ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any endeavor cannot lead to result unless and until a proper platform is provided
for the same. We express our thanks to IVRCL LTD for giving us the opportunity to
undertake this summer internship program.

We sincerely thank Management for their constant guidance, valuable suggestions

and encouragement throughout the progress of summer internship program.

We would also like to take this opportunity to thank all projects team for their
precious guidance and administration staff for their help.

And last but not the least we would like to thank our parents and colleagues for
their motivational support.

P.Moulivarma 179P1A0125

iii
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the summer Internship report titled “VARIOUS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTS” is bonafide work carried out by us
under guidance of project team . Further we declare that this report has not previously
formed the basis of award of any associate ship or other similar degrees or diplomas,
has not been submitted anywhereelse.

DATE:

P.Moulivarma
 OBJECTIVES OF SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

1. To familiarize with proper planning, design and fieldoperations.

2. Plan should include construction methods to be adopted for

different constructionactivities.
3. To get exposure with the management and communication functions
performed with in a constructionproject.
4. Construction projects are executed based on the drawing andspecifications.
CONTENTS

(1-3)
1
1.MATERIALS ANDTESTS 2
3
(4-23)
 SAND 5
I. Bulkingofsand 6
II. Sieveanalysis 7
III. Finenessmodulus 8
 COARSEAGGREGATE 9
I. Specificgravity 10
II. Waterabsorption 11
 CEMENT 11
I. Fineness test 12
II. Strengthtest 12
III. Specificgravitytest 13
 BRICK 13
I. Compressivestrength 13
II. Waterabsorptiontest 13
III. Efflorescence 13
 STONE 14
 CONCRETE 16
I. Slumpconetest 20
II. Compressivestrength 21
III. Waterpermeability 21
IV. Rapidpenetrationtest 21
V. Waterabsorptiontest 21
VI. Modulus of elasticity &Settingtime 21
 EQUIPMENT USED 22
 CONCLUSION 23
1
 PROJECTS

1. Water & environmentprojects

Project: Chambal - Dholpur - Bharatpur - water supply project

2. Transportation

Project: Design, construction, development, finance, operation &

maintenance of Indore-Gujarat border on NH-59, in the state of Madhya
Pradesh.

3. Building & IndustrialStructure

Project: Infrastructure Development for the Dahej Petrochemical

Complex on Lump sum Turkey (LSTK) basis at Dahej, Gujarat.

4. Power Distribution &Transmission

Project: 765KV S/C (Quad) Transmission Line from Seoni to Nandanwadi in

Madhya Pradesh.

5. Mining

Project: Malanjkhand Open Cast Project, Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh

 AWARDS

1. 11th Annual Greentech Safety Award 2012: Rihand Super Thermal PowerPlant.

2. 12th Global Greentech Environment Excellence Awards 2011: Secretarial Complexfor

NRDA,Raipur.

3. 10th Annual Greentech Safety Award 2011: Make-up Water Pumphouse Project,Tiroda.

4. CIDC 3rd Vishwakarma Awards 2011 for Best Project – Roads &Highways.

5. 11th Global Greentech Environment Excellence Awards 2010: Construction Sector(Silver)

for CIDCO Exhibition Centre.

6. EPC World Awards 2010: Outstanding Company in Roads & HighwaysSector.

VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTS

Building construction methods and materials have an enormous impact on fire behavior and
firefighter safety. In this course, you will learn about various types of building construction, the
importance of the fire resistance for structural support elements, and the risks associated with
performingfire-suppressionactivitiesinsideandaroundbuildingsinvolvedinfire.Youwillalso learn
about the importance of teamwork among fire protection and designprofessionals.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Describe the benefits of cross-disciplinary cooperation among fire protectionand

designprofessionals.
 Explain the elements of building construction as they apply toconstruction
codes.
 Describe the elements of building construction as they apply tofirefighter
safety.
 Anticipate fire behavior based on structural elements and thermal effectson
each of the following types ofconstruction:

 Protected noncombustible buildingconstruction

 Unprotected noncombustible buildingconstruction
 Masonryconstruction
 Heavy timberconstruction
 Wood frameconstruction
VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTIONS:

1. FINEAGGREGATE

2. COARSEAGGREGATE

3. CEMENT

4. BRICK

5. STONE
1) SAND:

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to
atexturalclassofsoilorsoiltype;i.e.,asoilcontainingmorethan85 percent sand-sizedparticles bymass.

