3.

1 DETAILS ABOUT THE WINDING COIL

A length of wire lying in the magnetic field and in which an emf is induced is called a coil. The coils used
in windings are shown in Fig. 3.1.

Back end side

B C
Active sides
N S N S

A D
Front end side

S F
b) Multi turn coil
a) Single turn coil
Fig. 3.1 Winding Coil representation

Fig. 3.1 (a) represents a coil with only one turn in it. Each coil has active and inactive sides. A coil can in
general have any number of turns. A single turn/coil has two active sides, or otherwise called as
conductors. Similarly, a two turn coil has four conductors and a three turn coil has 6 conductors.
Generally, the total number of conductors per coil,

ZC = 2T 3.1

and, the total number of conductors for a given machine

Z = ZCC 3.2

where ZC = total number of conductors per coil

C = number of coils
Z = total number of conductors
T = number of turns per coil

Fig, 3.1 (b) represents multi turn coil.

3.1.1 Active side of a coil

It is the part of a coil which lies in the slots under a magnetic poleand emf is induced in this part only. In
Fig. 3.1 (a), coil sides AB and CD are called as active sides. For a double layer winding, one half portion
of the coil drawn with solid line corresponds to the coil side lying on the top of a slot, and the dotted line
corresponds to the coil side lying in the bottom layer of another slot. This type of representation is used
for double layer winding. For a single layer winding, the complete coil is represented by a solid line.

3.1.2. Inactive side of a coil

The inactive side of a coil consists of two portions, namely the front end side and the back end side. In
Fig. 3.1 (a), the portion of the conductor which joins the two active sides and placed around the core, is
called the back end side of the coil. The portions which are used to connect other coils are called front
end side. These ends have two leads called as starting end S and finishing end F of a coil. In Fig. 3.1 (a),
AD and BC represents the inactive sides of a coil.

3.1.3 Coil Groups

One or more coils connected in series are called coil groups, as shown in Fig. 3.2. The number of coil
groups is equal to the number of poles. In Fig. 3.2, there are four coil groups, which are equal to four
numbers of poles.

N S N S N

Fig. 3.2 Coil groups

For AC winding, the total number of coil groups depends upon the number of poles and the number of
phases.

 the total number of Coil groups = mP 3.3

Numbe r of coil groups mP

Also, total number of coil groups/phase = =
Number of phases m
3.4

where m = number of phases

P = number of poles.

Example 3.1

Find the total number of coil groups for a 3 phase 6 pole machine.

Solution
From equation 3.3, coil groups = mP = 3 x 6 = 18.

3.1.4 Pole Pitch

It is the distance between the centres of two adjacent opposite poles. It is measured in terms of slots.

Number of slots S
One pole pitch = = = 1800ed or 1800
Number of Poles P
3.5

where S = number of slots

ed =  = electrical degree

Example 3.2

Calculate the pole pitch for a three phase 4 pole ac machine having 36 stator slots.

Solution

S 36
From equation 3.5, pole pitch = = =9
P 4

3.1.5 Coil Span or coil pitch

It is the distance between the two active sides of the same coil under adjacent opposite poles. It is
expressed in terms of number of slots per pole or electrical degrees.

3.1.5 Full pitch coil

A coil having a coil span equal to 180 0ed is called a full pitch coil, as shown in Fig. 3.3 (a).

3.1.6 Short pitch coil

A coil having a coil span less than 180 0ed by an angle α, is called a short pitch coil, or fractional pitch coil,
as shown in Fig. 3.3 (b). It is also called a chorded coil.
 1800ed
1800ed α
1800ed-α

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.3 Full Pitch and Short Pitch coils

α = 0 for full pitch winding 3.6

α = xβ for short pitch winding 3.7

180
Also β = S 3.8
P

where α = short pitch angle or an angle less than 180 0

β = angle between adjacent slots
x = 1, 2, 3, . . . an integer

Example 3.3

Find the angle between adjacent slots of a 3 phase, 6 pole motor having 36 slots.

