UNIT- I -T.

Y–
Question Bank
What management means?
The organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined
objectives. ... Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy
and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's resources in order to
achieve the objectives of that policy.

What defines a project?

Projects. A project is defined as an effort to create or modify a specific product or service.
Projects are temporary work efforts with a clear beginning and end. ... (each organization can
define what they believe is a project)

What is Construction Management definition?

Construction management is the process of planning, coordinating and providing monitoring
and controlling of a construction project. This style of project management is designed for the,
as the name implies, construction industry. ... The stages are design, pre-construction,
procurement, build, and owner occupancy.

What is Intro to construction?

Introduction to Construction is a course that will offer hands-on activities and real world
experiences related to the skills essential in residential, commercial and civil building
construction. Students will be introduced to the history and traditions of construction trades.

What is the importance of construction management?

Planning, scheduling is an important part of the construction management. Planning and
scheduling of construction activities helps engineers to complete the project in time and within
the budget.
What are the functions of construction
management?
Function. The functions of construction management typically include the following:
Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling,
setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.

What is a construction manager duties?

Construction managers are a part of the building process from the very beginning, working
closely with architects and engineers to go over plans and blueprints, making timetables for the
project, determining material and labor costs, negotiating with and hiring subcontractors and
workers, scheduling workers on site, ...

What does a construction engineer do?

Construction engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the designing, planning,
construction and management of infrastructures such as roads, tunnels, bridges, airports,
railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects.

What are the objectives of Construction Management?

Function. The functions of construction management typically include the following:

Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling,
setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.

What is the scope of construction management?

As the previous paragraph states, a scope of work is the agreement between contractors and an
owner. In construction, this will define what work a contractor or subcontractor must perform to
be paid. In construction project management, the scope of work is crucial to be able to manage
a project.Oct 2, 2018

What is the meaning of construction industry?

Definition: The branch of manufacture and trade based on the building, maintaining, and
repairing structures. This includes drilling and solid mineral exploration. Definition Source:
Standard Industrial Classification.

What is technology in civil engineering?

From ancient times, civil engineering technology has evolved to create better structures. Civil
engineers use innovation to improve building materials and construction methods. ... Engineers
are also developing technologies that reduce the environmental load of the structure.Aug 27,
2018

What is construction planning?

It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required
resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the
different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the
schedule for work.

What is construction management system?

Construction management software is a project management platform that helps companies
in processes like budget management, communication, decision-making, and job scheduling, to
name a few. ... These are but some of the benefits that organizations can get from using
construction management software.

What are construction principles?

High-level Compliance with New Construction Method
The Five Construction Principles have been established so that the five elements:
environmental protection, safety, speed, economy, and aesthetics, conform with a balanced
regular pentagon.
 Role of construction industry in
infrastructure development
CONSTRUCTION IS AN IMPORTANT SECTOR THAT CONTRIBUTES GREATLY
IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF A NATION. THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS
AN INVESTMENT-LED SECTOR WHERE GOVERNMENT SHOWS HIGH
INTEREST. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS WITH CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO
DEVELOP INFRASTRUCTURE RELATED TO HEALTH, TRANSPORT AS WELL AS
EDUCATION SECTOR.FEB 19, 2018

What is the role of infrastructure in economic development?

Improvement in productivity.
Infrastructural development such as transportation facilities and education increase the
productivity. Development of science and technology is also important in improving the
economic productivity. Moreover, research and development also play a critical role in
economic improvement.May 31, 2018

What is the nature of construction industry?

The construction industry is divided into three major segments. Construction of buildings
contractors, or general contractors, build residential, industrial, commercial, and other buildings.
Heavy and civil engineering construction contractors build sewers, roads, highways, bridges,
tunnels, and other projects.

why construction management is important?

A construction manager plays an important role in ensuring that construction projects go
smoothly from start to finish. He or she will need to manage a group of construction workers
and ensure that they are operating equipment in a safe manner.
How does construction benefit society?
Road Construction
New roads also boost a community's economy. Improving transportation networks provides
economic benefits to nearby properties. By reducing the time it takes to travel, people in local
communities can reduce fuel costs and vehicle depreciation.Apr 21, 2016
What are the economic benefits of construction?
The construction industry brings a wide range of economic benefits to individuals, companies
and nations. For instance, many job opportunities exist in the development of land, the
construction of buildings to live and work in, and the maintenance of buildings during their
useful life.

