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Lecture notes, lectures 11-20

Advanced Structural Analysis (University of Sheffield)

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Lecture 0 : Overview

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CV2012 Structural Analysis II

Course Contents
Part I
● Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures
● Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by
Force Method
Part II
● Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by
Slope-deflection Method
● Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by
Moment Distribution Method

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Learning Outcomes
● Analyze indeterminate structures (e.g. find
support reactions) and construct shear and
moment diagrams.

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Textbook and References

● Main Text
● Structural Analysis by R.C.
Hibbeler, 8th Edition in SI
Units, Pearson Education, 2011.

● References
● Fundamentals of Structural
Analysis, by K.M. Leet, C.M.
Uang and A.M. Gilbert, 4th Ed.,
McGraw Hill, 2011.
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Lecture 1 : Displacement
Method and
Degrees of Freedom

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Today’s Topics
● Methods in Structural Analysis
● Force Method vs Displacement Method
● Degrees of Freedom

Main Reference:
Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler, 8th Edition in SI
Units, Pearson Education, 2011.
Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-deflection
Equations

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3 Essential Elements in
Structural Analysis
● Equilibrium
● Whole structure or individual free body

● Compatibility
● No cracks, gaps, kinks

● Load-displacement Relation
● Deformation arising from the applied load
● Stress-strain relation

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How To Analyze Statically

Indeterminate Structures
● Force Method
● Redundant Forces as unknowns
z e.g. support reactions, end moments, internal forces
● The forces are determined from the compatibility
conditions

● Displacement Method
● Displacement as unknowns
z e.g. joint rotations, joint displacements
● The displacements are determined from the
equilibrium conditions 15

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Recap: General Procedures for

Force Methods
● Identify the unknown redundant forces (many
different choices)
● Express the displacements at selected locations
in terms of the unknown forces
● Set up the compatibility conditions
● The solutions of the resultant equations yield
the redundant forces
● Equilibrium equations are used to determine
the remaining reactions (and deformation)
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Disadvantages of the Force

Method
● Limited to structures which are not highly
indeterminate
● Normally, each compatibility equation will
involve all the unknown forces
● Many choices of unknown forces are possible

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General Procedures for

Displacement Methods
● Identify the unknown displacements (Degrees of
Freedom)
● Forces at the nodes are written in terms of the
unknown displacement using the load-
displacement relations for each member
● Equilibrium equations, usually at the nodes, are
set up to solve for the displacements
● Once the disp are obtained, the internal forces
are determined from the the load-disp relations
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Two Displacement Methods

● Slope-Deflection Method
● Solve simultaneous equations
More advanced methods using matrix analysis will
be taught in Structure III. (Ö Direct Stiffness
Method, Finite Element Method, etc.)

● Moment Distribution Method

● Calculate the end moments iteratively by applying a
series of converging corrections

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Advantages of the
Slope Deflection Method
● The unknowns (degrees of freedom) are easy to
identify: rotation & deflection at nodes
● It usually requires less work to construct the
necessary equilibrium equations
● It is usually less tedious to solve these equations
for the unknown displacements
● It can be easily programmed on a computer

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Degrees of Freedom
● When a structure is loaded, specified points on
it called nodes, will move
● These displacements are referred to as the
degrees of freedom (kinematic indeterminacy)
● Would depend on the deformation behaviour
of the structure
● E.g. no axial deformation
● Once these nodal disp are determined, the
deformation of the structural members and the
loadings within the members can be obtained. 21

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Where Are These Nodes?

● Between 2 nodes Ö a uniform member
● Usually located at
● supports
● ends of a member
● joints
● change in cross section
● Each node could have
● 2 linear disp + 1 rotational disp (2-D) 3
● 3 linear disp + 3 rotational disp (3-D)
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Example

● Any load applied to the beam will cause node A

to rotate
● Node B is completely restricted from moving
● Hence, the beam has only one unknown degree
of freedom θA

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Another Example

● The beam has nodes at A, B & C

● There are 4 degrees of freedom θA, θB, θC and
ΔC
● Actually, θC and ΔC are usually eliminated (see
an example later)
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How Many Degree of Freedom

Are There?

•The frame has

movable nodes at B
&C
•Neglect axial
deformation
•There are 3 degrees
of freedom θB, θC
and ΔB

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Lecture 2 : Slope-Deflection
Equations

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Today’s Topics
● Slope-Deflection Equations
● Fixed End Moments
● Analysis of Beams using Slope Deflection
Method

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Slope Deflection Method –

General Procedure
1) Identify the unknown degrees of freedom
(usually at the nodes)
2) Establish the load-displacement relation at
the nodes
● Relationship of the applied forces at the nodes to
the (unknown) slopes & deflections, and the load
on a structure
3) Establish the equilibrium equations

29

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Slope-Deflection Equations
● Consider the FBD of member AB subjected
to arbitrary loading

RA
RB

(clockwise)

How to relate MAB and MBA to θA, θB and Δ, as

well as P and w? 30

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Sign Convention
● Moments and angular displacements will be
considered positive when they act clockwise on
the span
● Linear displacement is consider positive if it
causes the cord of the span to rotate clockwise

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Sign Convention
● Internal Forces:
● Normal force: Tension
● Bending moment: concave upward
dM
● Shear force: rotate the segment clockwise V=
dx

● Implication in plotting
● BMD: plot on the compression side
● SFD: slope of BMD

32

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How to relate MAB and MBA to θA,

θB and Δ

R
⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎤
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θ A + θB − 3⎜ ⎟⎥
R = − [M AB + M BA]
1
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦
L
⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎤
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θB + θ A − 3⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞ ⎤
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦ = 6E⎜ 2 ⎟⎢2⎜ ⎟ − θ A −33θB ⎥
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎦
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Derivation (1):
The governing equation for a
uniform beam with lateral load is
(see Pg 306 and Pg 151, Hibbeler)
d 2v M d 2M d 4v
2
= and 2
= w ⇒ EI 4 = w
dx EI dx dx
The slope and displacement at the 2 ends are
known:
v(0) = 0, v( L) = −Δ, v' (0) = −θ A , v' ( L) = −θB
Hence, if w = 0, (i.e. no lateral loading)
⎛ 2 x 2 x3 ⎞ ⎛ x3 x 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 x3 3x2 ⎞
v( x) = −⎜⎜ x − + 2 ⎟⎟θ A − ⎜⎜ 2 − ⎟⎟θB + ⎜⎜ 3 − 2 ⎟⎟Δ
⎝ L L⎠ ⎝L L ⎠ ⎝ L L ⎠ 34

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Derivation (2):
The bending moment of the beam is given by (see Pg
306, Hibbeler)
d 2v
M = EI 2
dx
M ( x) ⎛ 4 6 x ⎞ ⎛ 6x 2 ⎞ ⎛ 12x 6 ⎞
= ⎜ − 2 ⎟θ A − ⎜ 2 − ⎟θB + ⎜ 3 − 2 ⎟Δ
EI ⎝L L ⎠ ⎝ L L⎠ ⎝ L L⎠
Hence,
⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎤
M AB = M (0) = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θ A + θB − 3⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦
⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎤
M BA = −M ( L) = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θB + θ A − 3⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦
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Special Cases
θB = 0, Δ =0
4EI 2EI
M AB = θA M BA = θA
L L

θA = 0, Δ =0
2EI 4EI
M AB = θB M BA = θB
L L

θA = 0, θB =0 6EI
M= 2 Δ
L
− 6EI − 6EI
M AB = 2 Δ M BA = 2 Δ
L L36

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Loading Acting on the Span of the

Member
● Need to find the end forces that would produce
ZERO end rotations or displacement
● Ö Fixed-End Moments (FEM)

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Typical Tut7 Q1.

