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Unit 1: Introduction Waveform Coding - PCM - DPCM - DM Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms

The document provides an overview of continuous-wave and pulse modulation techniques. It discusses: 1. Continuous-wave modulation techniques including AM, DSB, SSB, FM, and PM. 2. Pulse modulation techniques including PAM, PPM, PDM used for analog signals and PCM, DPCM, PSK, and QAM used for digital signals. 3. Binary pulse modulation techniques including binary PAM which represents 1 as a pulse p(t) and 0 as -p(t), and binary PPM which represents 1 as a pulse between 0-Tb/2 and 0 as a pulse between Tb/2-Tb.

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Ganesh Arumugam
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62 views28 pages

Unit 1: Introduction Waveform Coding - PCM - DPCM - DM Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms

The document provides an overview of continuous-wave and pulse modulation techniques. It discusses: 1. Continuous-wave modulation techniques including AM, DSB, SSB, FM, and PM. 2. Pulse modulation techniques including PAM, PPM, PDM used for analog signals and PCM, DPCM, PSK, and QAM used for digital signals. 3. Binary pulse modulation techniques including binary PAM which represents 1 as a pulse p(t) and 0 as -p(t), and binary PPM which represents 1 as a pulse between 0-Tb/2 and 0 as a pulse between Tb/2-Tb.

Uploaded by

Ganesh Arumugam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1

Introduction
Waveform Coding – PCM – DPCM – DM
Geometric representation of signal waveforms
 Binary pulse modulation

Optimum receiver for binary modulated signals in


additive white Gaussian noise

M-ary and orthogonal pulse modulation

Probability of error for binary and M-ary pulse


modulation.
Modulation Classification

1. Continuous-wave modulation (CW)


A sinusoidal wave is used as the carrier.
2. Pulse modulation (PM)
The carrier consists of a periodic sequence of
rectangular pulses.

Communication Systems 2
Background and Preview
1. Continuous-wave modulation
Sinusoidal wave：

A cos(2  f c t   0 )

Modulating signal: analog signal and digital


signal

Communication Systems 3
Background and Preview
continuous-wave modulation types
AM: amplitude modulation
amplitude DSB: double sideband modulation
SSB: single sideband modulation
Analog
modulation
VSB: vestigial sideband modulation

angle FM: frequency modulation


PM: phase modulation

Amplitude shift keying ASK


(2ASK, MASK)
Frequency shift keying FSK
Digital (2FSK, MFSK, MSK)
modulation
Phase shift keying PSK
(2PSK, MPSK, QPSK)
Communication Systems 4
Background and Preview QAM, OFDM
2. Pulse modulation

Pulse parameters:
1. Amplitude
2. Position
3. Width/duration

Communication Systems 5
Background and Preview
Pulse modulation types
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)

Analog pulse
modulation Pulse-duration modulation (PDM)

Pulse-position modulation (PPM)

Digital pulse Pulse code modulation (PCM)


modulation
DPCM, ADPCM, M

Communication Systems 6
Background and Preview
Binary pulse modulation: PAM, PPM, PWM

These pulse modulation techniques rely on message and carrier.

 Message is analog and carrier is a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses.

For our discussion, we assume message to be a binary sequence that consists of


0’s and 1’s with a bit rate of Rb bits per second (bps)

Analysis is confined to PAM and PPM


Binary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (B-PAM)
Definition: Information bit 1 is represented by a pulse p(t) of duration T and
information bit 0 is represented by a pulse -p(t).

As per the definition, since one signal pulse is the negative of the other, this type of
signaling is called binary antipodal signaling . And the bit interval Tb is equal to signal
duration T i.e Tb = T

Pulses are transmitted at a bit rate of Rb = 1/ Tb bps, where Tb is the bit interval. The pulse
Shape determines the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal.
Binary Pulse Position Modulation (B-PPM)

Definition: Two pulses that differ in their location are employed to modulate binary digit 1
and binary digit 0
The figure below indicates that in the bit interval Tb seconds, binary 1 is modulated by the
pulse available between 0 and Tb /2 and binary 0 is modulated by the pulse available
between Tb /2 and Tb.
In fig 8.12, signal waveforms s1(t) and s2(t) represent binary PPM signaling scheme.
Since these two signals are non-overlapping, they are orthogonal i.e
Representing s1(t) and s2(t) as linear combination of ON basis functions, we get the follg
B-PPM uses orthogonal signalling scheme
Binary 1 is modulated using signal s1(t) of frequency f1 and binary 0 is modulated using
signal s2(t) of frequency f2 and is illustrated below, where f2 – f1 = m is a positive integer
It is noted here that the product of two sinusoids with a frequency separation that is equal
to a positive integer will result in zero
Difference between BPPM and BFSK

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