.--------------------.

r
I
'

An introduction to
Creed teleprinters
and punched paper
tape equipment
An introduction to
Creed teleprinters
and punched paper
tape equipment
CONTENTS

Introduction

What is a teleprinter?-
The teleprinter code 2

Start/stop principle- Telegraph

signals 3

Telegraph speed- Outline

description of a teleprinter-
Stages of transmission 4

Keyboard - Receiver 5

Punched tape technique- Kinds

of punched tape- Methods of
coding information on punched tape 6

Applications to digital computers-

Input preparation- Manual tape
preparation- Tape editing 10

Output recording and printing-

Model Seventy-five interpreter set-
Model Seventy-five 5-wire
reproducer set 11

The equipment- A short

introduction to each of the major
Creed machines 12

Glossary of terms 16
INTRODUCTION
Creed teleprinters and punched paper
tape equipment were originally devel-
oped for use in the telegraph com-
munication field and they have been
increasingly used ever since in
telegraph systems all over the world.
During recent years, however, their
use has been extended beyond this
traditional field to a rapidly growing
number of non-telegraphic applica-
tions such as the provision of input
and output facilities for digital com-
puters and the automation of existing
systems such as punched card
accounting and mechanised
addressing.
As a result of this sudden increase in
the number of applications that are
being found for teleprinters and
punched tape, considerable interest
has been shown in this equipment by
engineers and others who wish to
discover whether it can be applied to
their own special problems.
This bulletin has been written princi-
pally for such readers and others who
need to know of the basic principles
used in teleprinter communications
systems. It contains a brief, non-
technical introduction to the general
principles underlying the operation of
Creed teleprinters and punched tape
equipment, and includes a brief
description of each of the various
machines available.
It must be emphasised that this
bulletin does not describe all the non-
telegraphic applications that have
been made to date of this equipment,
nor does it contain any engineering
details of circuits or machines.
Full technical details and free advice
on how any Creed equipment can be
used in telegraph or data processing
systems is available on request.
 Any system for transmitting and re- nsmission of 1. Run-Out Key. The deprdssion of
ceiving messages electrically over a paper on the this key results in the last signal sent
distance in the form of coded signals to be fed up to being repeatedly transmitted for as
is called a telegraph system. rec~ived message long as the key remains depressed.
If the messages are automatically is printo A!-Tn..-.....m;;~ e 'Line Feed' 2. 'Here is' Key. The depression of
printed by the receiving apparatus, the function is not, of course, used). this key causes the key oard trans-
system i;> then r'eferred to as a printing 2. Carriage Return. This function mitter to send automatically the calling
telegraph system. causes the carriage on the receiving station's identifica ron code signal to
The teleprinter is the basic piece of teleprinter to return to the beginning the called station.
equipment of the Creed printing tele- of its travel so that the printing starts
graph system. It consists of two parts: again at the beginning of a line. THE TELEPRINTER
a keyboard transmitter and a receiver. (Again, with ta e print:ng, this is CODE
not used). The code used for the transmission of
The l<eyboard transmitter consists of a
l<eyboard, similar in appearance and 3. Who-are· You? This function intelligence from one teleprinter to
layout to a typewriter keyboard, for causes the distant teleprinter key- another is a 5-unit, 2-element (binary)
originating the message, and a board transmitter to send back auto- code whic allows a total of 25 , i.e.
transmitter for converting the opera- matically to the calling teleprinter, thirty-two combinations. The method
tor's key depressions into suitably where it is printed, a series of charac- of allocating these co inations to
coded electrical signals which it ters and/or numerals informing the the various items of intelligence has
transmits to the line or other medium calling operator of the identity of the been the subjec of various confer-
of transmission. distant station. This assures the ences held by the CCITT (Inter-
calling operator: national Telegraph and Telephone
The receiver is a device for registering Consultative Committee), a body
the coded signals that are received a) that he is connected to the right
station; which represents most of the main
from the distant transm· ter and telegraph interests in the world and
converting them into a printed b) that the called teleprinter is operat- exists to promote, among other
message on a page or tape. ing even if unattended; and things, the growth of common prac-
The intelligence transmitted consists c) if operated at the end of a message, tices in telegraphy. The method of
of characters, numerals, signs and that the whole message has been code allocation indicated in Fig. 4 is
functions. The most commonly used received. the CCITT International Code No. 2,
items of intelligence are shown in the 4. Bell. The transmission of this which is the one at present in general
three typical keyboard layouts function causes a bell to ring (or pro- use.
illustrated in figs. 1 - 3. duces some other warning indication) It will be noticed that the two kinds of
The characters in all three layouts are at the called station to attract the elements of the code are called 'mark'
the twenty-six letters of the English operator's attention. and 'space' elements. These terms
alphabet. While this is the most 5. Space. This is similar to the were derived from telegraph systems
common arrangement, layouts for normal spacing tunction on a type- employing the Morse Code, where the
other alphabets with more or less than writer. Its transmission results in the dots and dashes were referred to as
twenty-six letters are available. carriage on the receiving teleprinter 'marks' and the spaces between the
Similarly, althoud'h the numerals in feeding along one space without dots and dashes simply as 'spaces'.
these layouts are confined to 0 and printing. In connection with the 5-unit code
1 - 9, these may be augmented by these meanings are, of course, irrele-
6. Letters and
fractions. vant, but the terms have been adopted
1. Figures. These functions have a as convenient labels for distinguishing
Signs such as'%','@' and'?', may purpose which will be explained in the between the two kinds of elements of
also be varied to suit special require- next section. the code. A 'mark' element may be
ments, such as data processing
In the keyboard layouts in Figs. 1 - 3, defined, therefore, in terms of the
instructions or weather charts.
two keys ('Run Out' and 'Here is') International Code as any element of
Seven functions are controlled from have not so tar been referred the code represented by a solid dot in
the keyboard. They are Line Feed, to, since they are not strictly speaking Fig. 3; similarly, a 'space' element is
Carriage Return, Who-are-You?, Bell, items of intelligence, i.e. no code
Space, Letters and Figures. The signal is allocated to them. Their
purpose of these functions is as purpose is as follows:
follows:

