INTRODUCTION TO SPRING 5 AND SPRING MVC/REST

DARWIN VARGAS
WORKSHOP OVERVIEW

 An in-depth course teaching the use of Spring 5 to build enterprise applications using Java
 Including newer areas of Spring/Java technology

 The course covers the following areas of Spring technology

 Core features of Spring
 Spring Boot
 Data Access Features Including Spring Data
 Transaction Support
 Web Application Support including Spring MVC
 Building RESTful Resources with Spring MVC
 Spring Core: Dependency
Injection (DI) and bean
Understand the Spring lifecycle management
framework and use its •Spring configuration and API for
capabilities, including: writing Spring programs
•XML, Java-based, and annotation-
based config

WORKSHOP Spring Boot: For easier

Data Access: Data access via
Spring's data support
•DataSource support

OBJECTIVES dependency management

and configuration
•Hibernate and JPA-based
Repositories/DAOs
•Spring Data based repositories

Transactions: Controlling
transactions declaratively Web: Integrating Spring with
with Spring Web applications.
•Via both Spring annotations and XML Understand and use Spring
configuration
MVC/REST
WORKSHOP AGENDA

Session 8: More Session 9: RESTful

Spring MVC Services with
Capabilities Spring
 Session 1: Introduction to Spring

 Session 2: Configuration in Depth

Session 10: Session 11: Java
 Session 3: Intro to Spring Boot XML Working with JSON Clients for RESTful
and XML Services
 Session 4: Spring Testing

 Session 5: Database Access With Spring

Session 12: [Optional] Session
Common REST 13: Additional New
 Session 6: Transactions Patterns Features

 Session 7: Web Applications and Spring MVC

[Optional] Session
14: XML Specific
Configuration
TYPOGRAPHIC CONVENTIONS
 Code in the text uses a fixed-width code font, e.g.: package com.javatunes.teach;

Catalog catalog = new CatalogImpl() public class CatalogImpl implements Catalog { public void
speakTruth() {
–Code fragments are the same, e.g. catalog.speakTruth() System.out.println("BeanFactories are way cool");
–We bold/color text for emphasis }
}
–Filenames are in italics, e.g. Catalog.java
–Notes are indicated with a superscript number (1) or a star *
–Longer code examples appear in a separate code box - e.g.
SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION TO SPRING

Spring Dependency
Overview
Introduction Injection
LESSON OBJECTIVES

Understand Understand Learn

Understand why we need Understand what Spring Learn how Spring uses
the Spring Framework does, and how it configuration information
simplifies enterprise and Dependency
application development Injection (DI)
• To manage the beans (objects)
in an application
• To manage bean dependencies
OVERVIEW

Spring The Spring Dependency

Overview
Introduction Container Injection
SPRING AND ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS

Enterprise apps have complex requirements, including

•Many application types and dependencies
•Persistent data and transactions
•Remote clients (REST, Web Service, others)
Spring: Lightweight framework to build enterprise apps
•Non-intrusive, use only what you need, supports advanced capabilities

Capabilities include:
•Dependency Injection (Inversion of Control/IOC) to manage bean dependencies
•DAO/Repository/Transaction support for persistent data
•ORM support (Object-relational mapping, e.g. JPA)
•AOP: Aspect-oriented programming
•Web: Integration with standard JEE Web apps
•Spring MVC: Model-View-Controller Web framework
•Security: Authentication and authorization
THE SPRING MODULES
THE SPRING DISTRIBUTION

Spring home page: http://spring.io/

Distributed as modules in separate jars

•e.g. spring-beans-5.0.5.RELEASE.jar
•Has external dependencies - e.g. logging, JUnit, etc. (1)
•Generally use a tool like maven for dependencies
•We supply jars the jars for some labs, and use maven in others

Spring vs. JEE (Java Enterprise Edition) (2)

