ELECTRICAL MACHINES

(DCMAC)

DC
GENERATORS
(Part I)
1.1 Generator Principle

An electric generator is a machine

that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
An electric generator is based on
the principle that whenever flux is cut
by a conductor, an e.m.f. is induced
which will cause a current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.
 Induced E.M.F.

The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence

current) is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
Therefore, the essential components of a
generator are:
(a) a magnetic field,(B)
(b) conductor or a group of conductors,
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field (v) .
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
for Generator
1.2 Simple Loop Generator

Consider a single turn loop ABCD rotating

clockwise in a uniform magnetic field with a constant
speed as shown in Fig.1.1.

1
B 8 2
C Fig.1.1
S A D N
7 3
6 4
5
E.M.F. induced in Each Coil Sides

As the loop rotates, the flux linking the

coil sides AB and CD changes continuously.
Hence, the e.m.f. induced in these coil sides
also changes but the e.m.f. induced in one
coil side adds to that induced in the other.
 Generated E.M.F. is Zero

(i) When the loop is in position no.1 [See Fig.1.1(a)], the

generated e.m.f. is zero because the coil sides (AB and
CD ) are cutting no flux but are moving parallel to it.

B
A
θ1 = 0°
C
e1 = Emsinθ1 = 0
D

Fig.1.1(a)
 E.M.F. Generated is Low

(ii) When the loop is in position no.2, the coil sides are
moving at an angle to the flux and, therefore, a low
e.m.f. is generated as indicated by point 2 in Fig.1.2(a).
3 e2 = Emsinθ2
E.M.F.

2 4
θ2 = 30°
1 5 1
θ2 = 6 8
30˚
One cycle
Fig.1.2(a) 7
 Generated E.M.F. is Maximum

(iii) When the loop is in position no.3, the coil

sides (AB and CD) are at right angle to the
flux and are, therefore, cutting the flux at a
maximum rate. Hence at this instant, the
generated e.m.f. is maximum as indicated by
point 3 in Fig.1.2(b).
Generated E.M.F. is Maximum

e3 = Emsinθ = Em
3

E.M.F.
C
B 2 4
D
A 1 5 1
θ3=90˚
6 8
One cycle
7

Fig.1.2(b)
 Generated E.M.F. is Less

(iv)At position 4, the generated e.m.f. is less because the

coil sides are cutting the flux at an angle.

3 e4 = Emsinθ4
E.M.F.

2 4
θ4 = 120°
1 θ4=120˚ 5 1
6 8
One cycle
7
Fig.1.2(c)
 Induced E.M.F is Zero

(v) At position 5, no magnetic lines are cut and hence

induced e.m.f. is zero as indicated by point 5 in Fig.1.2(a).

D
θ5 = 180°
B
e5 = Emsinθ5 = 0
A

Fig.1.1
Generated E.M.F. is Reversed

(vi) At position 6, the coil sides move under a pole of

opposite polarity and hence the direction of generated e.m.f.
is reversed.
3 e4 = Emsinθ4
E.M.F.

2 4
θ4 = 120°
1 θ4=120˚ 5 1
6 8
One cycle
7
Fig.1.2(c)
Maximum E.M.F. in Reverse Direction

The maximum e.m.f. in this direction (i.e., reverse direction,

See Fig.1.2(d)) will be when the loop is at position 7.

One cycle

E.M.F.
3
e7 = - Em
B C
2 4
A
D 1 5 1
6 8
θ7=270˚

Fig.1.2(d) 7
 Minimum E.M.F.

and zero when at position 1. This cycle repeats with

each revolution of the coil.
One cycle
E.M.F.
3

2 4 e9 = Emsinθ9 = 0
e1 = Emsinθ1 = 0
1 5 1

6 8
θ9=360˚
7
Fig.1.2(e)
 Note:

Note that e.m.f. generated in the loop is

alternating one. It is because any coil
side, say AB has e.m.f. in one direction
when under the influence of N-pole
and in the other direction when under
the influence of S-pole.
 Note:

