Assignment 2: A Ssignment 2

The document describes two sorting algorithms - selection sort and bubble sort. It provides the step-by-step workings of each algorithm for a sample sequence of numbers. It also discusses requirements for artificial intelligence, including definitions of AI and AI programming, the four main types of AI (reactive machines, limited memory machines, theory of mind, and self-awareness), and applications of AI like Google Maps predictions, Facebook facial recognition, and Siri.

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Assignment 2: A Ssignment 2

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Assignment 2

Assignment 2
1) Describe the steps for performing the two algorithms Selection Sort and Bubble
Sort for the following sequence of numbers (6 marks):
5, 8, 9, 3, 7, 2, 6, 12, 18, 4 ( Mỗi sinh viên một dãy số)
Selection Sort: Swap

25 40 29 91 48 15 38 8 86 72
Swap

8 40 29 91 48 15 38 25 86 72
Swap

8 15 29 91 48 40 38 25 86 72
Swap

8 15 25 91 48 40 38 29 86 72
Swap

8 15 25 29 48 40 38 91 86 72

8 15 25 29 38 40 48 91 86 72

8 15 25 29 38 40 48 91 86 72
8 15 25 29 38 40 48 91 86 72
8 15 25 29 38 40 48 72 86 91

8 15 25 29 38 40 48 72 86 91

Bubble Sort:
67 74 15 94 60 23 72 43 10 59

10 67 74 15 94 60 23 72 43 59

10 15 67 74 23 94 60 43 72 59

10 15 23 67 74 43 94 60 59 72

10 15 23 43 67 74 59 94 60 72

10 15 23 43 59 67 74 60 94 72

10 15 23 43 59 60 67 74 72 94

10 15 23 43 59 60 67 72 74 94

2) Present according to the following requirements (4 marks):

a. What is artificial intelligence?
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by
machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert
systems, natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition and machine
vision.

b. What is artificial intelligence programming?

- Artificial intelligence programming is the simulation of the process of creating
human intelligence by computers, especially system computers.
- AI programming focuses on three cognitive skills: learning, reasoning and self-
correction.
 Learning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring
data and creating rules for how to turn the data into actionable information.
The rules, which are called algorithms, provide computing devices with
step-by-step instructions for how to complete a specific task.
 Reasoning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing
the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
 Self-correction processes. This aspect of AI programming is designed to
continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate
results possible.

c. How many types of artificial intelligence? Give examples for each type.
There are 4 types of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Reactive machines. These are the oldest forms of AI systems that
have extremely limited capability. They emulate the human mind’s
ability to respond to different kinds of stimuli. These machines do
not have memory-based functionality. These machines do not have
memory-based functionality. These machines do not have the ability
to “learn” , could only be used for automatically responding to a
limited set or combination of inputs. They cannot be used to rely on
memory to improve their operations based on the same. An example
is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov in
the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chessboard and
make predictions, but because it has no memory, it cannot use past
experiences to inform future ones.
2. Limited memory machines are machines that, in addition to having
the capabilities of purely reactive machines, are also capable of
learning from historical data to make decisions. Nearly all existing
applications that we know of come under this category of AI. All
present-day AI systems, such as those using deep learning, are
trained by large volumes of training data that they store in their
memory to form a reference model for solving future problems.
For instance, an image recognition AI is trained using thousands of
pictures and their labels to teach it to name objects it scans.
Almost all present-day AI applications, from chatbots and virtual
assistants to self-driving vehicles are all driven by limited memory
AI.
3. Theory of mind is a psychology term. When applied to AI, it means
that the system would have the social intelligence to understand
emotions. This type of AI will be able to infer human intentions and
predict behavior, a necessary skill for AI systems to become integral
members of human teams.
For example, Socially competent robotic systems may be used as
companions or socially-assistive robots and have already found
applications in, among others, geriatric care and mental health
settings
4. Self Awareness. This is the final stage of AI development which
currently exists only hypothetically. Self-aware AI, which, self
explanatorily, is an AI that has evolved to be so akin to the human
brain that it has developed self-awareness. This type of AI will not
only be able to understand and evoke emotions in those it interacts
with, but also have emotions, needs, beliefs, and potentially desires
of its own.
At the moment, these types of artificial intelligence only exist in
movies and comic book pages. Self-aware machines do not exist.
For example, WALL-E (in movie WALL-E) – the only robot left
behind on earth begins to have a small error in the system:
developing human character. Very inquisitive, extremely curious and
a bit lonely. Every day, the devoted robot works alone.

d. Present the applications of artificial intelligence, for example illustrating

each application.
1. Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
Using anonymized location data from smartphones, Google Maps (Maps) can
analyze the speed of movement of traffic at any given time. And, with
its acquisition of crowdsourced traffic app Waze in 2013, Maps can more
easily incorporate user-reported traffic incidents like construction and
accidents. Access to vast amounts of data being fed to its proprietary
algorithms means Maps can reduce commutes by suggesting the fastest routes
to and from work.
2. Facebook
When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically highlights
faces and suggests friends to tag. Facebook uses AI to recognize faces. In a
short video highlighting their AI research, Facebook discusses the use of
artificial neural networks—ML algorithms that mimic the structure of the
human brain—to power facial recognition software.
3. Siri
Siri is an intelligent personal assistant that is part of Apple Inc.'s iOS, iPadOS,
watchOS, macOS, and tvOS operating systems. The assistant uses voice and
natural-language user interfaces to answer questions, make recommendations,
and take action by passing requests to a set of Internet services. This software
will adapt to the user's language usage, search and personal preferences when
using it. Results are personalized.