AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

A
PROJECT REPORT ON
AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Yogesh Kadam

Mr. Ketan Shinde
Mr. Shivam Vishwakarma
Mr. Prashant Zalte
Mr. Ashutosh Jadhav

UNDER GUIDANCE OF
PROF. MANASI PENDSE
(EXTC. ENGG. DEPARTMENT)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELE-

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING.
NAVJEEVAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
POLYTECHNIC

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CERTIFICATE
NAVJEEVAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
POLYTECHNIC MUMBAI

This is to certify that the project entitled

“Automatic Street Light”

Has been carried out successfully in our premises by
Mr. Yogesh Kadam
Mr. Ketan Shinde
Mr. Shivam Vishwakarma
Mr. Prashant Zalte
Mr. Ashutosh Jadhav
Under the guidance in partial fulfillment for the
PROF. MANASI PENDSE

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of H.O.D

(Prof. Manasi Pendse)

Signature of Examiner Signature of Principal

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is the incidence of great pleasure in submitting this project work. We take this

opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to “Mrs. Manasi Pendse” for his valuable

guidance in this undertaking, without which the project report would not have been

completed. We are very much grateful to him for his untiring assistance in this project and

he has been encouraging us in eliminating the errors .The project has been developed as a

result of valuable advice.

We are also grateful for the co-operation, valuable suggestion rendered by head of
department and all other teaching staff of the Production department.

Finally we are greatly indebted to management of our college and express

appreciation and thanks of our Principal, for coordinating keen interest and providing
necessary facilities in completing the project and report.

THANKS

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INDEX
CHAP NO. Title PAGE NO.
1 1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Overview of Project 6
1.3 Problem Statement 9
1.4 Objective 9

2 2.1 Literature Survey 10

2.2 Tools 12
2.3 Block Diagram 18
2.4 Components Specifications 19

3 3.1 Components 21
3.2 Working of the Circuit 37
3.3 Designing Methodology 38

4 4.1 Coding 42
4.2 Program 47
4.3 Circuit Diagram 52

5 5.1 Result 53

6 6.1 Utility 55

7 7.1 Conclusion 57

8 8.1 Future Scope 58

8.2 Future Enhancement 58

9 9.1 Bibliography 59

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CHAPTER - 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
We need to save or conserve energy because most of the energy sources we depend
on, like coal and natural gas can't be replaced. Once we use them up, they're gone forever.
Saving power is very important, instead of using the power in unnecessary times it should
be switched off. In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major power consuming
factors. Most of the time we see street lights are ON even after sunrise thus wasting lot of
energy. Over here we are avoiding the problem by having an automatic system which turns
ON & OFF the street lights at given time or when the ambient light falls below a specific
intensity. Each controller has an LDR which is used to detect the ambient light. If the
ambient light is below a specific value the lights are turned ON.

A light dependent sensors is interfaced to the microcontroller it is used to track the

sun light and when the sensors goes dark the led will be made on and when the sensor
founds light the led will be made OFF.

It clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region and cut-off

region. The working of relay is also known Microcontroller and the code is written in c
language in MikroC ide, the resulted value can be seen with the help of UART or LCD
display. Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which
uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It
automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our
eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the
light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight
comes, visible to our eyes.

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1.2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

Automation system seems to be preferred over manual mode, because it reduces

energy usage to avoid wasting energy. These automation systems play a really important
role in making our lifestyle easier and facilitate users from ceiling fans to washing
machines and in other applications. Additionally to any or all or any the exciting
applications, street lights play a really important role in our surroundings and it also plays
a really important role in providing light for security during the visit of the night. during
this scenario, when the road lights all night that's to reduce the lifetime of lots of
consumption of energy and electrical equipment work more functionality. like electric
bulbs etc. Especially in cities' streets, it's a part to need a major power and importantly for
a city the worth of great energy. the worth of an intelligent lighting street lighting during
this regard can increase strength decreased to 70% and equipment. the standard lighting
system has been limited to 2 options ON and OFF only, and it is not efficient because this
sort of operation meant power loss thanks to continuing engaged on maximum voltage.
Hence, wastage of power from street lights is one in every of the noticeable power loss,
but with the utilization of automation, it winds up in many new methods of energy and
money-saving.

During this regard, the IR sensor and control lighting using Arduino is proposed
within the past together. Within the meanwhile, the importance of a wise light system has
motivated lots of studies and then the series of research work has been done. In previous
works, the road light systems are supported LDR, and most of them are passive infrared
receiver based systems that are controlled with timers and analog circuits. Sun tracking
sensors are utilized to power off the road lights by the detection of the daylight luminance.
Distinguished from turning ON/OFF the electricity, another approach is introduced to dim
the sunshine in fewer traffic hours which might be useful to scale back the power
consumption, but the electrical bulbs are in continuous usage condition. To the sole of our
knowledge, a requirement remains existed to style a system that controls the dim light,
connect the power ON/OFF with the vehicle’s motion detection, calculate the entire

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number of vehicles skilled the road, and control the doorway gate within the dark to scale
back criminal activities.

The foremost natural solution is to regulate the road lights to keep with the surface
lighting condition. this may be often what our paper is aiming for during a sensible lighting
system during which the road lights are visiting be turned OFF when there don't seem to
be any motion detections or day-time; otherwise the lights are visiting remain Dim/ON.
Our proposed design is aimed toward efficiently replacing any light systems that are
manually controlled, and this may be often accomplished with the right arrangements of
microcontroller Arduino Uno, IR sensors, etc. during this scenario, when the intensity of
sunlight impinges with IR sensor, street lights are often further controlled as per the
specified requirement, automatically. Most significantly, the / street count of the quantity
of vehicles on the counter, which is for goods passing through are displayed on the serial
monitor the Arduino IDE. Besides, high-intensity discharge is replaced with street bulb
LEDs and to scale back the consumption of the power. An automatic street light helps us
not only on the convenience consumption of electricity to scale for accidents, criminal
activities

FIRST STAGE DESIGN CONSIDERATION IN NEW SYSTEM

The word 'design' means different things to different people - a wallpaper pattern, a
fashionable dress, the appearance of a racing car and so on. We therefore start by defining
what we mean by 'design' in the present context - ie. What design is all about? This
understanding will lead to an examination of

o Why we need to 'design', particularly in an engineering environment, and

o How we might best go about 'designing'.

A rigid definition implies a rigid process, and design is anything but that. We shall
adopt the following interpretation as it incorporates the above concepts and conveys a
reasonably clear idea of what design is all about -

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Design is the application of creativity to planning the optimum solution of a given

problem and the communication of that plan to others.

