Chapter # 4 (Turning effect of Forces) Short Questions . Define Like parallel and Unlike parallel forces. Like parallel forces: The forces which are parallel to each other and have same direction are known as like parallel forces. © These are unbalanced forces and destroy equilibrium, Exampl © Pushing of a bus by many people. © Weight of many apples in a bag downward, Unlike parallel forces: The forces that are parallel but have directions opposite to each other are known as unlike parallel forces. # These ate balanced forces and maintain equilibrium. Example: # Apple suspended by a string, * Acting of force F, and F; on a board as shown figure. Define second condition of eq 2" condition of equilibrium: This condition states that “ torques acting on a body is zero” is condition of equilibrium. * Ir=0 Er, =0&Tr,=0 ‘* In this condition, two equal and opposite forces acting along different lines and rotation is produced, Example: # Ladder leaning at wall. # Constantly rotating ceiling fan Define head to tail rule. Head to Tail Rul ‘© Take two vectors ‘A’ and “B’, and coincides the tail of vector ‘B’ with head of vector ‘A’ Now draw a veetor ‘R = 4 +B ice. its tail coincide with tail of first vector and head of vector ‘ with head of last vector. So, vector ‘2 = A + B represents the resultant vector. UBAIDULLAH DANISH (Knowledge Sp yaks but Wisdom Listen.) 4. Define Axis of rotation and moment arm. Axis of rotation: rhe particles of a rigid body move in circles with their centers all lying on this line. This line is, known as axis of rotation ‘As show in this figure hinge of a door is axis of rotation of door and all particles of door moves atound this axis of rotation Moment arm: The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of the force is known as ‘moment arm. ‘© Itis represented by the distance ‘L > Fle Saeutensn = m, OA is a moment arm which is of action of force and axis of of force, also define resultant es add graphically by Head to Tail rule. n this figure, forces FCos0 and F'Sin0 added and give resultant force F. Ke) Fein 0 € (vera eompenent) L,! Foose (role empener Resultant vecto ‘A single vector that has the same effect as the combined effect of all the vectors to be added is known, as resultant vector. * Vectors added graphically by Head to Tail rule, ‘In this figure, vectors # and F added and give resultant vector. Head Bo VRS Page 16. Define rigid body and what is line of action of force? Rigid Body: A body which is not deformed by force or forces acting on it is known as rigid body. OR A body in which the distances between all pairs of particles of the body do not change by applying a force, is known as right body. ‘As shown in figure. © Chair © Ston ¢ of action of force: The line along which a force acts is known as line of action of force. Sie Axis of Rotation, fer point of torque ccaleulstion Se SE THIF Ix! Example: In this figure, line AB is line of and on this line we apply a fo torque. 7, How head to tail rule helps to find of forces? Head to tail rule to find resultant: See answer in QH3. 8. Differentiate between centre of mass and centre of gravity. Centre of mass (COM): ‘A point on a body where an applied force causes the body to move without rotation is known as centre of mass * A body moves in the direction of net force without producing torque. © In this diagram, if we apply force at centre of ‘mass of these two unequal masses, it will move without rotation, So 3 Centre of gravity (COG): FT COO acct tc toly Se a ot reer UBAIDULLAH DANISH (Knowledge Speaks but Wisdom Listen.) ‘It is useful to known the location of centre of gravity of a body in problems dealing with equilibrium. © Centre of gravity of disk, ring, square and triangle are shown below. @@ BA Why a body can not be in equilibrium due to single force acting on it? Un-equilibrium due to single force: Yes, a body will not be in equilibrium if a single force is applied. Reason: According to first condition of equilibrium, ‘Sum of all the forces acting on a nosy is equal to zero”. = IF So, a body should be at rest. But due to single force acting on body, this body will move by Newton's second law of motion. What are rectangular components? Béctangular Components The two components of a vector which are to each other are known as rectangular of a vector. is figure, FCos0 and F'Sin® are rectangular ents of force F and perpendicular to each vs sine S fn by principle of moments? 4 oments: § principle states that “A body is balanced fockwise moments acting on the body is sum of anticlockwise moments acting on it* as principle of moments. Ztcockwise = Lt, Example: In this diagram, clockwise and anticlockwise torques are equal and rod is stable. Antl-clockwise 12, Define perpendicular components of vectors. Perpendicular components: See Answer in Q#10. 