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Cell Structure 9th Class

The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It defines a cell and describes its key components. Important discoveries in cell history are noted, like Hooke discovering cells in 1665 and Leeuwenhoek observing living cells. The types of cells are defined as prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Organisms are classified as unicellular or multicellular based on cell number. Cell shape and function vary between plant and animal cells.

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Sri Nagamani Thumu
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2K views15 pages

Cell Structure 9th Class

The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It defines a cell and describes its key components. Important discoveries in cell history are noted, like Hooke discovering cells in 1665 and Leeuwenhoek observing living cells. The types of cells are defined as prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Organisms are classified as unicellular or multicellular based on cell number. Cell shape and function vary between plant and animal cells.

Uploaded by

Sri Nagamani Thumu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL - The basic unit of life

Objectives:-

◦What is cell

◦Discovery of cell

◦Components of a cell

◦Cell shape

◦Types of cells

◦Types of organisms

◦Diversity in cells
What is a cell ?
A cell is de ned as the
smallest, basic unit of life
that is responsible for all
of life’s processes.”

Cells are the structural,


functional, and biological
units of all living beings. A
cell can replicate itself
independently. Hence,
they are known as the
building blocks of life.
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Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert
Hooke observed a piece of bottle cork under a
compound microscope and noticed minuscule
structures that reminded him of small rooms.
Consequently, he named these “rooms” as cells.
However, his compound microscope had limited
magni cation, and hence, he could not see any
details in the structure. Because of this limitation,
Hooke concluded that these were non-living entities.

Later Antony Van Leeuwenhoek observed living


cells under another compound microscope with
higher magni cation. This time, he had noted that the
cells exhibited some form of movement (motility). As a
result, Leeuwenhoek concluded that these
microscopic entities were “alive.” Eventually, after a
host of other observations, these entities were named
as animalcules.
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Cell components
Cell is generally composed of the
following basic components:

(i) Cell wall  and cell membrane

> Outer most layer covering the inner


content.

(ii) Nucleus

> A round dense body found inside


the cell which is supposed to control
all cell activities.

(iii) Cytoplasm

> Jelly like substance found in


between cell membrane and nucleus.

(iv) Cell organelles

> Membrane bounded structures


present embedded in the cytoplasm.
Shape of cell
• Cells vary in shape and size. They may be oval, spherical, rectangular, spindle
shaped, or totally irregular like the nerve cell.

• The size of cell also varies in di erent organisms.

• Most of the cells are microscopic in size like red blood cells (RBC) while some cells
are fairly large like nerve cells.

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Types of Cells
Cells are similar to factories with di erent labourers and departments that work
towards a common objective. Various types of cells perform di erent functions.
Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

•Prokaryotes : Cells without a membrane bounded nucleus. Ex: Bacteria

•Eukaryotes. : Cells with a membrane bounded nucleus. Ex: Plant and animal cells

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Types of organisms based on no of cells
Unicellular organisms are
made up of only one cell that
carries out all of the functions
needed by the organism.

Multicellular organisms are


composed of more than one
cell, with groups of cells
d i ff e r e n t i a t i n g t o t a k e o n
specialized functions.

Diversity in cells
Different cells within a single organism can come in a variety of sizes and shapes. They may
not be very big, but their shapes can be very different from each other. However, these cells all
have common abilities, such as obtaining and using food energy, responding to the external
environment, and reproducing. In part, a cell's shape determines its function.
What we learn
> Cell is the basic unit of life, that means it is the basic
structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
> Cell was rst discovered by Robert Hooke in the year 1665. Plant cell
> Living cells were rst observed by Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek.
> Nucleus was observed by Robert brown in 1831.
> Microscope is the device that enables observation of tiny
cells.
> Structure of a cell depends on its components named as :
Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus and Cell organelles
> Cells are of two types based on the type of Nucleus :
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
> Organisms are classi ed into two different categories
based on no of cells they have : Unicellular and Multicellular
> Multicellular organisms have different types of cells in them
in order to carry out different life functions.
> Plant and animal cells differ from each other based on their
outer most layer, shape and cell organelles.

Animal cell

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Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of membranous tubules,
present within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Forms the skeletal framework of the cell,
involved in the Detoxi cation, production
of Lipids and proteins.

Golgi complex
Membrane-bound, sac-like organelles,
present within the cytoplasm of the
eukaryotic cells.
It is mainly involved in secretion and
intracellular packaging and transport.
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Lysosome

A tiny, circular-shaped, single membrane-


bound organelles,   lled with digestive
enzymes.

Helps in the digestion and removes


wastes and digests dead and damaged
cells. Therefore, it is also called as the
“suicidal bags”

Mitochondria

An oval-shaped, double membrane-bound


organelle. Inner membrane folds to form
Cristae and space between 2 Cristae called
matrix.
The main sites of cellular respiration and also
involved in storge energy in the form of ATP
molecules, also called as the “Power House of
The Cell”.
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Ribosome

Non-membrane organelles, found oating


freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded
within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Involved in the Synthesis of Proteins.

Also named as protein factory of the cells

Centrosome

Composed of Centrioles and found only in


the animal cells.

It plays a major role in organising the


microtubule and Cell division.
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Plastids

Double membrane-bound organelles. There


are 3 types of plastids:

1 Leucoplast –Colourless plastids.

2 Chromoplast–Blue, Red, and Yellow


colour plastids.

3 Chloroplast – Green coloured plastids.


Helps in the process of photosynthesis and
pollination, Imparts colour for leaves, owers
and fruits and stores starch, proteins and fats.

Vacuoles
These are the large sac like uid lled
membrane bounded organelle present
inside the cell.
Provide shape and rigidity to the plant cell
and helps in digestion, excretion, and
storage of substances
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Functions of a cell.
A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows:

Provides Support and Structure

Facilitate Growth Mitosis

Allows Transport of Substances

Energy Production

Aids in Reproduction
Cell theory
Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists,  Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden,
and Rudolf Virchow. The cell theory states that:

• All living species on Earth are composed of cells.

• A cell is the basic unit of life.

• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the following
postulates:

• Energy ows within the cells.

• Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.

• The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.


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