Apart from the communication aspect therefore, we understand the essence of design
to be problem- solving, though the type of problem encountered in design is not like a
typical textbook mathematics problem for example in which the unique 'correct' solution
is guaranteed by following, automaton-like, a series of learned solution steps. A design
problem on the other hand is a real-life problem with many solutions, some of which meet
the problem requirements better, some worse, and where the process of discovering the
solutions is not mechanistic.

Some problems might appear not to need 'design' as a solution can be cobbled together
without much thought. This is true enough - if the solution can be based on direct
experience. However we shall soon come to realize that without experience such a
thoughtless solution usually comes to grief sooner or later - the more involved the problem
and the more folk affected by the solution, the more likely is the solution going to fall in a
heap.

Any old solution will not do - we must strive for the optimum solution.

We expect that the design process, if properly carried out, will show a high probability
of disclosing a solution which is optimum or close-to-optimum, if indeed a unique optimum
exists.

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The main purpose of this project “automatic street light control” is to minimize the
cost & loss of electricity and also man power to manually on- off the street light. Existing
methods like registering the complaint, switching on/off the light manually is time
consuming & requires man power. The new method automatic ON/OFF and fault detection
without human intervention is easier when compared to the existing system.

We proposed an automatic light control system which eliminates the disadvantages

of the existing systems by taking date and time from the GPS, as it also gives information
about the position of the system. Based on the results the microcontroller calculates and
automatically detects geographical area and retrieve relevant data for sunrise and sunset in
the area, respectively ensures very precise ON/OFF mode of the lighting System. It
increases bulb life in result of the dimming effect.

1.4 OBJECTIVE
Our objective is to provide a fully automated street light control which will
definitely affect mankind. It will provide a public lighting system which is cost effective;
it will help in reduction of crime, & it has less effect on environment.

The main considerations in the present field technologies are Automation, Power
consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the
help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of
the power (thermal, hydro, etc.) are getting diminished due to various reasons. The main
aim of the project is Automatic Street power saving system with LDR. We want to save
power automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to make effectiveness. This saves
power which can be used for other cases. Hence, In villages, towns, etc. we can design
intelligent systems for the usage of street light.

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CHAPTER – 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1.1 WHY DO WE DESIGN?

Disadvantages of Existing System

➢ Manual switching off/on of street lights
➢ More energy consumption
➢ High expense
➢ More manpower

Most people these days exist by providing ‘things’ to others; in the case of
engineers these 'things' are technical muscle-power or know-how, or physical artefacts -
that is solutions to buyers' or hirers' particular problems. If these clients are not completely
satisfied with the 'thing' provided then they will dismiss the provider, go somewhere else
for their next 'thing', and tell everyone about the provider's unsatisfactory 'things'. If this
happens often enough to a particular provider then that provider will cease to exist as a
market force - nobody will want to know. So clearly, if 'things' are not designed with care
and attention to clients' needs then the provider will have problems.

Survival = Good design = Creativity

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It is useful to view design in the context of a typical artefact which evolves from
initial conception, through the distinct stages illustrated, to eventual obsolescence. A
planned action undergoes an analogous sequence, however we shall concentrate on
hardware.

o A need is recognized, i.e. a problem is posed.

o A certain artefact is designed to meet the problem - thereafter
o The artefact is manufactured.
o Sold or delivered to the user.
o who operates it, causing wear and
o requiring maintenance to restore its effectiveness, until
o Eventually it reaches the end of its economic life and is retired.

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2.2 TOOLS

GLUE GUN

Hot glue guns are portable devices that utilize and dispense hot melt adhesives.
First produced in the 1940s, hot melts—thermoplastics in the shape of tubular sticks—were
created as an improvement to water-based adhesives that weaken when exposed to
humidity. Industrial users today use both sticks and bulk supplies, depending on their
particular applications, while most hobbyists stick to sticks for their greater simplicity.
When glue guns were initially introduced, they were used to bond shoe soles.

During the process, the hot melt sticks are pushed through the back cavity of the
device either manually or by pulling a trigger, depending on the model of the gun. Once
activated, the glue is pushed to a check valve, which is spring-loaded with balls that are
located directly behind the nozzle. The valves are designed to stop the flow of the glue and
to prevent spills.

Various glue gun models are equipped with a viewing window which allows the
user to determine if an efficient amount of adhesive is in the chamber. Generally, melting
takes between two and five minutes, but the process may be shorter depending on whether
the gun has been preheated or is already in use. In standard glue guns, the temperature of
the hot melt is controlled by thermistors – thermally sensitive resistors that limit the heat

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current during the melting process. Since they regulate heat, glue gun resistors allow
operators to handle the devices without getting burned.

Glue is dispensed from a conical nozzle, which is typically metal and may become
extremely hot. Various manufacturers fabricate glue guns that feature nozzles with
protective rubber encasings to prevent burns. The glue can be dispensed in thin strips, and
once expelled from the gun, generally takes only a few minutes to dry and harden.

WIRE CUTTER

Wire cutter, hand-operated tool for holding and gripping small articles or for bending and
cutting wire. Slip-joint wire cutter have grooved jaws, and the pivot hole in one member is
elongated so that the member can pivot in either of two positions in order to grasp objects
of different size in the most effective way. On some wire cutter the jaws have a portion that
can cut soft wire and nails. For bending wire and thin metal, round-nose wire cutter with
tapering, conical jaws are used. Diagonal cutting wire cutter are used for cutting wire and
small pins in areas that cannot be reached by larger cutting tools. Because the cutting edges
are diagonally offset about 15 degrees, these can cut objects flush with a surface.

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SOLDERING IRON
A soldering iron is the primary piece of hand-held equipment used in the process
of soldering, wherein a small quantity of fusible metal alloy - known as solder - is heated
to a high temperature with the tip of the iron.

As it melts, this solder material is directed to flow into the spaces between and
around two components or workpieces. Once bonded, the solder is then left to cool and
harden, creating a fixed and conductive join that remains permanent until reheated
sufficiently to melt the solder back into liquid form. This process of reheating and
separating a previously soldered join is called desoldering.

Soldering irons are typically plugged into a wall socket in order to deliver their heat
electrically via an elongated metal tip containing a heating element, although various
different types of cordless models are also available. The user holds the iron at the other

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end from the heated tip, where an insulated handle provides a convenient grip for enhanced
accuracy in manipulating the tool around small or delicate components.