13. A force of 10 N is applied perpendicularly on a spanner at a distance of 10 cm from a nut, Find the torque produced by force? Given data: Force =F = 100NTorque Solution: We know that. Torque = Force x Moment arm 1=LFSino =0.1 x 100 Sin(90") 10x1 +=10Nm So, torque produced is 10 Nm. |. What is the state of Neutral equilibrium, also give example? Neutral Equilibrium: If a body remains in its new position when disturbed from its previous position, itis known as state of neutral equilibrium. © Bach new state is stable state and body does not return to original position. © Centre of gravity remains at same height Example: © Ball © Sphere * Roller * Horizontal lying egg and pencil. . State first condition of equilibrium mathematical form. First condition of Equilibrium: This condition states that “ forces acting on a body is zer0” is condition of equilibrium. © Inthis condition, two equal | acting along same line and Example: © A book lying on table. Picture hanging on wall. . Differentiate between Torque (momer and Couple Torque (Moment of force): The turning effect of a force is known as torque or moment of force. OR The cross product of force and moment arm is known as torque. © Itis represented by ‘r" T=FXL Its ST unit is ‘Nv # It depends upon force ‘F” and moment arm “L’ Couple: Two unlike parallel forces of the same ‘magnitude but not along the same line, is form a couple. © For couple, line of action of opposite forces is not Exampl © Steering wheel is tun by applying couple. © Couple in double arm spanner opens the mut. . When a body is said to be in equilibrium? Equilibrium of body: ‘A body is said to be in equilibrium if both first and second conditions of equilibrium satisties. UBAIDULLAH DANISH (Knowledge Speaks but Wisdom Listen.) © Itmean 5) F = 0 and Sr =0, then we will say a body is in complete equilibrium. Example: Book lying on table. © Coming down of paratrooper. 18. Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium. Body at rest but not in equilibrium: ‘There are following possibilities in which a body is at rest but not in equilibrium, © When a ball is thrown vertically upward, it comes to rest at top position before falling toward ground, So, at highest position ‘B’ ball is at rest but not in equilibrium. A aS = < a ~ = - ~ extreme position of pendulum, ball i at rest not in equilibrium, on of Forces or vectors. OR vector: ss of splitting up of a force (vector) perpendicular components is known e)vector). Original Vector Feosa Resolved Vector sin © In this figure, original force vector F is resolved into its mutually perpendicular components FCoss0 and FSin0, 20. Why the height of vehicle is kept as low as possible? Low height of Vehicl ‘The height of vehicle is kept as low as possible to keep it stable. © Actually a vehicle is made heavy at its bottom to keep its centre of gravity low. And it base also make wide. In other words, our wish is to keep a vehicle in stable equilibrium in every situation. 21. What is the difference between Stable and Unstable equilibrium. Stable equilibriu Page 3If a body after a slight tlt retumns to its previous ‘As we know, for right triangle. position, then itis said to be in stable equilibrium. = (Hypotenuse)” +(Base)’ + (perpendicular)* © During stable equilibrium, centre of gravity of Taking square root on both side, body remains at its lowest position. Hyp? = (Base)? + (Perp)? Example: Hyp = (G+ Gs * Book lying on table. Hyp=vI6+9 * A wooden block lying on floor. Unstable equilibrium: If a body after a slight tilt does not return to its previous position, then itis said to be in unstable equilibrium, © During unstable equilibrium, centre of gravity of the body remains at its highest position, Example: © Pencil in vertical position. ‘© Vertically standing cylinder. © Vertically standing funnel 22, In a right triangle, the length of base is 4 em and its perpendicular is 3 cm. find length of hypotenuse? Given data: In right triangle, ese Bass = 4m, 4 Perpendicular Hypotenuse Solution: Hypotenuse = 5 Cm So, hypotenuse of a right triangle is 5 cm, 23, What is meant by plumb line? Plumb line: A plumb line consists of a small metal bob(lead or brass) supported by a string. ‘© When the bob is suspended freely, then due to its weight, centre of gravity of a bob is exactly below its point of suspension. © A plumb line suspended with strong shown in figure cin In any Que pact at| 3067877861 = a r For Video Lectures, Subscribe our Youtube channel "Leading Physics” UBAIDULLAH DANISH (Knowledge Speaks but Wisdom Listen.) Page