9565655050 www.transeasy.

org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine Part 4

9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Joule’s Experiment
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

δWstirrer = δQ
Here system is executing a cycle 1 − 2 − 1
෍ δW = ෍ δQ
cycle cycle

෍ δW − δQ = 0
cycle

ර δW − δQ = 0

δW − δQ = property change
δW − δQ = dX
X ∶ property (energy in storage)
X = E = Micro + Macro
= U + (KE + PE)
dX = dE = dU + dKE + dPE
For a closed system
dKE ≈ 0
dPE ≈ 0
dE = dU
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

δQ − δW = dU
δQ = dU + δW → first Law of thermodynamics for a closed system

for a closed system

Reversible work done by a close system
δW = PdV
δQ = dU + PdV ; valid for reversible process which is done by closed system
δQ rev
dS =
T
δQ rev = TdS

TdS = dU + PdV → This is a properties relation and property is a point function so it is valid for all
reversible & irreversible processes because this relation is path independent.

if P = C
δQ = dU +PdV = dU+ d PV = d U + PV = dH

Enthalpy; H = U + PV
dH = mCP dT
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

where, CP ∶ specific heat capacity at constant pressure

δQ P=C
CP =
mdT

δQ = dU + PdV
V=C
PdV = 0
∴ δQ 𝑉=𝐶 = dU = m C𝑉 𝑑𝑇

δQ V=C
CV = ∶ specific heat capacity at constant volume
mdT
δQ P=C = dU + PdV & δQ 𝑉=𝐶 = dU
∴ CP > CV

H = U + PV
dH = dU + d PV
dH = mCP dT
ൠ for an ideal gas ; PV = mRT
dU = mCV dT
mCP dT = mCV dT + d mRT
For a closed system, m is constant
CP dT = CV dT + TdT
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

CP = CV + R
CP − CV = R
CP
γ=
CV
γCV − CV = R
R
CV =
γ−1
γR
CP =
γ−1
For an air
R 8.314 kJΤkg mol.𝐾
R air = M = == 0.287 kJΤkg k
a 28.92 k𝑔Τkg mol

0.287
CV = = 0.717 kJΤkg K
1.4 − 1
CP = γCV
= 1.4 × 0.718
= 1.005 kJ/kg K
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

T- S diagram
1. Isothermal process

T=C

2. Isentropic process or Reversible adiabatic process

δSgen = 0 for reversible
δQ = 0
δQ
dS = + δSgen
T
dS = 0
S = constant
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

3. Isochoric process
V=C
δQ = dU + PdV
TdS = mCV dT for an ideal gas
dT T
=
dS mCV

4. Isobaric process
P=C
δQ = dU + PdV
= dU + d PV
= d U + PV
= dH
TdS = mCP dT for an ideal gas
dT T
=
dS mCP
CP > CV
dT dT
>
dS V=C dS P=C
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

5. Adiabatic process
δQ = 0
δQ = dU + PdV
dU = −PdV
mCV dT = −PdV for an ideal gas i
H = U + PV
dH = dU + PdV + VdP = δQ + VdP
dH = VdP
mCP dT = VdP for an ideal gas ii
Divide ii by (i)
CP VdP
=−
CV PdV
dV dP
γ =−
V P
dP dV
න + නγ =0
P V
ln P + γ ln V = ln C
ln P + ln V γ = ln C
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

ln PV γ = ln C
PV γ = C

6. Polytropic process
δQ = dU + δW for closed system
P1 V1 − P2 V2
Q1−2 = U2 − U1 +
n−1
P1 V1 − P2 V2
= mCV T2 − T1 +
n−1
mR P1 V1 − P2 V2
= T2 − T1 +
γ−1 n−1
mRT2 − mRT1 P1 V1 − P2 V2
= +
γ−1 n−1
For ideal gas (PV=mRT)

P2 V2 − P1 V1 P1 V1 − P2 V2
= +
γ−1 n−1
P1 V1 − P2 V2 n−1
= 1−
n−1 γ−1
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

γ−1−n+1
= Wpoly
γ−1
γ−n γ − n P1 V1 − P2 V2
Q poly = Wpoly =
γ−1 γ−1 n−1
1<n<γ
Q poly < Wpoly
γ − n P1 V1 − P2 V2
Q poly =
γ−1 n−1
γ − n P1 V1 − P2 V2
Q poly =
n−1 𝛾−1
For adiabatic Process , ( Q = 0 )
Q = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 → 0 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
P2 V2 −P1 V1 P1 V1 −P2 V2
∆𝑈 = −𝑊 = − =
𝛾−1 𝛾−1

γ − n P1 V1 − P2 V2 γ−n
Q poly = = × ∆𝑈
n−1 𝛾−1 n−1
n−γ
Q poly = mCV ∆T
n−1
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

n−γ
Q poly = m C ∆T
n−1 V
Q poly = mCpoly dT
Q V=C = mCV dT
Q P=C = mCP dT
n−γ
Cpoly = C
n−1 V
Adiabatic Process
PV = mRT
PV γ = C
mRT γ
V =C
V
TV γ−1 = C
γ−1 γ−1
T1 V1 = T2 V2
γ−1
T2 V1
=
T1 V2
γ
mRT
P× =C
P
γ 1−γ γ 1−γ
T1 P1 = T2 P2
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