The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most
commonconstituentofsandininlandcontinentalsettingsandnon-tropicalcoastalsettingsissilica,
usually in the form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for
example,aragonite,

Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete
is in high demand.
COMPOSITION

The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in
engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves and defines sand as particles with a
diameter of between 0.074 and
4.75 millimeters. By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand
particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1/16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this
range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2
mm up to 64 mm by the latter system, and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former) and silt
(particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm).

TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

1. BULKING OFSAND
When sand is damp, the water coating on the surface of each sand particle causes separation of
particles from one another due to surface tension. This causes sand to bulk. Bulked sand occupies
morevolumeandhenceifvolumetricmeasuringisdonewhileproportioningit,bulkingcorrection
isnecessary.

The bulking test is done as follows:

1. The sand is filled, in loose condition in a box of measured height (Hcm).

2. TheboxisthenfloodedwithwaterandRodingisdonetomakethesandsettleandconsolidate. Care
should be taken that sand does not overflow during the flooding andcompaction.
3. The sand is then leveled in the box and the drop in height is measured (hcm).
4. Bulking is calculated as: Bulking % = h/H x100%

Dry sand occupies the same volume as fully saturated sand. The bulking will vary from load to
loadanddaytodaydependingonthe finenessofsandand itssurface moisturecontent.Itisthere- fore,
very essential to make bulking corrections by checking the actual bulking of sand proposed to be
used by volumetric batching for mortar orconcrete.
 Moisture contents Bulking
%age by wt. % by volume

2 15

3 20

4 25

5 30

2. SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis is done to check the gradation of aggregate. The test is done as follow.

1. Take required amount of aggregate sample (for coarse aggregate takeapprox.

2.5 kg and for fine aggregate take 0.5 kg)
2. Arrange the required no of sieves as per the contract or job requirement in a
descending manner.
3. Shake vigorously the sieve set for at least 2minute.
4. Then measure the weight of aggregate on each sieve and express it as the percentage of
passing.

Grading limit of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate is given below for reference.
3. FINENESS MODULUS

Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or fine the aggregate is. More fineness
modulus value indicates that the aggregate is coarser and small value of fineness modulus indicates
that the aggregate isfiner.

1. Sieve the aggregate using the appropriate sieves (80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm,4.75 mm,
2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron & 150 micron)
2. Record the weight of aggregate retained on eachsieve.
3. Calculate the cumulative weight of aggregate retained on eachsieve.
4. Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregateretained.
5. Add the cumulative weight of aggregate retained and divide the sum by 100. This value is
termed as finenessmodulus

Compare the test value with the values given in the following table and you can get an idea about how
coarse or fine the sand is.
Only sand between FM 2.6 to 2.9 is considered suitable for nominal mix proportion

Type of Sand Fineness Modulus Value

Very fine sand Below 2.2
Fine sand 2.2 to 2.6
Medium sand 2.6 to 2.9
Coarse sand 2.9 to 3.2
Very coarse sand Above 3.2
 2) COARSEAGGREGATE:

AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION [BASED ON SHAPE]

According to shape the aggregate is classified as

 Roundedaggregate
 Irregular or partly rounded aggregate
 Angularaggregate
 Flakyaggregate
 Elongatedaggregate
 Flaky and elongated aggregate

1. ROUNDEDAGGREGATE
The aggregate with rounded shape has the minimum percentage of voids ranging from 32 to 33%. It
givesminimumratioofsurfaceareatogivenvolumeandhencerequiresminimumwaterforlubrication. It gives
good workability for the given amount of water and hence needs less cement for a given water cement
ratio. The only disadvantages is that the interlocking between its particles is less and hence the
development of bond is poor. This is why rounded aggregate is not suitable for high strength concrete
and for pavements subjected totension.

2. IRREGULAR OR PARTLY ROUNDEDAGGREGATE

Theaggregatewithirregularshapehashigherpercentageofvoidsrangingfrom35to37%.Itgives
lesserworkabilitythanroundedaggregateforthegivenwatercontent.Waterrequirementishigher
and hence more cement is needed for constant water cement ratio. The interlocking between
aggregate particles is better than rounded aggregate but not adequate to be used for high strength
concrete and pavements subjected to tension.

3. ANGULARAGGREGATE
The aggregate with angular shape has the maximum percentage of void ranging from 38 to 45%.
It requires more water for lubrication and hence it gives least workability for the given water
cementratio.Forconstantwatercementratioandworkabilitytherequirementofcementincrease. The
interlocking between the aggregate particles is the best and hence the development of bond is
very good. This is why angular aggregate is very suitable for high strength concrete and for
pavements subjected totension.