What is the importance of infrastructure?

The infrastructure is important for faster economic growth and alleviation of poverty in the
country. The adequate infrastructure in the form of road and railway transport system, ports,
power, airports and their efficient working is also needed for integration of the Indian economy
with other economies of the world.

What is the main purpose of the construction industry?

construction industry. Sector of national economy engaged in preparation of land and
construction, alteration, and repair of buildings, structures, and other real property.

What are the benefits of infrastructure development?

Both economic and social infrastructure increase people's access to the basic resources required
for living, and when infrastructure is of good quality, well located and provided in a timely
manner, it can lead to lower costs of living which can in turn help increase access to home
ownership.Oct 14, 2014

How does infrastructure benefit the economy?

With respect to overall economic output, increased infrastructure spending by the government
is generally expected to result in higher economic output in the short term by stimulating
demand and in the long term by increasing overall productivity.Jan 24, 2018
 Bot and Bolt
What is the difference between BOT and PPP?
Concessions, Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Design-Build-Operate (DBO) Projects.
Concessions, Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Projects, and Design-Build-Operate (DBO)
Projects are types of public-private partnerships that are output focused.Feb 8, 2018

What is BOT toll model?

BOT Toll Model. This is a PPP model for the development of highway projects. In this toll
based BOT model, a road developer constructs the road and he is allowed to recover his
investment through toll collection. ... At the end of the toll period, the project is transferred to the
government.

Some examples of Public Private Partnership projects in transport sector in India. Some
of the well-known Public Private Partnership projects in India are mentioned below. SECOND
VIVEKANANDA BRIDGE (now Sister Nivedita Bridge) in Kolkota: This bridge is one the first BOT projects,
undertaken in 1995.

What is a Build Operate Transfer contract?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Build–operate–transfer (BOT) or
build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT) is a form of project financing, wherein a private entity
receives a concession from the private or public sector to finance, design, construct, own, and
operate a facility stated in the concession contract.

How does Build Operate Transfer work?

Under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract, an entity—usually a government—grants a
concession to a private company to finance, build and operate a project. ... During the project
period—when the contractor is operating the project it has built—revenues usually come from a
single source, an offtake purchaser.Aug 19, 201
What are the types of PPP?
Types of PPP Contracts
There are several different types of public-private partnership contracts (often known as
PPPs, or in the UK, Private Finance Initiative, or PFIs) depending on the type of project (for
example, a road or a prison), level of risk transfer, investment level and the desired outcome.

What are the benefits of PPP?

Potential Benefits of Public Private Partnerships
While recent attention has been focused on fiscal risk, governments look to the private sector for
other reasons: Exploring PPPs as a way of introducing private sector technology and innovation
in providing better public services through improved operational efficiency.Oct 31, 2016

Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT)

BOLT is a model for the development of infrastructure projects. Here, the government
gives a concession (project sanction) to a private entity to build a facility (and possibly
design it as well), own the facility, lease the facility to the public sector and then at the
end of the lease period transfer the ownership of the facility to the government.

The specific characteristics of BOOT make it suitable for infrastructure projects like
highways, roads mass transit, railway transport and power generation and as such they
have political importance for the social welfare but are not attractive for other types of
private investments.

Build–operate–transfer - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Build–operate–trans

How does Build Operate Transfer work?
Under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract, an entity—usually a government—grants a
concession to a private company to finance, build and operate a project. ... During the project
period—when the contractor is operating the project it has built—revenues usually come from a
single source, an offtake purchaser.Aug 19, 2019
What is the meaning of Build Operate Transfer?
Build–operate–transfer (BOT) or build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT) is a form of project
financing, wherein a private entity receives a concession from the private or public sector to
finance, design, construct, own, and operate a facility stated in the concession contract.
BOOT (build–own–operate–transfer)

BOLT
It is a non-traditional procurement method of project financing whereby a private or public sector client
gives a concession to a private entity to build a facility (and Page 6 Nirali Shukla et al 140 possibly design
it as well), own the facility, lease the facility to the client, then at the end of the lease period ...

It is a non-traditional procurement method of project financing whereby a private or public sector client
gives a concession to a private entity to build a facility (and Page 6 Nirali Shukla et al 140 possibly design
it as well), own the facility, lease the facility to the client, then at the end of the lease period ...

