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Chapter 1lecture 1.5 (Buses) Notes+Homework+References+videoLink

The document discusses computer buses. It explains that a bus is a common set of wires used to transfer information between components like registers and memory in a computer. This is more efficient than direct connections as it allows for easy expansion. There are three main types of buses: address buses carry memory addresses, data buses transfer data, and control buses communicate commands. Buses reduce complexity and cost but can create communication bottlenecks due to speed and number of devices limitations.

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56 views

Chapter 1lecture 1.5 (Buses) Notes+Homework+References+videoLink

The document discusses computer buses. It explains that a bus is a common set of wires used to transfer information between components like registers and memory in a computer. This is more efficient than direct connections as it allows for easy expansion. There are three main types of buses: address buses carry memory addresses, data buses transfer data, and control buses communicate commands. Buses reduce complexity and cost but can create communication bottlenecks due to speed and number of devices limitations.

Uploaded by

Meena Malik Balihar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture-1.

BUS
The basic computer has eight registers, a memory unit, and a control unit. Paths must be
provided to transfer information from one register to another and between memory and registers.
The number of wires will be excessive if connections are made between the outputs of each
register and the inputs of the other registers. A more efficient scheme for transferring
information in a system with many registers is to use a common bus. A bus is a set of wires. To
send information from one component to other, the source component outputs data onto the bus
and the destination component receives that data. As the complexity increases, it becomes more
efficient to use buses rather than direct connection b/w pair of devices. Bus uses space and
power. They also require less pins on the chip.

Fig.1.5.1 Multiple Bus organization


ADDRESS BUS:-When CPU reads data/instruction from or writes data to memory, it must
specify the address of the new location it wishes to access.
 CPU puts this address on the bus, memory takes the location as input and uses it to access
that location.
 All the components like keyboard, monitor or disk drive has a unique address as well.
While accessing address of such devices, CPU places address of that particular device on
the address bus. Each device reads the address placed on the address bus and the
designated device comes to know that it is being accessed.
 Address bus is unidirectional i.e. CPU can only place data on this bus , CPU never reads
data from it.

 DATA BUS: Data is transferred using data buses.


 Fetch: When CPU fetches data from memory, it first places the memory address on the
address bus, the memory the outputs the data on the data bus which is then read by the
CPU.
 Write: CPU outputs the address on the address bus and then places data on the data bus.
Memory, then reads data and stores that data at the memory location indicated by the
address bus.
 It is bidirectional.

CONTROL BUS: Used by CPU for communicating with other devices within the computer.
 Control bus carries the commands from the CPU and returns status signals from the
devices.
 Lines:
 Read (R’) – single line that when active (at 0) indicates that device is being read by the
CPU.
 Write (W’) - single line that when active (at 0) indicates that device is being written by
the CPU.
 ACK: It delivers information that data was acknowledged by the device.
 Bus request: Indicates that the device is requesting to access the bus.
 Reset : reset the system.
 Clock Signals: The signals on this line are used to synchronize data between the CPU
and a device.
 Control Bus is bidirectional.
FORMULA FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUS SYSTEM
 Multiplexers
 No. of multiplexers=No. of bits in each register.
 Size of each multiplexer=K*1,
 K=no. of registers in a digital system.
Fig.1.5.2 Basic Computer Registers Connected to Common Bus

ADVANTAGES OF BUSES:
 New elements can be easily added.
 Low cost.
 Reduce complexity.

DISADVANTAGES OF BUSES:
 Creates a communication bottleneck.
 Maximum speed is limited by
 Length of the bus
 No of devices on the bus.
HOMEWORK (ASSESMENT)
Q1. Suppose that a bus has 16 data lines and requires 4 cycles of 250 nsecs each to transfer data.
The bandwidth of this bus would be 2 Megabytes/sec. If the cycle time of the bus was reduced to
125 nsecs and the number of cycles required for transfer stayed the same what would the
bandwidth of the bus?
(A) 1 Megabyte/sec
(B) 4 Megabytes/sec
(C) 8 Megabytes/sec
(D) 2 Megabytes/sec
Answer: D
Q2. The communication between the components in a microcomputer takes place via the address
and
(A) I/O bus
(B) Data bus
(C) Address bus
(D) Control lines
Answer: B
Q3. A collection of lines that connects several devices is called ..............
A) bus
B) peripheral connection wires
C) Both a and b
D) internal wires
Answer A

OTHER REFERENCES
 https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/bus
 https://electricalacademia.com/computer/types-buses-computer-architecture/
 https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/3852

SUGGESTED BOOK REFERENCES


• J.P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Third Edition.
• Mano, M., “Computer System Architecture”, Third Edition, Prentice Hall.
• Stallings, W., “Computer Organization and Architecture”, Eighth Edition.

VIDEO REFERENCES
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBYhHC8_A6o
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX_rqLO-tkU

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