2
 TELEGRAPH SPEED OUTLINE DESCRIPTION STAGES OF
The unit of telegraph speed is called OF A TELEPRINTER TRANSMISSION
the 'baud', after the famous French The basic elements of a simple point- There are a number of well-defined
telegraph inventor Baudot. It is equal to-point teleprinter system are stages and processes between the
to the number of shortest telegraph represented in Fig. 5. depression of a key and the impres-
signals, i.e. units, per second. The transmitter consists essentially of sion of the selected character on the
The present international standard is a metal tongue T which, when a key is paper in the distant printer. These are
50 bauds, which makes the unit equal depressed, is caused to move between shown schematically in Fig. 7 which,
to 20 milliseconds. With 7!-unit trans- two contacts M (mark) and S (space) for clarity, represents the stages for
mission, the 'Start' signal and the five in a manner determined by the code the transmission of a particular letter
code signals are, therefore, each 20 combination of the key depressed. -A, for a double-current teleprinter.
milliseconds in length while the 'Stop' Voltages of opposite polarity are These general principles apply to all
signal is 30 milliseconds, and the connected to the two contacts and the conventional teieprinters now in
transmission time for a complete 7!- tongue is connected to the line. production, but the means of achieving
unit transmission is 150 milliseconds, the same end result vary quite
The basic element of the receiver considerably from model to model.
equal to 6·6 characters per second. consists merely of an electromagnet,
Another way of measuring telegraph one side of which is connected to line For this reason it is not possible to
speed, which is very useful, is in words and the other side to earth. describe here in detail the sequence of
per minute. In order to obtain a word- operations between the depression of
Thus, when a key is depressed, a a key and the printing of a character on
measure, five letters and a space are sequence of square-wave pulses
taken to be the average length of a the distant teleprinter. The following
(ignoring distortions caused by the
word in English, i.e. six code trans- stages, however, apply to all current
line constants and the electromagnet
missions. A telegraph speed of 50 models whether the printing unit is a
inductance) is transmitted to the moving type-bobbin (Model Seventy-
bauds, using 7!-unit transmission, is electromagnet, the armature of which
thus equivalent to five), a moving type-basket (Model
is caused to reproduce the movements
444) or a stationary typewheel with a
1000 60 . of the transmitter tongue. The
fSO x
6 =66-t wordsjm1n. remainder of the receiver translates
moving carriage (Models 7, 8 and 54).
the code combinations to produce 1 Key is depressed.
the desired functions. 2 Code is set up on keyboard coding
The method of transmission repre- unit.
sented in Fig. 5, in which the pulses of 3 Transmitter unit 'reads' off code set
transmitted voltage are of opposite up on coding unit.
polarity, is called 'double-current' 4 Tongue of transmitter is moved
operation. Although in the figure the between two contacts (positive and
marking voltages are negative and the negative battery) in accordance with
spacing positive, there is no rule that the code for the character to be
is universally followed. The G. P.O., for transmitted.
example, adopt the convention in
5 Transmitter automatically inserts
Fig. 5, whereas America and the
Start signal followed by a combination
continental countries adopt the
of five marks or spaces (negative or
reverse convention.
positive battery) and a Stop signal
Fig. 6 illustrates the 'single-current' to line.
method of operation, in which voltage
6Signal is received, and fed to electro-
is applied only to one contact. In this
magnet of distant teleprinter.
system, a spring is used to return the
electromagnet armature when there is 7 Electromagnet armature moves back
no current flowing through the electro- and forth in accordance with code of
magnet. Once again, no set rule is character being transmitted.
followed in deciding whether the 8 Code is transferred to mechanical
voltage should be applied to the store.
marking or spacing contact or whether 9 Receive mechanism reads off code
this should be positive or negative. and positions appropriate type against
printing point.
10 Character is printed.
4
 senting each item of information by a Computer codes, like the ordinary 2. The decimal digits, together with
series of punched holes in one of the teleprinter code, follow the principle of the most important arithmetical
five code tracks (see Fig. 12). A sixth disjunctive coding, but the items of symbols and teleprinter functions, ar-e