Fixed-End Moments

38

(see the back cover of Hibbeler)

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Slope-Deflection Equations
● By superposition

RA
RB

⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎤
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θ A + θB − 3⎜ ⎟⎥ + FEMAB
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦ Δ/L = span
⎛ I ⎞⎡ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎤ rotation
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θB + θ A − 3⎜ ⎟⎥ + FEMBA
⎝ L ⎠⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦ 39

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End Moment Equations

● Since the 2 equations are similar,
they can be expressed as a single equation

M N = 2Ek[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
¾ MN = internal moment at the near end of the span
¾ E, k = modulus of elasticity & span stiffness (k=I/L)
¾ θN, θF = near and far end slope or angle of the span at
the supports
¾ ψ = Δ/L = span rotation of its cord due to a linear disp
¾ FEMN = fixed end moment at the near end support
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General Procedure for Beams

● Identify the unknown degrees of freedom

● E.g. θA, θB, θC, θD
● Apply the Slope Deflection Equation to each
member
● E.g. MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB, MCD, MDC
● Set up the equilibrium equations
● MAB=0, MBA+MBC = 0, MCB+MCD=0, MDC=0
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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.1]

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam where EI is constant.

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Unknown degrees of freedom: θB

● Since A & C are fixed support, θA = θC =0

● Since the supports do not settle nor are they
displaced up or down, ψAB = ψBC = 0
43

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Solution
From the Table:

Fixed End Moments:

(FEM)BC (FEM)CB
Member BC

wL2 6(62 )
( FEM)BC = − =− = −7.2 kN • m
30 30 Note that
wL2 6(62 ) (FEM)BC is –ve
( FEM)CB = = = 10.8 kN • m
20 20
● (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA =0 since there is no load on span AB

44

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⎛I⎞
Solution M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

The Slope Deflection Equations are

⎛I⎞
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(0)] + 0 = θB
EI
(1)
⎝8⎠ 4
Member AB
⎛I⎞
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(0)] + 0 = θB
EI
(2)
⎝8⎠ 2
⎛I⎞
M BC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(0)] − 7.2 =
2EI
θB - 7.2 (3)
⎝ 6⎠ 3
Member BC
⎛I⎞
MCB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(0)] + 10.8 = θB + 10.8 (4)
EI
45
⎝ 6⎠ 3

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Solution

● Moment equilibrium at support B:

M BA + M BC = 0 (5)

● Here MBA & MBC are assumed to act in the +ve

direction to be consistent with the slope-
deflection eqn
● Substitute Eqs. (2) & (3) into (5), θB is
EI 2EI 6.17
θB + θB - 7.2 = 0 ⇒ θB =
2 3 EI
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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (4),
M AB = 1.54 kN • m; M BA = 3.09 kN • m;
M BC = −3.09 kN • m; MCB = 12.86 kN • m

● The negative value for MBC indicates that this

moment acts counter clockwise

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Shear & Moment Diagrams

48

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Another Example
[Ref.: Modified from Hibbeler. Ex 11.2]

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the

beam where EI is constant.

49

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Unknown degrees of freedom: θB, θC

● Since A is a fixed support, θA = 0

● Since the supports do not settle nor are they
displaced up or down, ψAB = ψBC = 0

50

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Solution 51

Fixed end moments:

wL2 40(62 )
( FEM) AB = − =− = −120kN • m
12 12
wL2 40(62 )
( FEM)BA = = = 120kN • m
12 12
PL (60)(2)
( FEM)BC = − =− = −15kN • m
8 8
PL (60)(2)
( FEM)CB = = = 15kN • m
8 8

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⎛I⎞
Solution M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

The Slope Deflection Equations are

⎛I⎞
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(0)] − 120 = θB - 120
EI
(1)
⎝ 6⎠ 3
Member AB
⎛I⎞
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(0)] + 120 =
2EI
θB + 120 (2)
⎝ 6⎠ 3
⎛I⎞
M BC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + θC − 3(0)] − 15 = 2EIθB + EIθC - 15 (3)
⎝ 2⎠
Member BC
⎛I⎞
MCB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + θB − 3(0)] + 15 = 2EIθC + EIθB + 15 (4)
⎝ 2⎠ 52

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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at support B & C:
M BA + M BC = 0 (5)
MCB = 0 (6)
VCL
MCB = 0 ⇒ 2EIθC + EIθB + 15 = 0 or
1 15
θC = − θB − MCB
2 2EI Cy

3
M BC = 2 EIθ B + EIθC - 15 = EIθ B - 22.5
2
• Substitute into (5), θB is
2 EI 3EI 45
θ B + 120 + θ B - 22.5 = 0 ⇒ θ B = −
3 2 EI 53

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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (3),
M AB = −135kN • m; M BA = 90 kN • m;
M BC = −90 kN • m; MCB = 0 kN • m

● The negative values for MAB and MBC indicate

that these moments act counter clockwise

Member AB Member BC
54

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Shear & Moment Diagrams

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Lecture 3: Analysis of Beams

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Today’s Topics
● Beams with Pin-supported End Span
● Fixed End Moments for Beams with
Fixed-Pinned End Conditions
● Beams with Support Settlement

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Slope-Deflection Equations for Pin

Supported End Span
● If the end span of a beam or frame is supported by
a pin or roller at its far end, the moment at the
roller or pin is zero.
● The rotation θF can be eliminated if it is not
needed for further calculations.

M N = 2 [2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
EI
L
M F = 2 [2θF + θN − 3ψ ] + FEMF = 0
EI
L
(FEMN )Fixed−Pinned

M N = M N − M F = 3 [θN −ψ ] + FEMN − FEMF

1 EI 1
2 L 2 59

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FEM at A for Span

with Pin Support B

60

(see back cover of Hibbeler)

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FEMFixed-Fixed and FEMFixed-Pinned

1
Fixed-Fixed FEMAB + FEMBA Fixed-Pinned
2

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.2]

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam where EI is constant.

62

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Note: End C of Span BC is on a roller
● Unknown degrees of freedom: θB

● Since A is a fixed support, θA = 0

● Since the supports do not settle nor are displaced
up or down, ψAB = ψBC = 0
63

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Solution
Fixed end moments:
wL2 40(62 )
( FEM) AB = − =− = −120kN • m
12 12
wL2 40(62 )
( FEM)BA = = = 120kN • m
12 12
3PL 3(60)(2)
( FEM)BC = − =− = −22.5kN • m
16 16

For Member AB 64
For Member BC

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Solution
The Slope Deflection Equations are

B
⎛I⎞
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(0)] − 120 = θB - 120
EI
(1)
⎝ 6⎠ 3
Member AB
⎛I⎞
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(0)] + 120 =
2EI
θB + 120 (2)
⎝ 6⎠ 3
⎛I⎞
M BC = 3E⎜ ⎟[θB − 0] − 22.5 =
3EI
θB - 22.5 (3) Same
⎝ 2⎠ 2

⎛I⎞ ⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN M N = 3E⎜ ⎟[θN −ψ ] + FEM
65

⎝ L⎠
N
⎝ ⎠
L
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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at support B:
M BA + M BC = 0 (5)

● Here MBA & MBC are assumed to act in the +ve

direction to be consistent with the slope-
deflection eqn
Same as
before
● Substitute Eqs. (2) & (3) into (5), θB is
2EI 3EI 45
θB + 120 + θB - 22.5 = 0 ⇒ θB = −
3 2 EI 66

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Same as
Solution before

● Then, from Eqs (1) to (3),

M AB = −135kN • m; M BA = 90 kN • m;
M BC = −90 kN • m; MCB = 0 kN • m

● The negative values for MAB and MBC indicate

that these moments act counter clockwise

Member AB Member BC
67

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Shear & Moment Diagrams

Same as
before

68

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Other Support Conditions at the

Far End
● Overhang: i.e. far end being FREE (i.e. no
moment and no vertical reaction) ⇒ statically
determinate at the near end
M N = FEMN Nothing to do with EI, θN, θF and Δ!!!