•JEE similarly supports enterprise apps

•e.g. CDI for lifecycle / dependency injection
•Which to use? What works best
•Based on your current and future system needs
•You might use both - e.g. a JEE Web container
•With Spring for lifecycle management and DI
•Or Spring MVC layered on top of JEE Servlets/JSP
THE SPRING JARS

 At right, are the Spring libraries we supply for the early labs
 They are a subset of Spring
 Later labs, which need more jars, use maven for dependencies

 These are external dependencies (2)

 Again, just a subset of what we'll need in later labs
 JUnit: Open source Java testing framework
• Often used in examples and labs to test our work
• Labs also create console output - that's not standard (see notes)
JUnit capabilities include:
• Annotations for declaring test methods (e.g. @Test)
A WORD ABOUT • Assertions for testing expected results
• Test fixtures for sharing common data
JUNIT • Test runners for running tests
See next slide for an example
• We'll review in more depth in the Testing session

Most development environments have JUnit support

• We'll use them to run tests which drive the lab code
• The tests are the @Test annotated methods (see next slide)
JUNIT EXAMPLE

Create a class, one or more methods annotated with @Test

To write a JUnit test, we: Make assertions using static methods in org.junit.Assert (e.g. assertTrue)

Note the @Test on The test creates the application context, and checks that it's non-null
We use org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull to perform the test
testContextNotNullPositive() See notes about import static and assertTrue usage

// JUnit relevant code shown - some imports / code omitted

import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Test;

public class SpringTests {

@Test
public void testContextNotNullPositive() {
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext();
// Just an example - we'd probably never test that the new operator works
assertNotNull("spring container should not be null", ctx);
} }
  In this lab you'll set up the lab
LAB 1.1: SETTING UP environment, boot the Spring container,

THE ENVIRONMENT and test it with a unit test

SPRING INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW SPRING DEPENDENCY

INTRODUCTION INJECTION
MANAGING BEANS: CORE SPRING CAPABILITY

Beans: Fancy name for application objects

•They're POJOs (Plain Old Java Objects)

The Spring container is the "manager"

•Uses configuration information (metadata) to define, instantiate, configure, and assemble beans
•Metadata: Information about your beans (e.g. bean definitions)
•Container uses the configuration to create and manage beans (1)

Configuration choices include XML and annotations

•XML: The "classic" configuration from early Spring

•Two annotation choices (@Component, @Configuration)
•We'll cover all of these
A BASIC SPRING APPLICATION
THE JAVATUNES ONLINE STORE

The course uses JavaTunes as an example and lab domain

• A simple online music store (1)

Some of the types you'll see include:

• com.javatunes.domain.MusicItem : JavaBean-style value class representing a music item (e.g. an

mp3)
• com.javatunes.service.Catalog : Interface defining JavaTunes catalog functionality (including search)
• com.javatunes.service.CatalogImpl : Concrete Catalog implementation (uses ItemRepository)
• com.javatunes.persistence.ItemRepository : Interface defining data access API for items
• com.javatunes.persistence.InMemoryItemRepository : Concrete ItemRepository implementation
(simple in-memory storage)
SOME JAVATUNES TYPES

 Catalog and CatalogImpl are shown below

 Note how CatalogImpl implements the Catalog interface (1)

 Let's look at how to configure some objects

package com.javatunes.service; public interface Catalog {

public MusicItem findById (long id);
public Collection<MusicItem> findByKeyword(String keyword); public long size();
}

package com.javatunes.service;
public class CatalogImpl implements Catalog { // Detail

omitted public MusicItem findById (long id) { /* */ }

public Collection<MusicItem> findByKeyword(String keyword)
{ /* */ }
public long size() { /* */ }
}
XML CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE
 Spring can be configured in an XML file
 Default config file: applicationContext.xml, but can be anything (1)
 General structure: Top level <beans> containing <bean> elements
 Each <bean> defines a bean
 Generally specify id (a name) and class (fully qualified class name) (2)
 Supports other configuration also - we'll cover it as we encounter it <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- The beans namespace is the default one for the document -->
 At bottom, we define one bean with XML (the metadata) <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 Many existing applications use XML xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
 But annotation-based approaches now recommended <bean id="musicCatalog" class="com.javatunes.service.CatalogImpl"/>
</beans>
 THE SPRING CONTAINER

