ELEN 30104

Module 3
Transformer
Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = = 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑅𝑠 𝑝
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = = 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑅𝑠 𝑝

𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = = 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑅𝑠 𝑝

𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = = 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑅𝑠 𝑝

𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑅𝑝 𝑋𝑝
Thus,𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = = 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑅𝑠 𝑝

𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑅𝑝 𝑋𝑝
Thus,𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑎2 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 𝑎2 + 𝑋𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and
reactance drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value
of IX. One method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of
transformation a can be converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = = 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑅𝑠 𝑝

𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + ( 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑅𝑝 𝑋𝑝
Thus,𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑎2 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 𝑎2 + 𝑋𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒2 + 𝑋𝑒2
 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

When regulation calculations are made for transformers, it is convenient to combine the resistance and reactance
drops that actually occur on the primary and secondary sides into a single value of IR and a single value of IX. One
method of simplifying the calculations is to make use of idea that a transformer having a ratio of transformation a can be
converted into an equivalent transformer having a ratio of 1:1
𝑅𝑝 𝐼
Converting primary value to secondary value through the transformation ratio (𝑎 = 𝑅𝑠
= 𝐼𝑠 ),
𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + ( 𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 +
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 𝐼 𝑋𝑝 𝑋𝑝
𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + = 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 + ( 𝑠 𝑥 )=𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑠 +
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑅𝑝 𝑋𝑝
Thus,𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑎2 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑠 𝑎2 + 𝑋𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒2 + 𝑋𝑒2
Where,
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 25 kva 2300/230 volt distribution transformer has the following resistance and leakage reactance values;
Rp=0.8 ohm; Xp=3.2 ohm ohm;Rs= 0.009 ohm; Xs=0.03 ohm. Calculate the equivalent values of resistance
,reactance and impedance. (a) in secondary terms (b) in primary terms.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 25 kva 2300/230 volt distribution transformer has the following resistance and leakage reactance values;
Rp=0.8 ohm; Xp=3.2 ohm ohm;Rs= 0.009 ohm; Xs=0.03 ohm. Calculate the equivalent values of resistance
,reactance and impedance. (a) in secondary terms (b) in primary terms.
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
Es= 230 volts
Rp=0.8 ohm
Xp=3.2 ohm
2300
𝑎= = 10
230
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 25 kva 2300/230 volt distribution transformer has the following resistance and leakage reactance values;
Rp=0.8 ohm; Xp=3.2 ohm ohm;Rs= 0.009 ohm; Xs=0.03 ohm. Calculate the equivalent values of resistance
,reactance and impedance. (a) in secondary terms (b) in primary terms.
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
Es= 230 volts
Rp=0.8 ohm
Xp=3.2 ohm
2300
𝑎= = 10
230

Solution:
0.8 3.2
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 0.009 + 102 = 0.017 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑋𝑒 = 0.03 + 102 = 0.062 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 0.0172 + 0.0622 = 0.0642 𝑜ℎ𝑚

or 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒 < 𝜃 = 0.017 + 𝑗0.062 = 0.0642 < 74.667 𝑜ℎ𝑚

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 25 kva 2300/230 volt distribution transformer has the following resistance and leakage reactance values; Rp=0.8
ohm; Xp=3.2 ohm ohm;Rs= 0.009 ohm; Xs=0.03 ohm. Calculate the equivalent values of resistance ,reactance and
impedance. (a) in secondary terms (b) in primary terms.
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
Es= 230 volts
Rp=0.8 ohm
Xp=3.2 ohm
2300
𝑎= = 10
230
Solution:
0.8 3.2
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 0.009 + 102 = 0.017 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑋𝑒 = 0.03 + 102 = 0.062 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 0.0172 + 0.0622 = 0.0642 𝑜ℎ𝑚
or 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒 < 𝜃 = 0.017 + 𝑗0.062 = 0.0642 < 74.667 𝑜ℎ𝑚
b. 𝑅𝑒 = (0.009𝑥102 ) + 0.8 = 1.7 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑋𝑒 = (0.03𝑥102 ) + 3.2 = 6.2 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 1.72 + 6.22 = 6.42 𝑜ℎ𝑚
or 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒 < 𝜃 = 1.7 + 𝑗6.2 = 6.42 < 74.667 𝑜ℎ𝑚
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. For the transformer of last example, calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance voltage drops for a
secondary load current of 109 A in (a) secondary terms (b) primary terms.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. For the transformer of last example, calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance voltage drops for a
secondary load current of 109 A in (a) secondary terms (b) primary terms.
Given:
Is=109 A
109
Ip= 10 = 10.9 𝐴
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. For the transformer of last example, calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance voltage drops for a
secondary load current of 109 A in (a) secondary terms (b) primary terms.
Given:
Is=109 A
109
Ip= 10 = 10.9 𝐴

