Scribd
Upload
150 views22 pages

Calculus-Based Physics 1: Introduction To Kinematics: Engr. Sarah Grace P. de Castro, ECE

This document provides an introduction to kinematics, which is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies, and systems of bodies without considering the causes of motion. It defines key concepts such as position, time, velocity, acceleration, and displacement. It presents examples of calculating average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration for particles moving in one dimension. The examples show determining velocity and acceleration from equations describing position as a function of time, and calculating average values over time intervals. Instantaneous values are obtained by taking derivatives of the position equation. The document demonstrates applying these concepts and calculations to analyze the motion of particles under different conditions, such as constant velocity or changing velocity. It provides a framework and methodology

Uploaded by

Trixia Nicole De Leon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
150 views22 pages

Calculus-Based Physics 1: Introduction To Kinematics: Engr. Sarah Grace P. de Castro, ECE

This document provides an introduction to kinematics, which is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies, and systems of bodies without considering the causes of motion. It defines key concepts such as position, time, velocity, acceleration, and displacement. It presents examples of calculating average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration for particles moving in one dimension. The examples show determining velocity and acceleration from equations describing position as a function of time, and calculating average values over time intervals. Instantaneous values are obtained by taking derivatives of the position equation. The document demonstrates applying these concepts and calculations to analyze the motion of particles under different conditions, such as constant velocity or changing velocity. It provides a framework and methodology

Uploaded by

Trixia Nicole De Leon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Calculus-Based Physics 1:

Introduction to Kinematics
Engr. Sarah Grace P. de Castro, ECE
Board of Director, IECEP Laguna Chapter
Board of Director, MRSP Laguna Chapter
Adviser- Mechatronics and Robotics Society of the Philippines LPU-L Student
Chapter
“Motion of One Dimension”

Time Time always moves forward


∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 > 0
where: 𝑡𝑖 = initial time
𝑡𝑓 = future/ final time
Position Position of an object (in space) relative to
another point
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑥(𝑡𝑖 )
where: 𝑡𝑖 = initial time
𝑡𝑓 = future/ final time
𝑥 𝑡 = position w.r.t time
Velocity The instantaneous velocity of an object at time
t is defined as the ratio of the change in
position and change in time.

𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑣 𝑡 = = lim
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
vector is defined as the speed.

𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑡𝑓
𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖
Case (d1=d2)

While travelling in a straight line, a car


travels the first segment of distance d1
in time 𝑡1 , at an average velocity 𝑣1
and it travels the second segment of
distance d2=d1 in time 𝑡2 at an
average velocity of 𝑣2 .
Sample Problems 1
Engr. Sarah Grace P. de Castro, ECE
Lead Faculty, COECS
Program Coordinator CpE Department
Philippines Technological Council Staff
Average and Instantaneous Velocity
Example 1
A particle moves along the x-axis. Its position varies with time
according to the expression
𝑥 = −4𝑡 + 2𝑡 2 , where x is in meters and t is in second. The
position-time graph for this motion is shown. Notice that the
particles moves in the negative x direction for the first second
of motion, is momentarily at rest at the moment t=1s, and
moves in the positive x direction at times t>1s.
A) Determine the displacement of the particle in the time
intervals t=0 to t=1s and t=1s to t=3s.
B) Calculate the average velocity during these two time
intervals.
C) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t=2.5s
Example 1
A particle moves along the x-axis. Its position varies with time
according to the expression
𝒙 = −𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐
A. Determine the displacement of the particle in the time
intervals t=0 to t=1s and t=1s to t=3s.
Solution:
1st Interval:
𝑡𝑖 = 𝑡𝐴 = 0 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡𝐵 = 1
To find the displacement,
∆𝑥𝐴→𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑥(𝑡𝑖 )
=𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴
= −4 1 + 2 1 2 − [−4 0 + 2 0 2 ]
∆𝒙𝑨→𝑩 = -2m
Example 1
A particle moves along the x-axis. Its position varies with time
according to the expression
𝒙 = −𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐
A. Determine the displacement of the particle in the time
intervals t=0 to t=1s and t=1s to t=3s.
Solution:
2nd Interval:
𝑡𝑖 = 𝑡𝐵 = 1 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡𝐷 = 3
To find the displacement,
∆𝑥𝐵→𝐷 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑥(𝑡𝑖 )
=𝑥𝐷 − 𝑥𝐵
= −4 3 + 2 3 2 − [−4 1 + 2 1 2 ]
∆𝒙𝑩→𝑫 = 8m
Example 1
A particle moves along the x-axis. Its position varies with time
according to the expression
𝒙 = −𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐
B) Calculate the average velocity during these two time
intervals.
Solution: From A→B
1st Interval: ∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡
−𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒎
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝐵 − 𝑡𝐴 𝒗𝒙 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =−
𝟏𝒔 𝒔
∆𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
2nd Interval: From B→D
∆𝑥
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝐷 − 𝑡𝐵 𝟖𝒎
𝒗𝒙 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝟒𝒎/𝒔
∆𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝟐𝒔
Example 1
A particle moves along the x-axis. Its position varies with time
according to the expression
𝒙 = −𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐
C) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t=2.5s
Solution:
Measure the slope
Use derivative Formula:

