MICROCONTROLLER

18EC46

Module 3:
8051 STACK, I/O PORT INTERFACING
AND PROGRAMMING

Dinesh M.A.
[email protected]
•
/dinesh.ajay
/prof.dineshma
 VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be recognized by the society at large as

offering Value based Quality Education to groom
the next generation entrepreneurs, leaders and
researchers in the field of Electronics and
Communication to meet the challenges at global
level.

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 MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

• To groom the students with strong foundations of Electronics and

Communication Engineering and to facilitate them to pursue higher education
and research.
• To educate and prepare the students to be competent to face the challenges of
the industry/society and /or to become successful entrepreneurs.
• To provide ethical and value-based education by promoting activities addressing
the societal needs.
• Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems of
current times and also provide a framework for promoting collaborative and
multidisciplinary activities.

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 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

• Be able to have a successful career in dynamic industry that

is global, multidisciplinary, and evolving.
• Solve problems, design and innovate while they work
individually or in teams with sense of professional ethics
and social responsibility.
• Communicate effectively and manage resources skillfully as
members and leaders of the profession

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 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

• An ability to apply the basic concepts of engineering

science into various areas of Electronics Communication
Engineering.
• An ability to solve complex Electronics and
Communication Engineering problems, using state of the
art hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills
to arrive at cost effective and efficient solutions.

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 MICROCONTROLLER
18EC46

Module 3:
8051 STACK, I/O PORT INTERFACING
AND PROGRAMMING

Dinesh M.A.
[email protected]
•
/dinesh.ajay
/prof.dineshma
 Course Outcomes
CO’s DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTCOMES

Explain the architecture, register and memory organization, interrupt

18EC46.1
structure, addressing modes and instruction set of 8051 microcontroller.
Develop programs using appropriate addressing modes with suitable
18EC46.2
instruction set in assembly as well as C-programming using suitable tools.
Analyze the working of timers/counters and interrupts to develop timing
18EC46.3 critical applications and choose appropriate baud rate, data format and flow
control required for serial communication for various applications.
Interface various peripheral devices such as LCD, Data Acquisition Systems
18EC46.4
and Stepper Motor.
Design microcontroller-based systems using suitable IDE to satisfy given
18EC46.5
requirements and standard.
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 RBT COs
Module – 3
Level addressed

8051 Stack, I/O Port Interfacing And Programming:

8051 Stack [T1: 2.7],
Stack and Subroutine instructions [T2: 8.3],
Assembly language program examples on subroutine and L1, CO1,
involving loops.[T1: Ex:3-11, 3-12],
Assembly language program examples on subroutine and L2 CO2
involving loops.[T1: Ex:4-7],
Interfacing simple switch and LED to I/O ports to switch
on/off LED with respect to switch status.
Text Books:
1. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems – using assembly and C”, Muhammad
Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillespie Mazidi and Rollin D. McKinlay; PHI, 2006 / Pearson, 2006.
2. “The 8051 Microcontroller”, Kenneth J. Ayala, 3rd Edition, Thomson/Cengage Learning.

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 8051 Stack

• The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store information

temporarily
• This information could be data or an address
• The register used to access the stack is called the SP (stack pointer) register
• The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bit wide, which means that it can take value of 00 to
FFH
• When the 8051 is powered up, the SP register contains value 07
• RAM location 08 is the first location begin used for the stack by the 8051

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 8051 Stack

• The storing of a CPU register in the stack is called a PUSH

• SP is pointing to the last used location of the stack
• As we push data onto the stack, the SP is incremented by one
• This is different from many microprocessors

• Loading the contents of the stack back into a CPU register is called a POP
• With every pop, the top byte of the stack is copied to the register specified by the
instruction and the stack pointer is decremented once

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 8051 Stack
Example 2-8
Show the stack and stack pointer from the following. Assume the default stack area.

MOV R6, #25H

MOV R1, #12H
MOV R4, #0F3H
PUSH 6
PUSH 1
PUSH 4
Solution:

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 8051 Stack
Example 2-9
Examining the stack, show the contents of the register and SP after execution of the following instructions.
All value are in hex.