item of information, if this is a con- information are allocated to the differ- coded by combinations having an odd
tinually repeated item such as a fixed ent code combinFttions in such a way number of holes. This provides a very
lapse of time or a fixed distance, can as to simplify the detection of errors useful safeguard against the most
be represented by using the feed holes and to satisfy other operating common teleprinter faults, viz. the
for the purpose. Various methods may requirements. substitution of a mark for a space
be employed to increase the number A detailed discussion of this subject ('extra') and of a space for a mark
of conjunctive items of information cannot be given here, but the main ('failure'). When either of these faults
that may be coded. For example, nine requirements for a good computer occurs in a combination having an odd
sources of information may be coded code can be seen from a study of number of holes, it always turns into
by using four of the code tracks for Fig.15, which gives the code employed one with an even number. Hence, the
eight items of information, the items by a leading computer manufacturer. items of information whose combina-
being punched in two successive tions have an odd number of holes
It will be noticed in the first place that
groups of four, and the feed holes cannot be changed into other items of
the combinations are listed in order of
used to represent time or distance as the group, but only into some other
their equivalent numerical values,
before. The fifth track is reserved for more easily detected items.
'holes' being taken to represent the 1's
discriminating between the first and This odd-parity condition leaves scope
and 'no-holes' the O's of binary
second group (see Fig. 13). This for imposing a further condition on the
numbers. The convention is adopted
method of coding may be extended to allocation of code combinations to the
that the first teleprinter element of
code 13, 17, etc. items of information, decimal digits. Since there are only
each code combination corresponds
with a corresponding reduction in ten decimal digits, they may be coded
to the least significant digit of the
the speed of recording as the number by the first four significant digits of the
associated binary number. Thus, the
of items increases. corresponding binary numbers, the
combination MSMMS corresponds to
To code mixed information, the most the binary number 01101. fifth significant digit being disregard-
straightforward method is to separate ed. Thus '0' is coded by '10000', '1' by
The letters case contains the alpha-
the information into its disjunctive and '00001', '2' by '00010', '3' by '10011' and
bet, full-stop, question mark, pounds
conjunctive parts and use a mixture of so on. When such combinations pass
sign and erase sign. The figures case
the coding procedures already des- into the computer, they are first
contains the decimal digits, a number
cribed for these kinds of information. checked for odd-parity and then the
of arithmetical symbols, a range of
Thus, the first two tracks could be fifth significant digit is ignored.
programming symbols, the full-stop-
utilised for coding three disjunctive 3. Erase is coded by five holes, i.e. the
which is used for the decimal point-
items of information using a 2-unit all-marking combination. Punching
the erase sign and space. The figures
code, and the remaining three tracks errors are eradicated by overpunching
and letters case-shift functions appear
utilised for three conjunctive items of with the erase combination. When this
in both cases as with the International
information. The feed holes could be combination is fed into the computer,
Alphabet No. 2 (see Fig. 4) and for the
used, as before, to represent time or it is ignored.
same reasons.
distance (see Fig. 14).
The allocation of code combinations 4. The figure-shift signal is coded by
In the foregoing discussion only a blank tape, i.e. by an all-spacing
to these 61 characters and functions is
small selection of the possible combination, so that on input the
carried out in the following way:
methods of coding information for blank tape before the perforations
automatic data recording systems has 1. The twenty-six letters of the alpha-
automatically sets the computer into
been given, and these have all been bet are coded by assigning to them the
an assigned condition.
based on the use of 5-unit tape. combinations whose numerical
Considerably more information may be equivalents correspond to their posi-
coded by the use of 6-, 7- and 8-unit tions in the alphabet. Thus, 'V' which
equipment. The principles of coding is the twenty-second letter of the
on such equipment, however, are the alphabet, is coded by 10110 (i.e.
same as those given above. SMMSM), the binary equivalent of 22.
The object of this is to simplify
alphabetical sorting.