SOLDERING WIRES

Soldering wire is a fusible alloy, typically of tin and silver or lead, that has been
extruded into an easily handled form. Shaping solder into wire allows it to be wound on a
spool for easy storage and unwound for use as necessary. Some soldering wire is a solid
alloy, while other varieties comes with a flux core. Soldering wire can be made of many
different compounds, and some alloys are more useful than others for particular jobs.
Various tin and lead alloys were historically used for applications such as electronics and
plumbing, though lead may be replaced by metals such as silver and antimony for health
or environmental concerns.

Types of soldering wire are typically differentiated by their thicknesses and the
metals they are made of. Thin wire is typically useful for delicate electronics work, while
thicker options can be good for plumbing work or to solder together wires. A eutectic
mixture of 63% tin and 37% lead was a very popular form of wire solder for working on
electronics, since this type of mixture has a discrete melting point rather than a general
range. Alloys with higher lead content were more popular for applications such as

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plumbing as these will typically solidify more slowly, which can be advantageous when
joining pipes.

Due in part to concerns over lead poisoning, a variety of other metals are also used
in soldering wire. Certain governments have enacted laws that require these lead free
solders, while others provide tax benefits for using them. Some materials that have replaced
lead in soldering wire include silver, antimony, copper, and zinc.

Each alloy used in soldering wire typically melts somewhere between 190 and 840
degrees Fahrenheit (90 to 450 Celsius). Solder that uses metals such as antimony and silver
typically has a slightly higher melting point than comparable lead variants. Brass wire that
is composed solely of copper and zinc is typically used in brazing, which is a similar
process that involves metals with melting points higher than 840 degrees Fahrenheit (450
Celsius).

Flux cored soldering wire typically contains one or more internal veins of acid or
rosin based materials. This type of wire solder makes it unnecessary to apply external flux
during the soldering process. As the wire solder is uncoiled and heated, the internal flux
melts as well. This allows the flux to remove any metal oxides on the components that are
being joined. Acid core wire is usually used for plumbing applications, while rosin wire is
useful in electronics soldering.

HEAT-SHRINK TUBE

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Heat shrink tubing is a thermoplastic tube that shrinks when exposed to heat. When
placed around wire arrays and electrical components, heat shrink tubing collapses radially
to fit the equipment’s contours, creating a protective layer. It may cover parts of individual
wires or bundle entire arrays and protect against abrasion, low impact, cuts, moisture, and
dust.

To create heat shrink tubing, plastic manufacturers first use extrusion to make a
tube of thermoplastic material. The materials used in heat shrink tubing vary depending on
the intended application. Once the desired plastic has been extruded, the material is heated
and forced to expand, increasing the tube’s diameter. The expanded tubing is allowed to
cool to room temperature and set.

This expanded thermoplastic tube is then placed around the wires or other desired
components and heated to a specific temperature. The heat causes the tube to soften and
shrink back to its original extruded size, effectively enclosing the wires or other
components within a tight layer of protective plastic.

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2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

For the simplicity of discussion, Fig. 1 illustrates the overall working mechanism
and the features of the proposed lighting concept. Firstly, LDR will sense the intensity
value of sunlight and send it to Arduino. Arduino will judge if the received value is above
the threshold level (which is set independently by the user from the discrete value: 0-2023),
then it will consider it as daytime and LEDs will remain OFF, or if the received value
below the threshold level, Arduino will consider it as a night-time. In the night-time, if the
value of IR obstacle detector sensor is LOW and detects no object, then DIM LEDs (half
of its maximum voltage) will glow, or if IR obstacle detector value is HIGH and detects
any object, then HIGH LEDs (full of its maximum voltage) will glow. Arduino will also
count the total number of vehicles that crossed the street in the nighttime with the help of
IR obstacle detection sensor and will demonstrate it to the serial monitor.

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2.4 COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS

COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS
1. LED 5 mm , operating voltage 5V
2. Aurdino Uno 22 pins, operating voltage 6-20V
3. IR Sensor 5 mm , operating voltage 5V
4. LDR Voltage: DC 3-5V, 5mm,1.8 gm.
5. Resistor 10000 ohm

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CHAPTER – 3

3.1 COMPONENTS

A. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell,
photoconductor. It is a one type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the
amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then the resistance
changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is required to sense the
presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions and resistance. For instance,
when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn ON a light or to turn OFF a light
when it is in the light. A typical light dependent resistor has a resistance in the darkness of
1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance of a couple of KOhm.

LDR is a Light Dependent Resistor whose resistance is dependent on the light

impinging on it. The resistance offered by the sensor decreases with the increase in light
strength and increases with the decrease in light strength. This device is used for detection
of day-time and night-time because when sunlight falls on it, it will consider as day-time,
and when there is no sunlight falls on it, it will be regarded as a night. These are very
beneficial, especially in light/dark sensor circuits and help in automatically switching ON
/OFF the street lights.

This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. It is nothing but, when
the light falls on its surface, then the material conductivity reduces and also the electrons
in the valence band of the device are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light must have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor
material.This makes the electrons to jump from the valence band to conduction.These
devices depend on the light, when light falls on the LDR then the resistance decreases, and
increases in the dark.When a LDR is kept in the dark place, its resistance is high and, when
the LDR is kept in the light its resistance will decrease. If a constant “V’ is applied to the

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LDR, the intensity of the light increased and current increases. The figure below shows the
curve between resistance Vs illumination curve for a particular light dependent resistor.

LDR Based light Intensity Control for Street Lights

In the proposed system, generally the lighting up of highways is done through HID
lamps. Because, the energy consumption of these lamps is high. This project uses an LEDs
to overcome the drawbacks of HID lamps. This project demonstrates the usage of light
emitting diodes as a light source. These lights consumes low power and its life is more as

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compared to HID lamps.A light depending resistor is used to detect the light. The resistance
of the LDR drastically reduces according to the daylight.

A bunch of LEDs are used to make a street light. The microcontroller comprises
programmable instructions that controls the light intensity based on the Pulse width
modulation signals generated.

The light intensity is kept high during the peak hours, and as the traffic on the
highways tend to decrease in late nights: and the light intensity also decreases till morning.
Finally, the street lights completely shut down at morning and continues again at evening
6pm

In future, this project can be developed by connecting it with a solar panel, which
converts the intensity of the solar into corresponding voltage, and this energy is used to
feed the street lights on highways.

B. Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board which is based on the ATmega328
series controllers and has an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for writing,
compiling and uploading codes to the microcontroller.