If a load is connected across the

ends of the loop, then alternating
current will flow through the load. The
alternating voltage generated in the
loop can be converted into direct
voltage by a device called commutator.
We then have the d.c. generator.
In fact, a commutator is a
mechanical rectifier.
 1.3 Action of Commutator

If, somehow, connection of the

coil side to the external load is reversed
at the same instant the current in the
coil side reverses, the current through
the load will be direct current. This is
what a commutator does.
 Commutator Segments

Fig.1.3 shows a commutator having two

segments C1 and C2. It consists of a cylindrical
metal ring cut into two halves or segments C1
and C2 respectively separated by a thin sheet
of mica.
 Commutator Segments

Mica
Brushes

Segment
C1 C2

Fig.1.3
Commutator Segment Connection

The commutator is mounted on but

insulated from the rotor shaft. The ends of
coil sides AB and CD are connected to the
segments C1 and C2 respectively as shown in
Fig.1.4.
Commutator Segment

A D

N B C S

- +
C1 C2
P Q
R

Fig.1.4
 Stationary Carbon Brushes

Two stationary carbon brushes rest

on the commutator and lead current to
the external load. With this
arrangement, the commutator at all
times connects the coil side under S-
pole to the +ve brush and that under
N-pole to the –ve brush.
 Action of Commutator

(i) In Fig.1.4, the coil sides AB and CD are

under N-pole and S-pole respectively.

A D

N B C S

- +
C1 C2
Fig.1.4 P Q
R
ActionAction
of Commutator
of Commutator

Note that segment C1 connects the

coil side AB to point P of the load
resistance R and the segment C2
connects the coil side CD to point Q of
the load. Also note the direction of
current through load. It is from Q to P.
 Action of Commutator

(ii) After half a revolution of the loop (i.e.,

180° rotation), the coil side AB is under S-pole
and the coil side CD under N-pole as shown in
Fig.1.5.
The currents in the coil sides now flow in the
reverse direction but the segments C1 and C2
have also moved through 180° i.e., segment C1 is
now in contact with +ve brush and segment C2 in
contact with -ve brush.
Action of Commutator

D A

N C B S

- +
C2 C1
P Q
R

Fig.1.5
 Note:

Note that commutator has

reversed the coil connections to the
load i.e. ,coil side AB is now
connected to point Q of the load and
coil side CD to the point P of the
load.
 Note:

Also note the direction of current

through the load. It is again from Q to
P. Thus the alternating voltage
generated in the loop will appear as
direct voltage across the brushes.
 Note:

The reader may note that e.m.f.

generated in the armature winding of a
d.c. generator is alternating one. It is
by the use of commutator that we
convert the generated alternating
e.m.f. into direct voltage.
 Purpose of Brushes

The purpose of brushes is simply to

lead current from the rotating loop or
winding to the external stationary load.
 Output Voltage

The variation of voltage across the brushes with

the angular displacement of the loop will be as
shown in Fig.1.6. This is not a
steady direct voltage but has

Voltage
a pulsating character. It is
because the voltage
appearing across the brushes
varies from zero to maximum
value and back to zero twice 0° 180° 360°
for each revolution of the loop. θ
Fig.1.6
 Note:

A pulsating direct voltage such as is

produced by a single loop is not
suitable for many commercial uses.
What we require is the steady direct
voltage. This can be achieved by using
a large number of coils connected in
series. The resulting arrangement is
known as armature winding.
1.4 Construction of D.C. Generator

The d.c. generators and d.c. motors

have the same general construction.
In fact, when the machine is being
assembled, the workmen usually do not
know whether it is a d.c. generator or
motor. Any d.c. generator can be run as
a d.c. motor and vice-versa.
Principal Component of D.C. Machines

All d.c. machines have five principal components

viz., (i) field system (ii) armature core (iii) armature
winding (iv) commutator (v) brushes [See Fig.1.7].