POP 3 ; POP stack into R3

POP 5 ; POP stack into R5
POP 2 ; POP stack into R2
Solution:

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 8051 Stack
• The CPU also uses the stack to save the address of the instruction just below the
CALL instruction
• This is how the CPU knows where to resume when it returns from the called subroutine.
• The reason of incrementing SP after push is
• Make sure that the stack is growing toward RAM location 7FH, from lower to upper addresses
• If the stack pointer were decremented after push
• We would be using RAM locations 7, 6, 5, etc. which belong to R7 to R0 of bank 0, the default
register bank
• When 8051 is powered up, register bank 1 and the stack are using the same memory
space
• We can reallocate another section of RAM to the stack

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 8051 Stack
Example 2-10
Examining the stack, show the contents of the register and SP after execution of the following instructions.
All value are in hex.

MOV SP, #5FH ;make RAM location 60H, first stack location
MOV R2, #25H
MOV R1, #12H
MOV R4, #0F3H
PUSH 2
PUSH 1
PUSH 4
Solution:

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions –
CALLs and Subroutines
• Call instruction is used to call subroutine
• Subroutines are often used to perform tasks that need to be performed frequently
• This makes a program more structured in addition to saving memory space
• LCALL (long call)
• 3-byte instruction
• First byte is the opcode
• Second and third bytes are used for address of target subroutine
• Subroutine is located anywhere within 64K byte address space
• ACALL (absolute call)
• 2-byte instruction
• 11 bits are used for address within 2K-byte range

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions–
CALL Instructions- LCALL

• When a subroutine is called, control is transferred to that subroutine, the

processor
• Saves on the stack the address of the instruction immediately below the LCALL
• Begins to fetch instructions from the new location
• After finishing execution of the subroutine
• The instruction RET transfers control back to the caller
• Every subroutine needs RET as the last instruction

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions–
CALL Instructions- LCALL
1. A call opcode occurs in the program software, or an interrupt is generated in
the hardware circuitry.
2. The return address of the next instruction after the call instruction or
interrupt is found in the program counter.
3. The return address bytes are pushed on the stack, low byte first.
4. The stack pointer is incremented for each push on the stack.
5. The subroutine address is placed in the program counter.
6. The subroutine is executed.
7. A RET (return) opcode is encountered at the end of the subroutine.

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions–
CALL Instructions- LCALL
ORG 0
BACK: MOV A,#55H ;load A with 55H Upon executing “LCALL DELAY”,
the address of instruction below it,
MOV P1,A ;send 55H to port 1
“MOV A,#0AAH” is pushed onto
LCALL DELAY ;time delay stack, and the 8051 starts to execute
MOV A,#0AAH ;load A with AA (in hex) at 300H.
MOV P1,A ;send AAH to port 1
LCALL DELAY
SJMP BACK ;keep doing this indefinitely
When R5 becomes 0, control falls to
the RET which pops the address
from the stack into the PC and
resumes executing the
;---------- this is delay subroutine ------------ instructions after the CALL.
ORG 300H ;put DELAY at address 300H
DELAY: MOV R5,#0FFH ;R5=255 (FF in hex), counter
AGAIN: DJNZ R5,AGAIN ;stay here until R5 become 0
RET ;return to caller (when R5 =0)
END ;end of asm file

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions–
CALL Instructions- LCALL

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions–
CALL Instructions- LCALL

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 Stack and Subroutine instructions–
CALL Instructions- ACALL
• The only difference between ACALL and LCALL is
• The target address for LCALL can be anywhere within the 64K byte address
• The target address of ACALL must be within a 2K-byte range
• The use of ACALL instead of LCALL can save a number of bytes of program
ROM space

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 Interrupts and Returns
• An interrupt is a hardware-generated call.
• Just as a call opcode can be located within a program to automatically access a
subroutine, certain pins on the 8051 can cause a call when external electrical
signals on them go to a low state.
• Internal operations of the timers and the serial port can also cause an
interrupt call to take place.
• The subroutines called by an interrupt are located at fixed hardware addresses
and are called as Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).
INTERRUPT ADDRESS (HEX) CALLED
IEO 0003
TFO 0008
IEl 0013
TFl 0018
SERIAL
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 Interrupts and Returns
• When an interrupt call takes place,
• Hardware interrupt disable flip-flops are set.
• So that it prevents another interrupt of the same priority level from taking place.
• Disabled Hardware interrupts can be enabled back by executing an interrupt return
instruction.(Generally written at the end of the interrupt subroutine.)