The Spring container org.springframework.context.ApplicationCo Interface ApplicationContext extends

ntext BeanFactory
Reads your configuration, and based on it: Core API to access the Spring container in your code BeanFactory has many core methods - usually not used
•Instantiates/initializes application objects Several implementations with different capabilities, e.g. directly
•Resolves object dependencies ClassPathXmlApplicationContext: Loads XML resources
from the class path
INSTANTIATING AND USING THE CONTAINER

Below, we create a Next, we look up our configured

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext bean via the context
•Sometimes called "instantiating •Looked up by type
the container" (Catalog.class) - can look up by
•We pass the name of our config name also (1)
file (or multiple file names) •We do any needed work, then
•The container will create and close the context
manage the beans defined in
the XML
INSTANTIATING AND USING THE CONTAINER

import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

// Code fragment - other imports and much detail omitted

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ctx=
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

// Note that getBean uses Java generics (no casting needed)

Catalog cat = ctx.getBean(Catalog.class);
// Or lookup by name: ctx.getBean("musicCatalog", Catalog.class);

MusicItem item = cat.findById(1L); // Use our bean

ctx.close(); // Close the context
WHY BOTHER - WHAT DO WE GAIN?

Main benefit: Our code doesn't know about CatalogImpl

•It just knows about needed functionality (interface Catalog)

•We've decoupled our code from a dependency on the implementation class

Can use any implementation in our configuration

•Client code will not change

•That's why we code to interfaces, not concrete types

Bean lifecycle is managed by container

•We don't instantiate our beans directly

•Very useful for more complex systems
•We'll see more useful capabilities soon
SUMMARY: WORKING WITH SPRING

1 2 3
Create Spring configuration Initialize the Spring container Retrieve beans via the context
data for your beans •e.g. create an application context instance and use them
•It's the "cookbook" telling Spring how to instance to read config data •e.g. use getBean() to look up a bean by
create objects •It will initialize the beans in the config type or name
•Via an XML file like file(s) •Lookup by type is preferred, unless you
applicationContext.xml or via can't do it
annotations •For instance, if you have two beans
implementing the same type
MORE ON APPLICATIONCONTEXT
Bean access

Access point for many Spring capabilities, Resource Access: Config files, URLs, other files
Message resources with I18N capability
including: Publishing events to managed beans that are listeners
Multiple, hierarchical contexts

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext Loads XML config files from the classpath

Loads XML config files from the file system or URLs

FileSystemXmlApplicationContext Both in org.springframework.context.support

Accepts annotated classes as input (more on this later)

AnnotationConfigApplicationContext In org.springframework.context.annotation
SOME BEANFACTORY/APPLICATIONCONTEXT API

Useful methods include: Can specify config files in multiple ways

• boolean containsBean(String): true if named bean • ant-style wildcards: e.g. conf/**/ctx.xml - All ctx.xml
exists files under conf
• <T> T getBean(Class<T> requiredType): Get by type • file: and classpath: prefixes - forces use of specified
• <T> T getBean(String, Class<T> requiredType): Get by location, e.g.
name • The following loads from the classpath:
• Class<?> getType(String name): Get type of named • new
bean FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("classpath:ctx.xml");
• boolean isSingleton(String): Is bean a singleton • Spring uses its resource classes under the hood to do
• String[] getAliases(String): Get any aliases for this bean this
• Many more methods - see the javadoc
MINI-LAB: REVIEW JAVADOC

Mini-Lab

• We provide the Spring Javadoc

• Under StudentWork/Spring/Resources/SpringDocs/javadoc
• In a browser, open index.html in the folder above
• Review the javadoc for the following types
• BeanFactory
• ApplicationContext
• ClassPathXmlApplicationContext (especially the constructors)
• FileSystemXmlApplicationContext (especially the constructors)
LAB 1.2: HELLO SPRING WORLD