The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release
of Arduino Software.[1] The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino
boards;[3] it and version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino,

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which have now evolved to newer releases.[4] The ATmega328 on the board comes
preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of
an external hardware programmer.[3]

While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol,[1] it differs from
all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.[7]

It has 14 digital input and output pins (of which 6 are PWM) and 6 analogue inputs
for communication with the electronic components such as sensors, switches, motors and
so on. It also has 16 MHz ceramic resonators, a USB connection jack, an external power
supply jack, an ICSP (in-circuit serial programmer) header, and a reset button. Its operating
voltage is 5v, input voltage 7 to 12v (limit up to 20v).

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that uses a straightforward

hardware and software. Arduino can read board input - light on a sensor, a finger, or a

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Twitter message on a button - and switch it to output - it'll operate the relay for using DC,
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.

If you knew the instructions then tell your board to perform that instruction but
you've got done programming of that instruction. to start so that you utilize the Arduino
language (based on strings), and so Arduino software (IDE) supported processing. Over
the years, thousands of Arduino is the brainchild of projects, starting from everyday objects
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of producers - student, fond,
artists, programmers, and professional - are gathered round the Open Source Forum, which
could be of great help for his contributions to beginners and experts, who have access to
knowledge. Has added an improbable amount.

As aimed towards students without a background in an exceedingly very handy

tool, electronics and programming for Arduino rapid prototyping were born in Ivrea
Interaction Design Institute. Soon, because it reached a wider community, the Arduino
board 8-bit boards made products easier for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and
embedded environments to adapt to new needs and challenges. For. By his proposal, the
difference began to vary. All Arduino boards are fully independent as powerful open source
users to make them and eventually for them to adapt to their specific needs. The software,
too, is open-source, and it's growing through contributions from users around the world
due to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been employed in thousands
of varied projects and applications. Arduino software is straightforward to use for
beginner’s people, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and
Linux.

Teachers and students use it to make low-cost scientific instruments, to prove

chemistry and physics principles, or to urge started with programming and robotics.
Designers create interactive prototypes, musicians and artists also use it for installations
and experiment with new music. Makers, of course, use it to make many of the projects
exhibited at the Maker Faire, as an example. Arduino could even be a key tool to travel
looking for new things. Anyone can appear the hay - children, fond, artists, programmers

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- start after step instructions of a kit or Arudino tampering after sharing views online with
other members of the community.

Many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platform for physical computing

are available. Parallax Basic Stamp, net media BX -24, fidgets, MIT's hand board, and
other similar many features. These tools take the dirty details of microcontroller
programming and wrap it in an exceedingly simple to use package. The strategy for
working with Arduino microcontrollers is straightforward, but it offers some benefits for
amateurs, teachers, students, and other systems:
❖ Affordable - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms. the tiniest amount of Arduino modules are expensive
versions are often hand-assembled, and even pre-assembled Arduino modules are
₹ 2000-3000
❖ Cross-platform - Windows, Macintosh's OSX, and Linux runs Arduino software
(IDE) software package. Most micro-systems are limited to Windows.
❖ Simple, clear programming environment - flexible enough for the Arduino software
(IDE) to use for the easy start, while the benefits of advanced users, they can. For
teachers, it supports the business processing programming environment, so there
are environments how learning students Arduino IDE, are visiting be discussed.
❖ Open source and extensible software - Arduino software is published as provided
for by the expansion of an opensource tool, experienced programmers. Language
is sometimes those who want to understand are extended through the C ++ libraries
and technical specifications can get on AVR-C artificial language and Arduino,
supported it. Similarly, you'll add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino
programs if you'd wish to.
❖ Open source and extensible hardware - plans Arduino boards can create your
version of a certain published under Commons license, so experienced circuit
designer’s modules, can increase it and it can improve. Relatively even
inexperienced users because of understanding modules can build a breadboard
version of the work and economize.

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Power USB

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All
you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection.

Color Blue
Length (mm) 100 cm
USB Type Type-A to Type-B
Weight (gm) 40

Fully compatible with the PC.

Moulded strain relief and PVC over moulding to ensure a lifetime of error-free data
transmissions.

Aluminum under mould shield helps meet FCC requirements on KMI/RFI

interference.

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

Foil and braid shield complies with fully rated cable specifications reducing
EMI/FRI interference.

C. LEDs
A LED (light-emitting diode) is a PN junction diode which is used for emitting
visible light when it is activated. When the voltage is applied over its elements, electrons
regroup with holes within the LED, releasing energy in the form of photons which gives
the visible light. LEDs may have the Dim/full capability.

The LED is a specialised form of PN junction that uses a compound junction. The
semiconductor material used for the junction must be a compound semiconductor. The
commonly used semiconductor materials including silicon and germanium are simple
elements and junction made from these materials do not emit light. Instead compound
semiconductors including gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide and indium phosphide are
compound semiconductors and junctions made from these materials do emit light.

These compound semiconductors are classified by the valence bands their

constituents occupy. For gallium arsenide, gallium has a valency of three and arsenic a
valency of five and this is what is termed a group III-V semiconductor and there are a
number of other semiconductors that fit this category. It is also possible to have
semiconductors that are formed from group III-V materials.

The light emitting diode emits light when it is forward biased. When a voltage is
applied across the junction to make it forward biased, current flows as in the case of any
PN junction. Holes from the p-type region and electrons from the n-type region enter the

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

junction and recombine like a normal diode to enable the current to flow. When this occurs
energy is released, some of which is in the form of light photons.

It is found that the majority of the light is produced from the area of the junction
nearer to the P-type region. As a result the design of the diodes is made such that this area
is kept as close to the surface of the device as possible to ensure that the minimum amount
of light is absorbed in the structure.

To produce light which can be seen the junction must be optimised and the correct
materials must be chosen. Pure gallium arsenide releases energy in the infra read portion
of the spectrum. To bring the light emission into the visible red end of the spectrum
aluminium is added to the semiconductor to give aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs).
Phosphorus can also be added to give red light. For other colours other materials are used.
For example gallium phoshide gives green light and aluminium indium gallium phosphide
is used for yellow and orange light. Most LEDs are based on gallium semiconductors.

A LED (LED) is also a two-lead semiconductor light. It’s a basic PN-junction

diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting can voltage can recombination of
electron holes in it's placed on the lead, electron device, released within the energy types.
A diode may be a device or component with two electrodes (an anode and a cathode)

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

through which electricity flows - characteristically in precisely one direction (in through
the anode and out through the cathode).

