Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical

particle in a fixed orientation

Michael I. Mishchenko

General equations are derived for computing the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in an
arbitrary orientation and for arbitrary illumination and scattering directions with respect to the labo-
ratory reference frame, provided that the scattering problem can be solved with respect to the particle
reference frame. These equations are used along with the T-matrix method to provide benchmark
results for homogeneous, dielectric, rotationally symmetric particles. The computer code is publicly
available on the World-Wide Web at http:兾兾www.giss.nasa.gov兾⬃crmim.
OCIS codes: 010.1310, 290.0290, 290.1310, 290.4210, 290.5850.

1. Introduction arbitrary directions of the incident and scattered

Many practical applications require the knowledge of beams with respect to the laboratory reference frame
electromagnetic scattering characteristics of per- rather than assume that the illumination direction is
fectly or partially oriented nonspherical particles for along the positive z axis and that the scattering di-
arbitrary directions of the incident and scattered rection is confined to the xz plane.
beams. Most of the available analytical and numer-
2. Reference Frames and Particle Orientation
ical techniques assume that 共or become especially
efficient when兲 the scattering problem is solved in the To describe the scattering of a plane electromagnetic
particle reference frame with coordinate axes di- wave by a nonspherical particle in an arbitrary ori-
rected along the axes of particle symmetry.1 How- entation, one must first specify the directions of the
ever, it is often necessary to use a fixed laboratory incident and scattered waves and the orientation of
coordinate system to specify both the directions of the the particle with respect to a laboratory reference
incident and scattered beams and the particle orien- frame. Let this reference frame be a right-handed
tation, for example, for solving the vector radiative Cartesian coordinate system L with orientation fixed
transfer equation for preferentially oriented non- in space, having its origin inside the particle. The
spherical particles such as hydrometeors and inter- direction of propagation of a transverse electromag-
stellar dust grains.2– 4 In this case one has first to netic wave is specified by a unit vector n̂ or, equiva-
determine the illumination and scattering directions lently, by a couple 共␽L, ␸L兲, where ␽L 僆关0,␲兴 is the
with respect to the particle reference frame for a polar 共zenith兲 angle measured from the positive z axis
given orientation of the particle relative to the labo- and ␸L 僆关0,2␲兴 is the azimuth angle measured from
ratory reference frame, then solve the scattering the positive x axis in the clockwise sense, when one is
problem in the particle reference frame, and finally looking in the direction of the positive z axis 共Fig. 1兲.
perform the backward transition to the laboratory The ␽ and ␸ components of the electric field are de-
reference frame. In this paper we shall derive gen- noted E␽L and E␸L, respectively. The component
eral formulas that describe this procedure and use E␽L ⫽ E␽L␽ˆ L lies in the meridional plane 共plane
them along with the T-matrix method to provide through the beam and the z axis兲, whereas the com-
benchmark results that could be useful for testing ponent E␸L ⫽ E␸L␸ˆ L is perpendicular to this plane,
purposes. Unlike in Refs. 5 and 6, we shall permit where ␽ˆ L and ␸ˆ L are the corresponding unit vectors
such that

The author is with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Stud- n̂ ⫽ ␽ˆ L ⫻ ␸ˆ L. (1)
ies, 2880 Broadway, New York, New York 10025. His e-mail
address is [email protected]. Note that E␽L and E␸L are also often denoted Ev and
Received 10 August 1999; revised manuscript received 8 Novem- Eh and called the vertical and horizontal electric field
ber 1999. vector components, respectively.2

1026 APPLIED OPTICS 兾 Vol. 39, No. 6 兾 20 February 2000

 with the line of nodes 共line formed by the intersection
of the xy and x⬘y⬘ planes兲,
• Rotation about the new y axis through an angle
␤ 僆 关0,␲兴,
• Rotation about the z⬘ axis through an angle ␥ 僆
关0,2␲兲.