𝒅
−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒙=𝟐/𝟓
𝒅𝒙
= 6m/s
Therefore, few meters/ second
Analysis Model:
Particle Under Constant Velocity
If the velocity of a particle is constant, its instantaneous
velocity at any instant during a time interval is the same as the
average velocity.
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑥 NOTE: In practice, we usually For constant 𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = ∆𝑡 choose time at initial to be =0
but ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 and end time to be 𝑡𝑓 =t Position as a function of
𝑥𝑓 −𝑥𝑖
time for the particle under
𝑣𝑥 =
∆𝑡 constant velocity model
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝒕
Example 2
A scientist is studying the biomechanics of the human body. She
determines the velocity of an experimental subject while he runs along
a straight line at a constant rate. The scientist starts the stopwatch at
the moment the runner passes a given point and stops it after the
runner has passed another point 20m away. The interval indicated on
the stopwatch is 4.0s.
A) What is the runner’s velocity?
B) If the runner continues his motion after the stopwatch is stopped,
what is his position after 10s has passed?
Example 2
A) What is the runner’s velocity?
Solution:
Subject runs at a constant rate
∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = ∆𝑡
𝑥𝑓 −𝑥𝑖
= ∆𝑡
20𝑚−0
=
4𝑠
𝒗𝒙 = 5m/s
Example 2
B) If the runner continues his motion after the stopwatch is stopped,
what is his position after 10s has passed?
Solution:
If the runner continues his motion
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒙 𝒕
= 0 + 5𝑚/𝑠 10𝑠
𝒙𝒇 = 50m
Acceleration
When the velocity of a particle changes with time, the particle
is said to be accelerating.
∆𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒙 𝒇 − 𝒗𝒙 𝒊
𝒂𝒙, 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
In some situations, the value of the average acceleration may
be different over different time intervals.
Take note:
Instantaneous acceleration Deceleration means
∆𝒗𝒙 𝒅𝒗𝒙 slowing down.
𝒂𝒙 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Example 3
The velocity of a particle moving
along the x axis varies according to
the expression 𝑣𝑥 = 40 − 5𝑡 2 , where
𝑣𝑥 is in meters per second and t is
in seconds.
A) Find the average acceleration in
the time interval t=0 to t=2s.
B) Determine the acceleration at
t=2s.
Example 3
A) Find the average acceleration in the time interval
t=0 to t=2s.
Solution:
Find the velocities at
𝑡𝑖 = 𝑡𝐴 = 0 and 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡𝐵 = 2 by
Substituting value of t into
At A :
At B :
𝑣𝑥 = 40 − 5𝑡 2
𝑣𝑥 = 40 − 5𝑡 2
= 40 − 5(0)2 = 40 − 5(2)2
= 40𝑚/𝑠 (+) = 20𝑚/𝑠 (+)
Example 3
A) Find the average acceleration in the time interval t=0 to t=2s.
Solution:
At A : At B :
𝑣𝑥 = 40 − 5𝑡 2 𝑣𝑥 = 40 − 5𝑡 2
= 40 − 5(0)2 = 40 − 5(2)2
= 40𝑚/𝑠 (+) = 20𝑚/𝑠 (+)

𝒗𝒙 𝒇 − 𝒗𝒙 𝒊
𝒂𝒙, 𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
𝒗𝒙 𝑩 −𝒗𝒙 𝑨
= 𝒕𝑩 −𝒕𝑨
𝟐𝟎𝒎/𝒔−𝟒𝟎𝒎/𝒔
= 𝟐𝒔−𝟎𝒔
= −𝟏𝟎𝒎/𝒔^2
Example 3
B) Determine the acceleration at t=2s.
Solution: Find acceleration
Initial velocity 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 40 − 5𝑡 2 ∆𝒗𝒙
𝒂𝒙 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
Find velocity at any time later 𝒕 + ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕

𝑣𝑥 𝑓 = 40 − 5(𝒕 + ∆𝒕 )2 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( − 10𝑡 − 5∆𝑡 )


∆𝒕→𝟎
𝑣𝑥 𝑓 = 40 − 5(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕∆𝒕 + (∆𝒕 )2 ) = -10t
𝑣𝑥 𝑓 = 40 − 5𝑡 2 − 10𝑡∆𝑡 − 5(∆𝑡 )2 Substitute t=2s
Find the change in velocity over the interval ∆𝑡 𝒂𝒙 = −10t
∆𝑣𝑥 =𝑣𝑥 𝑓 -𝑣𝑥 𝑖 𝒂𝒙 = −10(2)m/𝑠 2
𝒂𝒙 = −𝟐𝟎𝐦/𝒔𝟐
∆𝑣𝑥 = −10𝑡∆𝑡 − 5(∆𝑡 )2
Thank you!

You might also like