8
 T E A
- r-- --.

r~A
B
(~
F
i
1:• :·~~~-:~·~ -\•1 el ~ ~·: :~ !~:

\ ~
1. :• 41 1•1 I I
1e
•
1e lleeje •:••:··:··1 e1
•
11 I 1 I I I I I 1e 14 I
I• •: • •I• •t• •I• •1• •I• •: • •'• • 1• •I• •t• •'• •1• •: • .; • •:• .: • •: • •! PROCESS 'A' PROCESS 'E'
~~ .I .I ~ ·~··~··~·-'~·I
•• ••
I 1. 1e 1e .I I I I 1 1 1
I I 1e 14 I I 4 I .I .I .I e' . I .I e1 ~ • • • •I - ~ PROCESS 'B' PROCESS 'F'
I I. 14 !4 I. I. :• I I. I. I. I I. : . :• :· : . I. 1
'T' TIME BASE TIME BASE'T'

- ...
PROCESS 'C'
• • PROCESS'G'

DH
~c- f-----c- PROCESS 'D'

'DH' Dl SCRIMINATOR HOLES.

• • PROCESS'H'

G
f+-o- ~0-
H
.. Fig. 13 Conjunctive coding- second method

A B c A c B
FIGURES LETTERS
CASE CASE
TAPE
BINARY DECIMAL
VALUE VALUE
5 4 3 2 I
FIGURES SHIFT • 0 0
I
2
A
B
•
•• • 10
I I
2

•••••
••• • ••••••
........................ *
4
c
0
••••• II
100
3
4
(
)
E
F
•••• •
•••••
101
110
5
6
7 G Ill 7
8
t
H
I
•• •• • 1000
1001
8
9
=
-
J
K
••
•• ••• 1010
10 II
10
I I
v
LF
L
M
••• •
•••
1100
II 0 I
12
13
sp
'
N
0
••••
•••••
1110
1111
14
I5

••• •••• •
0 p 10000 16

F F > Q 10001 17
~ R 10010 18

-
3 s
T
•• ••••• I 00 II
10100
19
20
PROCESS
A B C
5
6
u
v •• •• ••• • 1010 I
lOll 0
21
22
I 'W
••• •••• lOIII 23

{: • • •
X X 11000 24
DISJUNCTIVE
INFORMATION 9 y
•• • • 11001 25
(TWO-UNIT + z
•• •• II 010 26

•• •••••••
CODE)
• • •
LETTERS SHIFT 1101 I 27

CONJUNCTIVE { .
TIME BASE'T'

PROCESS 'D'
•
n
•
?
••••• 11100
Ill 0 I
28
29
INFORMATION
(ONE-UNIT
•
PROCESS 'E'
C.R
ERASE
(
ERASE
•••••
••••••
11110
IIIII
30
3 I
CODE) •
PROCESS 'F' Fig. 14 MIXl'd COclillQ Fig. 15 A lyp1cal computer input-output code