Fig.1.7
Parts of a Working DC Generator

Fig.1.8
 (i) Field System

The function of the field system is

to produce uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates. It consists of a
number of salient poles (of course, even
number) bolted to the inside of circular
frame (generally called yoke).
 Yoke

The yoke is usually made of solid cast

steel whereas the pole pieces are composed
of stacked laminations. The outer frame or
yoke serves double purpose:

1. It provides mechanical support for the poles and

acts as a protecting cover for whole machine.
2. It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
Yoke

Fig.1.9
 Pole Cores & Pole Shoes

The field magnets consist of pole cores

and pole shoes. The pole shoes serve two
purposes:
1. they spread out the flux in the air-gap, and also
being of larger cross-section, reduce the
reluctance of the magnetic path.
2. they support the exciting coils or field coils.
Pole Core

Fig.1.10
Pole Shoe

Fig.1.11
 Field Windings

Field coils or field windings are

mounted on the poles and carry the d.c.
exciting current. The field coils are
connected in such a way that adjacent
poles have opposite polarity.
When current is passed through these
coils, they electro-magnetize the poles
which produce the necessary flux that is
cut by revolving armature conductors.
Field Coils or Pole Coils

Fig.1.12
 Field System

The m.m.f. developed by the field coils produces a

magnetic flux that passes through the pole pieces, the
air gap, the armature and the frame (See Fig.1.13).
Practical d.c. machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5
mm to 1.5mm.

Fig.1.13
 Field System

Since armature and field systems

are composed of materials that have
high permeability, most of the m.m.f. of
field coils is required to set up flux in
the air gap. By reducing the length of
air gap, we can reduce the size of field
coils (i.e., number of turns).
 (ii) Armature Core

The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and

rotates between the field poles. It consists of slotted soft-
iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick) that are
tacked to form a cylindrical core as shown in Fig.1.14.

Armature core

Fig.1.14
Armature Core

Fig.1.14
 Armature Core

It houses the armature conductors or

coils and causes to rotate and hence cut
the magnetic flux of the field magnets.
Its most important function is to
provide a path of very low reluctance
to the flux through the armature from a
N-pole to a S-pole.
 Armature Core

It is made of a thin, highly

permeable and electrically insulated
steel laminations that are stacked
together and rigidly mounted on the
shaft.
 Laminations

The laminations (See Fig.1.15) are

individually coated with a thin insulating film so
that they do not come in electrical contact with
each other.

Fig.1.15
Laminations

Fig.1.15
 Purpose of Laminating the Core

The purpose of laminating the core is to

reduce the eddy current loss. Thinner
the laminations, greater is the resistance
offered to the induced e.m.f., smaller the
current and hence lesser the I2R loss in
the core.
Purpose of Laminating the Core

The laminations are slotted to

accommodate and provide
mechanical security to the armature
winding and to give shorter air-gap
for the flux to cross between the pole
face and the armature “teeth”.
 (iii) Armature Winding

The slots of the armature core hold

insulated conductors that are
connected in a suitable manner. This
is known as armature winding. This is
the winding in which “working”
e.m.f. is induced.
 Armature Winding

The armature conductors are

connected in series-parallel; the
conductors being connected in series
so as to increase the voltage and in
parallel paths so as to increase the
current.
 Armature Winding

The armature winding is the

heart of a d.c. machine.
The armature winding of a d.c.
machine is a closed-circuit winding;
the conductors being connected in a
symmetrical manner forming a
closed loop or series of closed loops.
Armature Winding

Fig.1.16
 Armature Conductors

The armature conductors are soldered to

the commutator segments in a suitable
manner to give rise to the armature winding.
Depending upon the manner in which the
armature conductors are connected to the
commutator segments, there are two types of
armature winding in a d.c. machine viz.,
(a) Lap Winding
(b) Wave Winding.
 (iv) Commutator
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which
converts the alternating voltage generated in the
armature winding into direct voltage across the
brushes. The commutator is made of copper
segments insulated from each other by mica sheets
and mounted on the shaft of the machine.