Solution

36
Slots per pole = =6
6

180
From equation 3.8, β = =300 ε
6

3.1.7 Pitch Factor or coil span factor or chording factor, K P

When the two sides of the same coil are short pitched by an angle α, as shown in Fig. 3.3 (b), the emf
induced in the two coil sides have a phase angle difference of α 0. Due to phase angle difference, the

actual emf is reduced by a factor cos ( α2 ) and is called pitch factor or coil span factor or chording factor.
 K P=cos ( α2 ) 3.9

Example 3.4

Find the pitch factor for a 3 phase 4 pole ac machine wound in 36 slots with a coil span of 140 0.

Solution

From Fig. 3.3 (b), short pitch angle, α = 180 0 – 1400 = 400.

From equation 3.9, KP = cos ( α2 )=cos ( 402 )=0.94

3.1.8 Distribution Factor, Kd

It is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emfs induced in all the coils distributed in m slots under
one pole region to their arithmetic addition of emfs induced in all the coils distributed in m slots under
one pole region.

mβ

K =
d
(
sin
2 )
3.10
β
msin ( )
2

S
where m = = number of slots per pole per phase 3.11
3P

Example 3.5

Compute the distribution factor for a 3 phase 4 pole ac machine wound in 36 slots with a coil span of
1400.

Solution

36
From equation 3.11, m = =3
3x 4

180 180
=
From equation 3.8, angle between adjacent slots, β = S 36 = 200.
P 4

mβ

From equation 3.10, K =d

( 2 )
sin
= 0.96
β
msin ( )
2
3.1.9 Winding Factor, KW

It is defined as the product of pitch factor and distribution factor.

KW = KPKd 3.12

Example 3.6

Find the winding factor for the Example 3.5.

Solution

From equation 3.9, KP = cos ( α2 )=cos ( 402 )=0.94

From equation 3.12, KW = KPKd = 0.96 x 0.94 = 0.902

3.1.10 Mechanical and Electrical degrees

Mechanical degree, md is used for accounting the angle between two points on a circle/round
objectbased on their mechanical or physical placement. Fig. 3.4 (a) shows four points A, B, C, and D
marked around a circle. Taking point A as reference, ie., as 0 0, point C is located exactly opposite to
point A and is marked as 180 mechanical degree or simply 180 0 degrees. In between points A and C,
points B and D are marked as 90 0 and 2700 respectively. Point A is also marked as 360 0, as it is the same
point as the reference point, reached after going around circle once.

N N1
A A A

0 0 0
360 360 720
D 270 90 B D 270 90 B S2 D 540 180 B S1

180 180 360

C C C
S N2

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3.4 Mechanical and Electrical Degrees

Electrical degree, ed is used for accounting the angle between two points in rotating electrical
machines. Since all electrical machines operate with the help of magnetic fields, the electrical degree is
used with reference to the polarity of the magnetic field. Consider a two pole machine, as shown in Fig.
3.4 (b). Point A is exactly under the North pole field and is selected as reference point with 0 0. Point C is
under the South pole and magnetically opposite to North pole. It is marked as 180 0ed or 1800. After one
encircling, point A is reached and marked as 360 0ed or 3600. Fig. 3.4 (b) is identical to Fig. 3.4 (a), for a
two pole machine.

Thus, mechanical degree in terms of poles

360
θmd = 3.13
P

where md = mechanical degree.

Mechanical degree in terms of slots

360
β m= 3.14
S

where βm = mechanical degree between adjacent slots

S = number of slots

Consider a 4 pole machine, as shown in Fig. 3.4 (c). Point A is under North pole N1 and marked as 0 0.
Moving clockwise, point B is situated at 90 0md from point A. But point B is under South pole S1, which is
magnetically opposite to N1. Hence, point B is marked as 180 0. Now, point C is under N2, which is
1800md away from point A. Point C has the same magnetic polarity as that of point A, hence it is marked
as 3600. Point D under S2 is 270 0md from point A, and hence marked as 540 0, ie., 3600 +1800 = 5400.
After one complete encircling, point A is reached again, and marked as 720 0, ie., 5400 + 1800 = 7200.
The mechanical and electrical degrees defer one another from the point of reference. Thus, mechanical
and electrical degrees are related by the number of poles, P.