● Slider: far end with zero vertical reaction and zero

rotation

M N = EkθN + FEMN
Very Seldom Used.
69
(see Pg 37 of Hibbeler)

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Example [Ref.: Modified from Hibbeler. Ex 11.3]

Determine the moments at A and B for the beam
shown if the support at B is displaced (settles) 80
kNm3/EI. Find also the support reaction at B.

70

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Since member BC is overhanging, MBC is known
⇒ no need to consider θC and ΔC T8 – Q4

● Since A is a fixed support, θA = 0

● ΔB is given, span rotation for member AB
ψAB = ΔB/4m =(80 kNm3)/EI/4m =20 kNm2/EI
● Unknown degree of freedom: θB

71

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Solution
What exactly is 80kNm3/EI?
If E = 200GPa, I = 5x106 mm4,
3
80 kNm
80 kNm / EI =
3
−6 4
= 0.08m
200×10 kNm × 5 ×10 m
6 -2

Fixed End Moments:

● (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 0
since there is no load on span AB
● (FEM)BC = -PL = -8(3) = - 24 kNm Member BC
since span BC is overhanging
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⎛I⎞
Solution M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠
The Slope Deflection Equations are
⎛ I ⎞⎡ 20 ⎤ EI
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2(0) + θB − 3( )⎥ = θB − 30 (1)
⎝ 4 ⎠⎣ EI ⎦ 2
Unit:
⎛ I ⎞⎡ 20 ⎤ kN-m
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θB + 0 − 3( )⎥ = EIθB − 30 (2)
⎝ 4 ⎠⎣ EI ⎦
M BC = −24 (3)
Moment equilibrium at joint B
M BA + M BC = 0 ⇒ EIθB − 30 − 24 = 0
54
⇒ θB =
EI 73

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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (2),
M AB = −3 kN • m; M BA = 24 kN • m

● From these end moments to spans AB

VBA = (-3 + 24)/4 = 5.25 kN
3kNm 24kNm 5.25kN
24kNm

VBA
4m

● Hence the reaction force at B is By = 5.25+8

=13.25 kN
74

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.4]

Determine the internal moments at the supports
of the beam shown. The roller support at C is
pushed downward 30mm by the force P. Take E
= 200 GPA, I = 600x106 mm4.

75

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Unknown degrees of freedom: θB, θC
● Since A & D are fixed supports, θA = θD =0
● Since the supports A and B do not settle nor are
they displaced up or down, ψAB = 0
● ψBC = 0.03m/6m = 0.005 rad
● ψCD = -0.03m/4.5m = -0.00667 rad

76

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Solution
Fixed End Moments:

wL2 20(7.22 )
( FEM) AB = − =− = −86.4 kN • m
12 12
wL2 20(7.22 )
( FEM)BA = = = 86.4kN • m
12 12

● (FEM)BC = (FEM)CB = (FEM)CD = (FEM)DC = 0 since

there is no load on spans BC and CD
77

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⎛I⎞
Solution M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠
The Slope Deflection Equations are
⎛ 600 × 10 6
× 10−12
⎞
M AB = 2(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟(2(0) + θB − 3(0)) − 86.4
⎝ 7.2 ⎠
= 33,333.3θB − 86.4 (1) Unit:
M BA = 66,666.7θB + 86.4 (2) kN-m

⎛ 600 × 106
× 10−12
⎞
M BC = 2(200×10 )⎜
6
⎜ ⎟⎟(2θB + θC − 3(0.005)) + 0
⎝ 6 ⎠
= 80,000θB + 40,000θC − 600 (3)
MCB = 80,000θC + 40,000θB − 600 (4)
⎛ 600 × 10 6
× 10−12
⎞
MCD = 2(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟(2θC + 0 − 3(−0.00667)) + 0
⎝ 4.5 ⎠
= 106,667θC + 1,066.7 (5)
M DC = 53,333.3θC + 1,066.7
78
(6)
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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at
joints B and C

M BA + M BC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
● Substitute Eqs. (1) to (6) into the above eqs:

3.667θ B + θC = 0.01284 ⎧θB = 0.00444rad

⇒⎨
− θC − 0.214θ B = 0.00250 ⎩θC = −0.00345rad
79

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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (6),
M AB = 61.6 kN • m; M BA = 383kN • m
M BC = −383kN • m; MCB = −698kN • m
MCD = 698kN • m; M DC = 883kN • m

383 kNm 698 kNm 698 kNm 883kNm

VCL VCR
Member BC Member CD

VCL = (383+698)/6 = 180.2kN VCR = (698+883)/4.5 = 351.3kN

P = 180.2 + 351.3 = 531.5kN 80

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Lecture 4: Analysis of Frames

82

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Today’s Topics
● Frames Without Sidesway
● Frames With Sidesway

83

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No Sidesway if …
ƒ Properly restrained

ƒ Theframe is symmetric wrt both loading and

geometry (even for unrestrained frame)

⇒ Fewer Unknowns (All span rotations are zero.) 84

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.5]

Determine the moments at each joint of the
frame. EI is constant.

85

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Fixed support: θA = θD =0
● Symmetry ⇒ No sidesway:
ψAB = ψBC = ψCD = 0
● Unknown degrees of
freedom: θB, θC
● Actually, due to symmetry:
θB = − θC

86

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Solution
From the Table:

Fixed end moments:

(FEM)BC (FEM)CB For Member BC

5wL2
( FEM)BC = − = −80 kN • m Note that
96 (FEM)BC is –ve

5wL2
( FEM)CB = = 80 kN • m
96

● (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = (FEM)CD = (FEM)DC = 0 since there

is no load on spans AB and CD
87

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⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
Solution ⎝ L⎠

The Slope Deflection Equations are

⎛I ⎞
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(0)] + 0 = θB
EI
(1)
⎝ 12 ⎠ 6
⎛I ⎞
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(0)] + 0 = θB
EI
(2)
⎝ 12 ⎠ 3
⎛I⎞
M BC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + θC − 3(0)] − 80 = θB + θC − 80
EI EI
(3)
⎝8⎠ 2 4
⎛I⎞
MCB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + θB − 3(0)] + 80 = θC + θB + 80
EI EI
(4)
⎝8⎠ 2 4
⎛I ⎞
MCD = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + (0) − 3(0)] + 0 = θC
EI
(5)
⎝ 12 ⎠ 3
⎛I ⎞
M DC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θC − 3(0)] + 0 = θC
EI
(6) 88
⎝ 12 ⎠ 6
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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at
joints B and C
M BA + M BC = 0

M CB + M CD = 0
● Substitute Eqs. (2) to (5) into the above eqs:
⎧ 137.1
θ =
0.833EIθB + 0.25EIθC = 80 ⇒ ⎪ B
EI
⎨ 137 .1
0.833EIθC + 0.25EIθB = −80 ⎪θC = −
⎩ EI
89

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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (6),
M AB = 22.9 kN • m; M BA = 45.7 kN • m
M BC = −45.7 kN • m; MCB = 45.7 kN • m
MCD = −45.7 kN • m; M DC = −22.9 kN • m
● The negative value for MBC indicates that this
moment acts counter clockwise

90

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Solution - Moment Diagrams

91

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.6]

Determine the internal moments at each
joint of the frame shown. The moment of
inertia for each member is given. Take E =
200GPa.