γ 1−γ
T2 P1
=
T1 P2
γ−1
T2 P2 γ
=
T1 P1
First law of thermodynamics for an open system (Steady flow energy equation)

flow work = Pv
flow work on the System = Pi vi
flow work by the system = P0 v0
1
ei = ui + 2 Ci2 + gz
dECV dEi dE0
= −
dt dt dt
At steady state
dECV
=0
dt
dEi dE0
=
dt dt
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

dm dmi dm0
= −
dt dt dt
dmi dm0
= ⇒ mi = m0 = m
dt dt
Q CV WCV
mi ei + + mi Pi vi = m0 e0 + m0 P0 v0 +
m m
2
Ci C02
ui + Pi vi + + gzi + q = u0 + P0 v0 + + gz0 + WCV
2 2
Ci2 C02
hi + + gzi + q = h0 + + gz0 + WCV
2 2

1. Nozzle
C12 C22
h1 + + gz1 + q = h2 + + gz2 + Wnozzle
2 2
C12 C22
h1 + = h2 +
2 2
C2 ≫≫ C1
C2 = 2 h1 − h2
For an ideal gas
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

T
= 2CP T1 − T2 = 2CP T1 1 − T2
1

γ−1
P2 γ
= 2CP T1 1 −
P1

2. Throttling Device
c1 = c2
z1 = z2
q=0
Wthrottle = 0
h1 = h2 Isenthalpic process
u1 + P1 v1 = u2 + P2 v2
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Q. A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m3 &
0.105 MPa to a final state of 0.15 m3 & 0.105 MPa. The pressure remaining constant during process,
then is a transfer of 37.6 kJ of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the initial
entropy of gas change.
Sol.
Stationary gas in close system
Frictionless=Reversible process
P1 = 0.105 MPa
P2 = 0.105 × 106 Pa
V1 = 0.3 m3
V2 = 0.15 m3

W = න PdV

= P V2 − V1
= 0.105 × 106 0.15 − 0.3
= −15750
Q=U+W
−37.6 × 103 = U + −15750
U = −21.850 × 103
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Q. The internal energy of a certain substance is given by the following equation u = 3.65Pv + 84
where u is in kJ/kg, P is in kPa & v is in m3 /kg. A system composed of 3 kg of this sub expand from a
initial pressure of 500kPa and a volume of 0.22 m3 to a final pressure 100kPa in a process which
pressure and volume are related by pv1.2 = contant
a. If the expansion is quasi-static. Find Q, ∆u, W for the process.
b. In another process the same system expands according to the same pressure –volume relationship
as in part (a.), and from the initial state to the same final state as in part (a.) but the heat transfer in
this case is 30kJ. Find the work transfer for this process.
Sol.
a. u = 3.56Pv + 84
P1 = 500kPa
v1 = 0.22
P2 = 100kPa
P1 V11.2 = P2 V21.2
1.2
P1 V2
=
P2 V1
1.2 1.2
500 V2
=
100 0.22
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

V2
3.823 =
0.22
V2 = 0.8411
∆U = U2 − U1
= m u2 − u1
= m × 3.56(P2 V2 − P1 V1 )
= 3.56 P2 V2 − P1 V1
= 3.56(900 × 103 × 0.841 − 500 × 105 × 0.22)
= −92.56kJ
P1 V1 − P2 V2
W1−2 =
n−1
= 129.5kJ
Q1−2 = ∆u + W1−2
= −92.56 + 129.5
= 36.94kJ
b. Q1−2 = 30kJ
W1−2 =?
∆u = −92.56kJ
Because internal energy is a point function and both process have same initial and final path
Q1−2 = ∆u + W1−2
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

30 = −92.56 + W1−2
W1−2 = 122.56kJ
2nd process = Work done is different so 2nd case is not quasi-static

Q. A domestic refrigerator is loaded with food and the door closed. During a certain period the
machine consumes 1kWh of energy and the internal energy of the system drop by 500 kJ. Find the net
heat transfer for the system.
Sol.
Wca = −1kWh
J
= −1 × 103 × × 3600S
S
5
= −36 × 10 J
∆u = −5000kJ
Q = ∆u + Wcons
= −5000 − 36 × 105
= −8600kJ
= −8.6MJ
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Heat Engine
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Wnet = Wexp − Wcomp

Heat engine is a cyclic device
Q a = Q R + Wnet
Q a − Q R = Wnet
output
ηHE =
Input
Wnet
=
Qa
Qa − QR
=
Qa
QR
= 1−
Qa
It is a cyclic device working between two temperature limits, whose input is heat and output is net
work. All clockwise cycles on PV or TS diagram are for heat engine cycle.

Kelvin Plank’s statement: It is impossible to device a cyclically operating heat engine, the effect of
which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver and an
equivalent amount of work.
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Thermodynamic temperature scale:

9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

All the process are reversible

∴ Reversible cycle
Eg. otto cycle

1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression

2-3: Reversible heat addition
3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion
4-1: Reversible heat rejection
∆Suni = 0
∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr = 0
∆Ssurrounding = 0
dQ δQ
න− +න =0
1 T 2 T
Q1 Q 2
− + =0
T1 T2
Q1 Q 2
=
T1 T2
Q1 T1
=
Q 2 T2
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

1. Carnot cycle
1-2: Isentropic process
S=C
ds = 0
δQrev
+ δSgen = 0
T
δQrev = 0 (adiabatic)
And δSgen = 0 (reversible)
1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression process
2-3: Reversible Isothermal heat addition
3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion process
4-`1: Reversible Isothermal heat rejection
9565655050 www.transeasy.org AG GATE 2022/23 | Thermodynamic Principal to IC Engine

Q1 Q 2
=
T2 T1
Q1 T2
=
Q 2 T1
Wnet
ηcarnot =
Q1
Q1 − Q 2
=
Q1
Q2
=1−
Q2
T1
ηcarnot = 1 −
T2
Tl
ηcarnot = 1 −
Th