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Lecture #2 Yasmin Afzaal

The document provides an outline for Lecture #2 which covers number systems and codes. It discusses converting decimal fractions to binary, binary arithmetic, 1's and 2's complements, bits and bytes, and representations using bits. Conversion of decimal 0.3125 to binary is shown step-by-step as an example. Grouping bits into bytes is also introduced as a way to organize and represent large numbers of binary digits.

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64 views12 pages

Lecture #2 Yasmin Afzaal

The document provides an outline for Lecture #2 which covers number systems and codes. It discusses converting decimal fractions to binary, binary arithmetic, 1's and 2's complements, bits and bytes, and representations using bits. Conversion of decimal 0.3125 to binary is shown step-by-step as an example. Grouping bits into bytes is also introduced as a way to organize and represent large numbers of binary digits.

Uploaded by

yasminafzaal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE #2

YASMIN AFZAAL
Lecture Outline

 Number Systems, Operations, and Codes:
 Decimal Fractions
 Binary Arithmetic
 I's and 2's Complements of Binary
 Bits And Bytes
 Representations: About Bits

 CHAPTER#2:
 Book: Digital Fundamentals by Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice
Hall; 9th edition (2007)
Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 2
Decimal Fractions

 Repeated multiplication by 2
 Multiply the decimal fraction by 2
 Write down the carry bit if more than 1
 Continue process until you have the desired number
of bits or when the fractional part is all zeros.

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 3
Cont..

 (19.35)2 → ( 10011.0101)2  .35*2
 19 ÷ 2  0.70 0
 .35 * 2  .70 *2
 1.40 1
2 19  .40*2 0101

2 9 1  .80 0
2 4 1 10011  .80*2
2 2 0  1.60 1
1 0  .60*2 …….

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 4
Cont..

 Convert 0.3125 to binary
Carry MSB LSB
0.0 1 0 1
0.3125 X 2 = 0.625 0
0.625 X 2 = 1.25 1
0.25 X 2 = 0.50 0
0.50 X 2 = 1.00 1

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 5
Binary Arithmetic

 Binary addition
 Binary subtraction
 Binary multiplication
 Binary division

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 6
Complements of Binary Numbers

 1’s complements
 2’s complements

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 7
Complements of Binary
Numbers

1’s complement
Change all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 8
Complements of Binary
Numbers
 2’s complement 
 Find 1’s complement and then add 1

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 9
Bits And Bytes

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 10
Representations: About Bits

 When working with the low-level bits of a computer system,
we typically resort to the symbols 0 and 1 to represent all of the
values stored and states in the machine.
 In fact, binary representation was a key to the invention of the
earliest computers.
 Unfortunately, it is difficult to look at hundreds of zeroes and
ones and have them make any sense. They all seem to blend
into one another unless we can organize them in some useful
way.
 The most common way to organize bits is by grouping them
into "half-bytes," or 4-bit, chunks. Then, each of those 16
possible patterns of 0/1 are represented by a hexadecimal digit
in the range of 0-F, as shown in the table.
Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 11

Lect.Yasmin Afzaal 12

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