4. FLAKYAGGREGATE
The aggregate is said to be flaky when its least dimension is less than 3/5th (or 60%) of its mean
dimension.Meandimensionistheaveragesizethroughwhichtheparticlespassandthesievesize on
which these are retained. For example, mean size of the particles passing through 25 mmsieve
and retained on 20 mm sieve is (20+25)/2 = 22.5 mm. if the least dimension is less than 3/5 x
(22.5) = 13.5mm, then the material is classified as flaky. Flaky aggregate tends to be oriented in
one plane which affects thedurability.

TESTS ON AGGREGATE
Aggregate plays an important role in pavement construction. Aggregates influence, to a great
extent, the load transfer capability of pavements. Hence it is essential that they should be
thoroughly tested before using for construction. Not only that aggregates should be strong and
durable, they

Should also possess proper shape and size to make the pavement act monolithically. Aggregates
are tested for strength, toughness, hardness, shape, and water absorption.

Inordertodecidethesuitabilityoftheaggregateforuseinpavement construction,followingtests are

carriedout:

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTIONTEST

The specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates are important properties that are required
for the design of concrete and bituminous mixes. The specific gravity of a solid is the ratio of its
mass to that of an equal volume of distilled water at a specified temperature. Because the
aggregates may contain water-permeable voids, so two measures of specific gravity of aggregates
are used:

1. Apparent specificgravity
2. Bulk specificgravity.

Apparent Specific Gravity

Gapp, is computed on the basis of the net volume of aggregates i.e. the volume excluding water-
permeable voids.Thus

Gapp=[(MD/VN)]/W
Where,
MD is the dry mass of the aggregate,
VN is the net volume of the aggregates excluding the volume of the absorbed matter,
W is the density of water.

Bulk Specific Gravity

Gbulk is computed on the basis of the total volume of aggregates including water permeable voids. Thus
Gbulk= [(MD/VB)]/W
Where,
VB is the total volume of the aggregates including the volume of absorbed water.

Water Absorption:
Thedifferencebetweentheapparentandbulkspecificgravitiesisnothingbutthewaterpermeable
voidsoftheaggregates.Wecanmeasurethevolumeofsuchvoidsbyweighingtheaggregatesdry
andinasaturatedsurfacedrycondition,withallpermeablevoidsfilledwithwater.Thedifference of the
above two isMW.

MW is the weight of dry aggregates minus weight of aggregates saturated surface dry condition.
Thus,

Water Absorption = (MW/MD) x 100

Thespecificgravityofaggregatesnormallyusedinroadconstructionrangesfromabout2.5to2.9.
Waterabsorptionvaluesrangesfrom0.1toabout2.0percentforaggregatesnormallyusedinroad
surfacing.
2) CEMENT
Types of Cement:

Rapid Hardening Cement:

Definition:
It is also known as High-Early-Strength cement. It is manufactured with such adjustments in the
proportion of raw materials so that the cement produced attains maximum strength with-in 24-72
hours.

Properties:
Two essential properties of Rapid Hardening Cement are following.

(i) It contains relatively more tri-calcium silicate. This is done by adding a greater proportion
of limestone in the raw materials compared to that required for ordinarycement.

(ii) It is more fine-grained (Air permeability 3250 cm2/gm) than the ordinary cement. This
factorhelpsinquickerandcompletehydrationofcementparticlesduringsettingandhelps in
gaining earlystrength.

However,thesettingtimeandultimatestrengthofRapidHardeningCementissameasofOrdinary
Cement.

TESTS ON CEMENT

The physical tests which are generally performed to determine the

acceptability of cements are:

1. FinenessTest
2. StrengthTest
3. Specific GravityTest
4. Settingtest

1. FinenessTest

Fineness is the mean size of cement grain. Fineness test is done to measure the mean size of cement
grain.
The finer the cement the surface area for hydration will be large and it increases the strength of
cement. But the fineness varies in different types of cement.
Following three methods are applied to test the fineness of cement

 Sievemethod
 Air Permeabilitymethod
 Sedimentationmethod

2. StrengthTest

Cement has two types of strength – compressive strength and tensile strength.

To know the compressive strength and tensile strength of cement following tests are performed–

Cement mortar cube test (for compressivestrength)

 Briquette test (for tensilestrength)

 Split tensile test (for tensilestrength)

3. Specific Gravity Test

Specific gravity of cement is a comparison of weight of a cement volume to the weight of same
volume of water.