P
 θed = θ 3.15
2 md

where ed = electrical degree.

In terms of slots,

P
β= β 3.16
2 m

where β = electrical degree between adjacent slots.

Example 3.7

Find the mechanical and electrical degrees between adjacent poles for an 8 pole machine.

Solution

360 360
From equation 3.6, θmd = = =450
P 8

P 8
From equation 3.8, θed = θ md= 450=180 0 ε.
2 2

Example 3.8

Find the mechanical and electrical degrees between adjacent slots for a 6 pole machine having 54 slots.

Solution

360 360
From equation 3.7, β m= = =100
S 6

P 6
From equation 3.9, β= β m= 10=300 ε
2 2

3.1.11 Numbering the coil sides in slots

For convenience in laying out the windings, for double layer windings, the coil sides forming the top
layers in the slot are given odd numbers and those forming the bottom layers are given even numbers.
The scheme of numbering the coil sides for two different double layer windings in slots are shown in Fig.
3.5.

3
5 1 3
4 6
1 2 4
2
(b) four coil sides per slot
(a) two coil sides per slot

Fig. 3.5 Double layer windings

For single layer winding, coil sides are numbered as shown in Fig. 3.6.

2 3

1
Fig. 3.6 Single layer winding

3.2 DIFFERENT SHAPE OF SLOTS

There are different shapes of slots used for electrical machines. The slots used in the stator of induction
motors, may be completely open or semi-closed as shown in Fig. 3.7 (a).

(a) Semi-closed and open slots

(b) Types of rotor slots

(c) Semi-closed and open slots used in dc armatures

Fig. 3.7 Different shapes of slots

The types of rotor slots used for squirrel cage induction rotor may be either closed or semi-closed types
as shown in Fig. 3.7 (b).

The slots used in the armature of dc machines, may be completely open or semi-closed as shown in Fig.
3.7 (c).

3.3 SLOT INSULATION

Materials used for slot insulation are leatheroid, mica, glass cloth, and flexible type of micanite. The
type of slot insulation will vary according to the capacity of the machine.

Slot Liner

The slot liner is an insulation sheet cut to the inner dimensions of the slots and projected on either side
of the slots. In some applications, the edges of the slot liner are folded on either end to prevent them
from sliding in the slots, as shown in Fig. 3.8.

Coil Separator

When multilayer windings are used, to insulate the winding layers from each other, coil separators are
used, as shown in Fig. 3.8. They should be extended on either side of the slot.

Fig. 3.8 Slot Insulation

Packing Strip

The thick insulation paper used in between the slot liner and wedge is called a packing strip, as shown in
Fig. 3.8. This should extend beyond each end of the armature core.

Wedge

It is a solid insulation piece like bamboo or fibre used to prevent the conductors from coming out of the
slots. It should be tightly held in the slots, as shown in Fig. 3.8.

3.4 COIL FORMATION

The annealed copper conductors, normally in round shape, are used for winding small and medium
capacity electrical machines.

Field Coil Formation

Field coils are wound with insulated copper wire whose diameter and number of turns depend on the
exciting voltage and machine capacity. The wire can be wound on a wooden former that consists of the
inner dimensions of the coil.

Stator/rotor/armature Coil Formation

Diamond shaped wooden former is constructed to the required dimensions, length and width of the
coil. The coils are wound over the former with the help of the coil winding machine.

All coils are wound identically. The number of turns depends on the voltage rating of the machine
where as the conductor size depends on the current rating.

3.5 REVOLVING WINDING

The winding that rotates with either the rotor of an induction machine or the armature of a dc machine,
is called a revolving winding.

3.6 STATIONARY WINDING

The winding wound either on the stator of an induction machine or on the field system of a dc machine
is called a stationary winding.

3.7 DC ARMATURE WINDINGS

There are two types of dc armature windings, namely the lap and wave windings. For development of
dc armature windings, few pitches related to the types of dc armature windings are Back pitch, Front
pitch and Winding pitch.