In this lab, we will create and to access a bean instance

use a Spring context
ANNOTATION-BASED CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE

Beans can be declared with annotations

• @Component (org.springframework.stereotype) - Spring specific
• @Component often called a "stereotype" annotation
• @Named (javax.inject) - Standard Java (JSR 330) annotation
• We'll use Spring style annotations in this course (1)
Below, @Component declares CatalogImpl as a bean
• Specifies id as musicCatalog (Default id: catalogImpl)
• Same bean as previous XML example
• Could also have used @Named("musicCatalog")
ANNOTATION-BASED CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

package com.javatunes.service;
@Component("musicCatalog") // Declares bean with id musicCatalog public class
CatalogImpl implements Catalog {
/* Most detail omitted … */
}
A BRIEF NOTE ON ANNOTATIONS

Standard Java mechanism to add metadata to source code

•Like comments that the compiler is aware of

@ is used for both declaration and use of annotations (1)

•e.g. @Component

Annotations don't directly affect program semantics

•They are not executable code

Tools work with the annotated code

•And may affect the semantics of a running program

•@Named/@Component annotated beans are recognized as bean defs by the Spring container
ENABLING ANNOTATIONS / DETECTING BEANS

Spring can automatically scan for annotated beans on

the classpath
•This registers them as normal beans

Enable auto scanning via <context:component-scan/>

•A standard element from Spring's context namespace (see next slide)

•Includes the capabilities of <context:annotation-config/> (1)
•– basePackage attribute configures the packages to scan
ENABLING ANNOTATIONS / DETECTING BEANS

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

<context:component-scan base-package="com.javatunes"/>

</beans>
OVERVIEW - SPRING'S XML SCHEMAS

Spring provides XML Schemas for configuration Spring namespaces include:

• With custom namespaces and tags with complex • aop: Configures AOP support
behavior (1) • beans: The standard bean tags we've seen already
• e.g. the context: namespace we just used • context: Configures ApplicationContext related
things
• jee: JEE related configuration such as looking up a
JNDI object
• jms: Configures JMS related beans
• lang: Exposing objects written in language like JRuby
as beans
• tool: Adds tooling-specific metadata
• tx: Configures transaction support
• util: Common, utility configuration issues
  In this lab, we'll work with Spring
LAB 1.3: SPRING Annotations

ANNOTATIONS
DEPENDENCY INJECTION

OVERVIEW SPRING DEPENDENCY

INTRODUCTION INJECTION
DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN OBJECTS

In OO systems, multiple objects work together

•e.g., Object A directly uses Object B to accomplish a goal (1)

•So Object A depends on Object B

Direct dependencies have several issues

•Rigid: Changes affect other areas, so are hard to make

•Fragile: Changes cause unexpected failures in other areas
•Immobile: Hard to reuse functionality
•Modules can't be disentangled

We'll illustrate a direct dependency

•Then show an alternative approach

  CatalogImpl uses InMemoryRepository
EXAMPLE OF A  – And creates an
DIRECT DEPENDENCY InMemoryRepository instance
directly
 – CatalogImpl depends on the lower
level module details
 – To use a different data store - e.g. a
FileRepository, CatalogImpl must
change (see notes)
EXAMPLE OF A DIRECT DEPENDENCY

public class InMemoryItemRepository {

public MusicItem get(Long id) { /* Details
not shown */ }
}

public class CatalogImpl implements

Catalog { InMemoryItemRepository
rep = new
InMemoryItemRepository(); public
MusicItem findById(long ID) {
return rep.get(id);
}
}
  All modules depend on abstractions, not
DEPENDENCY each other