4. SettingTest

A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of glass plate and it is kept under water
for 24 hours. It should set and not crack.
 3) BRICK

Classification and Characteristics of Bricks as per IS 1077-1973

Tests for the acceptance of bricks for building construction are:

1. Compressive strengthtest
2. Water absorptiontest
3. Efflorescence test

1. Compressive Strength Test onBricks

The compressive strength of a common brick should be 50 kg/sq.cm

2 .Water Absorption Test onBricks

If the water absorption capacity of a brick is more, its strength will be comparatively low. For first class
bricks, the water absorption capacity should not be more than 20% by weight.

3 .Efflorescence Test onBricks

This test is performed to know the presence of any alkaline matter in the bricks.
4) STONE
Stone is a ‘naturally available building material’ which has been used from the early age of
civilization. It is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to required size and shape and used
as building block.

Properties of Stones

The following properties of the stones should be looked into before selecting them for
engineering works:

a. Structure:Thestructureofthestonemaybestratified(layered) oruncertified.Structured
stones should be easily dressed and suitable for super structure. Uncertified stones are
hard and difficult to dress. They are preferred for the foundationworks.

b. Texture: Fine grained stones with homogeneous distribution look attractive and hence
they are used for carving. Such stones are usually strong anddurable.

c. Density: Denser stones are stronger. Light weight stones are weak. Hence stones with
specific gravity less than 2.4 are considered unsuitable forbuildings.

d. Strength: Strength is an important property to be looked into before selecting stone as

building block. Indian standard code recommends, a minimum crushing strength of 3.5
N/mm2 for any building block. Table shows the crushing strength of various stones.
Due to non-uniformity of the material, usually a factor of safety of 10 is used to find
the permissible stress in a stone. Hence even laterite can be used safely for a single
storey building, because in such structures expected load can hardly give a stress of
0.15 N/mm2. However in stone masonry buildings care should be taken to check the
stresses when the beams (Concentrated Loads) are placed on lateralwall.

e. Hardness: It is an important property to be considered when stone is used for flooring

and pavement. Coefficient of hardness is to be found by conducting test on standard
specimen in Dory’s testing machine. For road works coefficient of hardness shouldbe
 at least 17. For building works stones with coefficient of hardness less than 14 should
not be used.

f. Porosity and Absorption: All stones have pores and hence absorb water. The reactionof
water with material of stone causes disintegration. Absorption test is specified as
percentage of water absorbed by the stone when it is immersed under water for 24
hours. For a good stone it should be as small as possible and in no case more than5.

g. Toughness: The resistance to impact is called toughness. It is determined by impact test.

Stones with toughness index more than 19 are preferred for road works. Toughness
indexes 13 to 19 are considered as medium tough and stones with toughness index less
than 13 are poorstones.

h. Resistance to Fire: Sand stones resist fire better. Argillaceous materials, though poor in
strength, are good in resistingfire.

CONCRETE:

Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse
aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the mostly used typeof
cement for production of concrete.

There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such as lime for lime
concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road construction.

Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have different properties and
applications. Some of the type of cement is Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), rapid hardening
cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc.
Table of Contents:

Materials are mixed in specific proportions to obtain the required strength.

Strength of mix is specified as M5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30 etc., where M signifies Mix and
5, 10, 15 etc. as their strength in kN/m2. In United States, concrete strength is specified in PSI
which is Pounds per Square Inch.
Water cement ratio plays an important role which influences various properties such as
workability, strength and durability. Adequate water cement ratio is required for production of
workable concrete.
When water is mixed with materials, cement reacts with water and hydration reaction starts. This
reaction helps ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable
stone-likematerial.Concretecanbecastedinanyshape.Sinceitisaplasticmaterialinfreshstate, various
shapes and sizes of forms or formworks are used to provide different shapes such as rectangular,
circularetc.
Various structural members such as beams, slabs, footings, columns, lintels etc. are constructed
with concrete.

ACI 318 Building code requirements for structural concrete and ACI 301 Specifications for
StructuralConcreteareusedinUnitedStatesasstandardcodeofpracticeforconcreteconstruction.

There are different types of admixtures which are used to provide certain properties. Admixtures
or additives such as pozzolans or super plasticizers are included in the mixture to improve the
physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material.

Varioustypesofconcretearemanufacturedthesedaysforconstructionofbuildingsandstructures. These
have special properties and features which improve quality of construction as per requirement.