Solution:
a. Vr=IsRe=109 x 0.017=1.85 V Vx=IsXe=109 x 0.062=6.75 V
b. Vr=IsRe=10.9 x 1.7=18.5 V Vx=IsXe=10.9 x 6.2=67.5 V
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage drop. Thus, it is also
possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that has three elements, equivalent
resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage drop. Thus, it is also
possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that has three elements, equivalent
resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
The Short Circuit Test
In order to determine experimentally the value of the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance and it
is an attempt to make the windings carry rated currents without requiring that the transformer deliver a load thus
the power input to the transformer will be extremely low. It is also use to determine the copper loss of the
transformer.
 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage drop. Thus, it is also
possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that has three elements, equivalent
resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
The Short Circuit Test
In order to determine experimentally the value of the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance and it
is an attempt to make the windings carry rated currents without requiring that the transformer deliver a load thus
the power input to the transformer will be extremely low. It is also use to determine the copper loss of the
transformer.
 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage drop. Thus, it is also
possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that has three elements, equivalent
resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
The Short Circuit Test
In order to determine experimentally the value of the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance and it
is an attempt to make the windings carry rated currents without requiring that the transformer deliver a load thus
the power input to the transformer will be extremely low. It is also use to determine the copper loss of the
transformer.
𝑃𝑠𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑠𝑐
𝑍𝑒 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2
 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Note that the transformer, as an electric circuit, merely acts like an impedance voltage drop. Thus, it is also
possible to represent a transformer as an ordinary series electric circuit that has three elements, equivalent
resistance (𝑅𝑒 ), equivalent leakage reactance (𝑋𝑒 ) and the load.
The Short Circuit Test
In order to determine experimentally the value of the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance and it
is an attempt to make the windings carry rated currents without requiring that the transformer deliver a load thus
the power input to the transformer will be extremely low. It is also use to determine the copper loss of the
transformer.
𝑃𝑠𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑠𝑐
𝑍𝑒 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2
Where,
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑍𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 , 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
The Open Circuit Test
When one side of a transformer is left open circuited and the other side is connected to a source of
alternating current whose voltage is rated value, the current will be extremely low- about 2 to 10 percent of the
rated load current. Two components of power loss are developed in the iron and depends on the magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of transformer and its design.
The Open Circuit Test
When one side of a transformer is left open circuited and the other side is connected to a source of
alternating current whose voltage is rated value, the current will be extremely low- about 2 to 10 percent of the
rated load current. Two components of power loss are developed in the iron and depends on the magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of transformer and its design.
The Open Circuit Test
When one side of a transformer is left open circuited and the other side is connected to a source of
alternating current whose voltage is rated value, the current will be extremely low- about 2 to 10 percent of the
rated load current. Two components of power loss are developed in the iron and depends on the magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of transformer and its design.
a. Hysteresis Loss- which is purely magnetic, and results because the tiny magnetic particles produce a kind of
molecular friction as they tend to change alignment with the rapid reversals of alternating current
1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚
The Open Circuit Test
When one side of a transformer is left open circuited and the other side is connected to a source of
alternating current whose voltage is rated value, the current will be extremely low- about 2 to 10 percent of the
rated load current. Two components of power loss are developed in the iron and depends on the magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of transformer and its design.
a. Hysteresis Loss- which is purely magnetic, and results because the tiny magnetic particles produce a kind of
molecular friction as they tend to change alignment with the rapid reversals of alternating current
1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚
b. Eddy current loss- which is electromagnetic in character and is caused by the flow of currents in the iron in
exactly the same way as in transformer windings.
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚
2
Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = = 𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓
Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = = 𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓
thus,
1.6 = 𝑘 𝑓 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 ℎ 𝑘 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑥𝑘1.6 = 𝑘1 0.6
𝑓 𝑓0.6 𝑓
Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = = 𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓
thus,
1.6 = 𝑘 𝑓 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 ℎ 𝑘 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑥𝑘1.6 = 𝑘1 0.6
𝑓 𝑓0.6 𝑓

2 = 𝑘 𝑓2 𝑘 𝐸 2
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚 𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥𝑘 2 𝐸 2 = 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓
Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = = 𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓
thus,
1.6 = 𝑘 𝑓 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 ℎ 𝑘 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑥𝑘1.6 = 𝑘1 0.6
𝑓 𝑓0.6 𝑓