92

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Fixed support: θA = 0
● Pin support: θD, θE not treated as unknown
● No sidesway and no axial shortening:
ψAB = ψBC = ψCD = ψCE = 0
● Unknown degrees of
freedom: θB, θC

93

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Solution
Fixed end moments:
PL 30(4.8)
( FEM)BC = − =− = −18kN • m
8 8
PL 30(4.8)
( FEM)CB = = = 18kN • m
8 8
wL2 50(3.6)2
( FEM)CE = − =− = −81kN • m
8 8

For Member BC For Member CE 94

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⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
Solution ⎝ L⎠

The Slope Deflection Equations are

⎛ 160×106 ×10−12 ⎞
M AB = 2(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(0)] + 0 = 14,222.2θB (1)
⎝ 4.5 ⎠
⎛ 160×106 ×10−12 ⎞
M BA = 2(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(0)] + 0 = 28,444.4θB (2)
⎝ 4.5 ⎠
⎛ × 6
× −12
⎞
⎟⎟[2θB + θC − 3(0)] − 18 = 53,333.3θB + 26,666.7θC - 18 (3)
320 10 10
M BC = 2(200×106 )⎜⎜
⎝ 4.8 ⎠
⎛ 320×106 ×10−12 ⎞
MCB = 2(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟[2θC + θB − 3(0)] + 18 = 26,666.7θB + 53,333.3θC + 18 (4)
⎝ 4.8 ⎠
⎛ 80 ×106 ×10−12 ⎞
MCD = 3(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟[θC − (0)] + 0 = 10,666.7θC ⎛I⎞
M N = 3E⎜ ⎟[θN −ψ ] + FEMN (5)
⎝ 4.5 ⎠ ⎝ L⎠

⎛ 260×106 ×10−12 ⎞
MCE = 3(200×10 )⎜⎜
6
⎟⎟[θC − (0)] − 81 = 43,333.3θC - 81 (6)
⎝ 3.6 ⎠ 95

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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at
joints B and C
M BA + M BC = 0
MCB + MCD + MCE = 0
● Substitute Eqs. (2) to (5) into the above eqs:
81,777.7θB + 26,666.7θC = 18 θ = 3.124 × 10−5
rad
⇒ B

26,666.7θC + 107,333.3θB = 63 θC = 5.792×10 rad

−4

96

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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (6),
M AB = 0.444kN • m; M BA = 0.888kN • m
M BC = −0.888kN • m; MCB = 49.7 kN • m
MCD = 6.18kN • m; MCE = −55.9 kN • m
● The negative value for MBC indicates that this
moment acts counter clockwise
● Of course
M DC = 0kN • m; M EC = 0 kN • m
97

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Analysis of Frames with Sidesway

● A frame will sidesway (displace to the side)
when it or the loading acting on it is non-
symmetric
● When applying the slope-deflection eqn to each
column, we must consider the member rotation
⇒ψ = Δ/L as an unknown in the eqn
● As a result, an extra equilibrium eqn must be
included in the solution

98

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Example of Sidesway
ƒ The loading P causes unequal
moments at joints B & C
ƒ MBC tends to displace
joint B to the right
ƒ MCB tends to displace
joint C to the left
ƒ Since MBC > MCB, the net
result is a sidesway Δ of
both joints B & C to the right
99

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.7]

Determine the moments at each joint of the
frame shown. EI is constant.

100

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Fixed support: θA = θD = 0
● No sidesway for BC, ψBC = 0.
● Unknown degrees of
freedom: θB, θC, Δ
● ψAB = Δ /4, ψDC = Δ /6
⇒ ψAB = (6/4)ψDC

101

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Solution
Fixed end moments:
No FEMs since the load is applied directly to
joint B

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⎛I⎞
Solution M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

The Slope Deflection Equations are

⎛ I ⎞⎡ 6 ⎤
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2(0) + θB − 3( ψ DC )⎥ + 0 = EI (0.5θB - 2.25ψ DC ) (1)
⎝ 4 ⎠⎣ 4 ⎦
⎛ I ⎞⎡ 6 ⎤
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟⎢2θB + 0 − 3( ψ DC )⎥ + 0 = EI (1.0θB - 2.25ψ DC ) (2)
⎝ 4 ⎠⎣ 4 ⎦
⎛I⎞
M BC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + θC − 3(0)] + 0 = EI (0.8θB + 0.4θC ) (3)
⎝ 5⎠
⎛I⎞
MCB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + θB − 3(0)] + 0 = EI (0.8θC + 0.4θB ) (4)
⎝ 5⎠
⎛I⎞
MCD = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + (0) − 3(ψ DC )] + 0 = EI (0.667θC - 1.0ψ DC ) (5)
⎝ 6⎠
⎛I⎞
M DC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θC − 3(ψ DC )] + 0 = EI (0.333θC - 1.0ψ DC ) (6)
⎝ 6⎠ 103

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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at
joints B and C
M BA + M BC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
● Substitute Eqs. (2) to (5) into the above eqs:
1.8θB + 0.4θC − 2.25ψ DC = 0
0.4θB + 1.46θC − 1.00ψ DC = 0

104

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Solution
● Need one more equation.
200 − VA − VD = 0
● Note that
M AB + M BA
VA = −
4
M DC + MCD
VD = −
6
M AB + M BA M DC + MCD
⇒ 200 + + =0 105
4 6
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Solution
● The 3 equations for the 3 unknowns are
1.8θB + 0.4θC − 2.25ψ DC = 0 (1)
0.4θB + 1.46θC − 1.00ψ DC = 0 (2)
1.5θB + 0.667θC − 5.833ψ DC = −800/ EI (3)

● Solving simultaneously, gives

EIθB = 243.78, EIθC = 75.66, EIψ DC = 208.48

[See A5 of Hibbeler, Pg 623 on Gauss

Elimination]
106

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Solution (Gauss Elimination)

● From (1), 1.8θB + 0.4θC − 2.25ψ DC = 0 ⇒
θB = −0.222θC + 1.25ψ DC (4)
● Substitute (4) into (2), 0.4θB + 1.46θC − 1.00ψ DC = 0
1.371θC − 0.5ψ DC = 0
⇒ θC = 0.365ψ DC (5)
● Substitute (4) and (5) into (3)
0.333θC − 3.958ψ DC = −800/ EI
− 3.84ψ DC = −800/ EI
⇒ψ DC = 208/ EI
107

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Solution
● Then, from Eqs (1) to (6),
M AB = −347kN • m; M BA = −255kN • m
M BC = 255kN • m; MCB = 158kN • m
MCD = −158kN • m; M DC = −183kN • m

108

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Lecture 5: Slanted Members

and Elastic Supports

110

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Today’s Topics
● Analysis of Sway Frames With Slanted
Members
● Analysis of Structures with Elastic
Supports

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 11.10]

Determine the moments at each joint of the

frame shown. EI is constant for each
member.