RETI
• Pops two bytes from the stack into the program counter(PC) and reset the
interrupt enable Flip-Flops
Note that
• The only difference between the RET and RETI instructions is the enabling of the interrupt
logic when RETI is used.
• RET is used at the ends of subroutines called by an opcode. RETI is used by subroutines
called by an interrupt.
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I/O Port Interfacing and Programming

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 I/O Port Interfacing and Programming

• The four 8-bit I/O ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each uses 8 pins
• All the ports upon RESET are configured as input, ready to be used
as input ports
• When the first 0 is written to a port, it becomes an output
• To reconfigure it as an input, a 1 must be sent to the port
• To use any of these ports as an input port, it must be programmed

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 Port 0
• Port 0 can be used for input or output, each pin must be connected
externally to a 10K ohm pull-up resistor
• This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain, unlike P1, P2, and P3
• Open drain is a term used for MOS chips in the same way that open collector is used
for TTL chips

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 Port 0
The following code will continuously send out to port 0 the alternating value 55H and AAH
BACK: MOV A,#55H
MOV P0,A
ACALL DELAY
MOV A,#0AAH
MOV P0,A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK

• In order to make port 0 an input, the port must be programmed by writing 1 to

all the bits
Port 0 is configured first as an input port by writing 1s to it, and then data is received from that port and
sent to P1
MOV A,#0FFH ;A=FF hex
MOV P0,A ;make P0 an i/p port by writing it all 1s
BACK: MOV A,P0 ;get data from P0
MOV P1,A ;send it to port 1
SJMP BACK ;keep doing it

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 Port 1
• Port 1 can be used as input or output
• In contrast to port 0, this port does not • To make port 1 an input port, it must be
need any pull-up resistors since it already
programmed as such by writing 1 to all its
has pull-up resistors internally
bits
• Upon reset, port 1 is configured as an
input port
The following code will continuously Port 1 is configured first as an input port by writing 1s
send out to port 0 the alternating to it, then data is received from that port and saved in
value 55H and AAH R7 and R5
MOV A,#55H MOV A,#0FFH ;A=FF hex
BACK: MOV P1,A MOV P1,A ;make P1 an input port
ACALL DELAY ;by writing it all 1s
CPL A MOV A,P1 ;get data from P1
SJMP BACK MOV R7,A ;save it to in reg R7
ACALL DELAY ;wait
A= 01010101(55h) MOV A,P1 ;another data from P1
=>Complementing gives MOV R5,A ;save it to in reg R5
10101010(AAh)

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 Port 2 and Port 3

• Port 2 can be used as input or • Port 3 can be used as input or

output output
• Just like P1, port 2 does not need • Port 3 does not need any pull-up
any pull-up resistors since it already resistors
has pull-up resistors internally
• Port 3 is configured as an input port
• Upon reset, port 2 is configured as upon reset.
an input port
• To make port 2 an input port, it
must be programmed as such by
writing 1 to all its bits

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 I/O Programming- Different ways of Accessing Entire 8 Bits
The entire 8 bits of Port 1 are accessed
BACK: MOV A,#55H
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
MOV A,#0AAH
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK

Rewrite the code in a more efficient manner by accessing the port

Another way of doing the same thing
directly without going through the accumulator
MOV A,#55H
BACK: MOV P1,#55H
BACK: MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
ACALL DELAY
MOV P1,#0AAH
CPL A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK
SJMP BACK

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 I/O Ports and Bit Addressability
BACK: CPL P1.2 ;complement P1.2
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK

;another variation of the above program

AGAIN: SETB P1.2 ;set only P1.2
ACALL DELAY
CLR P1.2 ;clear only P1.2
ACALL DELAY
SJMP AGAIN

