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Acids and Bases

Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, turning litmus red and reacting with metals and carbonates. Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, turning litmus blue and feeling slippery. The pH scale measures acidity from 0-14, with lower values being more acidic and higher more basic. Acids and bases neutralize in reactions producing water and salts. Indicators change color at specific pH levels to determine acidity.

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136 views37 pages

Acids and Bases

Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, turning litmus red and reacting with metals and carbonates. Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, turning litmus blue and feeling slippery. The pH scale measures acidity from 0-14, with lower values being more acidic and higher more basic. Acids and bases neutralize in reactions producing water and salts. Indicators change color at specific pH levels to determine acidity.

Uploaded by

Nick Rubio
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ACIDS AND BASES

Prepared by: Mrs Analiza B. Secillano


ACIDS and BASES
Determine the acidity and basicity of mixtures.
Properties of acids and bases.
Examples of acids and bases.
The pH scale.
Acid- base Indicator
Neutralization.
ACIDS
• An acid is a substance that releases H+ ions in an
aqueous solution
– Aqueous means water
• Example: when hydrochloric acid is dissolved in
water, the compound separates into chlorine
ions (Cl-) and hydrogen ions (H+)
When we think of acids and bases we tend to think
of science labs and chemicals…but did you know
Acids cause:

 Lemons to be sour
 Acid rain to eat away at sculptures
 Framed paintings to be damaged
 Cavities in your teeth
 Food to digest in your stomach
 Ants and bees use it to sting
STRONG ACIDS
• A strong acid breaks down completely in water
and gives off many H+ ions
WEAK ACID

• A weak acid only partially breaks down. It gives


off much less H+ than a strong acid.
Characteristics of Acids

• Acids have a sour taste


• Acids react with metals & carbonates to produce
gas
• Acids contain hydrogen

H
Characteristics of Acids: Taste Sour

• Acids in foods taste sour and produce a burning


or prickling feeling on the skin
Characteristics of Acids
• Since tasting or touching an unknown chemical
is extremely dangerous, other methods are
needed to tell whether a solution is an acid
Characteristics of Acids: Reacts with
Carbonate
• A safe way to test to • Example: limestone is a
see if a solution is an rock that contains
acid is to place a few calcium carbonate
drops on a compound (CaCO3) When an acid
that contains a touches a piece of
carbonate (CO3) limestone, a reaction
occurs that produces
carbon dioxide gas
Characteristics of Acids: Reacts with
Metal
• Acids also reacts with most metals
• The reaction produces hydrogen
gas, which you
can see as bubbles
Characteristics of Acids: Contain
Hydrogen
BASES
• A base is a substance that releases hydroxide
(OH-) ions in an aqueous solution
• Example: When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is
dissolved in water, the compound separates into
sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
Characteristics of Bases
 Turn red litmus

 taste bitter

 Negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH–)

 Feel slippery

 Bases neutralize acids

 Poisonous and can cause severe burns

 Strong Bases are Caustic.


Characteristics of Bases: Taste Bitter

• Example: Baking soda


Characteristics of Bases: Taste Bitter

• Mild bases in foods taste bitter and feel slippery,


but as with acids, tasting and touching are not
safe ways of testing whether a solution is a base
• In fact, some strong bases can burn the skin as
badly as strong acids
Characteristics of Bases: Feel Slippery

• Bases feel soapy or slippery because they react


with acid molecules in your skin called fatty
acids
Characteristics of Bases: Feel Slippery

• In fact, this is exactly how soap is made.


Mixing base- usually
sodium hydroxide – with
fatty acids produces soap
• So when a base touches
your skin, the combination
of the base with your own
fatty acids actually makes a
small amount of soap
Characteristics of Bases: Contain
Sodium Hydroxide (OH-)

Strong Bases The Formula


Lithium hydroxide LiOH
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Potassium hydroxide KOH
Rubidium hydroxide RbOH
Caesium hydroxide CsOH
Barium hydroxide Ba(OH) 2
Calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2
Strontium hydroxide Sr(OH) 2
Properties of Acids & Bases

• Similarities between acids and bases


– Dissolve in water
– Conduct electricity in aqueous solution
– Can irritate or burn skin
Properties of Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Strength
• pH stands for “potential hydrogen” and is a
measure of how many H+ ions there are in
solution.
• The strength of an acid or base is usually
measured using a pH scale
• The more H+ there are, the lower the pH will be
Properties of Acids and Bases
 Acids
 turn blue litmus red
 taste sour
 Acids corrode metals
 positively charged hydrogen ions (H+)
 Bases
 turn red litmus blue
 taste bitter
 Negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH–)
 Feel slippery
 Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases
 Strong bases are caustic
Understanding the pH Scale
 pH stands for (presence of Hydrogen)
 Numbered from 0 to 14.
 The lower the pH number – the higher Acid
 That means more Hydrogen Ions (H+)
 The higher the pH - the higher the Base
 That means less Hydrogen Ions (H+)
Acid-Base Strength
• The numbers of the pH scale usually range from
0 – 14, but numbers outside this range are
possible
• The middle number, 7, represents a neutral
solution
• A neutral substance is neither an acid nor a
base. Pure water has a pH of 7
Acid-Base Strength
 pH < 7 indicate acidic solution
 pH = 7 indicate neutral solution
 pH > 7 indicate basic solution
A concentrated strong acid has a low pH
value
A concentrated strong base has a high pH
value
Acid-Base Indicators
• An acid-base indicator is a compound that will
change color in the presence of an acid or base
• Litmus is a plant extract that can be blue or red
(pink)
– Litmus turns red/pink in an acidic solution
– Litmus turns blue in a basic solution
Acid-Base Indicators
 Example of plants that can be use as an acid-base indicator.
Acid-Base Indicators
• It would be impossible to determine the pH of
all solutions using just one indicator, such as
litmus
• Several other acid-base indicators exist, each
producing a color change at a specific pH level
Acid-Base Indicators

• A universal indicator is a mixture of chemicals


that changes color through a wide range of pH
values
Acid-Base Indicators

• An even more
precise way of
determine pH is to
use a pH meter
Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other

• When an acid and base react with each other,


the characteristic properties of both are
destroyed. This is called neutralization.
Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other

• The salts formed may be soluble


in water or can be insoluble
• If the salt is insoluble, a precipitate
will form
• Recall: a precipitate is a suspension
of a small, solid particles formed
during a chemical reaction
Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other
• General formula for acid base reaction

Acid + Base → H2O + Salt


HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
• Salt means any ionic compound formed
from an acid/base reaction
Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other
• A common example of neutralization reaction occurs
when you swallow an antacid tablet to relieve an upset
stomach.
• The acid in your stomach has a pH of about 1.5 due to
mostly hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach
lining
Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other
• An antacid tablet contains a base, such as sodium
bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide or calcium
carbonate. The base reacts with the stomach acid and
produces a salt and water.
• This reaction lowers the acidity and raises to pH to its
normal value (about 2)

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