An angle of rotation is positive if the rotation is in the

clockwise direction when one is looking in the positive
direction of the rotation axis.
3. Amplitude Matrix in the Laboratory Reference
Frame
Throughout this paper we assume and suppress the
time-harmonic factor exp共⫺i␻t兲. Consider a mono-
chromatic plane electromagnetic wave with electric
field vector

Einc共R兲 ⫽ 共Einc
␽L ␽L ⫹ E␸L ␸
ˆ inc ˆ L 兲exp共ikn̂incR兲
inc inc
(2)

incident upon a nonspherical particle in a direction

Fig. 1. Spherical coordinate system used to specify the direction n̂inc; here i ⫽ 公⫺1, k ⫽ 2␲兾␭ is the free-space wave
and the polarization state of a transverse electromagnetic wave.
number, ␭ is the free-space wavelength, R is the po-
sition vector connecting the origin of the laboratory
coordinate system and the observation point, and the
To specify the orientation of the particle with re- subscript L labels vector components computed in the
spect to the laboratory reference frame, we introduce laboratory reference frame. Because of the linearity
a right-handed coordinate system P fixed to the par- of Maxwell’s equations and boundary conditions, it is
ticle and having the same origin as L. This coordi- always possible to express the scattered electric field
nate system will be called the particle reference linearly in the incident electric field. In the far-field
frame. The orientation of the particle with respect region 共kR ⬎⬎ 1, R ⫽ 兩R兩兲, the scattered wave becomes
to the laboratory frame, L, is specified by three Euler spherical and is given by2
angles of rotation, ␣, ␤, and ␥, that transform the
coordinate system L兵 x,y,z其 into the coordinate system Esca共R兲 ⫽ Esca
␽L 共R,n̂ 兲␽L ⫹ E␸L 共R,n̂ 兲␸
sca ˆ sca sca sca
ˆ sca
L ,
P兵 x⬘,y⬘,z⬘其, as shown in Fig. 2 共Chap. 1 of Ref. 1 and
Ref. 7兲. The three consecutive Euler rotations are R
performed as follows: n̂sca ⫽ ⫽ ␽ˆ sca
L ⫻␸ˆ sca
L , (3)
R
• Rotation about the z axis through an angle ␣ 僆
n̂sca 䡠 Esca共R兲 ⫽ 0, (4)
关0,2␲兲, reorienting the y axis such that it coincides

冤 冥 冤 冥
Esca
␽L Einc
␽L
exp共ikR兲 L sca inc
sca ⫽ S 共n̂ , n̂ ; ␣, ␤, ␥兲 inc , (5)
E␸L R E␸L

where SL is a 2 ⫻ 2 amplitude matrix that transforms

the electric field vector components of the incident
wave into the electric field vector components of the
scattered wave in the laboratory reference frame.
The amplitude matrix depends on the directions of
incidence and scattering as well as on the size, mor-
phology, and composition of the scattering particle
and on its orientation with respect to the laboratory
reference frame as specified by the Euler angles of
rotation ␣, ␤, and ␥.
4. Reference Frame Transformations
Assume that one can use one of the available analyt-
ical or numerical techniques 共e.g., in Chap. 2 of Ref. 1兲
to find the amplitude matrix with respect to the par-
Fig. 2. Transformation of the laboratory reference system xyz ticle reference frame. This matrix will be denoted
into the particle reference frame x⬘y⬘z⬘. SP and relates the incident and scattered field vector

20 February 2000 兾 Vol. 39, No. 6 兾 APPLIED OPTICS 1027

components computed in the particle reference and by ␤ˆ a 3 ⫻ 3 matrix that expresses the x, y, and
frame: z components of a vector in the particle coordinate

冋 册 冋 册
system in the x, y, and z components of the same
Esca
␽P exp共ikR兲 P sca inc Einc vector in the laboratory coordinate system:
sca ⫽ S 共n̂ , n̂ 兲 ␽P

冋册 冋册
inc . (6)
E␸P R E␸P
ExP ExL
The amplitude matrix with respect to the laboratory EyP ⫽ ␤ˆ 共␣, ␤, ␥兲 EyL . (13)
reference frame can be expressed in terms of the EzP EzL
matrix SP as follows: Denote by ␳ˆ a 2 ⫻ 2 matrix
that transforms the electric field vector components We then finally have
of a transverse electromagnetic wave computed in the
laboratory reference frame into those computed in ␳ˆ 共n̂; ␣, ␤,␥ 兲 ⫽ ␣ˆ ⫺1共␽P, ␸P兲␤ˆ 共␣, ␤, ␥兲␣ˆ 共␽L, ␸L兲.
the particle reference frame: (14)