Diode typically semiconductor materials like those made up of silicon or selenium

- substances that conduct electricity in some circumstances and a few voltage not (e.g. in
others, the present level of sunshine intensity). A LED is also a semiconductor device that
emits light when an electrical current passes through it. It’s essentially the opposite of a
cell (a device that converts light into electrical current).

The Technical Details: LED lights are composed of two styles of semiconductor (a
p-type and an n-type). Both the p-type and n-type materials, also called astringent
materials, are doped (dipped into a substance called a “doping agent”) so on slightly alter
their electrical properties from their pure, unaltered, or “intrinsic” form (i-type).

The p-type and n-type materials are created by introducing the primary material to
atoms of another element. These new atoms replace a variety of the previously existing
atoms and in so doing, alter the physical and chemical structure. P-type materials (such as
boron) are elements that are formed using fewer valence electrons than the inner material
(often silicon). n-type materials (such as phosphorus) are elements that are made using
more valence electrons that internal materials (often silicon).

The web effect is that the creation of contact with interesting and useful properties
for electronic applications. What those properties exactly depend totally on the external
voltage applied to the circuit (if any) and so the direction of the current. When an LED
(LED) features a voltage source connected with the positive side on the anode and so the
negative side on the cathode, the present will flow (and light are visiting be emitted, a
condition observed as forward bias).

If the positive and negative ends of the voltage source were inversely connected
(positive to the cathode and negative to the anode), the present wouldn't flow (a condition
observed as reverse bias). Forward bias emits light, allowing current to flow through the

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

LED and in doing so. Reverse bias prevents current from flowing through the LED (at least
up until a specific point where it's unable to remain the current cornered - observed because
the height inverse voltage - some extent that if reached, will irreversibly damage the
device).
While all of this might sound incredibly technical, the important takeaway for
consumers is that LEDs have changed the lighting landscape for the upper, and so the
applying of this technology is nearly limitless.

D. IR SENSOR
Obstacle Avoidance Sensor An obstacle avoidance sensor consists of an infrared-
transmitter, an infrared-receiver and a potentiometer for adjusting the distance. Whenever
an object passes in front of a sensor, the emitted rays hit the surface of an object and reflect
to the receiver of the sensor so it will consider this as a motion. It is a heat sensitive sensor
and used for detection of motion. IR obstacle detector sensor diagram and working.

The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor.
This sensor includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be
formed as a photo-coupler otherwise optocoupler. The physics laws used in this sensor are
planks radiation, Stephan Boltzmann & Wiens displacement.

IR LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR radiations. This LED looks similar
to a standard LED and the radiation which is generated by this is not visible to the human
eye. Infrared receivers mainly detect the radiation using an infrared transmitter. These
infrared receivers are available in photodiodes form. IR Photodiodes are dissimilar as
compared with usual photodiodes because they detect simply IR radiation. Different kinds
of infrared receivers mainly exist depending on the voltage, wavelength, package, etc.

Once it is used as the combination of an IR transmitter & receiver, then the

receiver’s wavelength must equal the transmitter. Here, the transmitter is IR LED whereas
the receiver is IR photodiode. The infrared photodiode is responsive to the infrared light
that is generated through an infrared LED. The resistance of photo-diode & the change in

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output voltage is in proportion to the infrared light obtained. This is the IR sensor’s
fundamental working principle.

Once the infrared transmitter generates emission, then it arrives at the object &
some of the emission will reflect back toward the infrared receiver. The sensor output can
be decided by the IR receiver depending on the intensity of the response.

The IR sensor can detect movement of obstacles and measure the space to them
sensors can have an ON/OFF digital output for detecting the movement of objects, or an
analog output proportional to distance. In our project, it's accustomed to detect the
upcoming object and supply input to the microcontroller. Out a sound wave at a frequency
above the range of human hearing by sending IR sensors work. Sensors send and set space
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for a target by measuring the time lapse between receiving the IR pulse. [2, 5] The IR
sensor could even be a tool that measures the space of an object by using IR sound waves.
An IR sensor to send IR pulses and uses a transducer to receive back information about the
proximity of an object relay. High-frequency sound waves are reflected from the
boundaries to urge different echo patterns.

IR sensors wave sending operates at a frequency above the human hearing range.
The transducer sensor acts as a microphone for receiving IR sound and send. To receive
our IR sensors, and plenty of others, use echo to send a pulse of a transducer. Sensor
spending time between the IR pulse sending and receiving target defines the space.
Ultrasound is reliable in any environment and it will be used inside as well as outside. IR
sensors can handle collision avoidance for a robot, and being moved often, as long because
it isn’t too fast. IR so widely used, they reliably from your local drive-through restaurant
or grain bin sensing applications in banks, the water level sensing, drone applications, and
to be applied in sensing cars. The IR rangefinder is usually used as tools to detect collisions.
IR sensors are best utilized within the non-contact detection of:
• Presence
• Level
• Position
• Distance

Non-contact sensors are mentioned as proximity sensors. IR are Independent of:

• Light
• Smoke
• Dust
• Color
• Material (except for soft surfaces, i.e. Wool, because the absorbing surface of the IR wave
and doesn't reflect the sound.)
• Long-range detection of targets with varied surface properties.

IR sensors are better than infrared sensors, because they're not littered with smoke
or dark materials, yet, soft materials that don't have sonar (ultrasonic) waves can all cause
fine problems. It is not a perfect system, but it is good and reliable.

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Applications Involving IR Detection: IR Distance Measuring: Distance

measurement relies on the measurement of time-of-flight. Send and reflected sound signal
is calculated by the sensor between the. IR sensors, as monitors height, bin level
applications to detect measurement and proximately area. Sensors send and set space for a
target by measuring the time lapse between receiving the IR pulse. The IR sensor could
even be a tool that measures the space of an object by using IR sound waves. An IR sensor
to send IR pulses and uses a transducer to receive back information about the proximity of
an object relay. High-frequency sound waves are reflected from the boundaries to urge
different echo patterns. IR sensors wave sending operates at a frequency above the human
hearing range. The transducer sensor acts as a microphone for receiving IR sound and send.
To receive our IR sensors, and plenty of others, use echo to send a pulse of a transducer.
Sensor spending time between the IR pulse sending and receiving target defines the space.

E. Resistors
A resistor is a passive electronic component, used with other electronic components
such as LEDs and sensors to prevent or limit the flow of electrons through them It works
on the principle of Ohm’s law which prevent overflow of voltage. Working principle of
resistor.

10 k ohm
The working of a resistor can be explained with the similarity of water flowing
through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of
the pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is increased by
increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat. There will also be an

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enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of the pipe. In this example, the
force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance. The
pressure applied can be resembled to the voltage.