9
 The
equipment

The following are the main products TELEPRINTER TELEPRINTER

in the current Creed range. Ancillary MODEL 444 MODEL SEVENTY-FIVE
equipment which has not been The Model Seventy-five is a high
covered in this brochure includes The Model 444 is a heavy duty page
printing teleprinter which operates performance page printer for use in
high speed tape winders, tele- communications and data processing
printer desks and pedestals at up to 75 bauds, is compatible
with all other current machines systems. It is capable of operating at
complete with power and signalling up to 100 words per minute and is
and is available with a full range of
voltage supply and control units, a available as a transmitter/receiver or
hand correction unit for paper tape, a optional extras and special facilities.
The 444 tape punching and reading as a receiver-only.
range of signalling rectifiers, a tele-
printer page winder and edge-punched units are fitted as an integral part A feature of the machine is the
card readers and punches. Creed also of the keyboard and not attached to the stationery platen and moving typehead
supply custom-built consoles and side of the receiver. This brings which traverses across the width of
switching equipment to meet specific increased operator convenience and the paper. This method of printing
customer requirements. makes possible faster tape handling. means that the Seventy-five is un-
affected by tilting, shock or vibration,
Another innovation in the 444, which
and every character is visible as soon
is the latest addition to the Creed
as printed.
range, is a Code Recognition Unit
Important optional extras include
(stunt box). This permits a wide
attachments for tape punching and/or
variety of remote control operations
reading 5-unit tape. The punch which
which can be used both within the
operates simultaneously with normal
machine for controlling the facilities of
page printing can be switched in to
the 444 itself and externally for switch-
punch tape from incoming signals or
ing and other purposes. Thus it is
from manual operation of the local
possible to transmit a signal to a
keyboard. The tape reading attach-
distant teleprinter which, when
ment permits the automatic transmis-
received, will cause the unit to
sion of pre-punched message tape at
switch the tape punch on ready to
up to three times the speed averaged
reperforate an incoming message.
in manual operation.
Similarly it can be arranged to switch
on an ancillary piece of equipment Other optional extras include: two-
(another teleprinter or tape punch) colour printing, operation counter,
by the transmission of a special combined carriage-return/line-feed
code. key, automatic carriage-return and
line-feed action at end of line, 20-
This new teleprinter has all of the character answer-back for keyboard
facilities of existing equipment and and receiver-only models, dual-speed
operates at any speed up to 100 words gear box, dual purpose friction/
per minute without the usually attend- sprocket feed platen.
ant higher fault rate and maintenance Specials include machines for auto-
requirement. matic regeneration of received signals;
sequential to parallel, parallel to
sequential conversion, 11! ch/sec.
print out from parallel input, edge
punched card printing-punching
version, solenoid-operated case-shift
(inversion), two-colour printing,
keyboard inhibition, reperforator
inhibition and tape reader trip,
combined sequential/parallel output
for combination recognition and
switching, half-width platens for
paper economy, high-speed form
throw facility and command keys
generating set sequence of signals
from one key depression.
12
PRINTING REPERFORATOR REPRODUCER KEYBOARD TAPE PUNCH
MODEL SEVENTY-FIVE PR TERMINAL SET MODEL 7P/N SERIES 2
A development of the basic Model The Creed Model Seventy-five The Creed Model 7P/N Series 2 Key-
Seventy-five Teleprinter, the Creed Reproducer/Terminal Set is a com- board Tape Punch is widely used in
Printing Reperforator is designed for posite, multi-purpose equipment, the communications and data proces-