冋 册 冋 册
The matrices that enter the right-hand side of Eq.
E␽P共␽P, ␸P兲 E 共␽ , ␸ 兲 共14兲 are as follows7:
⫽ ␳ˆ 共n̂; ␣, ␤, ␥兲 ␽L L L , (7)

冋 册
E␸P共␽P, ␸P兲 E␸L共␽L, ␸L兲
cos ␽ cos ␸ ⫺sin ␸
where n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of light prop-
agation, whereas 共␽L, ␸L兲 and 共␽P, ␸P兲 specify this ␣ˆ 共␽, ␸兲 ⫽ cos ␽ sin ␸ cos ␸ , (15)
direction with respect to the laboratory and particle ⫺sin ␽ 0

冋 册
reference frames, respectively. The ␳ˆ matrix de-
cos ␽ cos ␸ cos ␽ sin ␸ ⫺sin ␽
␣ˆ ⫺1共␽, ␸兲 ⫽ , (16)
⫺sin ␸ cos ␸ 0

冋
cos ␣ cos ␤ cos ␥ ⫺ sin ␣ sin ␥ sin ␣ cos ␤ cos ␥ ⫹ cos ␣ sin ␥ ⫺sin ␤ cos ␥
ˆ␤共␣, ␤, ␥兲 ⫽ ⫺cos ␣ cos ␤ sin ␥ ⫺ sin ␣ cos ␥ ⫺sin ␣ cos ␤ sin ␥ ⫹ cos ␣ cos ␥ sin ␤ sin ␥ .
cos ␣ sin ␤ sin ␣ sin ␤ cos ␤
册 (17)

pends on n̂ as well as on the orientation of the particle One can easily verify that, if the particle reference
relative to the laboratory reference frame, as given by frame coincides with the laboratory reference frame,
Euler angles ␣, ␤, and ␥. We can then easily derive then
SL共␽sca ˆ ⫺1共n̂sca; ␣, ␤, ␥兲
L , ␸L ; ␽L , ␸L ; ␣, ␤,␥兲 ⫽ ␳
冋 册
sca inc inc
1 0
⫻ SP共␽sca ␳ˆ 共n̂; ␣ ⫽ 0, ␤ ⫽ 0, ␥ ⫽ 0兲 § , (18)
P , ␸P ; ␽P , ␸P 兲␳ˆ 共n̂inc; ␣, ␤, ␥兲. (8)
sca inc inc
0 1
Angles ␽P and ␸P are expressed in terms of angles ␽L
and ␸L as SL共␽sca
L , ␸L ; ␽L , ␸L ; 0, 0, 0兲 ⫽ S 共␽P , ␸P ; ␽P , ␸P 兲.
sca inc inc P sca sca inc inc

cos ␽P ⫽ cos ␽L cos ␤ ⫹ sin ␽L sin ␤ cos共␸L ⫺ ␣兲, (19)

(9) For rotationally symmetric particles it is advanta-
geous to choose the particle coordinate system such
1
cos␸P ⫽ 关cos ␤ cos ␥ sin ␽L cos共␸L ⫺ ␣兲 that its z axis is directed along the axis of particle
sin␽P symmetry. In this case the orientation of the parti-
⫹ sin ␥ sin ␽L sin共␸L ⫺ ␣兲 cle with respect to the laboratory coordinate system is
independent of Euler angle ␥, so we can set ␥ ⫽ 0 and
⫺ sin ␤ cos ␥ cos ␽L兴, (10) get, instead of Eqs. 共10兲, 共11兲, and 共17兲,
1 1
sin␸P ⫽ 关⫺cos ␤ sin ␥ sin ␽L cos共␸L ⫺ ␣兲 cos ␸P ⫽ 关cos ␤ sin ␽L cos共␸L ⫺ ␣兲
sin␽P sin ␽P
⫹ cos ␥ sin ␽L sin共␸L ⫺ ␣兲
⫺ sin ␤ cos ␽L兴, (20)
⫹ sin ␤ sin ␥ cos ␽L兴. (11)
To determine the ␳ˆ matrix, we proceed as follows: sin ␽L sin共␸L ⫺ ␣兲
Denote by ␣ˆ a 3 ⫻ 2 matrix that transforms the ␽ and sin ␸P ⫽ , (21)
sin ␽P
␸ components of the electric field vector into its x, y,
and z components:

冋册
Ex
E
冋册
Ey ⫽ ␣ˆ 共␽, ␸兲 ␽ ,
E␸
(12)
␤ˆ 共␣, ␤, ␥ ⫽ 0兲 ⫽ 冋cos ␣ cos ␤ sin ␣ cos ␤ ⫺sin ␤
⫺sin ␣ cos ␣ 0
cos ␣ sin ␤ sin ␣ sin ␤ cos ␤
. 册
Ez (22)

1028 APPLIED OPTICS 兾 Vol. 39, No. 6 兾 20 February 2000

5. Amplitude Matrix in the Particle Reference Frame n
and d m⬘m 共␽兲 are Wigner d functions.7
It is rather convenient to compute the amplitude ma- Note that the amplitude matrix is often expressed
trix with respect to the particle reference frame by in terms of associated Legendre functions:

冋 册
using the T-matrix method8,9 because, for rotation- 1兾2
ally symmetric particles, the T matrix is diagonal 共n ⫹ m兲!
Pnm共cos ␽兲 ⫽ 共⫺1兲m n
d0m 共␽兲, (30)
with respect to the azimuthal indices m and m⬘: 共n ⫺ m兲!
kl
Tmnm⬘n⬘ 共P兲 ⫽ ␦mm⬘Tmnmn⬘
kl
共P兲, k, l ⫽ 1, 2, (23) rather than in terms of Wigner d functions 共see, e.g.,
Ref. 2兲, although it is well known that the numerical
where ␦mm⬘ is the Kronecker delta. We therefore computation of associated Legendre functions with
have large m and n is unstable and leads to overflows.10
However, the computation of the Wigner d functions
1 ⬁ ⬁
min共n,n⬘兲
by means of the upward recurrence relation7
P
S11 共n̂sca, n̂inc兲 ⫽ 兺兺 兺
k n⫽1 n⬘⫽1 m⫽⫺min共n,n⬘兲
关共n ⫹ 1兲2 ⫺ m2兴1兾2d0m
n⫹1
共␽兲 ⫽ 共2n ⫹ 1兲cos ␽d0m
n
共␽兲
⫻ ␣mnn⬘关T 11
共P兲␲mn共␽ 兲␲mn⬘共␽ 兲
sca inc
⫺ 冑n 2 ⫺ m 2d0m
mnmn⬘ n⫺1
共␽兲 (31)
⫹T 21
mnmn⬘ 共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␲mn⬘共␽inc兲
and the initial conditions
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
12
共P兲␲mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
22
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲兴 , (24)
m⫺1
d0m 共␽兲 ⫽ 0, (32)

i ⬁ ⬁
min共n,n⬘兲
m
d0m 共␽兲 ⫽ Am共1 ⫺ cos2␽兲m兾2, (33)
兺兺 兺
冋 册
P
S12 共n̂sca, n̂inc兲 ⫽ ⫺ 1兾2
k n⫽1 n⬘⫽1 m⫽⫺min共n,n⬘兲 2m ⫹ 1
A0 ⫽ 1, Am⫹1 ⫽ Am (34)
⫻ ␣mnn⬘关Tmnmn⬘
11
共P兲␲mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲 2共m ⫹ 1兲
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
21
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲 is numerically stable and efficient. The function
⫹T 12
共P兲␲mn共␽ 兲␲mn⬘共␽ 兲
sca inc ␶mn共␽兲 can then be found from
mnmn⬘

⫹T 22
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␲mn⬘共␽inc兲兴 ,
兵⫺共n ⫹ 1兲 冑n 2 ⫺ m 2d0m
1
mnmn⬘
␶mn共␽兲 ⫽ n⫺1
共␽兲
(25) 共2n ⫹ 1兲sin ␽
⫹ 关共n ⫹ 1兲2 ⫺ m2兴1兾2d0m
n⫹1
共␽兲其. (35)
i ⬁ ⬁
min共n,n⬘兲