Here, the government gives a concession (project sanction) to a private entity to build a facility (and
possibly design it as well), own the facility, lease the facility to the public sector and then at the end of
the lease period transfer the ownership of the facility to the government.

List of the Advantages of Build-Own-Operate-Transfer

 It minimizes the public cost for infrastructure development. ...
 It reduces public debt. ...
 It allows for innovation. ...
 It provides a chance to bring in expertise. ...
 It allows each party to focus on their strengths. ...
 It keeps public-sector funds where they are most needed.

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•

Jul 4, 2018
List of the Advantages of Build-Own-Operate-
Transfer
1. It minimizes the public cost for infrastructure development.

Using the BOOT model, the public sector is able to take advantage of the efficiencies found in
the private sector for a minimal investment. Many PPP relationship using this model will offer an
incentive, such as tax breaks, to the private organization to develop the infrastructure. Because
the private sector assumes the risk for planning and use, they are given an opportunity to profit
from the structure by recruiting tenants for it. Then, after the contracted time, the public sector
takes over ownership.

2. It reduces public debt.

Private companies assume the debts involved in the initial phases of a BOOT relationship. Even
in PPP structures where some initial funding may be provided by the public sector, the majority
of the initial development cost will be the responsibility of the private organization. This allows
the public sector to maintain a balanced budget while reducing its influence in how the new
infrastructure is developed.

3. It allows for innovation.

The public sector brings in the best private contractors possible when developing infrastructure
using the BOOT model. This process encourages innovation, which allows the community to
benefit from advanced technologies which would be included with the project. If the project was
implemented by the public sector only, this inclusion factor would not always be possible
because of the costs involved.

4. It provides a chance to bring in expertise.

The public sector is tasked with the need to bring in the best possible private companies to
complete the contract. If the necessary expertise is not available locally, then national or
international private enterprises might be brought in to create the required infrastructure. This
process allows for the companies with the most expertise to be brought in, no matter where in the
world they happen to be.

5. It allows each party to focus on their strengths.

In the BOOT model, the private and public sectors are able to both focus on what they do best.
That allows projects to be completed faster, often with reduce delays, because the public sector
provides structure and cost containment, while the private sector provides efficiencies and
resource access.

6. It keeps public-sector funds where they are most needed.

Because the private sector is managing the funding aspect of the project, the public sector is able
to direct resources to other areas of socioeconomic welfare required by the community. This
allows the processes of governing to continue unimpeded while the infrastructure requirements
can be met at the same time.

7. It is a process that is fully appraised.

If there is one constant in the world today, it is that the word of a government official or program
is not always accurate. By bringing in a private enterprise to develop the project, more trust can
be brought into the process to avoid any unrealistic expectations or promises from being released
to the community.

List of the Disadvantages of Build-Own-Operate-

Transfer
1. It can have higher transaction costs.

Although the purpose of a BOOT structure is to limit the cost liabilities to the public sector, this
type of transaction cost can be higher than other contract opportunities. The incentive to pursue
the build-own-operate-transfer is for the public sector to limit their overall liability with the
project. By having the private sector take all the initial risks of ownership and operations, the
public sector can avoid most of the risks of a financial loss from the partnership.

2. It only works for large projects.

The BOOT model is only suitable for large-scale infrastructure projects within a community. It is
not a suitable PPP for most of the smaller projects that communities tend to need development
help with each year. Think of it like this: if your community has a skyscraper it needs built in the
public interest, a BOOT contract would be an option. If what you need is a strip mall, it would
not generally be a suitable choice.

3. It requires fund-raising to be successful.

The private sector will not get started on the infrastructure project until there are funds in place
to begin the planning phase of the project. If no funds can be raised to complete the project, then
it won’t get done. For that reason, the public sector often looks for private entities which already
have a funding mechanism in place to complete the proposed project. If no such entities are
interested in the project, then it may stall out before it gets a chance to begin.

4. It may require substantial operational revenues to be successful.

For the BOOT model to be successful from a private standpoint, there must be large revenues
generated during the operational phase of the contract. That is why BOOT contracts have such a
lengthy transfer stipulation. By stretching out the relationship to four decades or more, the
private organization has the best possible chance of making their investment back, plus some
profits to enjoy, before losing control of what they built.

