝑦 2 = 0
3𝑦 2 + 1 − 4 = 0 81 − 18𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 27𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
3𝑦 2 − 3 = 0 81 − 18𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 27𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0
3𝑦 2 = 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 + 27𝑦 − 18𝑦 + 81 = 0
3
𝑦2 = 9𝑦 + 81 = 0
3 9𝑦 = −81
𝑦2 = 1
Divide B. S by 9
√𝑦 2 = ±√1 9𝑦 −81
𝑦 = ±1 =
9 9
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 𝑦 = −9
1 Now put 𝑦 = −9 in equ (iii)
Now put 𝑥 = − in equ (ii)
√2 𝑥 = 9 − (−9)
1 2 𝑥 =9+9
2 (− ) + 3𝑦 2 − 4 = 0
√2 𝑥 = 18
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(𝟏𝟖, −𝟗𝟐)}
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.7
(ii) 𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟒 As we have
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖 Width × Length = Area
Solution: 𝑥(𝑥 + 7) = 120
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 4 … … … Equ (i) 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 = 120
2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 8 … … … Equ (ii)
2 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 120 = 0
Equ (i) ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15𝑥 − 120 = 0
𝑦−𝑥 =4 𝑥(𝑥 − 8) + 15(𝑥 − 8) = 0
𝑦 = 4 + 𝑥 … … … Equ (iii) (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 15) = 0
Put the value of y in Equ (ii) 𝑥 − 8 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 15 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥(4 + 𝑥) + (4 + 𝑥)2 = 8 𝑥 = 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −15
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + (4)2 + 2(4)(𝑥) + (𝑥)2 = 8 As distance will be positive
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 16 + 8𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 8 Then we take 𝑥 = 8
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 16 − 8 = 0 So Width = 𝑥 𝑓𝑡 = 8 𝑚
4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8 = 0 And Length = (8 + 7)𝑓𝑡
4(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) = 0 = 15 𝑓𝑡
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟒, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 Example # 27
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 A man purchased a number of shares of stock for an
𝑥 2 + 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 = 0 amount of Rs. 6000. If he had paid Rs. 20 less per
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1) = 0
share, the number of shares that could have been
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
purchased for the same amount of money would
𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0
have increased by 10. How many shares did he buy?
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2
Solution:
Now put 𝑥 = −1 in equ (iii)
𝑦 = 4 + (−1) Let numbers of share = 𝑥
𝑦 =4−1 And cost of per share = 𝑦
𝑦=3 As he purchase share for Rs. 6000
Now put 𝑥 = −2 in equ (iii) Then 𝑥𝑦 = 6000 … … . Equ (i)
𝑦 = 4 + (−2) Now if he paid Rs. 20 per share
𝑦 =4−2 Then amount = 𝑦 − 20
𝑦=2 So he purchased 10 more shares
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(−𝟏, 𝟑), (−𝟐 , 𝟐)} Then number of shares = 𝑥 + 10
According to new condition
(𝑥 + 10)(𝑦 − 20) = 6000 … … . Equ (ii)
Ex # 2.7 Equ (i) ⇒
Example # 26 𝑥𝑦 = 6000
Suppose a rectangular shed is being built 6000
𝑦= … … Equ (iii)
that has an area of 120 square feet and is 𝑥
7 feet longer than its wide. Determine its Put the value of 𝑦 in Equ (ii)
dimensions. 6000
(𝑥 + 10) ( − 20) = 6000
Solution: 𝑥
Let Width = 𝑥 𝑓𝑡 6000 − 20𝑥
(𝑥 + 10) ( ) = 6000
So Length = (𝑥 + 7)𝑓𝑡 𝑥
(𝑥 + 10)( 6000 − 20𝑥 ) = 6000𝑥
𝐀𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕𝟐
6000𝑥 − 20𝑥 2 + 60000 − 200𝑥 = 6000𝑥
−20𝑥 2 + 6000𝑥 − 200𝑥 − 6000𝑥 + 60000 = 0
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Ex # 2.7 Ex # 2.7
−20𝑥 2 − 200𝑥 + 60000 = 0 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
−200(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3000) = 0 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 2)2 = 50
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 − 𝟐𝟎, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝑥 2 + (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(1) + (1)2 + (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(2) + (2)2 = 50
𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3000 = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 50
𝑥 2 − 50𝑥 + 60𝑥 − 270 = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 1 + 4 − 50 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 50) + 60(𝑥 − 50) = 0 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 45 = 0
(𝑥 − 50)(𝑥 + 60) = 0 3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15) = 0
𝑥 − 50 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 60 = 0 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟑, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
𝑥 = 50 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −60 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 = 0
As 𝑥 = −60 is not possible 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 15 = 0
Thus the number of Shares purchased = 15 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 5(𝑥 − 3) = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
Ex # 2.7 𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 5 = 0
𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5
Page # 47
𝐈𝐟 𝒙 = 𝟑
Q1: Find the two consecutive positive
So first integer = 𝑥 = 3
integers whose product is 72.