S 共n̂ , n̂ 兲 ⫽
P
21
sca inc
兺兺
k n⫽1 n⬘⫽1 m⫽⫺min共n,n⬘兲 兺 Many practical aspects of T-matrix computations are
discussed in Ref. 11.
⫻ ␣mnn⬘关Tmnmn⬘
11
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␲mn⬘共␽inc兲
6. Numerical Scheme
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
21
共P兲␲mn共␽sca兲␲mn⬘共␽inc兲
Assuming that the scattering particle is rotationally
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
12
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲 symmetric and that the axis of symmetry is directed
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
22
共P兲␲mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲兴 , along the z axis of the particle reference frame, we
can summarize the numerical scheme for computing
(26)
the amplitude matrix for given ␽Linc
, ␸L
inc
, ␽L
sca
, ␸L
sca
, ␣,
␤, and ␥ ⫽ 0 as follows:
1 ⬁ ⬁
min共n,n⬘兲
P
S22 共n̂sca, n̂inc兲 ⫽ 兺兺 兺
k n⫽1 n⬘⫽1 m⫽⫺min共n,n⬘兲 • Calculation of ␽P inc
, ␸P
inc
, ␽Psca
, and ␸P sca
by Eqs.
⫻ ␣mnn⬘关Tmnmn⬘
11
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲 共9兲, 共20兲, and 共21兲,
• Calculation of the matrix ␤ ˆ 共␣,␤,␥ ⫽ 0兲 by Eq.
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
21
共P兲␲mn共␽sca兲␶mn⬘共␽inc兲 共22兲,
⫹ Tmnmn⬘
12
共P兲␶mn共␽sca兲␲mn⬘共␽inc兲 • Calculation of the matrices ␣ ˆ 共␽L inc
, ␸Linc
兲, ␣ˆ 共␽Lsca
,
⫺1 ⫺1
␸L 兲, ␣ˆ 共␽P , ␸P 兲, and ␣ˆ 共␽P , ␸P 兲 by Eqs. 共15兲
sca inc inc sca sca

⫹ Tmnmn⬘
22
共P兲␲mn共␽sca兲␲mn⬘共␽inc兲兴 , and 共16兲,
(27) • Calculation of the matrices ␳ˆ 共n̂inc; ␣, ␤, ␥兲 and
␳ˆ ⫺1共n̂sca; ␣, ␤, ␥兲 by Eq. 共14兲,
where • Calculation of the matrix SP共␽P sca
, ␸P
sca
; ␽P
inc
, ␸Pinc
兲

冋 册 1兾2
by Eqs. 共24兲–共27兲,
共2n ⫹ 1兲共2n⬘ ⫹ 1兲 • Calculation of the matrix SL共␽L sca
, ␸Lsca
; ␽Linc
, ␸L
inc
;
␣mnn⬘ ⫽ in⬘⫺n⫺1
n共n ⫹ 1兲n⬘共n⬘ ⫹ 1兲 ␣, ␤, 0兲 by Eq. 共8兲.
⫻ exp关im共␸sca ⫺ ␸inc兲兴, (28) 7. Benchmark Results
In this section I present the results of T-matrix com-
n
md0m 共␽兲 n
dd0m 共␽兲 putations for the following four rotationally symmet-
␲mn共␽兲 ⫽ , ␶mn共␽兲 ⫽ , (29)
sin ␽ d␽ ric particles:

20 February 2000 兾 Vol. 39, No. 6 兾 APPLIED OPTICS 1029

 These numbers are expected to be accurate to within
⫾2 in the last digits given.
To provide an additional test of the accuracy of the
computer code for particles in a fixed orientation, I
used it to calculate the elements of the scattering
matrix for a uniform orientation distribution by nu-
merically evaluating the respective angular inte-
grals. These results were then compared with those
rendered by the code based on an analytical averag-
ing method for randomly oriented particles.11,14 In-
asmuch as the latter technique completely avoids the
evaluation of the amplitude matrix for specific parti-
cle orientations and illumination and scattering di-
rections, it provides an excellent independent check.
The perfect agreement found 共five and more signifi-
Fig. 3. Thick curve, the shape of the generalized Chebyshev par-
cant digits兲 suggests that both codes provide high
ticle used in the computation of expression 共40兲; thin curve, the numerical accuracy and can be used in practical ap-
equal-volume sphere. plications as well as sources of benchmark results for
testing various numerical techniques.