3.7.1 Back Pitch, Yb

It is the distance between the two active sides of the same coil under adjacent opposite poles. For
double layer winding,

2C
Y b= ±K 3.17
P

where K = any integer or fraction, added or subtracted with 2 C/ P , that will give the value of Yb an odd
integer.

3.7.2 Front Pitch, Yf

It is the distance between two coil sides connected to the same commutator segment. It should be an
odd integer.
3.7.3 Winding Pitch or Coil Pitch, Y

It is the distance between starting ends of two consecutive coils expressed in terms of coil sides.

For a double layer winding, winding pitch should be an even integer.

Y = + 2m for lap winding 3.18

2 C ± 2m
Y=
P for wave winding 3.19
2

where m = 1, 2, 3 for simplex, duplex and triplex windings respectively, P = number of poles, and C =
number of coils.

+ sign indicates progressive winding and – sign indicates retrogressive winding.

3.8 LAP WINDING

When the finishing end of the first coil is connected to the starting end of the next coil which starts from
the same pole, as shown in Fig. 3.9, where the first coil started is called as lap winding.

Yb

N1 S1

Y Yf

Commutator Segments

Fig. 3.9 Lap winding

From Fig. 3.9, for lap winding, the
front pitch,

Y f =Y b −Y 3.20

Example 3.9

Determine the back and front pitches for a 4 pole lap winding with 24 slots.

Solution
P = 4, C = 24, winding type = lap

2C 2 x 24
From equation 3.17, the back pitch, Y b = ±K= ± K=12 ± K =11∨13 (odd integer)
P 4

From equation 3.18 the winding pitch, Y =+ 2 = 2 (even integer)

From Fig. 3.9 or from equation 3.20, front pitch, Y f = 11 –2 = 9 or 13 – 2 = 11 (odd integer).

3.9 WAVE WINDING

When the finishing end of the first coil is connected to the starting end of the next coil, as shown in Fig.
3.10, which starts from the next adjacent pole where the first coil started is known as wave winding.

Yb Yf

N1 S1 N2

Commutator Segments

Fig. 3.10 Wave winding

From Fig. 3.10, for wave winding, the front pitch,

Y f =Y −Y b 3.21

Example 3.10

Determine the back and front pitches for a 4 pole wave winding with 25 slots.

Solution

P = 4, C = 25, winding type = wave

2C 2 x 25
From equation 3.17, the back pitch, Y b = ±K= ± K =12.5 ± K =13 (odd integer)
P 4

2C ± 2 2 x 25+2
=
From equation 3.19, the winding pitch, Y = P 4 = 26 (even integer)
2 2
From Fig. 3.10 or from equation 3.21, front pitch, Y f = 26 – 13 = 13 (odd integer).

3.10 WHOLE COIL WINDING

A whole coil winding is one in which the number of coils per phase is equal to the number of poles in the
machines. In this type of winding, as shown in Fig. 3.11 (a), each slot contains two coil sides. It is not,
however, strictly a double layer winding, as the coil sides are places side by side and not one above the
other.

N S N S N S N S N S

(a) Whole coil winding

(b) Half coil winding
Fig. 3.11 Representation of whole coil and half coil windings

3.11 HALF
COIL WINDING

It is that winding in which the number of coils per phase is equal to half the number of poles in the
machines, as shown in Fig. 3.11 (b). In this type, however, each coil may have twice the number of
turns of a whole coil winding or two coils under a north or south pole of the latter type may be
connected in series and taped together to form one coil.

The main difference between full coil and half coil windings is in the method of making the end
connections for the coils.

3.12 CONCENTRATED WINDING

If in any winding, the number of coils/pole/phase is one, then the winding is known as concentrated
winding. In this winding, each coil side occupies one slot.

3.13 DISTRIBUTED WINDING

In this winding, number of coils/pole/phase is more than one arranged in different slots and is known as
distributed winding. In this case, each coil has same pole pitch.

3.14 UNBALANCED WINDING

If each pole of the same phase has unequal number of coils, then the winding is called as unbalanced
winding.