the automatic recording of telegraph comprising: sing fields as the basic machine for
messages and other data, both as 1. Model Seventy-five Teleprinter with transcribing source data into 5-track
coded perforations and corresponding tape punch; punched paper tape.
printed characters, on standard Moderate cost, small-size, rugged
2. Model 6S/6-M Tape Reader (auto-
5-track +tin. (17.5 mm) wide paper tape. construction and high speed of opera-
transmitter);
Like the parent Model Seventy-five tion are features which have contri-
3. Equipped Desk with built-in push-
Teleprinter from which it is derived, buted to its appeal.
button control unit.
and with which it shares a high The machine is designed to cater for
percentage of common components, Designed to meet a wide variety of the expanded codes that are finding
this machine is outstandingly smaller application needs in both data proces- increasing application in data proces-
and lighter than the equipment it is sing and communications, the
sing systems, and three distinct
designed to replace, whilst having the Reproducer/Terminal Set is outstand- versions are available.
ability to operate reliably at speeds up ing for its versatility of operation.
Facilities for on- or off-line working, 1. a narrow-tape version which
to 100 w.p.m., with reduced
page printing, tape editing, transmis- punches five code tracks in +tin.
maintenance.
sion and reception, all are provided (17.5 mm) wide paper tape;
A feature of the Model Seventy-five
within this compact, high-performance 2. a medium-tape version which
Printing Reperforator is the position-
set designed to operate at speeds up punches six or seven tracks in ~in.
ing of the printing between the
to 100 words per minute. (22.2 mm) wide paper tape;
punched sprocket-feed holes on the
tape. With this arrangement a legible The Reproducer/Terminal Set is 3. a wide-tape version which punches
printed record is obtained on fully available in two versions. These are eight code tracks in 1in. (25.4 mm) wide
punched tape of standard width virtually identical in appearance but paper tape.
which may be handled by photoelectric differ in technical detail according to Also introduced is a new all-metal
readers as well as conventional tele- application needs. The Reproducer overall machine cover for improved
graph transmitters. Printing on the version is designed specifically for appearance and utility. The punching
tape occurs Bt feed hole pitches off-line tape editing operations in data mechanism is now fully enclosed for
behind the corresponding code processing systems, whilst the protection against damage or dust
perforations. If desired, a second tape Terminal Set functions as a complete while remaining instantly accessible
may be punched (but not printed) telegraph station for the interchange via a hinged cover section incorporat-
simultaneously with the punching and of messages and other data over ing a window for viewing the punching
printing of the original. communications circuits. If desired, operations.
the off-line facilities of the Reproducer
The Model Seventy-five Printing The tape supply reel is relocated in a
can be combined with the on-line
Reperforator is designed primarily for space-saving under-base drawer and
signal transmission and reception
on-line reception of telegraph signals, a larger copy holder provides greater
facilities of the Terminal Set to pro-
but is available optionally with either a convenience for operators encoding
vide a single multi-function station
3- or 4-row keyboard for direct on-line lengthy data such as computer
offering exceptional versatility of
manual signal transmission or off-line programming instructions.
operation. A 5-wire Reproducer Set
origination of code punched and
which has parallel input-output is also
printed tape.
available.
Where application needs do not
demand a printed record on the tape,
the machine may be supplied without
its printing component for service as a
simple 5-track, non-printing tape
punch, operating at speeds up to
100 w.p.m.