INVERSION  – In other words - program to

interfaces
 CatalogImpl only knows about the
abstract ItemRepository
 Can be initialized with another
type (e.g. FileItemRepository)
 CatalogImpl need not change - the
modules are decoupled
DEPENDENCY INVERSION
public interface ItemRepository
{ public MusicItem get(Long id);}

// Much detail omitted …

public class InMemoryItemRepository implements ItemRepository { /*…*/ }

public class CatalogImpl implements Catalog {

private ItemRepository itemRepository; // get/set methods not shown public
MusicItem findById(Long id) { return itemRepository.get(id); }
}

// Code fragment - most detail omitted InMemoryItemRepository

rep=new InMemoryItemRepository(); CatalogImpl catalogImpl=new
CatalogImpl(); catalogImpl.setItemRepository(rep);
MusicItem found = catalogImpl.findById(1);
DEPENDENCY INJECTION (DI) IN SPRING

The Spring container injects dependencies into a bean

•Into bean properties, constructors, or via factory method args

Dependencies are defined in the Spring configuration

•Spring initializes the dependencies ("injects" them) based on the config

•No need to explicitly initialize dependencies in your code

We illustrate XML config of this below (injecting via a set method)

•– <property …> injects into the catalog's itemRepository property

•– Automatically done when the container creates the bean
DEPENDENCY INJECTION (DI) IN SPRING

<beans … > <!-- Much detail / Namespace declarations omitted -->

<bean id="inMemoryRepository"
class="com.javatunes.persistence.InMemoryItemRepository"/>
<bean id="musicCatalog" class="com.javatunes.service.CatalogImpl">
<property name="itemRepository" ref="inMemoryRepository"/>
</bean>
</beans>
INJECTION WITH AUTOWIRED

Can also inject with

At bottom, we get a catalog
@Autowired - shown below
from Spring
for the repository
•This injects a dependency •With an already initialized
by type - same result as repository (by Spring's DI)
previous XML •We're ready to work !
INJECTION WITH AUTOWIRED
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

@Component("musicCatalog") // Declares bean - most detail omitted public class

CatalogImpl implements Catalog {
@Autowired // can also apply to setter method or constructor private
ItemRepository itemRepository;
}
public class CatalogTests { // imports, other detail omitted @Test
testCatalogFindById() {
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ctx =
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Catalog cat =
ctx.getBean(Catalog.class); // See note (1) assertNotNull("item shouldn't be null",
cat.findById(1L)); // Use cat
}
@NAMED/@INJECT (JSR-330) EXAMPLE

Below, @Named is used to declare a bean

• – @Inject is used to inject the dependency

Results are the same as with @Component style

• And the test client would look exactly the same

We'll use @Component style going forward, as mentioned

earlier
• It's the more common choice
@NAMED/@INJECT (JSR-330) EXAMPLE

import javax.inject.Inject; import

javax.inject.Named;

@Named("musicCatalog") // Declares bean - most detail omitted public

class CatalogImpl implements Catalog {
@Inject
private ItemRepository itemRepository;
}
DEPENDENCY INJECTION REDUCES COUPLING

 The simplest case,CatalogImpl coupled to InMemoryItemRepository

 CatalogImpl coupled to ItemRepository only (Dependency Inversion)

 CatalogTests coupled to CatalogImpl and InMemoryItemRepository
DEPENDENCY INJECTION REDUCES COUPLING

 Using DI – CatalogTests only coupled to Catalog

 CatalogImpl only coupled to ItemRepository
ADVANTAGES OF DEPENDENCY INJECTION

Hides dependencies and reduces coupling in your code

•– Coupling is basically a measure of the dependencies

We see this in two ways:

•CatalogImpl is not coupled to InMemoryItemRepository

•CatalogTests is not coupled to CatalogImpl or InMemoryItemRepository

The dependencies are still there but not in the code

•Dependencies are moved to the spring configuration

•They're injected into beans without you coding it
•Commonly referred to as wiring beans together

