MATS 322 Mechanical Properties of Materials Fall 2020

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Midterm I
October 21st, 2020
Submission due: October 21st, 11:59 pm (PT)

Problem Possible Points

1. Multiple Choices 13
2. Slip systems 4
3. Critical resolved shear stress in single crystals 7
4. Dislocation motion and strengthening 8
5. Cold work, tensile strength, and ductility 10
6. Grain size, yield strength, and processing 8
Total 50

1. Multiple Choices (1 point each, 12 points total)

READ ALL OPTIONS. Check the box next to the BEST answer. (1 point each)

1.1 The close-packed (family) directions in a FCC metals are:

( ) <111>
( ) <100>
( ) <110>
1.2 The close-packed planes in an HCP metals are:
( ) {1210}
( ) {0001}
( ) {0111}
1.3 Plastically deforming a metal specimen at low temperatures (far below 0.3 of melting temperature)
generally leads to:
( ) a decrease in tensile strength and a decrease in ductility.
( ) a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in ductility.
( ) an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in ductility.
( ) an increase in tensile strength and an increase in ductility.
MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
1.4 For a pure edge dislocation, the dislocation line and the Burgers vector:
( ) are parallel to each other
( ) are perpendicular to each other
( ) can have any orientation relative to each other
( ) must both lie in close packed crystallographic directions
1.5 With increasing the dislocation densities, strain energy of the metal will:
( ) increase ( ) decrease ( ) does not change
( ) first decrease and then remain constant
1.6 When applying a metal containing higher impurities to cold rolling, the employed recrystallization
temperature should be:
( ) lower than usual ( ) higher than usual ( ) no change
1.7 Cold work generally lead to the following changes in a metal:
( ) A. change in grain shape and a decrease in hardness ( ) B. increase in tensile strength
( ) C. increase in dislocation density
( ) both A. and B. ( ) both B. and C.
1.8 When %CW increases, how does the recrystallization temperature change?
( ) Increase ( ) Decrease ( ) No change
1.9 Recovery of a heavily cold worked metal shows:
( ) A. the dislocation density decreases.
( ) B. no change in the grain size
( ) C. the grain size increases
( ) A and B
( ) A and C
1.10 Recrystallization of a heavily cold worked metal shows:
( ) A. the dislocation density increases.
( ) B. new, unstrained grains appear.
( ) C. the grain size increases.
( ) A and B
( ) A, B and C
1.11 During grain growth in a metal:
( ) the yield strength does not to change.
( ) the total grain boundary energy increases.
( ) the hardness decreases.
( ) the tensile strength increases.
1.12 Higher the degree of deformation by Cold-rolling, recrystallization temperature is :
( ) Higher
( ) Lower
( ) No effect
1.13 Ductility during over-aging:
( ) Increases
( ) Decreases
( ) Constant
( ) Decreases abruptly

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MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
2. Slip systems (4 points total)
The figure shows a shaded slip plane in a cubic unit cell. The
vector indicates a slip direction. Thus, the vector points to the
exact center of the slip plane in the cube.
Answer the questions below with reference to this figure.

2.1 Index the slip plane and slip direction. (2 points)

Note: For full credit, you must write the specific plane and
direction, not simply a plane and direction in the same family.

Plane: (110) + 1 points

Direction: [1� 11� ] If the answers use {xxx} or <xxx>,

+ 1 points then give “-1” point for each.

2.2 Which of the following crystal structures use this as the major slip system for metals? (circle ONE)
(2 points):

FCC BCC Simple-cubic

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MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
3. Critical resolved shear stress in single crystals (7 points total)
3.1 A metal single crystal with 10 mm diameter and 25 mm gauge
length is loaded as shown in the figure. A tensile force is applied and
only one slip system is activated. The applied force causing yielding
is: Fyield = 6000 N. The crystal has been oriented so that normal to the
slip plane and the slip direction in the active slip system (ϕ, λ) form
30° and 60° angles with the tensile axis.

What is the critical resolved shear stress (in MPa) of this metal?
Note 1: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa (3 points)

𝐹𝐹 6000 𝑁𝑁
𝜏𝜏𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = cos𝜙𝜙 cos𝜆𝜆 = (cos30°)(cos60°)
𝐴𝐴 𝜋𝜋 × 52 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

= 76.43 MPa × 0.866 × 0.5 = 33.1 MPa

3.2 Consider a single crystal of Aluminum (FCC) oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a
[010] direction. If slip occurs on a (111) plane in a [1� 10] direction, and is initiated at an applied tensile
stress of 25 MPa, compute the critical resolved shear stress. (4 points)
Note: For full credit, you must write the calculation processes as well.