5. It requires strong corporate governance.

In this PPP relationship, the public sector must stay involved with the supervision of the project
during the ownership phase to ensure it remains successful. One of the most common reasons for
the BOOT structure failure is a lack of communication between the private and public entities
involved. When the program is being managed poorly on the private side, the public side must be
able to step in and change things up for the good of everyone involved.

6. It can place the public sector at a disadvantage.

If the public sector has limited expertise in the infrastructure matters being considered, then the
private sector can take advantage of that fact. Both sides must have knowledge of the
complexity, competitiveness, and risks involved to ensure a balanced relationship is possible.

These build-own-operate-transfer advantages and disadvantages offer one solution for

community development. There are several other solutions available, such as BROT (build-rent-
own-transfer) and BLOT (build-lease-operate-transfer) that may be a better option in certain
circumstances. Although the private companies take on risk with the BOOT model, they also
have the best chance to profit from the contract. That is why it is often a first-choice opt
 Project over runs and means to
combat them
What is Project over run?
A cost overrun, also known as a cost increase or budget overrun, involves unexpected incurred
costs. When these costs are in excess of budgeted amounts due to an underestimation of the
actual cost during budgeting, they are known by these terms.

How do you deal with project cost overruns?

1. Understand the real reasons of budget overrun. ...
2. Create an action plan. ...
3. Be responsive to your customers and subcontractors. ...
4. Talk to your team honestly and agree on the priorities. ...
5. Try to regain budget, but don't be too greedy. ...
6. Stop works when payments are late. ...
7. Set up cost management with the cost control system.

Nov 26, 2018

What are reasons for cost overruns in project
management?
By learning about the Top-10 reasons why projects incur cost overruns and how to guard
against them, before they get out of hand.

 Reason 1: Unplanned Costs. ...

 Reason No. 2: A Communication Breakdown. ...
 Reason No. 3: Changes in Project Scope. ...
 Reason No. 4: Underestimating Project Difficulty or Complexity.


How can project delay be reduced?

Here are a few suggestions to avoid unforeseen project delays and efficiently handle large
project portfolio programs.
 1. Pay a lot of attention to project planning. ...
2. Keep all information/ assets organized with a single workspace. ...
3. Simplify best practices and automate project processes. ...
4. Constantly track and measure the progress.

What are the causes of project delay?

External forces can also delay a project such as weather, strikes, governmental or owner
interference. Untimely payment for work installed may force the contractor to reduce his
forces thus slowing the progress of the work. Theft or damage from accidents may cause
a delay.

What is time and cost overrun?

Cost overrun:- It is the phenomenon in which the client/contractor has to spend more money for
the completion of the project than that originally estimated i.e. the project goes over budget.
Causes:- If the contractor does not have proper technical knowledge of the jobs, cost overrun is
possible.Oct 1, 2017

What is a cost underrun?

Amount by which the actual cost is below the budgeted, estimated, original, or target cost.

What is the cause of delay?

Subcontractor Delays
A common cause of project delays is subcontractors and consultants. If a company contracts out
labor for specific projects, certain delays may occur as a result of the contracted work, causing
the project to become delayed.

How can cost overrun be reduced?

6 Ways to Prevent Cost Overruns

1. Pay a lot of attention to project planning. ...

2. Check a vendor's capabilities before hiring. ...
3. Attempt to stay within the scope that was originally planned. ...
4. Use good scheduling tools & charts. ...
5. 5. Make sure the stakeholders in the project are on the same page. ...
6. Constantly track and measure the progress.

How do you manage project costs?

8 Tips for Managing Project Costs
 1. Achieve a baseline budget. Formally get the estimate signed off by the sponsor and
steering committee and ensure that the actual funds get released and allocated to the
project. ...
2. Establish cost controls. ...
3. Record actual costs. ...
4. Calculate metrics. ...
5. Update forecasts.

What are hard costs in construction?

What are the stages of a construction project?

What is it called when you go over budget?

What are general conditions costs in construction?

Why do projects fail?

How do you do construction estimates?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What is the synonym of delay?

How do you communicate with project delays?

What is it called when you go over budget?

adjective. costing or being more than the amount alloted or budgeted: The building is half-
finished and it's already overbudget.
 Generation and identification
of project investment
opportunities
The purpose of project identification is to develop a preliminary proposal for the most appropriate set
of interventions and course of action, within specific time and budget frames, to address a specific
development goal in a particular region or setting. Investment ideas can arise from many sources and
contexts.