Second integer = 𝑥 + 1
Solution:
=3+1
As there are two consecutive integers =4
Let first integer = 𝑥 And third integer = 𝑥 + 2
And second integer = 𝑥 + 1 =3+2
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 =5
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 72 𝐈𝐟 𝒙 = −𝟓
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 72 So first integer = 𝑥 = −5
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 72 = 0 Second integer = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 72 = 0 = −5 + 1
𝑥(𝑥 + 9) − 8(𝑥 + 9) = 0 = −4
(𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 8) = 0 And third integer = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 + 9 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 8 = 0 = −5 + 2
𝑥 = −9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 8 = −3
𝐀𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐬 Q3: The length of a hall is 5 meters more than its width. If
So first integer = 𝑥 = 8 the area of the hall is 36sq.m. Find the length and
And second integer = 𝑥 + 1 width of the hall.
=8+1 Solution:
=9 Let Width = 𝑥 𝑚
Q2: The sum of the squares of three consecutive So Length = (𝑥 + 5)𝑚
integers is 50. Find the integers.
𝐀𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝟐
Solution: As we have
As there are three consecutive integers Width × Length = Area
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) = 36
First integer = 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 = 36
Second integer = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 36 = 0
Third integer = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 36 = 0
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 9(𝑥 − 4) = 0 Q5: The sum of the squares of two numbers is
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 9) = 0 100. One number is two more than the
𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 9 = 0 other. Find the numbers.
𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −9 Solution:
As distance will be positive Let the first number = 𝑥
Then we take 𝑥 = 4 As the other number two more than it
So Width = 𝑥 𝑚 = 4 𝑚 So the other numbe = 𝑥 + 2
And Length = (4 + 5)𝑚 As sum of squares of two number is 100
=9𝑚 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 2)2 = 100
𝑥 2 + (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(2) + (2)2 = 100
Q4: The sum of two numbers is 11 and sum of their 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 100 = 0
square is 65. Find the numbers. 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 96 = 0
Solution: 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 48) = 0
Let the number may 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟐, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
According to first condition 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 48 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 … … … Equ (i) 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 48 = 0
According to second condition 𝑥(𝑥 − 6) + 8(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 65 … … … Equ (ii) (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 8) = 0
Equ (i) ⇒ 𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 8 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −8
𝑥 = 11 − 𝑦 … … … Equ (iii) 𝐈𝐟 𝒙 = 𝟔
Put the value of 𝑥 in Equ (ii) So first integer = 𝑥 = 6
(11 − 𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 = 65 Other integer = 𝑥 + 1
(11)2 − 2(11)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 − 65 = 0 =6+2
121 − 22𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 − 65 = 0 =8
𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑦 + 121 − 65 = 0 𝐈𝐟 𝒙 = −𝟖
2𝑦 2 − 22𝑦 + 56 = 0 So first integer = 𝑥 = −8
2(𝑦 2 − 11𝑦 + 28) = 0 Second integer = 𝑥 + 1
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟐, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 = −8 + 2
𝑦 2 − 11𝑦 + 28 = 0 = −6
𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 − 7𝑦 + 28 = 0 Q6: The area of a rectangle field is 252 square
𝑦(𝑦 − 4) − 7(𝑦 − 4) = 0 meters. The length of its side is 9 meter
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 7) = 0 longer than its width. Find its sides.