• prolate spheroid with an aspect ratio of 2,

• circular cylinder with a length-to-diameter ra- 8. Summary
tio of 2,
• Chebyshev particle with degree 4 and deforma- In this paper we have derived general formulas that
tion parameter 0.1,6,11 can be used to compute the amplitude matrix for an
• generalized Chebyshev particle with shape arbitrary orientation of a nonspherical particle and
given by arbitrary directions of illumination and scattering

冋 册
with respect to the laboratory reference frame, pro-
N
vided that the electromagnetic scattering problem
r共␽, ␸兲 ⫽ r0 1 ⫹ 兺c
n⫽0
n cos共n␽兲 , (36) can be solved in the particle reference frame. These
formulas become especially simple for rotationally
with N ⫽ 10, c0 ⫽ ⫺0.0481, c1 ⫽ 0.0359, c2 ⫽ symmetric particles and have been used along with
⫺0.1263, c3 ⫽ 0.0244, c4 ⫽ 0.0091, c5 ⫽ ⫺0.0099, the T-matrix method to compute benchmark results
c6 ⫽ 0.0015, c7 ⫽ 0.0025, c8 ⫽ ⫺0.0016, c9 ⫽ for four dielectric, rotationally symmetric particles in
⫺0.0002, and c10 ⫽ 0.0010 共Fig. 3兲. a fixed orientation. The FORTRAN computer code is
Note that generalized Chebyshev particles are of- publicly available on the World-Wide Web at http:兾兾
ten used to describe the shape of distorted rain- www.giss.nasa.gov兾⬃crmim in both the double-
drops.4,12,13 The surface-equivalent-sphere radius precision and the extended-precision versions. The
for the first three particles and equal-volume-sphere former version is significantly faster, whereas the
radius for the fourth particle is 10 ␮m. All particles latter version can be applied to significantly larger
have the same refractive index, 1.5 ⫹ 0.02i, and the particles.9,11
same orientation with respect to the laboratory ref- An important advantage of the T-matrix method is
erence frame, given by ␣ ⫽ 145° and ␤ ⫽ 52°. The that the T matrix for a given nonspherical particle
directions of the incident and scattered beams rela- needs to be computed only once and can then be used
tive to the laboratory reference frame are given by the for any directions of incidence and scattering and for
angles ␽Linc ⫽ 56°, ␸Linc ⫽ 114°, ␽Lsca ⫽ 65°, and any orientations of the particle with respect to the
␸Lsca ⫽ 128°. The wavelength of the incident light is laboratory reference frame. This simplicity of the
6.283185 ␮m. The respective amplitude matrices method allows one to easily calculate orientationally
共with elements given in micrometers兲 are as follows: averaged extinction and phase matrices entering the

冋 册
general vector radiative transfer equation 共see, e.g.,
⫺ 5.0941 ⫹ 24.402i ⫺ 1.9425 ⫹ 1.9971i
, (37) Chap. 1 of Ref. 1 and Refs. 2– 4兲. Of course, addi-
⫺ 1.1521 ⫺ 3.0978i ⫺ 6.9323 ⫹ 24.748i tional averaging over particle shapes and sizes will

冋 册
require a separate computation of the T matrix for
⫺ 1.727 ⫹ 19.706i ⫺ 0.562 ⫹ 0.247i each particle species.
, (38)
⫺ 2.013 ⫺ 2.398i ⫺ 3.088 ⫹ 20.401i

冋 册
I thank Timo Nousiainen and two anonymous ref-
4.5123 ⫹ 18.092i ⫺ 1.6350 ⫹ 3.5274i erees for their comments on an earlier version of this
, (39)
⫺ 3.0970 ⫺ 0.9215i 3.2658 ⫹ 18.617i paper and Lilly Del Valle and Nadia Zakharova for

冋 册
help with the graphics. This research was spon-
11.307 ⫹ 9.6184i ⫺ 2.6519 ⫹ 2.3589i sored by the NASA Radiation Science Program man-
. (40)
⫺ 4.9044 ⫺ 0.6241i 9.9947 ⫹ 11.295i aged by Robert Curran.

1030 APPLIED OPTICS 兾 Vol. 39, No. 6 兾 20 February 2000

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