EARTHQUAKE

PRESENTED BY:
GROUP IV
 EARTHQUAKE

• Occurrence of the Earthquake

• Made of Occurrence
• Earthquake in relation to Civil Engineering
- An Earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or
temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth
resulting from a sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
The seismicity or seismic activity of an area is the
frequency, type and size of the earthquakes
experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is
also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.
Earthquake epicenters occur mostly along tectonic plate boundaries,
and especially on the Pacific Ring Of Fire.
• A hypocenter (below the center) is the
point of origin of an earthquake or
subsurface nuclear explosion.

• It is a synonym of the focus in seismology

or ground zero outside seismology.
 The Epicenter is the point on the
Earth’s surface directly above a
hypocenter or focus, the point where
an earthquake or an underground
explosion originates.
- Aseismic creep or
fault creep is the
measurable surface
displacement along a
fault in the absence of
notable earthquakes.
 Occurrence Of Earthquake

Tectonic earthquake occur anywhere in the earth where there

is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture
propagation along a fault plane.
 Faults are thin zones of crushed blocks of rocks. These are
often in centimeters to thousands of kilometers long. These can
expand into the Earth and might possibly reach out up to the
Earth’s surface. These are also breaking the Earth’s crust
where rocks on either side of the crack’s have slid past each
other.
Three Type of Faults:
A. Strike-slip
B. Normal
C. Reverse
 Earthquake fault types
 Strike-strip faults – are steep structures where the two sides of the fault
slip horizontally past each other: transform boundaries are a particular type
of strike-strip fault.
 Normal faults – occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended
such as a divergent boundary.
 Reverse faults – occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such
as at a convergent boundary.
 Movement on faults that have components of both-slip and strike-slip is
known as Oblique slip.
Aerial photo of San Andreas
Fault in the Carrizo Plain,
northwest of Los Angeles.
• - Plate boundaries occur within the
continental lithosphere, deformation is
spread out over a much larger area than
the plate boundary itself.

• All tectonic plate have internal stress

fields caused by their interactions with their
neighboring plates and sedimentary
loading or unloading (deglaciation). These
stresses may be sufficient to cause failure
along existing fault planes, giving rise to Comparison of the 1985 and 2017 earthquake
on Mexico City, Puebla and Guerrero
intraplate earthquakes.
• - Earthquakes occurring at a depth of
less than 70 km (43mi) are classified as
“shallow-focus” earthquakes. Shallow
earthquakes cause the most damage.

• With a focal-depth between 70 and 300

km (43 and 186 mi) are commonly termed
“mid-focus” or “intermediate depth”
earthquakes. Intermediate earthquake
cause moderate damage.
 Deep-focus earthquakes
may occur at much greater
depths (ranging from 300 to
700 km) (190 to 430 mi).
These seismically active
areas of subduction are
known as Wadati-Benioff
zones. Deep earthquakes
cause the least damage.
Shallow quake in California
 Earthquakes and volcanic activity
- Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and
are caused there, both by tectonic faults and the
movement of magma in volcanoes. During the 1980
eruption of Mount St. Helens earthquake serve as an
early warning of volcanic eruptions.

- Earthquake swarms can serve as a markers for the

location of the following magma throughout the volcanoes.
These swarms can be recorded by seismometers and tilt
meters.
 seismometers is an instrument
that responds to ground motions.

seismographs is the output of

such device formerly recorded
on a paper or film, now recorded
and processed digitally.
tilt meter is a sensitive inclinometer
designed to measure very small changes
from the vertical level, either on the ground
or in structures.
 A tectonic earthquake begins by an
initial rupture at a point on the fault
surface, a process known as
nucleation. Rupture propagation is
generally modeled using a fracture
mechanics approach, likening the
rupture to a propagating mixed mode
share crack.
 Tidal forces
• Is a gravitational effect that stretches a
body along the line towards the center
of mass of another body due to a
gradient (difference in strength).

• Tidal force is also known as the

differential force, as well as secondary
effect on the gravitational field.
 - An aftershocks is an earthquake that
occurs after a previous earthquake, the main
shock. If an aftershock is larger than the main
shock, the aftershock is predesignated as the
main shock and the original main shock is
predesignated as a fore-shock.

- Aftershocks are formed as the crust

around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the
effects of the main shock.
 - Seismic Vibrations Destruction from
Earthquakes. The damage to buildings
What is and other structures from earthquake
waves depends on several factors. The
Earthquake in Civil intensity, duration of the vibrations, the
nature of the material on which the
Engineering?
structure is built, and the design of the
structure.
 - To properly test their buildings, engineers make sure
that their shake tables accurately represent the shaking of
the Earth during an earthquake. As a result, it is very
important that engineers understand the different seismic
waves produced during earthquakes and exactly how they
cause the Earth to move.
On January 17, 1995
a major earthquake
struck near Kobe
Japan, killing more
than 6,000 and
making more than
45,000 people
homeless.
 1995 Kobe
Quake in japan.
7.2 magnitude
temblor. With
more than $100
billion damages.
“Earthquakes don’t kill
people, buildings do”