𝑦 − 4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 7 = 0 Solution:
𝑦 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 7 Let Width = 𝑥 𝑚
Now put 𝑦 = 4 in equ (iii) So Length = (𝑥 + 9)𝑚
𝑥 = 11 − 4 𝐀𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝐦𝟐
𝑥=7 As we have
Now put 𝑦 = 7 in equ (iii) Width × Length = Area
𝑥 = 11 − 7 𝑥(𝑥 + 9) = 252
𝑥=4 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 252
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟕 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 252 = 0
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 21𝑥 − 252 = 0 Q8: The length of one side of right triangle
𝑥(𝑥 − 12) + 21(𝑥 − 12) = 0 exceeds the length of the other by 3
(𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 + 21) = 0 centimeters. If the hypotenuse is 15
𝑥 − 12 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 21 = 0 centimeters, then find the length of the sides
𝑥 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −21 of the triangle.
As distance will be positive Solution:
Then we take 𝑥 = 4 Let Base = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
So Width = 𝑥 𝑚 = 12 𝑚 Then according to condition
And Length = (12 + 9)𝑚 Perpendicular = (𝑥 + 3)𝑐𝑚
= 21 𝑚 Hypotenuse = 15 𝑐𝑚
As there is right angled triangle
Q7: One side of a rectangle is 3 centimeters less 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦
than twice the other. If the area of the 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 3)2 = (15)2
rectangle is 54 square centimeters, then find 𝑥 2 + (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(3) + (3)2 = 225
the sides of the rectangle. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 − 225 = 0
Solution: 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 216 = 0
Let Width = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 2(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 108) = 0
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟐, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
So Length = (2𝑥 − 3)𝑐𝑚 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 108 = 0
𝐀𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟓𝟒 𝐜𝐦𝟐 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 108 = 0
As we have 𝑥(𝑥 − 9) + 12(𝑥 − 9) = 0
Width × Length = Area (𝑥 − 9)(𝑥 + 12) = 0
𝑥(2𝑥 − 3) = 54 𝑥 − 9 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 12 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 54 𝑥 = 9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −12
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 54 = 0 As distance will be positive
2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 54 = 0 Then we take 𝑥 = 9
𝑥(2𝑥 + 9) − 6(2𝑥 + 9) = 0 So Base = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 = 9 𝑐𝑚
(2𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 6) = 0 And Perpendicular = (𝑥 + 3)𝑐𝑚
2𝑥 + 9 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 6 = 0 = (9 + 3)𝑐𝑚
2𝑥 = −9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 6 = 12𝑐𝑚
−9 Q9: The sides of a right triangle in cm are
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 6 (𝒙 − 𝟏), 𝒙, (𝒙 + 𝟏). Find the sides of the triangle.
2
As distance will be positive Solution:
Then we take 𝑥 = 6 Let Base = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
So Width = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 = 6 𝑐𝑚 Then according to condition
And Length = (2𝑥 − 3)𝑐𝑚 Perpendicular = (𝑥 + 3)𝑐𝑚
= (2(6) − 3)𝑐𝑚 Hypotenuse = 15 𝑐𝑚
= (12 − 3)𝑐𝑚 As there is right angled triangle
= 9𝑐𝑚 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦
𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 3)2 = (15)2
𝑥 2 + (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(3) + (3)2 = 225
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 − 225 = 0
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 216 = 0 9000𝑥 − 100𝑥 2 + 27000 − 300𝑥 = 9000𝑥
2(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 108) = 0 −100𝑥 2 + 9000𝑥 − 300𝑥 − 9000𝑥 + 27000 = 0
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟐, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 −100𝑥 2 − 300𝑥 + 27000 = 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 108 = 0 −100(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 270) = 0
𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 108 = 0 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
𝑥(𝑥 − 9) + 12(𝑥 − 9) = 0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 270 = 0
(𝑥 − 9)(𝑥 + 12) = 0 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 270 = 0
𝑥 − 9 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 12 = 0 𝑥(𝑥 − 15) + 18(𝑥 − 15) = 0
𝑥 = 9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −12 (𝑥 − 15)(𝑥 + 18) = 0
As distance will be positive 𝑥 − 15 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 18 = 0
Then we take 𝑥 = 9 𝑥 = 15 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −18
So Base = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 = 9 𝑐𝑚 As 𝑥 = −18 is not possible
And Perpendicular = (𝑥 + 3)𝑐𝑚 Thus the number of goats bought = 15
= (9 + 3)𝑐𝑚
= 12𝑐𝑚
Review Exercise # 2
Q10: A shepherd bought some goats for Rs.9000. If Page # 48
he had paid Rs. 100 less for each, he would have Q2: For what value of 𝒌 the roots of the equations
got 3 goats more for the same amount of 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 are equal.