Fig.1.17
Commutator

Fig.1.18
 Commutator

Great care is taken in building the

commutator because any eccentricity
will cause the brushes to bounce, producing
unacceptable sparking. The sparks may bum
the brushes and overheat and carbonize the
commutator.
 (v) Brushes

The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical

connections between the rotating commutator and
stationary external load circuit. The brushes are
made of carbon or graphite copper-filled carbon
mixture and rest on the commutator.

Fig.1.19
 Brushes

The graphite in a brush provide self-

lubrication between the brush and commutator.
The brush pressure is adjusted by means of
adjustable springs (See Fig.1.19).

Fig.1.20
 Brushes

If the brush pressure is very large,

the friction produces heating of the
commutator and the brushes.
On the other hand, if it is too weak,
the imperfect contact with the
commutator may produce sparking.
Multi-pole machines have as many
brushes as they have poles.
 Brushes

E.g., a 4-pole machine has 4 brushes.

As we go round the commutator, the
successive brushes have positive and
negative polarities. Brushes having the
same polarity are connected together so
that we have two terminals viz., the +ve
terminal and the –ve terminal.
 Intepole or Commutating Pole
of Compole

An auxiliary pole or small pole placed

between the main poles of a dynamo
whose exciting winding carries a current
proportional to the load current. The
interpole windings are permanently
connected in series with the armature to
make them effective for varying loads.
Interpoles or Compoles

Fig.1.21
 Interpoles or Compoles

They are wound with comparatively

few heavy gauge Cu wire turns and are
connected in series with the armature so
that they carry full armature current. Their
polarity, in the case of generator, is the
same as that of the main pole ahead in the
direction of rotation.
1.5 Armature Circuit Model

Fig.1.22
 Armature Circuit Model

By KVL : Vat = Eg – IaRa volts (V)

where: Vat = terminal voltage of the armature, volts.

Ia = armature current, amperes.

Eg = generated voltage, volts.

1.6 Field Circuit Model

If By Ohm’s Law :
+
Vf = If x Rf

Rf where:
Vf
Vf = field voltage, volts
_ If = field current, amperes
Fig.1.23
Rf = field resistance, ohms
1.7 EMF Equation of a DC Generator

We shall now derive an expression for the e.m.f.

generated in a d.c. generator.

Let Øp = flux/pole in Wb
Z = total number of armature conductors
P = number of poles
a =number of parallel paths
= 2 ... for wave winding,
= P ... for lap winding
N = speed of armature in r.p.m.
Eg = e.m.f. of the generator in volts
= e.m.f./parallel path
 EMF Generated per Conductor

Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution of the

armature,
dØ = PØp webers
Time taken to complete one revolution,

dt = 60/N second
E.m.f generated/conductor :
eave./cond = dØ/dt = PØp/(60/N)
= PØpN/60 volts
 EMF of Generator, Eg

Eg = e.m.f. per parallel path

= (e.m.f/conductor) x no. of conductors in series
per parallel path
= e(ave./conductor) x Z/a
= PØpN/60 x Z/a
= ZPØpN/60xa
 EMF of Generator, Eg

where:

a = 2, for wave winding, (a = 2m)

= P, for lap winding, (a = Pm)

 EMF of Generator, (Eg)

In English
Z x P x Øp x N
Eg = X 10-8
60 x a

= k1ØpN1 volts
where
ZxP
k1 = , machine constant
60 x a

Øp = flux per pole in lines

 EMF of Generator (Eg)

Eg Z x P x Øp x ω
= volts
2πxa
= k1 Øp ω

ZxP , machine constant

where: k1 =
2π a

Note: N = (60 x ω)/(2π) rpm

Problems
 Problem 1

How many parallel paths there will be

in the armature of a 10-pole machine if the
armature is simplex lap wound?
 Solution

a = mP

For simplex lap, m = 1

a = 1 x 10
= 10 …answer
 Problem no.2

A d.c. machine has 8 poles and a rated

current of 100 A. How much current will
flow in each path at rated condition if the
armature is simplex lap wound?
REE – September 2007

A. 2A B. 12.5A C. 6.25A D. 50A

 Solution

IL,rated = Ia

Ia
Armature Current/path , I =
a

For simplex lap , a = P = 8

Therefore, the current in each path is

100A
I =
8
= 12.5 A …answer
 Problem 3

What is the average voltage generated

in a moving conductor if it cuts 2.5 x 106
maxwells in 1/40 second?