112

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Solution
Degrees of Freedom:
● Fixed supports: θA = θD = 0

● Unknown degrees of
freedom: θB, θC, Δ (?)

● The member chord rotation

ψAB, ψBC and ψCD are related

113

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Solution
Chord Rotation:
● ψAB = Δ1/3

● ψBC = -Δ2/3.6

● ψCD = Δ3/6

Relationships of Δ1, Δ2 and Δ3:

● Δ2 = 0.5Δ1

● Δ3 = 0.866Δ1

● ⇒ ψBC = -0.417ψAB and ψCD = 0.433ψAB 114

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Solution
Fixed end moments:
wL2 30(3.62 )
( FEM)BC = − =− = −32.4 kN • m
12 12
wL2 30(3.62 )
( FEM)CB = = = 32.4 kN • m
12 12

115

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Solution ⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠
The Slope Deflection Equations are
⎛I⎞
M AB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θB − 3(ψ AB )] + 0 = EI(0.667θB - 2ψ AB ) (1)
⎝ 3⎠
⎛I⎞
M BA = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + 0 − 3(ψ AB )] + 0 = EI(1.333θB - 2ψ AB ) (2)
⎝ 3⎠
⎛ I ⎞
M BC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θB + θC − 3(−0.417ψ AB )] − 32.4 (3)
⎝ 3.6 ⎠
⎛ I ⎞
MCB = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + θB − 3(−0.417ψ AB )] + 32.4 (4)
⎝ 3.6 ⎠
⎛I⎞
MCD = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θC + (0) − 3(0.433ψ AB )] + 0 = EI(0.667θC - 0.433ψ AB ) (5)
⎝ 6⎠
⎛I⎞
M DC = 2E⎜ ⎟[2(0) + θC − 3(0.433ψ AB )] + 0 = EI(1.333θC - 0.433ψ AB ) (6)
116
⎝ 6⎠
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Solution
● Moment equilibrium at
joints B and C
M BA + M BC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
● One more equation is required

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Solution
● One more equation is required
● Take moment about O
⎛ M AB + M BA ⎞
M AB + M DC − ⎜ ⎟(10.2)
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ M DC + MCD ⎞
−⎜ ⎟(12.24) − 108(1.8) = 0
⎝ 6 ⎠
or
− 2.4M AB − 3.4M BA
− 2.04MCD − 1.04M DC − 194.4 = 0
118

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Solution

● The 3 equations for the 3 unknowns are

0.733θB + 0.167θC − 0.392ψ AB = 9.72 / EI
0.167θB + 0.533θC + 0.0784ψ AB = −9.72 / EI
− 1.840θB − 0.512θC + 3.880ψ AB = 58.32 / EI

● Solving simultaneously, gets

EIθB = 35.51, EIθC = −33.33, EIψ AB = 27.47

119

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Solution

● Then, from Eqs (1) to (6),

M AB = −31.3 kN • m; M BA = −7.60 kN • m
M BC = 7.60 kN • m; MCB = 34.2 kN • m
MCD = −34.2 kN • m; M DC = −23.0 kN • m

120

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Structures on Elastic Supports

● If one of the supports is on elastic
spring, the equilibrium condition is that
the support reaction force is the same as
the force in the spring

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Example
Compute the reactions for the beam shown
below if EI is constant, the spring constant K
= kEI/L3, P = 30kN and L = 10m.
P=

B
K = kEI/L3

L/2 = L/2 =

122

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Solution ⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

● The 2 unknown displacement are

θB and Δ at B (θA = 0)
● The end moments are given by
2EI ⎛ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎞
M AB = ⎜ 2(0) + θB − 3⎜ ⎟⎟
L/2 ⎝ ⎝ L / 2 ⎠⎠
2EI ⎛ ⎛ Δ ⎞⎞
M BA = ⎜ 2θB + (0) − 3⎜ ⎟⎟
L/2 ⎝ ⎝ L / 2 ⎠⎠
M BC = −PL / 2
Since member BC is overhanging
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MAB MBA
Solution
● The shear force VBA is VBA

− M AB − M BA 6EI ⎛ 2Δ ⎞ 1
VBA = = ⎜ − θB ⎟
L/2 L/2 ⎝ L/2 ⎠ L/2
VBA
At Joint B
● Moment equilibrium
P
4EI ⎛ 6Δ ⎞ PL KΔ
M BA + M BC = 0 or ⎜ 2θB − ⎟ − =0
L ⎝ L⎠ 2
● The shear equilibrium condition at B is
kEI 6EI ⎛ 2Δ ⎞ 1 kEI
VBA + 3 Δ = P or ⎜ − θB ⎟ + 3 Δ=P
L L/2 ⎝ L/2 ⎠ L/2 L 124

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Solution
PL2 3Δ
● From the first equation, θB = +
16EI L

● Substitute into the second equation

6EI ⎛ 2Δ PL2 3Δ ⎞ 1 kEI
⎜⎜ − − ⎟⎟ + 3 Δ=P
L / 2 ⎝ L / 2 16EI L ⎠ L / 2 L

⇒ (24 + k ) 3 Δ = P + P = P
24EI 3 5
L 2 2
5PL3
⇒Δ=
2(24 + k )EI
PL2 3Δ 144 + k PL2
⇒ θB = + =
16EI L 16(24 + k ) EI
125

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Solution

● The vertical reaction from the spring is

5kP
KΔ =
2(24 + k )

126

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Force Method or
Slope Deflection Method

● Both methods will give the same correct

answers
● Which one to use depends on
● Number of unknowns
● Ease of setting up and solving the equations

127

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Example [Tut 6, Q3]

Determine the reactions at supports A and
E, and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams. EI is constant for the all
members.

128

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Solution

● Force Method:
● 1 unknown,
e.g. horizontal reaction at E

● Displacement Method:
● 3 unknowns: θC, θD, Δ

● => easier to use the Force Method!

129

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Example [T8 – Q1, Ref.: Hibbeler. Problem 11-1]

Determine the moments at A, B and C, and then draw
the moment diagram. EI is constant. Assume the
support at B is a roller, and supports A and C are
fixed.

130

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Solution

● Force Method:
● 3 unknowns (no axial force)
● Many choices

● Displacement Method:
● 1 unknown: θB

● => easier to use the Displacement Method!