money. How many goats did he buy, when the Solution:
rate in each case is uniform?
3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
Solution:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Let numbers of goats = 𝑥
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘
And cost of each goat = 𝑦
As roots are equal then
As he bought goats for Rs. 9000
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Then 𝑥𝑦 = 9000 … … . Equ (i)
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Now if he paid Rs. 100 for each goat
(−5)2 − 4(3)(𝑘) = 0
Then amount = 𝑦 − 100
25 − 12𝑘 = 0
So he got 3 more goats
−12𝑘 = −25
Then number of goats = 𝑥 + 3
12𝑘 = 25
According to new condition 25
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑦 − 100) = 9000 … … . Equ (ii) 𝑘=
12
Equ (i) ⇒
𝑥𝑦 = 9000 Q3: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 (−𝟏 + √−𝟑)𝟕 + (−𝟏 + √−𝟑 )𝟕
9000
𝑦= … … Equ (iii) Solution:
𝑥
7 7
Put the value of 𝑦 in Equ (ii) (−1 + √−3) + (−1 + √−3 )
9000 7 7
(𝑥 + 3) ( − 100) = 9000 (−1 + √−1 × 3 ) + (−1 + √−1 × 3 )
𝑥 7 7
9000 − 100𝑥 (−1 + √−1√3 ) + (−1 + √−1√3 )
(𝑥 + 3) ( ) = 9000
𝑥 7 7
(𝑥 + 3)( 9000 − 100𝑥 ) = 9000𝑥 (−1 + 𝑖√3 ) + (−1 + 𝑖√3 )
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Review Ex # 2 Review Ex # 2
As 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑 𝑐 0
𝝎= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝎𝟐 = 𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 0
𝟐 𝟐 𝑎 3
𝟐
𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
So Q5: Find the value of 𝒌 so that the sum of the roots of
7
= (2𝜔) + (2𝜔 ) 2 7 the equation 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝒌 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 is
= 27 𝜔7 + 27 𝜔14 equal to the product of its roots
= 27 (𝜔7 + 𝜔14 ) Solution:
= 128(𝜔6 . 𝜔 + 𝜔12 . 𝜔2 ) 3𝑥 2 + (2𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑘 − 5 = 0
= 128(𝜔3×2 . 𝜔 + 𝜔3×4 . 𝜔2 ) Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
= 128[(𝜔3 )2 . 𝜔 + (𝜔3 )4 . 𝜔2 ] Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2𝑘 + 1, 𝑐 = 𝑘 − 5
= 128[(1)2 . 𝜔 + (1)4 . 𝜔2 ] Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
= 128[1. 𝜔 + 1. 𝜔2 ] 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
= 128(𝜔 + 𝜔2 ) −𝑏 −(2𝑘 + 1)
𝛼+𝛽 = =
𝐀𝐬 𝝎 + 𝝎𝟐 = −𝟏 𝑎 3
= 128(−1) 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐 𝑘−5
= −128 𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 3
Q4: Without solving the equation, find the 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
sum and products of the roots of the
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
following quadratic equations.