13
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS End-of-Line Indicator A mechanism attached automatically, the tongue moving over to the
to the transmitter of a Uleprinter, to provide a send contact before the transmission of each
visual or aural indication when a specific character signal. The return to the receive
Abbreviation : ( BS) = British Standard number of keys have been depressed after the contact may take place either directly after the
Carriage Return key. This device is used as a transmission of the character signal, or be
Answer-Back A device which, when released warning to depress the Carriage Return key in delayed .
by the receiving mechanism in response to an cases where there is no local record or only a Simplex System A telegraph system in
appropriate signal from the distant end, con- tape record at the transmitting end and the
trols the transmitter and causes it to send back which the circuit is arranged for operation in
receiving machine is a page machine. one direction at one time (BS).
automatically the identity of the called station.
Figure Shift One of the shifts into which the
This facility assures the calling operator: Slip Term used to describe punched tape.
characters and functions of the five-unit code
(1) that he is connected to the station desired, are grouped . Space One of the two kinds of elements in the
(2) that the called teleprinter is operating, even Five-Unit C ode The CCITT No. 2 Telegraph international binary start-stop code, e.g. the
if it is unattended, and code. last three elements of the combination for' A' in
(3) if operated at the end of a message, that the Function A teleprinter operation other than the code are spClces.
whole message has been received. printing or perforating which requires the Start Space Usually positive battery or no-cur-
transmission of a particular code combination rent signal which precedes every five-unit code
Back Space Key A control fitted to keyboard
perforators and reperforating attachments to (e.g. Line Feed). combination. This signal releases the receive-
feed punched tape backwards-usually so that 'Here-I s' Key Control for operation of local cam in the local and distant teleprinters to
mistyped character can be erased by over- 'Answer-Back Unit' to transmit identifying code ensure that both machines are in synchronism.
punching the all-mark (letters) combination. name to distant station. Stop Mark Usually negative battery signal
Keyboard Perforator Machine which pro- which arrests the receive-cam of local and
Baud The unit of telegraph speed. Telegraph duces punched paper tape (without printed distant teleprinter which then remain
signals are characterised by intervals of time interpretation) from keyboard operation. stationary to await the start space of the next
of duration equal to or greater than the shortest
Letter Shift One of the shifts into which the character code.
or elementary interval. Telegraph speed is,
characters and functions of the five-unit code
therefore, expressed as the inverse of the value Tape Low Alarm A visual alarm system fitted
are grouped.
of the elementary interval in seconds. A speed to many punched-tape machines to give warn-
of one elementary interval per second is Local Record A printed copy at transmitting ing that the supply of unpunched tape is
termed one baud (BS). station of message sent to line manually or running low.
automatically.
The elementary interval for teleprinter trans- Tape Read er Also known as automatic trans-
mission is 20 milliseconds i.e. 1/50th of a Margin The maximum distortion which, when
mitter, this machine is designed to translate
second. Therefore, the telegraph speed is 50 occurring on any or all of the signals applied to
the coded perforations in punched paper tape
bauds (see Telegraph Speed). a telegraph receiver, is compatible with correct
into electrical signals at a steady, fixed speed.
registration of all the symbols for which the
Cadence Speed For teleprinters this is the receiver is designed (BS). Telegraph Distortion In telegraph systems in
telegraph speed in words per minute. Two Mark One of the two kinds of elements in the which the signals at their origin are charac-
teleprinters having the same telegraph baud international binary start-stop code, e.g. the terised by modulation at specific instants, the
speed do not necessarily have the same first two elements in the combination for 'A' in degree of distortion of the modulations when
cadence speed: the code are marks. reproduced at the receiver is the ratio of the
For a telegraph baud speed of 50 bauds, using Off-line Term used to indicate that a tele- difference in delay or reproduction of the
7-unit transmission, the cadence speed is 71.4 printer or set of equipment is not connected to instants to the duration of the shortest modula-
words per minute. a signalling circuit or line. tion interval applicable to the particular system
For a baud speed of 50 bauds, using 7!- unit under consideration (BS).
Ori entation Device An integral unit in most
transmission, the cadence speed is 66.6 words teleprinters to adjust the machine's operation Telegraph Speed The rate of transmission,
per minute. so that the least distorted portion of each either in characters or words per minute, or in
Case In telegraphy this term is often used incoming unit (or baud) signal is sampled and bauds . For the purpose of calculation, a word is
synonymously with shift. fed to the decoding unit. This adjustment accepted as consisting of 5 letters and a space,
ensures that slight line distortion does not or 6 characters (BS).
CCITT No. 2 Code The internationally agreed result in mis-selections.
5-unit telegraph code. Telex The public teleprinter service operated
Parallel Working Mode of operation where by the GPO and Post & Telegraph authorities
Character A printed symbol. Characters may input and output is on a multi-wire simultane- in most countries of the world.
be letters, figures, punctuation marks or signs. ous basis, e.g. where signals are applied to five
Signs may be sub-divided into operation signs or more lines simultaneously. Torn Tape Relay A system of message rout-
(e.g. +.f.=), abbreviation signs (e.g. @.£), and Reperforator An instrument which converts ing based on the removal of a punched tape
functional signs (e.g. co= for Line Feed). incoming electrical impulses of the five-unit from a reperforator at a communications centre
code into equivalent perforations of a paper and feeding into an automatic transmitter
Combination A particular arrangement of
tape. connected to another circuit. This system
code elements.
Run-out Key Operation of this control, which makes possible considerable operating econo-
Double-Current System A telegraph system is fitted to certain teleprinters and reperforators mies since it is necessary for every station in a
in which signals are transmitted by reversing a network to be connected only to the communi-
causes the high speed repetition of the charac-
current that is normally on the line during ter associated with any other key held down at cations centre and not to all other stations.
transmission (BS). the same time. 'Who Are You' Sig nal The code which when
Duplex System A multiple-way system in Send-Receive Switch A switch used in transmitted to a distant teleprinter causes the
which the circuit is arranged for simultaneous simplex systems for changing over from the answer-back unit to automatically transmit
operation in opposite directions, over a single sending to the receiving condition, and vice back a station identification word or phrase
circuit (BS). versa. On the teleprinter this switch is operated usually known as the Answer-Back Code.
16
 •
••••• ,
•
Creed & Company Limited · Hollingbury · Brighton · England · Telephone: Brighton 507111 ·Telex 87169
GOQQCD
© 1966 by Creed & Company Limited Creed policy is one of continuous improvement and the right is reserved to revise equipment specifications and details published without prior notice

CREED PUBLICATION 041--Q30-1E Printed in England