F. Jumper Wires
Jumper cables are simply strings that contain connector pins on each side, allowing
them to be used to connect two points without soldering. Jumper cables are used with
generally Breadboard and other prototyping tools that circuit to be easy to need different.
The term "jumper wire" simply refers to a wire that establishes an electrical connection
between two points during a circuit. You’ll use jumper wires to switch a circuit or to
diagnose problems during a circuit. The subsequent steps outline how you'll safely use
jumper wires in several electrical applications.

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As a jump wire (the jumper wire or jumper has been mentioned) is one of their
group during an electrical wire or cable, which is a connector or pin on each end (or
sometimes without them - just "Tinded"), which is usually not accustomed to without
blotting, add a Breadboard or prototypes or components of the test circuit with the internal
or other devices or components. There are different types of jumper wires. Some have an
equivalent sort of electrical connector at both ends, while others have different connectors.
Some common connectors are:
• Solid tips – are wont to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector. The
arrangement of the weather and simple insertion on a breadboard allows increasing the
mounting density of both components and jump wires without worrying of short-circuits.
The jump wires vary in size and color to differentiate the various working signals.
• Crocodile clips - use are temporary sensors, buttons, and other elements used to bridge the
arbitrary connectors, wire, screw terminals, etc. among other applications, components, or
devices.
• Banana Connector – are commonly used on equipment for DC and low-frequency AC
signals.
• Registered Jack (RJ) – are commonly utilized in telephone (RJ11) and computer
networking (RJ45).
• RCA connectors - often audio, low-resolution composite video signal, or other low-
frequency applications used to require a shielded cable.
• RF connectors – are wont to carry frequency signals between circuits, equipment, and
antennas.
• RF Jumper Cables - Jumper cables are used to add a little more Bendable corrugated cable
can also be used in antennas and other components of the network cabling. The base
stations attached to the antennas in radio units are also using jumpers. Usually, leading
Bendable jumper lead diameter is ½”.

G. Battery
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries, which means they mainly rely on
the movement of lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes. During charging
and discharging, Li+ is intercalated and deintercalated between two electrodes. When
charging, Li + is deintercalated from the positive electrode, and then embedded into the

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negative electrode through electrolyte, so that the negative electrode is in a lithium-rich

state. When discharging, vice versa.

The working principle of lithium-ion battery

Lithium battery can be divided into lithium battery and lithium ion battery. We use
lithium ion batteries on our daily gadgets like mobile phones and laptops, but we usually
call them lithium batteries instead. Generally, lithium batteries use materials containing
lithium as electrodes, which makes it the icon of modern high-performance batteries. True
lithium batteries are rarely used in our daily life because of their high safety risk.

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3.2 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The project RTC Based Automatic Street Light Using Arduino & LDR operates in
two modes i.e. RTC Mode and LDR Mode. In RTC Mode, the street lights turn on
automatically based on the ON Time set in the code and turn off based on the OFF Time.
In the LDR Mode, the street lights have an intensity control based on the ambient light near
the LDR.

After the code is uploaded the project runs in RTC Mode. There are two times set
in the code, i.e. the ON TIME and the OFF TIME.

Arduino compares the ON TIME with the time from RTC Module and when they
match, the LED is turned ON. After this, the Arduino waits for the OFF TIME and once
the time from RTC Module reaches the OFF TIME, the LED is turned OFF.

But during any time of this operation, if the push button is pressed, the Arduino
enters LDR Mode. In this mode, the Arduino reads the value of the LDR on the basis of
the quantity of light falling on LDR, then it adjusts the intensity of the LED. In order to
switch back to RTC Mode, you need to press the push-button again.

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3.3 DESIGNING METHODOLOGY

A. Object Independent Automation System

Fig. (1) shows the circuit design of automatic street light control system based on
vehicle detection using Arduino Uno having feature of Dim light capability. In this task,
01 LDR sensor, 12 LEDs, 13 resistors, 03 IR obstacle detector sensors and 01 Arduino
UNO have been used.

Figure (1). Circuit design of automatic street light control system with the Dim light capability.

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One leg of LDR sensor is connected to Arduino analog pin number A0 and another
leg to VCC pin and same with a resistor to the ground port of Arduino. In addition, the
threshold value is adjusted to 10 from the discrete values (0-1023) for understanding
whether it is day or night. After that, all the positive terminals of the LEDs are connected
with resistors to pin number 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 11, depicting the streetlights as the outputs of
the Arduino signals.

Furthermore, connected the ground of all the LED’s to Ground port as per the
circuit diagram shown in Fig. 7. The IR obstacle avoidance sensors are connected to the
Arduino port from pin number 2, 4 and 10, respectively, which is the input signal to the
Arduino board. Similarly, the ground of all the IR obstacle avoidance sensors are connected
to GND port and all VCC of IR obstacle avoidance sensors are attached to Arduino 5V pin.
Initially, set the IR obstacle avoidance sensors to HIGH at the start if there is no motion.

Figure (2). Result photos of automatic streetlight control system that turn to DIM at night and HIGH
on object detection. (a) Shows it is a day-time, so LEDs are not glowing. (b) & (c) Shows object in-front of
respective IR sensor and respective set of High LEDs are glowing while remaining are in DIM model.

After connecting all these devices to the corresponding pins in Arduino according
to Fig. (1), the Arduino Software from the official website “www.arduino.cc” is
downloaded and installed. Then Arduino Uno is connected to the computer using the USB

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cable and installed the driver software on the computer to write, compile and run the
software code on Arduino software.

In the beginning, the LDR sensor will sense the light intensity in the atmosphere at
that time and consequently sends the data to Arduino. After receiving the data, Arduino
will convert it into different discrete values from 0 to 1023 (In which 0 represents
maximum darkness and 1023 represents maximum brightness) and then it will adjust the
output voltage accordingly from 0 to 2.5v/5v (Dim/High) depending upon the received
value (0-2023) by comparing with threshold value. So, the output will be 2.5v in the
complete darkness (night time) if the received value is less than the threshold value. As a
result, Dim LEDs will glow that is the half of maximum brightness, and when there is
completely shine (daytime), the received value will be higher than the threshold value, and
the output voltage would be 0v resulting the LEDs to be entirely switched OFF.