−(2𝑘 + 1) 𝑘 − 5
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 =
3 3
Solution: Multiply B. S by 3
4𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 −(2𝑘 + 1) 𝑘−5
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 3× =3×
3 3
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −1 −(2𝑘 + 1) = 𝑘 − 5
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation −2𝑘 − 1 = 𝑘 − 5
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: −2𝑘 − 𝑘 = −5 + 1
−𝑏 −0 0 −3𝑘 = −4
𝛼+𝛽 = = = =0
𝑎 4 4 3𝑘 = 4
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟑
𝑐 −1 1 3𝑘 4
𝛼 .𝛽 = = =− =
𝑎 4 4 3 3
4
𝑘=
(ii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎 3
Solution: Q6: Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 differ by unity.
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Solution:
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 0 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑘 + 1 = 0
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 𝑘 + 1
−𝑏 −4 4 Let 𝛼 and α + 1 be the roots of equation
𝛼+𝛽 = = =−
𝑎 3 3
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𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 1 1
𝑆= +
−𝑏 𝛼 𝛽
𝛼+α+1=
𝑎 𝛽+𝛼
−(−3) 𝑆=
𝛼𝛽
2𝛼 + 1 =
1 17
2𝛼 + 1 = 3 𝑆 = 12
2𝛼 = 3 − 1 1
2
2𝛼 = 2 17 1
2 𝑆= ÷
𝛼= 12 2
2 17 2
𝛼=1 𝑆= ×
12 1
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 17
𝑐 𝑆=
𝛼 ( α + 1) = 6
𝑎 𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
2
𝑘+1 1 1
𝛼 +𝛼 = 𝑃=( ) ( )
1 𝛼 𝛽
𝛼2 + 𝛼 = 𝑘 + 1 1
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶 𝑃=
𝛼𝛽
(1)2 + 1 = 𝑘 + 1 1
1+1=𝑘+1 𝑃=
1
2 = 𝑘+1 2
1
2−1 =𝑘 𝑃 =1÷
2
1 =𝑘 2
𝑘=1 𝑃 =1×
1
Q7: Find the quadratic equation whose roots 𝑃=2
multiplicative inverse of the roots of 𝐀𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬:
𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
Solution: Now
12𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6 = 0 17
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 6
Here 𝑎 = 12, 𝑏 = −17, 𝑐 = 6 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝟔
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 17
6 × 𝑥2 − 6 × 𝑥 + 6 × 2 = 6 × 0
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 6
2
−𝑏 −(−17) 17 6𝑥 − 17𝑥 + 12 = 0
𝛼+𝛽 = = =
𝑎 12 12
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐 6 1
𝛼 .𝛽 = = =
𝑎 12 2
1 1
As and are the roots of required equation
𝛼 𝛽
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
1 1
𝑆= +
𝛼 𝛽
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Q8: If one of the roots of the quadratic equation
𝟐 −3 1 6 11 6
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 is 2, find the other root.
Also find the value of k. −3 −9 −6
Solution: 1 3 2 0
2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 4 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Thus 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 4 And 𝑅 = 0
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Now to find other roots
As one root is 2, then 𝛼 = 2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑥 2 + 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 = 0
−𝑏 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝛼+𝛽 =
𝑎 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
−𝑘 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0
2+𝛽 = … … . Equ (i)
2 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Thus the other roots are − 1 and − 2
𝑐
𝛼 .𝛽 =
𝑎 Q10: Solve the following system of equations.