The angle λ is the angle between the tensile axis (i.e., along the [010] direction) and the slip direction [-110]:

(0)(−1)+(1)(1)+(0)(0) 1
𝜆𝜆 = cos−1 � � = cos −1 � �=0.785
�[(0)2 +(1)2 +(0)2 ][(−1)2 +(1)2 +(0)2 ] √2

φ is the angle between the tensile axis, [010], and the normal to the slip plane, thus [111] direction

(0)(1)+(1)(1)+(0)(1) 1
𝜙𝜙 = cos−1 � � = cos−1 � �=0.955
�[(0)2 +(1)2 +(0)2 ][(1)2 +(1)2 +(1)2 ] √3

The critical resolved shear stress is equal to,

1 1
𝜏𝜏𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝜎𝜎 cos𝜙𝜙 cos𝜆𝜆 = 25 MPa × � � × � � = 10.2 MPa
√2 √3

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MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
4. Dislocation motion and strengthening (8 points total)
4.1 Briefly explain why the theoretical critical shear stress (stress needed to deform a perfect crystal) is
higher than the experimentally observed critical resolved shear stress under tension. (4 points)

In theory, shear stress should cut the numbers of atomic bonding at once in a perfect crystal under plastic
deformation. However, in reality, crystals include dislocations which help to reduce the required applied
stress (thus, shear stress) for cutting the small numbers of atomic bonds step by step for deformation.

4.2 Briefly explain why the materials having small grain sizes demonstrate high yield strength than the
materials with large grains in terms of dislocation motion. (4 points)

Solution:

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MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
5. Cold work, tensile strength, and ductility (10 points total)
Assume you have a cylindrical rod of unworked 1040-Steel that follows the behavior shown in the plots
below. It is initially 11.6 mm diameter and 240 mm long. You have a set of drawing dies for cold working
with the following diameters: 10 mm, 8 mm, 6 mm, and 5 mm. You also have a furnace on hand.

Fig. 1 For 1040 steel, brass,

and copper, (Left) the
increase in yield strength,
and (Right) the decrease in
ductility (%EL) with percent
cold work.

5.1 You would like to draw the rod for achieving a tensile strength as close to 850 MPa as possible.
Which die should you use? (4 points)
NOTE: No points for a lucky guess. You must show you work to get credit.

Steel needs to be cold-worked by drawing at least 25% (read from the plot) to achieve over 850 MPa of
tensile strength.
Need to determine the radius after deformation of the sample.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 − 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋 � 2𝑜𝑜 � − 𝜋𝜋 � 2𝑑𝑑 �
%𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = × 100 = × 100
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑜𝑜 2
𝜋𝜋 � 2 �
Now, solving for rd from this expression, we get

%𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑜𝑜 �1 −
100
And, finally, for 25%CW
25%𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (11.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)�1 − 100
= 10.0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, thus 10 mm diameter die.

5.2 It is necessary to select a metal alloy for an application that requires a yield strength of at least 310
MPa (45,000 psi) while maintaining a minimum ductility (%EL) of 27%. Decide which of the following
candidates you are going to select for cold working: copper, brass, or a 1040 steel. (2 points)

Brass

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MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
5.3 A cylindrical specimen of cold-worked Copper has a ductility (%EL) of 20%. If its cold-worked radius
is 6.4 mm, what was its radius before deformation? (4 points)
Solution
This problem calls for us to calculate the precold-worked radius of a cylindrical specimen of Steel that has
a cold-worked ductility of 20%EL. From Figure 1, Steel has a ductility of 20%EL will have experienced a
deformation of about 15%CW. For a cylindrical specimen,

Since rd = 6.4 mm (0.25 in.), solving for r0 yields

𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 6.4
𝑟𝑟0 = = = 6.9 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
�1 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶% �1 − 25
100 100

6. Grain size, yield strength, and processing (8 points total)

6.1 The lower yield point for an iron that has an average grain diameter of 1 × 10–2 mm is 230 MPa. At a
grain diameter of 6 × 10–3 mm, the yield point increases to 275 MPa. At what grain diameter will the
lower yield point be 350 MPa? (4 points)
Hint: solve for 𝝈𝝈𝟎𝟎 and ky first.

σy d (mm) d−1/2 (mm)−1/2

230 MPa 1 × 10−2 10.0
275 MPa 6 × 10−3 12.91
The two equations thus become

Solving these two simultaneous equations leads to σ0 = 75.4 MPa and ky = 15.46 MPa(mm)1/2.
At a yield strength of 350 MPa

350 MPa = 75.4 MPa + 15.46 MPa(mm)1/2 d-1/2

Thus,
2
15.46 MPa(mm)1/2
𝑑𝑑 = �350 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀−75.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀� = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

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MATS 322 Midterm 1 Fall 2020
6.2 The yield point for a large grained metal “A” having an average grain diameter of 0.04 mm is 100
MPa. At a grain diameter of 0.01 mm, the yield point increases to 160 MPa.
If the grain diameter is decreased all the way to 1 μm (=0.001 mm) what will the yield point be? (4 points)

Pick two values each of σy and d-1/2, and then solve two simultaneous equations.
d-1/2 (mm)-1/2 σy (MPa)
0.04-1/2 = 5 100
-1/2
0.01 = 10 160
The two equations are thus
100 = 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜 + 5𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦
160 = 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜 + 10𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦
Simultaneous solution of these equations yield the values of
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 12 MPa(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)1/2
σ0 = 40 MPa
Insert the parameters in the following equation, then
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜 + 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑−1/2
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 40 + 12 × (0.001)−1/2 = 419.5 MPa

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