Initially, the IR obstacle detection sensor will be HIGH. So, when there is no
vehicle/obstacle in-front of the sensor, IR Transmitter does continuously transmit the IR
light. Whenever, a car or any other object blocks any of the IR sensors, then the emitted
rays will reflect the IR receiver after hitting the object, then microcontroller will sense it as
a motion. In simple words, when any object passed in front of the first IR sensor, the
corresponding LEDs will be turned from DIM to HIGH (5v) by the microcontroller. As the
object moves forward and blocks the next IR sensor, the next three LEDs will be turned to
HIGH from DIM, and the LEDs from the previous set is switched to DIM from HIGH. The
process continues this way for the entire IR obstacle detector sensors and LEDs. These
kinds of application can be implemented in the headlights of vehicles, street lights, parking
lights of hotels, malls and homes, and it can be very beneficial.

Fig. (2) shows the result diagrams of automatic streetlights that turn to DIM at night
and HIGH on vehicle movement using Arduino Uno. Fig. (2a) represents the daytime with
no LEDs are glowing after measuring the sensed intensity value of sunlight with the
threshold value by the LDR sensor. In the meanwhile, Fig. 8b shows the nighttime because
the sensed intensity value of sunlight by LDR is below than the threshold value (10) and

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

there is no motion detected by any of IR sensors, so as a result, the DIM LEDs are glowing.
Moreover, the beauty of the proposed model can be seen in Fig. (2b-c) with the motive that
only those LEDs will glow higher whose will detect the object’s presence and the
remaining LEDs will keep maintain their DIM state. As an example, in Fig. 8c, the first set
of LEDs are glowing HIGH and remaining are in DIM mode because the sensed intensity
value of sunlight by LDR is below then the threshold value so, it considered nighttime and,
there is an object detected by the first IR sensor. Moreover, when the object moved to the
second IR obstacle detector sensor, the second set of High LEDs are glowing and the first
set again turns to DIM state (Fig. 8d). These results show the efficiency of proposed idea
and gives the immediate validation of the proposed model.

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CHAPTER – 4

4.1 CODING

Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and
compiling the code into the Arduino Module. It is an official Arduino software, making code
compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can get
their feet wet with the learning process.

It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs
on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role
for debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment. A range of Arduino
modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino
Micro and many more.

Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed

and accepts the information in the form of code. The main code, also known as a sketch,
created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and
uploaded in the controller on the board. The IDE environment mainly contains two basic
parts: Editor and Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and later is
used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.This environment
supports both C and C++ languages.

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

Menu Bar
Text Editor
Output Pane
As you download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.The bar
appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as follow

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File - You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. Following
table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.

As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane
will show the code compilation as you click the upload button.
And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the
recent sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to
achieve.
Edit - Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
Sketch - For compiling and programming
Tools - Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for
burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.

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Help - In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from
getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program
as follow.

The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this once
you have written your code.
The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.
The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.
The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.
The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.

The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor - A separate pop-up
window that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role for sending and receiving
the Serial Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing
Ctrl+Shift+M all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug
the written Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating. Your
Arduino Module should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to activate the
Serial Monitor.

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You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now.
For my Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial
Monitor, the output will show as the image below.

The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for
writing the required code.The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that
mainly highlights the compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code,
and errors occurred in the program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload
the hex file into your Arduino Module.More or less, Arduino C language works similar to
the regular C language used for any embedded system microcontroller, however, there are
some dedicated libraries used for calling and executing specific functions on the board.

Libraries are very useful for adding the extra functionality into the Arduino
Module. There is a list of libraries you can add by clicking the Sketch button in the menu
bar and going to Include Library.As you click the Include Library and Add the respective
library it will on the top of the sketch with a #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM
library, it will appear on the text editor as
#include <EEPROM.h>.
Most of the libraries are preinstalled and come with the Arduino software.
However, you can also download them from the external sources. In order to upload the
sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the ports for that operating
system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open like the figure below.

Just go to the "Board" section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly,
COM1, COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board.
You can look for the USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager.

After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then
upload button appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you can go to the
Sketch section and press verify/compile and then upload.The sketch is written in the text
editor and is then saved with the file extension .ino.

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It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically
as you compile and press the upload button the IDE software, however, older version
may require the physical reset on the board.

Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating
the desired program is running successfully.

As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end. It is very
helpful to burn the code directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external
burner to burn the required code.

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4.2 Program

int led = 3;
int led1 = 5;
int led2 = 6;
int led3 = 9;
int led4 = 10;

int ldr = A5;

int ir = A0;
int ir1 = A1;
int ir2 = A2;
int ir3 = A3;
int ir4 = A4;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin (9600);

pinMode (led,OUTPUT);
pinMode (led1,OUTPUT);
pinMode (led2,OUTPUT);
pinMode (led3,OUTPUT);
pinMode (led4,OUTPUT);

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pinMode (ldr,INPUT);

pinMode (ir,INPUT);
pinMode (ir1,INPUT);
pinMode (ir2,INPUT);
pinMode (ir3,INPUT);
pinMode (ir4,INPUT);

}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(analogRead(A5));
int ldrStatus = analogRead (ldr);
if (ldrStatus <=300)
{

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
analogWrite(led,255/5);

digitalWrite(led1, HIGH);
analogWrite(led1,255/5);

digitalWrite(led2, HIGH);
analogWrite(led2,255/5);

digitalWrite(led2, HIGH);
analogWrite(led2,255/5);

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if (analogRead(A0)<300) // IR 1 CODE
{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
analogWrite(led,255);
delay(1000);// micro second
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
analogWrite(led,255/5);

if (analogRead(A1)<300) // IR 1 CODE
{
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
analogWrite(led1,255);
delay(1000);// micro second
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
analogWrite(led1,255/5);

if (analogRead(A2)<300) // IR 2 CODE
{
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);

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analogWrite(led2,255);
delay(1000);// micro second
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
analogWrite(led2,255/5);

if (analogRead(A3)<300) // IR 2 CODE
{
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
analogWrite(led3,255);
delay(1000);// micro second
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
analogWrite(led3,255/5);

if (analogRead(A4)<300) // IR 2 CODE
{
digitalWrite(led4,HIGH);
analogWrite(led4,255);
delay(1000);// micro second
}
else
{

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digitalWrite(led4,HIGH);
analogWrite(led4,255/5);

}
}

else
{

digitalWrite(led, LOW);
digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, LOW);
digitalWrite(led3, LOW);
digitalWrite(led4, LOW);

}
}

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4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Actual Circuit Diagram

Simplified Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER - 5
5.1 RESULT

Within the start, the Ultrasonic sensor will sense the sunshine intensity within the
atmosphere at that time, and it will consequently transfer the data to Arduino. After
receiving the information, Arduino 1023 will convert to different discrete values from 0
(where 0 represents maximum darkness, and 1023 represents maximum brightness), then
it will adjust the output voltage accordingly from 0 to 2.5 V/5 V (DIM/HIGH) depending
upon the received value (0– 1024) by comparing it with the string value.