4 (i) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑
2.𝛽 =
2 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟗
2.𝛽 = 2 Solution:
2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 … … … Equ (i)
𝛽=
2 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 29 … … … Equ (ii)
2

𝛽=1 Equ (i) ⇒

𝐒𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏 𝑥+𝑦 =3
Put the values of 𝛽 = 1 in equ(i) 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑦 … … … Equ (iii)
−𝑘 Put the value of 𝑥 in Equ (ii)
2+1=
2 (3 − 𝑦)2 − 3(3 − 𝑦)𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 29
−𝑘 (3)2 − 2(3)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 − 3𝑦(3 − 𝑦) + 𝑦 2 = 29
3=
2 9 − 6𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 29
3 × 2 = −𝑘
9 − 6𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 29 = 0
6 = −𝑘
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 9𝑦 + 9 − 29 = 0
−𝑘 = 6
5𝑦 2 − 15𝑦 − 20 = 0
𝑘 = −6
5(𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 4) = 0
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝒌 = −𝟔
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟓, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
Q9: One root of the cubic equation
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 is −𝟑. Use synthetic
𝑦(𝑦 − 4) + 1(𝑦 − 4) = 0
division to find the other roots. (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 1) = 0
Solution: 𝑦 − 4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝑦 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −1
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6
As − 3 is the root of P(x). So
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Now put 𝑦 = 4 in equ (iii) Now put 𝑥 = −√2 in equ (i)
𝑥 =3−4 2
7(−√2 ) − 4 = 5𝑦 2
𝑥 = −1
7(2) − 4 = 5𝑦 2
Now put 𝑦 = −1 in equ (iii)
14 − 4 = 5𝑦 2
𝑥 = 3 − (−1)
10 = 5𝑦 2
𝑥 =3+1
5𝑦 2 = 10
𝑥=4
10
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {(−𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟒 , −𝟏)} 𝑦2 =
5
𝑦2 = 2
(ii) 𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚𝟐
√𝑦 2 = ±√2
Solution:
𝑦 = √2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −√2
7𝑥 2 − 4 = 5𝑦 2 … … … Equ (i)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭
3𝑥 2 + 2 = 4𝑦 2 … … … Equ (ii)
= {(√𝟐, √𝟐), (√𝟐, −√𝟐) , (−√𝟐, √𝟐) , (−√𝟐, −√𝟐)}
Multiply equ(i)with 4 and equ(ii) with 5
28𝑥 2 − 16 = 20𝑦 2 … … … Equ (iii) Q11: The area of a rectangle is 48 𝐜𝐦𝟐 . If length
15𝑥 2 + 10 = 20𝑦 2 … … … Equ (iv) and width are each increased by 4 cm, the
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐯) 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐞𝐪𝐮(𝐢𝐢𝐢) area of larger rectangle is 120 𝐜𝐦𝟐 . Find the
28𝑥 2 − 16 = 20𝑦 2 length and width of the original rectangle.
±15𝑥 2 ± 10 = ±20𝑦 2 Solution:
13𝑥 2 − 26 = 0 Let Width of original rectangle = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
And Length of original rectangle = 𝑦 𝑐𝑚
Thus 13𝑥 2 − 26 = 0
𝐀𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝟒𝟖 𝐦𝟐
13𝑥 2 = 26
As we have
26
𝑥2 = Width × Length = Area
13
𝑥2 = 2 𝑥𝑦 = 48 … … Equ (i)
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 Now
Let Width of new rectangle = 𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑚
√𝑥 2 = ±√2
And Length of new rectangle = 𝑦 + 4 𝑐𝑚
𝑥 = √2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −√2 𝐀𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝟐
Now put 𝑥 = √2 in equ (i) As we have
2
7(√2 ) − 4 = 5𝑦 2 Width × Length = Area
7(2) − 4 = 5𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑦 + 4) = 120
14 − 4 = 5𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 16 = 120 … … Equ (ii)
10 = 5𝑦 2 Now put 𝑥𝑦 = 48 in equ (ii)
5𝑦 2 = 10 48 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 16 = 120
10 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 120 − 48 − 16
𝑦2 = 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 56
5
2 56
𝑦 =2
𝑥+𝑦 =
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 4
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14
√𝑦 2 = ±√2
𝑦 = √2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −√2
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𝑦 = 14 − 𝑥 … … Equ (iii)
Now put 𝑦 = 14 − 𝑥 in equ (i)
𝑥(14 − 𝑥) = 48
14𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 48
−𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 48 = 0
−1(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 48) = 0
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 − 𝟏, 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 48 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 48 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 6) − 8(𝑥 − 6) = 0
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 8) = 0
𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 8
Now put 𝑥 = 6 in equ (iii)
𝑦 = 14 − 6
𝑦=8
So Width = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 = 6 𝑐𝑚
And Length = 𝑦 𝑐𝑚 = 8 𝑐𝑚
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