Project characteristics include: (b) Project has a set objective to achieve within a distinct time, cost and
technical performance. (c) Project is planned, managed and controlled by an assigned team the project
team planted within the owner's organisation to achieve the objectives as per specifications.

What is project identification and selection?

Project Identification and selection is a process to assess each project idea and select the
project with the highest priority. Project Identification:The process of identifying a candidate
idea for developing into a project is called Project Identification.May 16, 2016

What is idea generation in project management?

SUMMARY: Project ideas are generated through different sources like customers, competitors,
and employees. Sometimes they are discovered through accident. ... In the case of financial
projects, the project manager should assess the NPV of project ideas.

What are the methods of idea generation?

18 KILLER IDEA GENERATION TECHNIQUES

 SCAMPER. SCAMPER is an idea generation technique that utilizes action verbs as stimuli. ...
 Brainstorming. ...
 Mindmapping. ...
 Synectics. ...
 Storyboarding. ...
  Role playing. ...
 Attribute listing. ...
 Visualization and visual prompts.

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May 14, 2015

What is Project identification?

In simple words project identification means a process of finding out the most appropriate
project from among the several investment opportunities According to Dr. Vasant Desai the
project identification is concerned with the collection, compilation and analysis of economic
data for the eventual purpose of locating ...Feb 4, 20

What is the project selection?

Project Selection is a process to assess each project idea and select the project with the highest
priority. ... Selection of projects is based on: Benefits: A measure of the positive outcomes of
the project. These are often described as "the reasons why you are undertaking the project".

What are the steps in project identification?

Start your Wrike free trial to build and share your project plan.

 Step 1: Identify & Meet with Stakeholders. ...

 Step 2: Set & Prioritize Goals. ...
 Step 3: Define Deliverables. ...
 Step 4: Create the Project Schedule. ...
 Step 5: Identify Issues and Complete a Risk Assessment. ...
 Step 6: Present the Project Plan to Stakeholders

 Why is project identification important?

 Project identification is a component of project management. It involves collection,
compilation, and analysis of data in order to locate potential opportunities for a startup
business and development of such opportunities.Jul 10, 2018
 project management
consultants- role , types and
selection
Who are project management consultants?
Job Duties for Project Management Consultants
Project management consultants bring specialized skills and knowledge to assist
companies in making the best possible business decisions. They typically provide
oversight and leadership in executing projects from planning to completion.

A consultancy is a professional person or business practice that provides expert advice to

others. A project management consultancy provides expert project management advice to
external businesses. A company may hire a project management consultancy if it lacks project
management expertise

What is the role of project management consultant?

Job Duties for Project Management Consultants
Project management consultants bring specialized skills and knowledge to assist companies in
making the best possible business decisions. ... Identifying and managing project risks and
developing solutions are additional duties.

What is the role of a consultant?

Role of Consultant. The consultant's primary role is to assist your organization with certain
areas of your inclusiveness work. While the consultant may act as an educator, a catalyst for
deeper change, a resource, or a facilitator, the leadership of the process remains within your
organization.
What is the difference between a project manager and a
consultant?
According to him, a Project Manager is a focused person, while a Business Management
Consultant is a multi-focus expert. It helps him to do better planning, decision making, and
long-term goal achievements. I always thought a Project Manager is better than a Business
Management Consultant.Aug 8, 2018
What are consultants used for?
A consultant (from Latin: consultare "to deliberate") is a professional who provides expert
advice in a particular area such as security (electronic or physical), management, education,
accountancy, law, human resources, marketing (and public relations), finance, Heath Care,
engineering, science or any of many other ..

What types of consultants are there?

Types of Consultancy company/firms

 Human Resources or HR Consultants. Management of an organization's workforce, or

human resources. ...
 Strategy Consultants. ...
 Technology Consultants. ...
 Public Relations or PR Consultants. ...
 Marketing Consultants. ...
 Legal Consultants. ...
 IT Consultants. ...
 Social Media Consultant.


 What is a project consultant?

 A consulting project is a multi-week, month or years long collaborative process between
a client and a team of consultants whose goal is to solve a key problem faced by the
firm. The project is created to provide the client with an external expert opinion on a
matter of an operational or strategic importance.