131

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Summary
● Degrees of Freedom (DoFs)
● unknown displacements of a structure that consist
of either joint displacements or rotations
● Slope-Deflection Equations
● Relate end moments to the unknown degrees of
freedom for a particular member
⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠
⎛I⎞
M N = 3E⎜ ⎟[θN −ψ ] + FEMN ⇐ Far end pinned or roller supported
⎝ L⎠
● Unknown DoFs are solved by considering
equilibrium (at each joint and overall) 133

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Lecture 6: Moment
Distribution
Method

134

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Today’s Topics
● General Principles and Definitions
● Distribution Factor (DF)
● Carry-over Factor (CO)

● Moment Distribution for Beams

Main Reference:
Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler, 8th Edition in SI
Units, Pearson Education, 2011.
Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment
Distribution (Page 487 – 521) 135

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Displacement Methods
● Slope Deflection Method
● Need to solve simultaneous equations
● At most 3 or 4 unknowns for manual calculation
● Moment Distribution Method
● Can tackle many more unknowns
● Iterative method
● “One of the most notable advances in structural
analysis during the twentieth century”…in 1930s
136

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General Principles
● Successive approximations that may be
carried out to any desired degree of
accuracy
● The method begins by assuming each joint
of a structure is fixed
● By unlocking and locking each joint in
succession, the internal moments at the
joints are “distributed” & balanced until the
joints have rotated to their final or nearly
final positions
● Repetitive calculations that are easy to apply
137

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Sign Convention and

Fixed-End Moments
● SAME as those for the slope-deflection
equations
¾ Clockwise Ö Positive

¾ Fixed-end moments = moments at the fixed joints of

a loaded member
PL P
PL
8 8

L L
138
2 2

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Member stiffness factor ⎛I⎞

M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

● Consider a beam with a rotation θA at A and

fixed at B
⎛ 4EI ⎞
M =⎜ ⎟ θA
⎝ L ⎠
stiffness factor at A or K = 4 EI
L

139

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Joint Stiffness Factor

● If several members are fixed connected to a joint
and each of their far end is fixed,
● Total stiffness factor at the joint is the sum of the
member stiffness factors at the joint

● For example,
KT = ∑ K = 4000+ 5000+ 1000 = 10000

140

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Distribution Factor (DF)

● That fraction of the total resisting moment
supplied by the member is called the
distribution factor (DF)
Mi Kiθ
DFi = =
M θ ∑ Ki
K
DF =
∑K

● Sum of all DF at a joint = 1

DF = 1 for pin end

DF = 0 for a fixed end 141

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Member Relative Stiffness Factor

● Quite often a continuous beam or a frame will
be made from the same material
● E will therefore be constant
I
KR =
L

142

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⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
Carry-over (CO) factor ⎝ L⎠

⎛ 4EI ⎞ ⎛ 2EI ⎞
M AB = ⎜ ⎟θA ; M BA = ⎜ ⎟θA
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠
● Solving for θA and equating these eqn,

M BA = 0.5 × M AB
● The moment M at the pin induces a moment of M’
= 0.5M at the wall
● In the case of a beam with the far end fixed, the
CO factor is +0.5
● The plus sign indicates both moments act in the
same direction
143

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Moment Distribution for Beams

● Based on the principle of successively locking
and unlocking the joints of a structure in order
to allow the moments at the joints to be
distributed and balanced.

144

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Example (The Procedure)

● Stiffness and Distribution Factors

4E(120)(106 )
KBA = = 4E(40)(106 ) mm4 /m
3
4E(240)(106 )
KBC = = 4E(60)(106 ) mm4 /m
4
4E(40) 4E(40)
DFBA = = 0.4 DFAB = =0
4E(40) + 4E(60) ∞ + 4E(40)
4E(60) 4E(60)
DFBC = = 0.6 DFCB = =0
4E(40) + 4E(60) ∞ + 4E(60) 145

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Example (The Procedure)

● Fixed-End Moments
wL2
(FEM) BC = − = −8000 N • m
12
wL2
(FEM)CB = = 8000N • m
12

146

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Example (The Procedure)

● Assuming joint B is fixed or locked
● The fixed end moment at B then holds span BC
in this fixed or locked position
● To correct this, we will apply an equal but
opposite moment of 8000 N•m to the joint and
allow the joint to rotate freely

147

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Example (The Procedure)

● As a result, portions of this moment are
distributed in spans BC and BA in
accordance with the DFs of these spans at
the joint
0.4(8000)
0.6(8000)

0.5(3200)

0.5(4800)
● These moment must be carried over since
moments are developed at the far ends of
the span 148

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Example (The Procedure)

● The steps are usually presented in tabular form
● CO indicates a line where moments are
distributed then carried over
● In this particular case, only one cycle of moment
distribution is necessary
● The wall supports at A and C “absorb” the
moments and no further joints have to be
balanced to satisfy joint equilibrium
● Using the carry-over factor of +0.5, the results are
shown
149

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Example (The Procedure)

150

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The Procedure
● In general,
more cycles are
usually
required, for
example, if
support at C is
a rocker.

151

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The Procedure
● It is also possible to
carry out moment
distribution at all
joints at the same
time and then CO

152

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Lecture 7: Moment
Distribution
For Beams

154

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Today’s Topics
● Moment Distribution for Beams
● Stiffness-Factor Modifications

155

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Moment Distribution Process

● Assume that all joints are initially locked
● Determine the moment that is needed to put
each joint in equilibrium
● Release or “unlock” the joints and distribute
the counter-balancing moment into the
connecting span at each joint
● Carry these moments in each span over to its
other end by multiplying each moment by the
carry-over factor +0.5
● Repeat this cycle until the corrects are small
● Each column of moments are then added 156

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.1]

Determine the internal moment at each

support of the beam. EI is a constant.

157

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Solution
● Stiffness Factors
K AB KBC KCD
4EI 4EI 4EI
12 12 8
● Distribution Factors
● Joint A: DFAB = 0 4EI / 8
● Joint B: DFBA = 0.5, DFBC = 0.5 4EI / 12 + 4EI / 8
● Joint C: DFCB = 0.4, DFCD = 0.6
● Joint D: DFDC = 0
158

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Solution

● Fixed-end moments
wL2 − 20(12)2
( FEM)BC= − = = −240kN • m
12 12
wL2 20(12)2
( FEM)CB= = = 240kN • m
12 12
PL − 250(8)
( FEM)CD= − = = −250kN • m
8 8
PL 250(8)
( FEM)DC= = = 250kN • m
8 8
159

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Solution

160

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Solution

161

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.2]

Determine the internal moment at each

support of the beam. The moment of inertia
of each span is indicated.

162

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Solution
● The moment does not get distributed in
the overhanging span AB
● So the distribution factor (DF)BA =0
● Span BC is based on 4EI/L since the pin rocker
is not at the far end of the beam
4E(300)(106 )
KBC = = 300(106 )E
4
4E(240)(106 )
KCD = = 320(106 )E
3
163

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Solution
● Distribution Factors
● Joint B: DFBC = 1
● Joint C: DFCB = 0.484, DFCD = 0.516
● Joint D: DFDC = 0 (fixed)

● Fixed-end moments
( FEM)BA= 2000N(2m) = 4000N • m
wL2 1500(4)2
( FEM)BC= − =− = −2000N • m
12 12
wL2 1500(4)2
( FEM)CB= = = 2000N • m
12 12 164

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Solution
● The overhanging span requires the internal
moment to the left of B to be +4000 N•m.
● Balancing at joint B requires an internal
moment of –4000 N•m to the right of B.
● -2000 N•m is added to BC in order to satisfy
this condition.
● The distribution & CO operations proceed in
the usual manner.
● Since the internal moments are known, the
moment diagram for the beam can be
constructed. 165

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BA

166

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Solution

167

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Stiffness-Factor Modifications
● In the previous e.g. of moment
distribution, we have considered each
beam span to be constrained by a fixed
support (locked joint) at its far end when
distributing & carrying over the moments
● In some cases, it is possible to modify the
stiffness factor of a particular beam span
& thereby simplify the process of moment
distribution
168