Components of Concrete:

Components of concrete are cement, sand, aggregates and water. Mixture of Portland cement
and water is called as paste. So, concrete can be called as a mixture of paste, sand and aggregates.
Sometimes rocks are used instead of aggregates.
The cement paste coat the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates when mixed thoroughly and
binds them. Soon after mixing the Components, hydration reaction start which provides strength
and a rock solid concrete is obtained.

What is Grade of Concrete?

Grade of concrete denotes its strength required for construction. For example, M30 grade
signifies that compressive strength required for construction is 30MPa. The first letter in grade
“M” is the mix and 30 is the required strength in MPa. .

Based on various lab tests, grade of concrete is presented in Mix Proportions. For example, for
M30 grade, the mix proportion can be 1:1:2, where 1 is the ratio of cement, 1 is the ratio of sand
and 2 is the ratio of coarse aggregate based on volume or weight of materials.

The strength is measured with concrete cube or cylinders by civil engineers at construction site.
Cubeorcylindersaremadeduringcastingofstructuralmemberandafterhardening itiscuredfor 28
days. Then compressive strength test is conducted to find thestrength.
Regular grades of concrete are M15, M20, M25 etc. For plain cement concrete works, generally
M15 is used. For reinforced concrete construction minimum M20 grade of concrete are used.

Compressive Strength
Concrete Grade Mix Ratio

MPa (N/mm2) Psi

Normal Grade of Concrete

M5 1 : 5 : 10 5 MPa 725 psi

M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 MPa 1087 psi

M10 1:3:6 10 MPa 1450 psi

M15 1:2:4 15 MPa 2175 psi

M20 1 : 1.5 : 3 20 MPa 2900 psi

Standard Grade of Concrete

M25 1:1:2 25 MPa 3625 psi

M30 Design Mix 30 MPa 4350 psi

M35 Design Mix 35 MPa 5075 psi

M40 Design Mix 40 MPa 5800 psi

M45 Design Mix 45 MPa 6525 psi

M50 Design Mix 50 MPa 7250 psi

 M55 Design Mix 55 MPa 7975 psi

M60 Design Mix 60 MPa 8700 psi

M65 Design Mix 65 MPa 9425 psi

M70 Design Mix 70 MPa 10150 psi

How to Make Concrete

Concrete is manufactured or mixed in proportions w.r.t. cement quantity. There are two
types of concrete mixes, i.e. nominal mix and design mix. Nominal mix is used for normal
construction works such as small residential buildings. Most popular nominal mix are in the
proportion of 1:2:4.
Design mixed concrete are those for which mix proportions are finalized based on various
labtestsoncylinderorcubeforitscompressivestrength.Thisprocessisalsocalledasmixdesign.
Thesetestsareconductedtofindsuitablemixbasedonlocallyavailablematerialtoobtainstrength
required as per structural design. A design mixed offers economy on use ofingredients.
Once suitable mix proportions are known, then its ingredients are mixed in the ratio as selected.
Two methods are used for mixing, i.e. Hand mixing or Machine Mixing.
Based on quantity and quality required, the suitable method of mixing is selected. In the
handmixing,eachingredientsareplacedonaflatsurfaceandwaterisaddedandmixedwithhand tools. In
machine mixing, different types of machines are used. In this case, the ingredients are added in
required quantity to mix and produce fresh concrete. Once it is mixed adequately it is
transportedtocastinglocationandpouredinformworks.Varioustypesofformworksareavailable which
as selected based on usage. Poured concrete is allowed to set in formworks for specified time
based on type of structural member to gain sufficient strength. After removal of formwork,
curing is done by various methods to make up the moisture loss due to evaporation. Hydration
reactionrequiresmoisturewhichisresponsibleforsettingandstrengthgain.So,curingisgenerally
continued for minimum 7 days after removal offormwork.
 Types of Concrete Construction:

Concrete is generally used in two types of construction, i.e. plain concrete construction and
reinforcedconcreteconstruction.InPCC,itispouredandcastedwithoutuseofanyreinforcement. This is
used when the structural member is subjected only to the compressive forces and not bending.
When a structural member is subjected to bending, reinforcements are required to
withstandtensionforcesstructuralmemberasitisveryweakintensioncomparedtocompression.
Generally, strength of concrete in tension is only 10% of its strength in compression. It is used as
a construction material for almost all types of structures such as residential concrete buildings,
industrial structures, dams, roads, tunnels, multi storey buildings, skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks
and superhighwaysetc.
Example of famous and large structures made with concrete are Hoover Dam, Panama Canal and
Roman Pantheon. It is the largest human made building materials used for construction.