What are the benefits of hiring a consultant?

Advantages of Hiring a Consultant for Your Business Growth...

 YOU TAKE ADVANTAGE OF NEW SKILLS. ...

 Advantage of an outside pair of eyes. ...
 BENEFITS FROM EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF MARKET DYNAMICS. ...
 Enables employees to realize short-term goals effortlessly. ...
 Direct the saved up time to other profitable aspects of the business.


 What is the role of consultant in construction?

 Construction consultants help clients make sound preparations for their upcoming
projects and ensure that contractors complete the project on cost. They provide cost
estimates, draw budgets, select contractors, administer construction contracts, and
resolve differences between contractors and project owners.Dec 30, 2018
  What is construction consultancy?
 Types of consultant in the construction industry. Consultants are professionals,
typically, appointed by the client to perform expert tasks on a project. ... Providing advice
on setting up and defining the project. Developing and co-ordinating the design.Apr 24,
2019

Types of consultant in the construction

industry
Consultants are professionals, typically, appointed by the client to perform expert tasks on a
project. This might include:-

 Providing advice on setting up and defining the project.

 Developing and co-ordinating the design.
 Preparing production information and tender documentation.
 Contract administration.
 Inspecting the work of contractors.

The members of the consultant team that are likely to be required on most projects are:

 Architect.
 Cost consultant.
 Services engineer.
 Structural engineer.

The client may wish to allocate the roles of lead designer and lead consultant to one or more of
these consultants to co-ordinate the work of the rest of the team. It might also be appropriate to
appoint a design co-ordinator for the co-ordination and integration of design prepared by
specialist contractors, and an information manager for building information modelling.

During the early stages of a project, the client might appoint independent client advisers to give
them independent professional advice. They might also appoint a project manager to represent
the client and take responsibility for the day-to-day management of the project.

Other consultants who might be required on some projects include:

 Access consultant.
 Acoustic consultant.
 Approved inspector (for building regulations approvals).
 Archaeologist.
 Business management consultant.
 Chartered environmentalist.
 Client design adviser.
 Client's representative.
  Civil engineer.
 Construction manager.
 Consulting engineer.
 Contract administrator.
 Ecologist.
 Employer's agent.
 Employer's BIM adviser.
 Environmental consultant.
 Facilities manager.
 Fire engineering consultant.
 Furniture, fixtures and equipment (FF&E) consultant.
 Health and safety consultant.
 Information and communications technology (ICT) consultant.
 Interior designer.
 Landscape architect.
 Local consultants with specialist knowledge of local procedures, culture, and so on.
 Lighting designer.
 Management contractor.
 Masterplanner.
 Party wall surveyor.
 Planning consultant.
 Programme consultant.
 Public health consultant.
 Rights of light surveyor.
 Security consultant.
 Site inspector (clerk of works).
 Specialist contractor.
 Structural waterproofing consultant.
 Surveyor.
 Transport/traffic engineer.

For consultants to work effectively as a team they should adopt collaborative practices as early in
the project as possible. The requirement to adopt such practices should be included in
appointment documents.

See Collaborative practices and Consultant team start-up meeting for more information.

Given the increasing complexity of many construction projects it is becoming more common that
a consultant appointed on a project, will in turn appoint consultants to undertake some or all of
the work for which they have been engaged.

In this case, the client's consultants may be referred to as prime consultants or first tier
consultants whilst the consultants that they appoint are generally referred to as 'sub-consultants'
or second tier consultants. This is similar to the relationship between clients, contractors and sub-
contractors.

See Sub-consultants for more information.

NB: In the public sector, the procurement route preferred by the government involves appointing
an integrated supply team responsible for designing and building (and perhaps operating and
financing) the project, and so a consultant team is not appointed by the client.

Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

 Appointing consultants.
 Architect.
 Architect's fees.
 Architectural practice.
 Building engineering services.
 Building Information Modelling.
 Collaborative practices.
 Commercial management.
 Commercial manager.
 Construction.
 Construction process.
 Consultant team start-up meeting.
 Consultation.
 Consulting engineer.
 Contractors.
 Cost consultant.
 Design liability.
 Designers.
 Environmental consultant.
 Facilities manager.
 Fees.
 Independent client adviser.
 Information and communications technology (ICT) consultant.
 Integrated project team.
 Integrated supply team.
 Interior designer.
 Landscape architect.
 Lead consultant.
 Lead designer.
 Local consultants.
 Management consultant.
 Planning consultant.
 Practice.
 Professional indemnity insurance.
 Services engineer.
 Structural engineer.
 Sub-consultants.
 Specialist designers.
 Specialist contractors.
 Team management.
 Typologies.
Appointing consultants for building design
and construction

Contents
[hide]

 1 Introduction
 2 Finding consultants
 3 Request for proposals
 4 Standard forms
 5 Scope of services
 6 Building information modelling
 7 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
 8 External references
Introduction
By appointments, is meant primarily the situation where the client contracts designers (such as
architects, landscape architects, engineers, specialist designers, specialist contractors, etc.),
and/or other consultants (such as cost consultants, independent client advisers, site inspectors,
project managers, client representatives, etc.).

A situation where the client contracts contractors is described as the 'tender process' or
'contracting', rather than 'appointment'.

On publicly-funded projects, the consultant team will often be contracted along with the main
contractor as part of a complete 'integrated supply team', and so appointments may be restricted
to independent client advisers and project managers.

Finding consultants
A range of search engines is available to find consultants:

 Association of Consultant Architects directory of members.

 Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists (CIAT).
 Searchable directory of RIBA chartered UK practices.
 Landscape Institute directory of Registered Practices
 RIBA chartered members directory.
 RIBA client design advisers' directory.
 Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS).
 Find a structural engineer.
 Find a services engineer.

NB: See the article Consultant Team for a more detailed description of the range of consultants
that might be appointed.

Appointments may be made by a process of:

 Recommendation, for example, one consultant may recommend others, which can save time for
the client and make it easier to establish collaborative working practices (it is important to set
out requirements for collaborative practices during the appointment procedure to ensure that
the consultant team works effectively together throughout the project).
 Research and interview.
 Open competition (with or without design).
 Selective competition (with or without design).
 An existing relationship or framework agreement.

A survey by the RIBA in 2014 (ref: RIBA Journal February 2014) revealed that the most
common methods of appointing architects were:
Direct appointment 50%

Competitive fee bid or financial tender only 21%

Framework agreement with or without further competition for specific projects 10%

Invited competitive interview (no pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ)) 4%

Expression of interest / PQQ only (no design work) 3%

Expression of interest / PQQ followed by competitive interview (no design work) 3%

Expression of interest / PQQ followed by design competition 2%

Invited design competition (no PQQ) 1%

Open design competition 1%

Other 4%

Smaller practices tended to be appointed mostly by direct appointment (61%), whereas this was
less common for larger practices (25%).

Appointments on publicly-funded projects may fall under the requirements of OJEU

procurement rules in which case strict procedures must be adhered to, including advanced
advertising of appointments. This procedure - which may change pending developments in the
UK leaving the EU - can take some time and so should be initiated as soon as the client has
identified a possible need for an appointment.

Request for proposals

Whatever the process of selecting potential consultants, agreeing the scope of services and fee
for the appointment will generally require that the client prepares some form of 'request for
proposals'. This may include:

 A strategic brief, describing the client's assumptions, aspirations, budget and programme.
 A management structure for the organisation of the project.
 Assumptions about the procurement method that will be adopted.
 The scope of services required.
 Guidance on how fees should be quoted and broken down against stages of the project.
 A description of the form of appointment and conditions of engagement (such as step-in rights
and the level of professional indemnity insurance required).
 Employer's information requirements (BIM).
  Requirements for collateral warranties (for use where a warranty is to be given to a purchaser or
tenant of premises in a commercial and/or industrial development, for example the British
Property Federation (BPF) model forms CoWa/F CoWa/F and CoWa/P&T).
 It should request details of resources and curriculum vitaes of staff along with a summary of
their relevant experience on similar projects.
 It should request references.
 It should seek hourly rates to be applied to any work outside the proposed scope of services.
 It should request identification of any sub-consultants the consultant intends to use.
 For the appointment of design consultants, it may include a request for design proposals. If so, it
is good practice for the client to offer payment for the work involved in preparing designs. This
benefits the client as it will encourage the consultants to prepare their proposal more carefully,
and will also demonstrate to them that the client is serious about the project and is likely to
treat them fairly.