This leads to more flexible code that is easier to maintain

•– At a cost – using Spring, and maintaining the spring configuration

CONSTRUCTOR INJECTION

With XML,
Can easily inject With @Autowired, See notes for
<constructor-arg>
into a constructor apply it to the some additional
means "inject into
(ctor) constructor detail/capabilities
constructor"

– Assume the
CatalogImpl
constructor
shown below
 CONSTRUCTOR INJECTION
public class CatalogImpl implements Catalog { // Most detail omitted
public CatalogImpl(ItemRepository repository) { /* … */ }
}

<!-- XML config - Other detail omitted -->

<bean id="musicCatalog" class="com.javatunes.service.CatalogImpl">
<constructor-arg ref="itemRepository"/> <!-- inject via ctor -->
</bean>

public class CatalogImpl implements Catalog { // Most detail omitted

@Autowired // Inject into ctor below
public CatalogImpl(ItemRepository repository) { /* … */
}
SETTER INJECTION VS. CONSTRUCTOR INJECTION

Constructor Injection Constructor Injection

Setter Injection Pros Setter Injection Cons
Pros Cons
•Easy, Flexible: Simple •Doesn't guarantee •Guaranteed •Unwieldy and Brittle:
setters, easily choose property initialization Initialization: Multiple constructors
properties to (Forget to do it - Immediate error if with multiple args
configure BUG!) you leave it out (1) unwieldy
•Good for optional •Setter methods are •Good for required •Refactor if you have
properties (with required properties (can be this
defaults to reduce immutable if setter •Less flexible: Need
not-null checks) omitted) ctors for each
•Supports scenario, and can't
reconfiguration after reset properties
startup
  Consider two repository
QUALIFYING implementations (first two examples

INJECTION BY NAME below)

 What happens if we try to auto-wire
one in?
 The first autowire below fails at
runtime - which one to inject?
 The second try is "qualified" by the
bean name using @Qualifier
 It injects based on the bean name
QUALIFYING INJECTION BY NAME
@Component // Declare as bean - default id inMemoryItemRepository
public class InMemoryItemRepository implements ItemRepository {…}

@Component // Declare as bean - default id cloudItemRepository

public class CloudItemRepository implements ItemRepository {…}

@Component public class CatalogImpl implements Catalog { // Autowire

@Autowired private ItemRepository itemRepository; // FAILS!
}
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; @Component public
class CatalogImpl implements Catalog { // Autowire
@Autowired @Qualifier("cloudItemRepository")
private ItemRepository itemRepository; // Injects the Cloud-based
}
  In this lab, we'll work with Spring's DI
LAB 1.4: capabilities

DEPENDENCY
INJECTION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
 What is Spring, and how does it help you build enterprise apps?

 What is Dependency Inversion?

 What is Dependency Injection, and how does it work in Spring

 What is an ApplicationContext?

 How does Spring use annotations on your bean classes for

defining and wiring beans?
 – What are the pros/cons of using them?
LESSON SUMMARY

Spring: Lightweight enterprise framework that supports:

•Dependency Injection
•Persistence support (Repository/DAO and ORM)
•Integration with standard Web technologies, and MVC Web apps

Manages complex dependencies - non-intrusive and lightweight

•Supports loose coupling between components

•Encourages coding to interfaces (good design)
•Also called Dependency Inversion

Uses configuration metadata to initialize beans and dependencies

•Via XML configuration files or annotations

Dependency Injection: Injects dependencies based on config

•Complete decoupling from concrete implementation types

LESSON SUMMARY

ApplicationContext: API to the Spring container functionality

• Configure/wire beans, access program resources, work with resource bundles, load multiple
contexts, and publish events to beans
• Common implementations include:
• ClassPathXmlApplicationContext,
• FileSystemXmlApplicationContext, and
• AnnotationConfigApplicationContext

Provides resource access in a flexible and powerful way

• From file system, the classpath, URL access, and more

• Supports ant-style wildcards like conf/**/ctx.xml
• Uses its own resource classes to accomplish resource access