A. 1V B. 2V C. 10V D. 100V
 Solution

Average voltage generated in a moving conductor

eave. Ø
= x 10-8
t

2.5 x 106 maxwell

= X 10-8
1/40 sec

= 1 volt …answer
Factors affecting Magnitude of Induced
EMF

1. Flux density, B
2. Active conductor length, l
3. Relative linear velocity, v

The instantaneous induced e.m.f. is

e = Blv x 10-8 volts ……. English

= Blv volts ……. SI

 Factors affecting Magnitude of Induced
EMF

where:
B is the flux density in lines/in2 (English), or
gauss or maxwell/cm2 (CGS),Tesla or Wb/m2 (SI)
l is the active length of conductor in inches
(English), or centimeters (CGS), or meters (SI).
v is the relative linear velocity between the
conductor and the field in either inches per
second (English), or centimeter per second (CGS)
, or meters per second (SI).
 Note

If both the flux density (B) and the

relative velocity (v) of either the conductor
or the field are both uniform and constant,
then the e and the average voltage Eave of
the induced e.m.f. are the same.
 Problem no. 4

A single conductor 18 inches long is

moved by a mechanical force perpendicularly
to a uniform magnetic field of 50,000 lines/in2,
covering a distance of 720 inches in a time of 1
sec. Calculate:
(a) the instantaneous induced e.m.f., e
(b) the average induced e.m.f., Eave.
 Solution

(a) Instantaneous induced emf:

e = Blv x 10-8 ……. English

= (50,000 line/in2)(18 in.)(720 in./s) x 10-8

= 6.48 V …answer
 Solution

(b) Total magnetic flux

ØT = BxA
= (50,000 line/in2) (720 in. x 18 in.)

= 6.48 x 108 lines

 Solution

Average induced e.m.f., E ave.

ØT
Eave = X 10-8 ……. English
t
6.48 x 108 lines
= x 10-8
1s
= 6.48 V …answer

Note: ØT = total flux linked in one revolution.

 Problem no. 5

Wire length of 50 cm is moved in a field

of density 1.0 Wb/m2 at a velocity of 30 m/sec.
What is the emf induced if the motion is
perpendicular to the field?
REE – September 2006

A. 1.5V B. 150V C. 15V D. 0.15V

 Solution

Induced e.m.f. in the wire, e

e = Blv x sinθ ……. SI

= (1.0 Wb/m2)(0.50 m)(30 m/s) x sin90°

= 15 volt …answer
 Power Generated, Pg

From an electric point of view: Fig.1.22.

Vat = Eg – IaRa volts

VatIa = EgIa – Ia2Ra watts

Note: Rotational Losses (Prot) is neglected

 Power Generated, Pg

Pat = VatIa
= output power of the armature, watts

Pg = EgIa
= generated power in the armature, watts
= input power of the armature, watts
Pcu = (Ia2)Ra
= armature circuit ohmic losses, or
= armature copper losses, watts
 If Prot is Considered

Power input of the generator, Pin, is

Pin = Pshaft
= Pg + Prot
= EgIa + Prot
= (VatIa + Ia2 Ra) + Prot watts
 If Prot is Considered

where:
Pin = shaft power or power input of the generator

= power output of the prime mover, watts.

Pg = Tg x ω = EgIa = (k Øpω) Ia, watts

Tg = k Øp Ia , N.m .