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 Example Programs
Write a program to toggle all the bits of port1 by sending to it the values 55h and AAh continuously. Put a
time delay in between each issuing of data to port1.
ORG 0
BACK: MOV A,#55H ; Load A with 55h
MOV P1,A ; Send 55h to port1
ACALL DELAY ; Call the subroutine DELAY
MOV A,#0AAH ; Load A with AAh
MOV P1,A ; Send AAh to port1
ACALL DELAY ; Call the subroutine DELAY
SJMP BACK ; Keep doing this indefinitely

------ Delay Subroutine---------

ORG 300H
DELAY: MOV R5, #0FFH ; R5 works as counter with 256 counts
AGAIN: DJNZ R5, AGAIN ; Stay here until R5 becomes 0
RET ; Return to Called program
END

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 Example Programs
Rewrite the previous program efficiently.

ORG 0
MOV A,#55H ; Load A with 55h
BACK: MOV P1,A ; Send 55h to port1
ACALL DELAY ; Call the subroutine DELAY
CPL A ; Complements A, so that A becomes AAh
SJMP BACK ; Keep doing this indefinitely

------ Delay Subroutine---------

ORG 300H
DELAY: MOV R5, #0FFH ; R5 works as counter with 256 counts
AGAIN: DJNZ R5, AGAIN ; Stay here until R5 becomes 0
RET ; Return to Called program
END

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 Example Programs
Write a program to toggle the bits of port1 delay which depends on the value of a number in R0.
ORG 0
BACK: MOV A,#0H
MOV P1,A ; Send 0h to port P1
MOV R0, #30H ; Required count value for generating delay
ACALL DELAY ; Call the subroutine DELAY
CPL A ; Complement A to toggle
MOV P1,A ; Send AAh to port1
MOV R0, #0FFH ; Required count value for generating delay
ACALL DELAY ; Call the subroutine DELAY
SJMP BACK ; Keep doing this indefinitely

------ Delay Subroutine---------

ORG 300H
DELAY: NOP ; Do nothing
AGAIN: DJNZ R0, AGAIN ; Stay here until R0 becomes 0
RET ; Return to the Called program
END

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 Example Programs
Write a program to perform the following:
(a) Keep monitoring the P1.2 bit until it becomes high
(b) When P1.2 becomes high, write value 45H to port 0
(c) Send a high-to-low (H-to-L) pulse to P2.3
Solution:
SETB P1.2 ;make P1.2 an input
MOV A,#45H ;A=45H
AGAIN: JNB P1.2,AGAIN ; get out when P1.2=1
MOV P0,A ;issue A to P0
SETB P2.3 ;make P2.3 high
CLR P2.3 ;make P2.3 low for H-to-L

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 Example Programs
Assume that bit P2.3 is an input and represents the condition of an oven.
If it goes high, it means that the oven is hot. Monitor the bit continuously.
Whenever it goes high, send a high-to-low pulse to port P1.5 to turn on a buzzer.
Solution:

HERE: JNB P2.3,HERE ;keep monitoring for high

SETB P1.5 ;set bit P1.5=1
CLR P1.5 ;make high-to-low
SJMP HERE ;keep repeating

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 Example Programs
A switch is connected to pin P1.7. Write a program to check the status of SW and perform the
following:
(a) If SW=0, send letter ‘N’ to P2
(b) If SW=1, send letter ‘Y’ to P2
Solution:

SETB P1.7 ;make P1.7 an input

AGAIN: JB P1.7,OVER ;jump if P1.7=1
MOV P2,#’N’ ;SW=0, issue ‘N’ to P2
SJMP AGAIN ;keep monitoring
OVER: MOV P2,#’Y’ ;SW=1, issue ‘Y’ to P2
SJMP AGAIN ;keep monitoring

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 Example Programs

A switch is connected to pin P1.0 and an LED to pin P2.7. Write a program to get the status of
switch and send it the LED.
Solution:

SETB P1.0 ;make P1.0 an input

AGAIN: MOV C, P1.0 ;Read the switch status in to CF
MOV P2.7,C ;Send the switch status on to LED
SJMP AGAIN ;keep monitoring

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