Steps of Concrete Construction

The construction steps are:

1. Selecting quantities of materials for selected mixproportion

2. Mixing

3. Checking ofworkability
4. Transportation

5. Pouring in formwork forcasting

6. Vibrating for propercompaction

7. Removal of formwork after suitabletime
8. Curing member with suitable methods and requiredtime.

TESTS
1. Slump test before leaving the batching plant and on arrival onsite
This is to determine the workability of concrete in terms of slump test. After batching the
concrete, a sample of fresh concrete shall be taken to test for slump tests and the samples for
compressive strength testbe taken too. This is to make sure that the batched concreteis complying
with the mix design before it’s released from the batching plan
Upon arrival on site, a sample of fresh concrete shall be tested with slump test again, but
temperature shall be checked with the calibrated thermometer beforehand. Three cubes or
cylinders of samples shall be taken for compressive strength tests, these will be the samples from
the site.

The plus or minus sign is the symbol of tolerance of slump. Let say for example the slump of
approved concrete design mix for your suspended slab is 150 mm +/- 25.

2. Compressive strengthtest
Three samples of cubes or cylinders shall be taken for compressive strength test, but it is not
commonly three samples, sometimes it is two depend on the specification. You might ask why
sometimesthereisextraofonesample?Goodthatyouasked.Thisonesampleextrashallbetested “if!” the
two cubes or cylinders samples are tested from the three and if it is failed and the remaining
sample is passed. If the consultant is not satisfied with the result (definitely not!) and he wishes
to test the extra one. It shall be tested in 60days.

3. Water Permeabilitytest
Awaterpermeabilitytestisoneoftheteststodeterminethedurabilityofconcrete.Threecubes shall
be taken from fresh concrete and tested in accordance to the German Standard DIN 1048 at
28daysage.Thiskindoftestshallbetakenfromsubstructuresconcreteelementslikefoundations,
concrete water tank, retaining wall etc. The frequency of the water permeability test can be found
in this article The Frequency of VariousTests.

4. Rapid Chloride Ion PenetrationTest

Likewaterpermeabilitytest,thisisalso oneofthe teststodeterminethedurabilityofconcrete.
Threecubesshallbetakenfromfreshconcretedeliveredonsiteandtestedat28daysage.Thetest shall be
done in accordance to ASTMC1202-97

5. Water AbsorptionTest
Here is the other test that would determine the durability of concrete. The three cube sample
shall be taken from the delivered fresh concrete and kept it in the curing tank for 28 days or after
24 hours the concrete sample would be remolded and it will be sent directly to the approved third
 party laboratory to ensure its curing. The size of cube sample is 150 mm and tested in accordance
to BS 1881-122.

6. Modulus ofelasticity
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is defined as the ratio of stress applied on the concrete to the
respective strain caused. The accurate value of modulus of elasticity of concrete can be determined by
conducting a laboratory test called compression test on a cylindrical concrete specimen. In the test, the
deformation of the specimen with respect to different load variation is analyzed. These observations
produce Stress-Strain graph (load-deflection graph) from which the modulus of elasticity of concrete is
determined.

7. Settingtime
The action of changing mixed cement from a fluid state to a solid state is called “Setting of Cement”.

Initial Setting Time is defined as the period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement
and the time at which the needle of 1 mm square section fails to pierce the test block to a depth of about 5
mm from the bottom of the mold.
Final Setting Time is defined as the period elapsing between the time when water is added to cement and
the time at which the needle of 1 mm square section with 5 mm diameter attachment makes animpression
on the testblock.
 EQUIPMENTSUSED

ViCatapparatus Compression TestingMachine

SlumpCone Finenessmodulus
 CONCLUSION

As an undergraduate of the AITAM College, we would like to say this training program is an
Excellent opportunity for us to get to ground level and experience the things that we would have never
gained through going straight into a job we are grateful to the AITAM and IVRCL LIMITED
(Hyderabad) for giving us this wonderful opportunity.

The main objective of the internship is to provide an opportunity to undergraduate to identify,

observe and practice how civil engineering is applicable and the real site it is not only to get experience
on technical practices but also to observe management practices and to interact with the field workers.
The only chance that an undergraduate has to have this experience in the industrial training period.