= torque generated or torque developed by the

armature.
1.7 Armature Resistance (Ra)

The resistance offered by the armature

circuit is known as armature resistance (Ra)
and includes:
(i) resistance of armature winding
(ii) resistance of brushes
The armature resistance depends upon the
construction of machine. Except for small
machines, its value is generally less than 1Ω.
1.8 Types of D.C. Generators

The magnetic field in a d.c. generator is

normally produced by electromagnets rather
than permanent magnets. Generators are
generally classified according to their methods
of field excitation. On this basis, d.c. generators
are divided into the following two classes:
(i) Separately-excited d.c. generators.
(ii) Self-excited d.c. generators.
1.9 Separately-Excited DC Generators

The behavior of a d.c. generator on load

depends upon the method of field excitation
adopted.
A d.c. generator whose field magnet
winding is supplied from an independent
external d.c. source (e.g., a battery etc.) is
called a separately-excited generator.
Schematic Diagram of a Separately-
Excited Generator

I
f IL
Ia = IL
R rh
+ + L
+ O
V
dc _ R Øf Ra RL A
sh
Ia V
t
Eg _ _ D
IL

Fig.1.24. shows the schematic diagram of a separately-

excited d.c. generator.
Schematic Diagram of a Separately-
Excited Generator
Separately-Excited D.C. Generators

The voltage output depends upon

the speed of rotation of armature and the
field current (Eg = ZPØpN/60a). The
greater the speed and field current, the
greater is the generated e.m.f.

Eg = kØPN
Separately-Excited D.C. Generators

It may be noted that separately excited

d.c. generators are rarely used in practice,
except in feedback control systems when
control of the armature voltage over a wide
range is required.
The d.c. generators are normally of self-
excited type.
Separately-Excited D.C. Generators

Under steady state operation: Fig.1.24.

Vf = Vdc = If (Rsh + Rrh)

= voltage of the external source

Armature current, Ia = IL
Terminal voltage, Vt = Eg – IaRa
Separately-Excited D.C. Generators

Electric power developed, Pg = EgIa

Power delivered to load, Pout

Pout = V t IL
= VatIa
= (Eg – IaRa) Ia
= EgIa – Ia2Ra
Separately Excited D.C. Generators

where:
If = Ish = field winding current, amperes.
Ra = armature resistance, ohms.
Rsh = field winding resistance, ohms.
Rrh = resistance of the rheostat, ohms
= external resistance added in series with the
field to control the field current, ohms.
Separately Excited D.C. Generators

Vf = If (Rsh + Rrh)
= If Rf (tot)

Similarly: Eg = k1 Øp ω

Assume that the field flux is proportional to the

field current
Øp = kf If
Separately Excited D.C. Generators

Then, the generated voltage in the armature is

Eg = k 1 k f If ω ….. in SI

= k g If ω

Eg = k 1 k f If N …. in English

= k g If N
 Problem no.6

The generated armature voltage of a

separately-excited dc generator is 230 V at a
speed of 1000 r.p.m. When the field current is
1.25 A.
a. Find the generated armature voltage for a
field current of 1.1 A at 1200 r.p.m.
b. Find the field current at 1200 r.p.m. for a
generated armature voltage of 205 V.
Ans. (a) Eg = 242.9 V, (b) If = 0.93 A
 Solution

(a) By ratio and proportion

Eg1 kØ1N1
= …… Ø α If
Eg2 kØ2N2

Eg1 If1N1
=
Eg2 If2N2

230 1.25(1000)
=
Eg2 1.1(1200)
 Solution

Therefore, the generated armature voltage (Eg2) is

Eg2 = 242.9 volts

(b) By ratio and proportion

Eg3 kIf3N3
= …Ø α If
Eg1 kIf1N1
 Solution

If3 Eg3 N1
= x
If 1 Eg1 N3

Therefore, the field current at 1200 rpm is

205 1000
If3 = 1.25 x x
230 1200

= 0.93A …..answer
 Problem no.7

When a generator is being driven at

1200 rpm, the generated e.m.f. is 230V. What
is the generated e.m.f. if the field flux is
decreased by 10% with the speed remains
unchanged.
REE – September 2008