Whereas the string value is commonly randomly chosen by the user and through
this case, the string value is adjusted to 10. So, the output goes to be 2.5 V within the entire
darkness (night time), if the received value could be a smaller amount than the string value.
As a result, DIM LEDs will glow that is the half-maximum brightness, and when there's
completely shine (daytime), the received value goes to be above the sting value, and so the
output voltage would be 0 V, resulting the LEDs to be completely transitioned. Initially,
the IR obstacle avoidance sensor goes to be LOW.

Therefore, when there is an object before the sensor, the IR transmitter continuously
transmits IR light. Whenever a car or the opposite object blocks any of the IR obstacle
avoidance sensors, then the emitted rays will reflect the IR receiver after hitting the thing,
then the microcontroller will sense it as a motion.

In simple words, when an object passed before the first IR obstacle avoidance
sensor, the corresponding LEDs are visiting be turned from DIM to HIGH (5V) by the
microcontroller. because the object moves forward and blocks the following IR obstacle
avoidance sensor, subsequent three LEDs are visiting be turned to HIGH from DIM, and
so the LEDs switch from high to dim from the previous set. the tactic continues this way
for the full IR obstacle avoidance sensors and LEDs. Using the Arduino Uno in the dead

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

of night time and vehicle movement at a high run to dim the ultimate performance of the
proposed automatic roads system.

The day-time, with no LEDs glowing after measuring the sensed intensity value of
sunlight with the sting value (10) by the Ultrasonic sensor. The night-time because the
sensed intensity value of sunlight by LDR was below than the sting value (10) and there
was no motion detected by any of IR obstacle avoidance sensors, were as a result, low
brightness LEDs. The sweetness of the proposed model with the motive that only those
LEDs that detect the object’s presence will glow brighter, and so the remaining LEDs will
keep maintaining their DIM state. The first set of LEDs are glowing HIGH, and remaining
are within the DIM mode because the sensed intensity value of sunlight by Ultrasonic is
below then the sting value, So it is that it is supposed to be at night, and had been a good
reason is that by the first IR obstacle avoidance sensors.

Moreover, when the thing moved to the second IR obstacle avoidance sensor, the
second set of HIGH LEDs were glowing, and so the first set again reverted to the DIM
state. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed idea and supply immediate
validation for the proposed model. These styles of applications are often implemented
within the headlights of objects, street lights, the parking lights of hotels, and in malls and
houses.

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CHAPTER - 6

6.1 UTILITY

6.1.1 APPLICATIONS
• Smart Street lights could be equipped with IR Sensors which could detect if
any object comes near the pole and the light gets brighter.
• It could act as a hub for smart applications.
• It could also be equipped with charging station for electric vehicles.
• It is also used for digital signage.

6.1.2 ADVANTAGES
• We won't be requiring man-force to operate the streetlights manually
• Possible manual errors are avoided
• A significant amount of energy will be saved throughout the city
• Streetlights can be operated as per routine
• Streetlights equipped with sensors can turn on-off as per surrounding
light conditions by itself
• In the case of solar-powered lights, we won't be requiring external
wiring as they have the stand-alone feature
• The risk of overheating and accidents are minimized
• It's an eco-friendly option and help in reducing the carbon footprint
• It saves money in long-run

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

6.1.3 LIMITATION
• The automatic street light system requires a higher initial investment in
comparison to conventional street lights.
• Generation of energy for solar street light entirely depends upon the
climatic conditions.
• Risk of theft of the automatic street light system is relatively higher
since they are non-wired & are much expensive.
• Rechargeable batteries of the automatic street light system are required
to be replaced a few times.
• Snow, dust or moisture can accumulate of PV panels which can hinder
energy production.

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CHAPTER – 7

7.1 CONCLUSION
This project features a good real-life scope if it's implemented by the govt. By using
the intelligent street light system a huge amount of energy is often saved. this will be
achieved by replacing the sodium vapour lamps by LEDs. Energy is often saved by
controlling the unnecessary wastage of electricity, which is caused by the manual switching
of street lights when it's not required. This street light system is that the cost-effective, eco-
friendly and safest thanks to saving energy. In this paper, a design scheme for controlling
a streetlight system supported Arduino Uno microcontroller has been demonstrated,(As
above described reaction to events based on the disclosure of night and object) and which
can be programmed to create consistent action.

The proposed scheme has given two operational modes, during which the first
automated system is employed to regulate the streetlights supported night (lights address
DIM state) and object detection (lights address HIGH state). an equivalent system is further
extended to style a second mode that turns the streetlights ON, supported only object’s
detection. Meanwhile, it's presented that the proposed automated systems have capabilities
to regulate the status of doors (closed/opened) and monitor objects. The hardware
implementations of the proposed systems were administered at a lab-scale prototype to
verify the simplicity, flexibility, reliability, specificity and low cost of the system. As a
lesson learned, we found that the proposed systems are often easily tested under real
conditions at large-scale in near future, and It is often easy to smart cities, home is
implemented in automation, agricultural fi monitor, automatic lights on, hospitals, malls,
airports, universities, and industries parking lights, etc.

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CHAPTER - 8
8.1 FUTURE SCOPE
With a couple of progressions made to the proposed model, it is often actualized on the
expansive scale with some valuable increments. A number of these augmentations can be:
➢ It are often utilized to inform people generally o passing fire trucks or ambulances.
this will be accomplished by fitting the road light with another LED of various
shading and this LED are often turned on if the hearth truck or emergency vehicle
is passing who will send a sign to the microcontroller, which might act as an
interrupt, to modify on the distinctive hued LED.
➢ It is often utilized to measure utilizing the ultrasonic sensor. It might be utilized to
point out the density of the vehicles browsing any road to inform the overall
population of the activity rate and during this way illuminate about which course to
require and which to remain far away from. An enormous show screen of LCD
might be utilized for such purposes.

8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

• If any pole has some defect then we can recognize by using appropriate sensors.

• If some bloody accident happens then by using appropriate sensor and appropriate
data we will call the police and ambulance.

• If there's a holdup somewhere, then we will determine the traffic jammer by using
the camera.

• We can find the speed of any vehicle using the speed sensor. If it's over speed, then
we will also tell the traffic police and online penalty of over speed also can be
served because in some places over speed is that the breaking of traffic rule.

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CHAPTER - 9
9.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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