3.15 ONE SLOT WINDING

In this type of winding, the slot per pole per phase will be equal to one.

Example 3.11

For a 3 phase, 18 slots, and 6 pole machine

18
Slots per pole per phase = = 1.
3x 6

3.16 TWO SLOT WINDING

In this type of winding, the slots per pole per phase will be equal to two.

Example 3.12

For a 3 phase, 48 slots, and 8 pole machine

48
Slots per pole per phase = = 2.
3x 8

3.17 SINGLE LAYER WINDING

In this type of winding, as shown in Fig. 3.12 (a), each slot contains only one coil side. It means a coil
occupies two complete slots. The number of coils in the machine is equal to half the number of slots in
the stator, or rotor and
armature.

(a) Single layer winding (b) Double layer winding

Fig. 3.12 Single layer and double layer winding

3.18 DOUBLE LAYER WINDING

In this type, as shown in Fig. 3.12 (b), each slot contains two coil sides, housed one over the other. The
number of coils is equal to the number of slots in the stator and armature.

3.19 SINGLE PHASE WINDING

The winding has only one group of coils per pole, placed in one slot or several slots depending upon
whether or not the winding is concentrated or distributed.

3.20 THREE PHASE WINDING

For three phase windings, three single phase windings are used, spaced 120 degrees apart.

3.21 CONCENTRIC WINDING

Concentric windings are single layer windings. This winding has two or more than two coils in a group
and the coils in each group have the same centre. In each group, the coil pitch is not equal and
therefore do not overlap each other, as shown in Fig. 3.12.

N1 S1

Fig. 3.14 Concentric Winding

The coil span of the individual coils is different. The coil span is more than a pole pitch while the span of
others is equal to or less than the pole pitch. These windings are so designed that the effective coil span
of the winding is equal to that of a winding as a full pitch winding with some of the coils having a span
greater than a pole pitch, some with less than a pole pitch but an effective span which makes the
winding behave as if it had full pitched coils.

3.22 CHAIN WINDING

In this winding, the number of coils/pole/phase is more than one having different pitches and the coils
overlap each other in the form of a chain.
1. What is a coil?
2. What is an active side of a coil?
3. What is called end connection of a coil?
4. What is a coil span?
5. Define pole pitch.
6. What is meant by back pitch?
7. What is front pitch?
8. Define winding factor.
9. What is full pitch coil?
10. What is called a short pitch coil?
11. What is a chorded coil?
12. Write the equation for mechanical degree in term of poles.
13. Write the equation for mechanical degree in term of slots.
14. Write an equation relating mechanical and electrical degrees in terms of poles.
15. Write an equation relating mechanical and electrical degrees in terms of slots.
16. How are the coil sides for a double layer winding numbered in slots.
17. How are the coil sides for a single layer winding numbered in slots.
18. Draw the different shapes of slots used for
i) the stator of an Induction motor.
ii) the rotor of an induction motor
iii) the armature of a dc machine.
19. What are the different materials used for insulating the slot?
20. Draw a slot showing different layers of insulation.
21. How are field coils wound?
22. How are rotating coil formed?
23. What is a revolving winding?
24. What is meant by a stationary winding?
25. What are different types of dc armature windings?
26. Define back pitch, Yb.
27. What is front pitch, Yf?
28. What is meant by winding pitch / coil pitch, Y?
29. Draw a simple lap winding diagram with different type of pitches marked in it.
30. Draw a simple wave winding diagram with different type of pitches marked in it.
31. What is a whole coil winding?
32. Illustrate a whole coil winding with a neat diagram.
33. What is a half coil winding?
34. Illustrate a half coil winding with a neat diagram.
35. What is a concentrated winding?
36. What is meant by distributed winding?
37. What is called unbalanced winding?
38. What is meant by one slot winding?
39. What is meant by two slot winding?
40. Illustrate with a neat diagram, the placement of coils in a single layer winding.
41. How do the coils occupy the slots in a double layer winding? Illustrate with a neat diagram.
42. What is meant by
a) Single phase winding
b) Three phase winding
c) Concentric winding
d) Chain winding