2 = 𝑘 𝑓2 𝑘 𝐸 2
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚 𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥𝑘 2 𝐸 2 = 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓
𝐸 1.6
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 0.6 + 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓
Recall:
V= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 ; ∅= 𝐵𝑚 x A
𝐸 𝑥 108 108 𝐸 𝐸
∅ = 𝐵𝑚 𝑥 𝐴 = ; 𝐵𝑚 = =𝑘
4.44𝑓𝑁 4.44𝑁𝐴 𝑓 𝑓
thus,
𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6 𝐸 1.6
𝑃ℎ = 1.6
𝑘ℎ 𝑓𝐵𝑚 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘ℎ 𝑥𝑘 1.6
= 𝑘1 0.6
𝑓 𝑓0.6 𝑓
2 = 𝐸 2
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚 2
𝑘𝑒 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥𝑘 2 𝐸 2 = 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓
𝐸 1.6
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 0.6 + 𝑘2 (𝐸 2 )
𝑓
Where,
𝑃ℎ = ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑓, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑐𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧
𝑘1 = ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘2 = 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 4400 volt 60 cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss. Determine
the core loss when the transformer is connected (a) to a 4600 volt 60 cycle source (b) 4400 volt 50 cycle source
(c) to a 4600 volt 50 cycle source.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 4400 volt 60 cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss. Determine
the core loss when the transformer is connected (a) to a 4600 volt 60 cycle source (b) 4400 volt 50 cycle source
(c) to a 4600 volt 50 cycle source.
Given:
840
𝑃𝑐 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 280 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃ℎ = 840 − 280 = 560 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
3
𝑃ℎ 𝑓0.6 560 600.6 𝑃 280
𝑘1 = = = 9.673𝑥10−3 𝑘2 = 𝐸𝑒2 = 44002 = 1.446 𝑥10−5
𝐸 1.6 44001.6
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 4400 volt 60 cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss. Determine
the core loss when the transformer is connected (a) to a 4600 volt 60 cycle source (b) 4400 volt 50 cycle source
(c) to a 4600 volt 50 cycle source.
Given:
840
𝑃𝑐 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 280 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃ℎ = 840 − 280 = 560 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
3
𝑃ℎ 𝑓0.6 560 600.6 𝑃 280
𝑘1 = = = 9.673𝑥10−3 𝑘2 = 𝐸𝑒2 = 44002 = 1.446 𝑥10−5
𝐸 1.6 44001.6

Solution:
𝐸 1.6 46001.6
a. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 𝑓0.6 + 𝑘2 𝐸2 = 9.673𝑥10−3 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 46002 = 907.262 watts
600.6
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 4400 volt 60 cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss. Determine
the core loss when the transformer is connected (a) to a 4600 volt 60 cycle source (b) 4400 volt 50 cycle source
(c) to a 4600 volt 50 cycle source.
Given:
840
𝑃𝑐 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 280 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃ℎ = 840 − 280 = 560 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
3
𝑃ℎ 𝑓0.6 560 600.6 𝑃 280
𝑘1 = = = 9.673𝑥10−3 𝑘2 = 𝐸𝑒2 = 44002 = 1.446 𝑥10−5
𝐸 1.6 44001.6

Solution:
𝐸 1.6 46001.6
a. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 𝑓0.6 + 𝑘2 𝐸2 = 9.673𝑥10−3 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 46002 = 907.262 watts
600.6

−3 44001.6
b. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 9.673𝑥10 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 44002 = 904.692 watts
500.6
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 4400 volt 60 cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss. Determine
the core loss when the transformer is connected (a) to a 4600 volt 60 cycle source (b) 4400 volt 50 cycle source
(c) to a 4600 volt 50 cycle source.
Given:
840
𝑃𝑐 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 280 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑃ℎ = 840 − 280 = 560 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
3
𝑃ℎ 𝑓0.6 560 600.6 𝑃 280
𝑘1 = = = 9.673𝑥10−3 𝑘2 = 𝐸𝑒2 = 44002 = 1.446 𝑥10−5
𝐸 1.6 44001.6

Solution:
𝐸 1.6 46001.6
a. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘1 𝑓0.6 + 𝑘2 𝐸2 = 9.673𝑥10−3 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 46002 = 907.262 watts
600.6