Some clients may feel they need assistance from an independent client adviser to decide on the
form of appointment, identify a short-list of potential consultants, prepare the request for
proposals, assess submissions and negotiate fees.

See Request for proposals for more information.

Standard forms
Standard forms of appointment for consultants are available, a range of which are listed below:

 RIBA Standard Agreement for the Appointment of an Architect 2010.

 ACA SFA 2010: ACA Standard Form of Agreement for the Appointment of an Architect: (English
Law).
 RICS Standard Form of Consultant's Appointment.
 B103 - Appointment of a Structural Engineer.
 B100 - Appointment of Professional Consultant.
 NEC Professional Services Contract.
 RIBA Standard Agreement 2010 - Consultant.
 CIC conditions of contract for the appointment of consultants on major building projects.
 ACE Agreements.
 SCALA (Society of Chief Architects of Local Authorities) Red Book for the appointment of
consultants.
 JCT Pre-construction services agreement.
 JCT Consultancy agreement.

Other forms of appointment are also available, and in some circumstances appointment may be
made by letter or by a bespoke agreement. The NBS National Construction Contracts and Law
Survey 2012 indicates that approximately 40% of appointments are made using bespoke
agreements.

This may be inadvisable because of the risk that bespoke agreements might not adequately or
fairly make provision for all circumstances, and that they are not supported by a history of case
law. It is also a poor reflection of how inflexible and ineffective the industry perceives many of
the standard forms of agreement to be.

NB: Where appointments include the development of a building information model, (BIM) the
CIC bim protocol (or equivalent) should be appended to the appointments of members of the
design team and to the building contract. Project team members should arrange for it to be
incorporated into subcontracts.

Scope of services
With all forms of appointment, it is important that there is clarity about the scope of services
being provided, particularly where a range of consultants is being appointed. There might
otherwise be uncertainty about which consultant is responsible for which aspects of the project.

Areas where clarity is particularly important include:

 Interior design and artwork

 Landscape design
 Highways, fencing and gates
 Acoustics
 Vibration control
 Below and above ground drainage
 Fire protection and safety systems
 Lightning protection
 Process engineering
 Chemical handling
 Specialist design such as laboratories
 Security systems
 Information and communications technology
 Connections to statutory utilities
 Planning applications (in particular outline planning applications)
 Furniture and equipment
 Fixtures and fittings
 Geotechnical surveys
 Topographical and setting-out surveys
 Demolition
 Specification writing
 External lighting
 Alterations to existing buildings
 Lifts and escalators
 Models and mock-ups
 3D modelling
 Building control submissions
 Supervision and inspection during construction
 Record drawings
 Provision of certificates
  Insurance claims.

In addition, some standard forms of appointment may consider certain tasks to be 'additional
services' not covered by the consultant's fee unless specifically requested by the client.

These might include:

 Acting as lead designer, contract administrator or lead consultant.

 Detailed thermal modelling.
 Environmental assessments.
 Options appraisal.
 Preparing or compiling the brief.
 Post-occupancy evaluations (which might include both a post-project review (to evaluate the
project delivery process) and performance in-use assessments. NB: Ideally the client should
commit to carrying out post-occupancy evaluation at the beginning of the project so that
appointment agreements and briefing documents can include a requirement to test whether
objectives were achieved.
 Outline planning applications.
 Planning appeals.
 Assistance applying for grants or other funding.
 Post-occupancy advice on letting, rating, maintenance, energy consumption, insurance, tenant
queries and facilities management.
 Assisting in the preparation of tender documents for maintenance and operation contracts.
 Preparing a building user's guide (a non-technical guide with information for users about
environmental controls, access, security and safety systems etc).
 Provision of unusual visual representations or models.
 Building information modelling (BIM).
 Preparation of marketing materials.
 Preparation of as-built information.
 Party wall services.
 Site surveys.
 Whole-life costing studies.
 Environmental and ecological studies.
 Site selection.
 Provision of site inspectors.
 Assessment of alternative designs submitted by others (for example, during the tender process
for the main contractor).
 Dealing with claims and disputes.
 Services in relation to legal agreements.
 As-built drawings (many key systems will be shown 'as manufactured and installed' on specialist
drawings and so general arrangement drawings may only be relevant as location drawings or for
indicating zoning issues such as compartmentation)