A. 205 B.207 C. 200 D. 203

 Solution

By ratio and proportion

Eg1 kØ1N1
=
Eg2 kØ2N2

where N1 = N 2 , Ø2 = 0.9Ø1

230 Ø1 (N1)
=
Eg2 0.9Ø1(N1)
 Solution

Therefore, the generated e.m.f. is

Eg2 = 207 V …..answer

 Problem no.8

A 10-kW, 125-V separately d.c. generator is

driven at a speed of 1000 r.p.m. The field current is 2A
when the generator delivers rated armature current.
a. Find the generated armature terminal voltage
at full-load.
b. Find the required field current if the armature
current is 70% of its rated value with the speed
remaining constant. The armature resistance is
0.15 Ω.
Ans. (a) Eg = 137 V, (b) If = 1.947 A
 Solution

IL
Ia = IL PL = 10,000 W
+ + L
O Vt = 125 V
Ra RL
Ia V
t
A
Eg _ _
D Narm = 1000 rpm

IL
Ra = 0.15 Ω

Armature
 Solution

I
f

R rh
+
V
dc _ R Øf I f
= 2A
sh
 Solution

At full-load, the current delivered to the load, (IL1) is

IL1 PL/Vt

10,000W/125V
80A

In a separately-excited shunt generator,

Ia1 IL1 80 A
 Solution

(a) Generated armature terminal voltage at full-load, Eg1:

Eg1 Vt + Ia1Ra1

125 V + 80A (0.15Ω)

137 volts …..answer
 Solution

(b) Ia2 70% x Ia1

0.7 x 80A 56A

Eg2 V t + Ia2Ra

Eg2 125 V + 56 A (0.15Ω)

133.4 volts
 Solution

By ratio and proportion:

Eg2 kØ2N2
= …Ø α If
Eg1 kØ1N1

If2 Eg2 N1
= x ….N1 = N2
If 1 Eg1 N2
 Solution

Therefore, the required field current is

133.4V
If2 = 2A x
137 V
= 1.947A …..answer
 Problem no.9

A 240-kW, 240-V, 6-pole, 600-rpm, separately

excited generator is delivering the rated load at
rated voltage. The generator has Ra = 0.01Ω, Rsh =
30Ω, Vf = 120 V, and Prot = 10 kW.
Determine: (a) the induced e.m.f. at full- load,
(b) the power developed at full-load, (c) the torque
developed at full-load (d ) the applied torque at
full-load, and (e) the efficiency of the generator.

Ans. (a) 250V, (b) 250kW, (c) 3979Nm, (d) 4138Nm, (e) 92.14%
 Solution

(a) At full-load, the induced e.m.f. is

Eg = Vt + IaRa
= 240V + 1000A (0. 01 Ω )

= 250 V …..answer
 Solution

(b) The power generated or power developed at full

load is
Pg = EgIa
= 250 V x 1000 A

= 250 kW …..answer
 Solution

(c) The torque developed at full-load is

Tg = Pg/ωm
= 250,000 W/20π rad/s
= 3978.87 N.m …..answer

where, ωm = 2πN/60
= 2πx600/60
= 20π rad/s.
 Solution

(d) The mechanical power input or shaft power at

full-load is

Pin = Pg + Prot

= 250 kW + 10 kW

= 260 kW
 Solution

Thus, the applied torque at full-load is

Tin = Tshaft
= Pin/ωm
= 260,000/20π

= 4138 N.m …..answer

or = 9.55 Pin/N in N.m.

= 7.04 Pin/N in lb.ft.
 Solution

(e) The total power input at full-load (separately-

excited generator) is

Pin(total) = Pin + P f

= Pin + Vf2/Rf
= 260,000 + 1202/30
= 260,480 watts
 Solution

The efficiency of the generator at full-load is

ηFL = Pout/Pin(total)

= (240/260.48) x 100%
= 92.14% …..answer