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Comb - and - Seq Circuit

Combinational and sequential circuits can be classified based on whether their outputs depend only on present inputs (combinational) or on present and past inputs (sequential). Combinational circuits like encoders, decoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers have fast speed but no memory, while sequential circuits like flip-flops and counters can store states but require clocks and are slower. The key difference is that sequential circuits use feedback and memory elements to remember previous states while combinational circuits only depend on current inputs.

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108 views13 pages

Comb - and - Seq Circuit

Combinational and sequential circuits can be classified based on whether their outputs depend only on present inputs (combinational) or on present and past inputs (sequential). Combinational circuits like encoders, decoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers have fast speed but no memory, while sequential circuits like flip-flops and counters can store states but require clocks and are slower. The key difference is that sequential circuits use feedback and memory elements to remember previous states while combinational circuits only depend on current inputs.

Uploaded by

Tibebeselasie Mehari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Combinational and

Sequential circuits
Introduction
• Digital logic circuits can be classified into two types: combinational
and sequential. Combinational circuits are logic circuits in which their
outputs depend only on their inputs. Combinational circuits are often
known as time-independent and stateless circuits. On the other hand,
the outputs of sequential circuits depend not only on their inputs, but
also on the state of the circuit.
Combinational Circuits
• Time Independent circuits, which do not depend upon previous
inputs to generate any output
Combinational Circuit continiued
• Combinational circuit is a circuit in which we combine the different
gates in the circuit, for example encoder, decoder, multiplexer and
demultiplexer.
• Some of the characteristics of combinational circuits are following −
• The output of combinational circuit at any instant of time, depends only on
the levels present at input terminals.
• The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The previous state of input
does not have any effect on the present state of the circuit.
• A combinational circuit can have an n number of inputs and m number of
outputs.
Combinatioal Circuits summary
• Output depends on present input
• Speed is fast
• Designed easy
• No feedback between input and out put
• Time dependent
• Logic gates are elementary building blocks of combinational circuits
• Don’t have capability to store any states
• Don’t have clock so don’t require triggering
Combinational Circuits summary cont’d
• Don’t have any memory element
• Easy to use and handle
• Examples:
• Encoder
• Decoder
• Multiplexer
• DeMultiplexer
Combinational Circuits vs Sequential circuits
• In order to understand the difference between combinational and
sequential circuits, let us assume that you want to design a circuit that
counts the number of people entering a room. How would you do this?
Would you be able to build this as a combinational circuit?
• In order to answer this question, let us outline how a counter would work.
In order for a system to be able to count events, it needs to do two main
things:
• It needs to be able to remember the last number reached.
• It needs be able to recognize two successive events with a time lapse
between them
• Thus, in order to design a counter, we need to 'implement' two circuit
characteristics: memory and time. These two aspects are not easily
implemented using combinational logic.
Sequential circuits
• Dependent on clock cycles and depends on present as well as past
inputs to generate any outputs
Sequential circuits continued
• Unlike combinational circuits, the output of a sequential circuit
depends not only on its inputs, but also on its state. State can be
defined as a condition that an entity is in at a particular time. Notice
that in this definition, not only the word is 'time' used, but also the
word 'particular'. This indicates that the condition is stable or fixed at
a point in time.
Memory in combinational circuits
• Because digital circuits process binary data, the 'condition' or the
state of the circuit will consist of nothing more than binary data. For
stability and recall, we need to store this data in memory. In other
words, memory cells are required for sequential circuit
implementation and represent the state of the circuit. This state
might or might not be part of the circuit's output, however.
Time in combinational circuits
• Now that we've talked about memory in sequential circuits, we need to
now understand how they implement the concept of time. In order to do
this, sequential circuits must be built as <b>event-driven</b> entities.
• When an event takes place, a sequential circuit will trigger a state change.
In our counter example, the event will be a person entering the room, and
the triggered reaction of the circuit will be to increment its count by 1.
• The question now is: How does the circuit 'detect' the event? The answer is
that the event must be transformed into an electronic signal and sent to
the circuit as an input. The most commonly used triggering signal in
sequential circuit logic is the square wave.
Sequential circuits summary
• Output depends on present as well as past input.
• Speed is low
• Designed tough as compared to combinational circuits
• There exists feedback between input and output
• Time dependent
• Mainly used for storing data
• Flip-flops are elementary building blocks of seqeuntial circuits
Sequential circuits summary cont’d
• Clock dependent and need triggering
• Have separate memory element
• Not easy to use and handle
• Examples:
• Flip-flops
• Counters

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