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Member Pin Supported at

Far End

3EI θA
M AB = θA
L

⎛I⎞
M N = 3E⎜ ⎟[θN −ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

169

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Member Pin Supported at

Far End
● The stiffness factor in the beam is
3EI
K= Far End Pinned or Roller Supported
L
● The CO factor is zero, since the pin at B does
not support a moment
● By comparison, if the far end was fixed
supported, the stiffness factor would have to be
modified by 3/4 to model the case of having the
far end pin supported
170

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Symmetric Beam & Loading

● The bending-moment diagram for the beam
will also be symmetric
● To develop the appropriate stiffness-factor
modification consider the beam
● Due to symmetry, the internal moments at B &
C are equal

171

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Symmetric Beam & Loading

⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

2EI
M AB = θA
L
θA -θA
2EI
K= θ Symmetric Beam and Loading
L
● Moments for only half the beam can be
distributed provided the stiffness factor for the
center span is computed as above 172

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Symmetric Beam with

Asymmetric Loading
● Consider the beam shown
● Due to its asymmetric loading, the internal
moment at B is equal but opposite to that at C

173

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Symmetric Beam With

Asymmetric Loading
⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠

θA
6EI
M AB = θA
L θA

6EI
K= Symmetric Beam with Anti-symmetric Loading
L
174

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.3]

Determine the internal moments at the
supports for the beam shown below. EI is
constant.

175

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Solution
● By inspection, the beam and loading are
symmetrical.
● The stiffness of span BC will be computed on
the basis of K = 2EI/L
● Use the left half of the beam for analysis
● We have:
3EI 2EI
K AB= , KBC=
L L
176

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Solution
● DF 3E / 3
DFAB= =1
3E / 3
3E / 3
DFBA= = 0.667
3E / 3 + 2E / 4
2E / 4
DFBC= = 0.333
3E / 3 + 2E / 4
● FEM
wL2 100(3)2
( FEM)BA= = = 60 kN • m
15 15
wL2 − 100(4)2
( FEM)BC= − = = −133.3 kN • m
12 12 177

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Solution

Obviously, joint C is subjected to the same

internal moment of 108.9 kNm.
178

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Lecture 8: Moment Distribution

For Frames w/o
Sidesway

180

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Today’s Topics
● More Examples on Beams
● Frames without Sidesway
● Beams with Support Settlement

181

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.4]

Determine the internal moments at the
supports of the beam shown below. The
moment of inertia of the two spans is shown
in the figure.

182

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Solution
● The beam is roller supported at its far end C.
● The stiffness of span BC will be computed on
the basis of K = 3EI/L
● We have:
4EI 4E(120)(106 )
K AB= = = 160(106 )E
L 3
3EI 3E(240)(106 )
K BC= = = 180(106 )E
L 4
183

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Solution
160E
DFAB= =0
∞ + 160E
160E
DFBA= = 0.4706
160E + 180E
180E
DFBC = = 0.5294
160E + 180E
180E
DFCB= =1
180E For Member BC

wL2 − 6000(4)2
(FEM) BC= − = = −12000N • m
8 8
184

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Solution

By comparison, the
method considerably
simplifies the distribution.

185

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Moment Distribution for Frames:

No Sidesway
● Application of the moment-distribution
method for frames having no sidesway follows
the same procedure as that given for beams.

186

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.5]

Determine the internal moments at the joints
of the frame shown. There is a pin at D and
E, and a fixed support at A. EI is constant.

187

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Solution
● By inspection, the pin at E will prevent the
frame from sidesway.
● The stiffness factors of CD and CE can be
computed using K = 3EI/L since the far ends
are pinned.
4EI 4EI 3EI 3EI
K AB = ; K BC = ; KCD = ; KCE =
5 6 5 4
DFAB = 0

4EI / 5
DFBA = = 0.545
4EI / 5 + 4EI / 6
DFBC = 1 − 0.545 = 0.455 188

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Solution
4EI / 6
DFCB = = 0.330
4EI / 6 + 3EI / 5 + 3EI / 4
3EI / 5
DFCD = = 0.298
4EI / 6 + 3EI / 5 + 3EI / 4
DFCE = 1 − 0.330 − 0.298 = 0.372

DFDC = 1; DFEC = 1

● The 60-kN load does not contribute a FEM

since it is applied at joint B.
− wL2 wL2
( FEM)BC = = −135kN • m ( FEM)CB = = 135kN • m
12 12
189

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Solution

The
distribution of
moments
successively
goes to joints
B&C

190

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Solution
● Using these data, the moment diagram for the
frame is constructed as shown

191

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⎛I⎞
M N = 2E⎜ ⎟[2θN + θF − 3ψ ] + FEMN
⎝ L⎠
Beams With
⎛I⎞
M N = 3E⎜ ⎟[θN −ψ ] + FEMN
Support Settlement ⎝ L⎠

● The FEMs for beams with support settlement

are

192

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Example [Ref.: Modified from Hibbeler. Ex 11.4]

Determine the internal moments at the
supports of the beam shown. The roller
support at C is pushed downward 30mm by
the force P. Take E = 200 GPA, I = 600x106
mm4.

193

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Solution
● The stiffness of spans AB, BC and CD will be
computed on the basis of K = 4EI/L
● We have: DFAB= 0
4EI / 7.2
4EI 4EI DFBA= = 0.455
K AB= = 4EI / 7.2 + 4EI / 6
L 7.2 4EI / 6
4EI 4EI DFBC= = 0.545
KBC= = 4EI / 7.2 + 4EI / 6
L 6 4EI / 6
DFCB= = 0.429
4EI 4EI 4EI / 6 + 4EI / 4.5
KCD= = 4EI / 4.5
L 4.5 DFCD= = 0.571
4EI / 6 + 4EI / 4.5
DFDC= 0 194

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wL2 20(7.22 )
Solution ( FEM) AB = − =− = −86.4 kN • m
12 12
wL2 20(7.22 )
( FEM)BA = = = 86.4kN • m
12 12

6EI ⎛ 6(200×106 )(600×106 ×10−12 ) ⎞

( FEM)BC = − 2 Δ = −⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟(0.03) = −600kN • m
L ⎝ 6 ⎠
( FEM)CB = −600kN • m
6EI ⎛ 6(200×106 )(600×106 ×10−12 ) ⎞
( FEM)CD = − 2 Δ = −⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟(−0.03) = 1067kN • m
L ⎝ 4.5 ⎠
( FEM)DC = 1067kN • m 195

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Solution

196
[same as Hibbeler. Ex 11.4]

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Example [Ref.: Modified from Hibbeler. Ex 11.6]

Determine the moments at each joint of the
frame shown and the force R’ required if the
joint B (and C) is displaced horizontally Δ’ =
2500 kNm3/(6EI). EI is constant.

R’

197

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Solution
● The stiffness factors of spans AB, BC and
CD are the same, i.e. all DFs are 0.5
● Fixed End Moments
6EI 6EI ⎛ 2500⎞
( FEM) AB = − 2 Δ' = − 2 ⎜ ⎟ = −100kN • m
L 5 ⎝ 6EI ⎠
( FEM)BA = −100kN • m
( FEM)CD = −100kN • m
( FEM)DC = −100kN • m

198

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Solution

199

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Solution
● From the equilibrium, the horizontal
reactions at A and D are calculated.
● For the entire frame, we require:
∑ Fx = 0; R' = 28 + 28 = 56 kN

200

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Lecture 9: Moment Distribution

For Frames with
Sidesway

202

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Today’s Topics
● Analysis of Frames with sidesway

203

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Moment Distribution for Frames:

Sidesway
● Frames that are non-symmetrical or
subjected to non-symmetrical loadings
have a tendency to sidesway

204

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Solution Procedure: 2-Step Method

● The frame shown is first held from sidesway by
applying an artificial joint support at C
● Moment distribution is applied & by statics, the
restraining force R is determined
● The equal but opposite restraining force is then
applied to the frame. The moments in the frame are
calculated

= +
205

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.6]

Determine the moments at each joint of the
frame shown. EI is constant.