−3 44001.6
b. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 9.673𝑥10 + 1.446 𝑥10−5 44002 = 904.692 watts
500.6
46001.6
c. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑒 = 9.673𝑥10−3 500.6
+ 1.446 𝑥10−5 46002 = 976.772 watts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was performed upon a 100 kva 2400/240 volt
distribution transformer: 𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠. All instrument were placed on the
high side, and the low side was short circuited. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance and
reactance (b) voltage drop IR and IX at primary and secondary side.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was performed upon a 100 kva 2400/240 volt
distribution transformer: 𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠. All instrument were placed on the
high side, and the low side was short circuited. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance and
reactance (b) voltage drop IR and IX at primary and secondary side.
Given:
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 100,000 𝑉𝐴
𝐸𝑝 = 2400 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ; 𝐸𝑠 = 240 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was performed upon a 100 kva 2400/240 volt
distribution transformer: 𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠. All instrument were placed on the
high side, and the low side was short circuited. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance and
reactance (b) voltage drop IR and IX at primary and secondary side.
Given:
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 100,000 𝑉𝐴
𝐸𝑝 = 2400 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ; 𝐸𝑠 = 240 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Solution:
𝑃𝑠𝑐 1180 𝐸𝑠𝑐 72
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐
= 41.62 = 0.682 𝑜ℎ𝑚 ; 𝑍𝑒 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
= 41.6 = 1.707 𝑜ℎ𝑚; 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2 = 1.7072 − 0.6822 = 1.565 𝑜ℎ𝑚
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was performed upon a 100 kva 2400/240 volt
distribution transformer: 𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠. All instrument were placed on the
high side, and the low side was short circuited. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance and
reactance (b) voltage drop IR and IX at primary and secondary side.
Given:
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 100,000 𝑉𝐴
𝐸𝑝 = 2400 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ; 𝐸𝑠 = 240 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Solution:
𝑃𝑠𝑐 1180 𝐸𝑠𝑐 72
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐
= 41.62 = 0.682 𝑜ℎ𝑚 ; 𝑍𝑒 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
= 41.6 = 1.707 𝑜ℎ𝑚; 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2 = 1.7072 − 0.6822 = 1.565 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑃 100,000 𝑃 100,000
b. 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐸 = = 41.667 𝐴; 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐸 = = 416.667 𝐴
𝑝 2400 𝑠 240
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was performed upon a 100 kva 2400/240 volt distribution
transformer: 𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠. All instrument were placed on the high side, and the low
side was short circuited. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance and reactance (b) voltage drop IR and IX
at primary and secondary side.
Given:
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 100,000 𝑉𝐴
𝐸𝑝 = 2400 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ; 𝐸𝑠 = 240 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 72 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 41.6 𝑎𝑚𝑝; 𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 1,180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Solution:
𝑃𝑠𝑐 1180 𝐸𝑠𝑐 72
a. 𝑅𝑒 = 2 = = 0.682 𝑜ℎ𝑚 ; 𝑍𝑒 = = = 1.707 𝑜ℎ𝑚; 𝑋𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒2 − 𝑅𝑒2 = 1.7072 − 0.6822 = 1.565 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑠𝑐 41.62 𝐼𝑠𝑐 41.6
𝑃 100,000 𝑃 100,000
b. 𝐼𝑝 = = = 41.667 𝐴; 𝐼𝑠 = = = 416.667 𝐴
𝐸𝑝 2400 𝐸𝑠 240

IpRe=(41.667)(0.682)=28.417 V
IpXe=(41.667)(1.565)=65.209 V
IsRe=(416.667)(0.682)=284.167 V
IsXe=(416.667)(1.565)=652.084 V
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. For the transformer of the previous example , calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva (b) 75
kva (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. For the transformer of the previous example , calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva (b) 75
kva (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772.
Given:
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑆 2
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 1180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. For the transformer of the previous example , calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva (b) 75
kva (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772.
Given:
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑆 2
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 1180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 𝑆2 2 125 2
a. = ; 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1180 = 1843.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 1 100
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. For the transformer of the previous example , calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva (b) 75
kva (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772.
Given:
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑆 2
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 1180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 𝑆2 2 125 2
a. = ; 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1180 = 1843.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 1 100

𝑆2 2 75 2
b. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 1180 = 663.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑆1 100
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. For the transformer of the previous example , calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva (b) 75
kva (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772.
Given:
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑆 2
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 1180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 𝑆2 2 125 2
a. = ; 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1180 = 1843.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 1 100

𝑆2 2 75 2
b. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 1180 = 663.75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑆1 100

𝑆2 2 85/.772 2
c. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1180 = 1430.491 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
1 100