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Solution
● First, we consider the frame held from
sidesway
16(4)2 (1)
(FEM) BC = − 2
= −10.24 kN • m
(5)

16(1)2 (4)
(FEM)CB = 2
= 2.56 kN • m
(5)

● The stiffness factor of each span is computed

on the basis of 4EI/L or using relative stiffness
factor I/L
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Solution
● All the DFs are 0.5

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Solution
● From the free body
diagrams of the
columns, Ax and Dx can
be determined.

● From the free body

diagram of the entire
frame, the joint restraint
R has a magnitude of
∑ Fx = 0; R = 1.73kN − 0.81kN = 0.92 kN
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Solution
● An equal but opposite value of R = 0.92 kN
must be applied to the frame at C and the
internal moments computed.
● We assume a force R’ is applied at C, causing
the frame to deflect as shown.
● The joints at B and C are
temporarily restrained from
rotating.
● As a result, the FEM at the
ends of the columns are
determined.
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Solution
● Since both B and C happen to be displaced
the same amount as Δ’, and AB and DC
have the same E, I and L, the FEM in AB
will be the same as that in DC.
● As shown, we will arbitrarily assumed this
FEM to be
(FEM) AB = (FEM) BA = (FEM)CD = (FEM) DC = −100kN • m

● The moment distribution of the FEM is

shown below.
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Solution

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Solution
● From the equilibrium, the horizontal
reactions at A and D are calculated.
● For the entire frame, we require:
∑ Fx = 0; R' = 28 + 28 = 56 kN

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R = 0.92 kN R = 56 kN

M AB = 2.88 +
0.92
(− 80)
56.0
= 1.57 kN • m

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Solution
● R’=56 kN creates the moments tabulated
earlier
● Corresponding moments caused by R = 0.92
kN can be determined by proportion

M AB = 2.88 +
0.92
(− 80) = 1.57 kN • m
56.0

M BA = 4.79 kN • m; M BC = −4.79 kN • m; M CB = 3.71kN • m

M CD = −3.71kN • m; M DC = −2.63kN • m
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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.7]

Determine the moments at each joint of the
frame shown. The moment of inertia of each
member is indicated.

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Solution
● Superposition of the 2 frames

= +

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Solution:
Frame with no sidesway

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Solution: Frame with no sidesway

● From the free body
diagrams of the
columns, Ax and Dx
can be determined.

● From the free body

diagram of the entire
frame, the joint
restraint R has a
magnitude of
∑ Fx = 0; R = 5.783kN − 2 kN = 3.78kN 219

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Solution
● An equal but opposite value of R = 3.78 kN
must be applied to the frame at C and the
internal moments computed.
● We assume a force R’ is applied at C, causing
the frame to deflect as shown.
● The joints at B and C are
temporarily restrained from
rotating.
● As a result, the FEM at the
ends of the columns are
determined.
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Solution
● Since both B and C happen to be displaced the
same amount as Δ’, the fixed-end moment for
BA are computed from
6EIΔ 6E(1000)(106 )Δ'
( FEM) AB = ( FEM)BA = − 2 = −
L (5)2

● For CD,
3EIΔ 3E(1250)(106 )Δ'
( FEM)CD = − 2 = −
L (7.5)2
25
● Hence, if (FEM)BA = -100 kNm, Δ' =
6 ×107 E
(FEM)CD = -27.78 kNm,
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Solution
● The moment distribution for these FEMs
are

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Solution
● From the equilibrium, the horizontal
reactions at A and D are calculated.
● For the entire frame, we require:
∑ Fx = 0;
R' = 21.98 + 3.11 = 25.1 kN

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= +

R = 3.78 kN R = 25.1 kN

M AB = 9.58 +
3.78
(− 69.91)
25.1
= −0.948kN • m

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Solution
● R’=25.1 kN creates the moments tabulated
earlier
● Corresponding moments caused by R = 3.78
kN can be determined by proportion

M AB = 9.58 +
3.78
(− 69.91) = −0.948kN • m
25.1

M BA = 13.3 kN • m; M BC = −13.3 kN • m; MCB = 18.5 kN • m

MCD = −18.5 kN • m; M DC = 0 kN • m 225

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Lecture 10: Moment

Distribution For
Sway Frames with
Slanted Members

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Today’s Topics

● Sway Frames with Slanted Members

● Examples on Beams with “Sway”

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Example [Ref.: Hibbeler. Ex 12.8]

● Determine the moments at each joint of the
frame shown. EI is constant.

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Solution
● Superposition of the 2 frames

= +
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Solution
- Frame with no sidesway
3/7 vs 4/7

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Solution
- Frame with no sidesway

∑ Fx = 0; R = 7.49 kN − 7.49 kN + 40kN = 40 kN

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Solution
● An equal but opposite value of R = 40 kN must
be applied to the frame at C and the internal
moments computed.
● We assume a force R’ is applied at C, causing
the frame to deflect as shown.

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Solution

● Due to symmetry, BB’ = CC’ = Δ.

● BC also counter-clockwise. The vertical
distance between B’ and C’ is 1.2Δ

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Solution
● The fixed-end moments are
3EIΔ'
( FEM)BA = ( FEM)CD = − 2
5
6EI (1.2Δ)'
( FEM)BC = ( FEM)CB =
52
2500
● Hence, if Δ' =
3EI

(FEM)BC = (FEM)CD = -100 kNm,

●

(FEM)BC = (FEM)CB = 240 kNm,

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Solution
● The moment distribution for these FEMs
are
3/7 vs 4/7

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Solution
● The horizontal force R’ can be evaluated
as follows:

80.74kN 80.74kN

∑ Fx = 0; R' = 80.74kN + 80.74kN = 161.48 kN

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R = 40kN

R’ = 161.48kN

M BA = 5.97 +
40
(− 146.80) = −30.4 kN • m
161.48 238

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Solution
● R’=161.48 kN creates the moments
tabulated earlier
● Corresponding moments caused by R = 40
kN can be determined by proportion
M BA = 5.97 +
40
(− 146.80) = −30.4 kN • m
161.48
M BC = −5.97 +
40
(146.80) = 30.4 kN • m
161.48
MCB = 5.97 +
40
(146.80) = 42.3kN • m
161.48
MCD = −5.97 +
40
(− 146.80) = −42.3kN • m
161.48
M AB = 0 kN • m; M DC = 0 kN • m 239

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Example [Ref.: Modified from Hibbeler. Ex 12.2]

Determine the internal moment at the
support of the beam if the support at C is
removed. The moment of inertia of each
span is indicated.

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Solution
The internal forces before Support C is
removed have been worked out as:

RC = 2146.8 + 293.6 = 2440.4 N ↑

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Solution

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Solution

19.83kN 19.83kN 61.07kN 61.07kN

79.4kNm 103.8kNm

● VCB = 79.4/4 = 19.83 kN

● VCD = (79.4 + 103.8)/3 = 61.07 kN
● Hence, the force at C is 19.83 + 61.07
= 80.9 kN ↓

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