JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

“OLED TECHNOLOGY”
Submitted to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

V.ANU DEEPTHI

(18H71A0403)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

MANASA
Associate professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Devineni Venkata Ramana & Dr.Hima Sekhar

MIC College of Technology
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Kanchikacherla - 521180, Krishna Dist, A.P, India.
Phone : 08678 - 273535, 273623, Fax: 08678 - 273569
E mail: [email protected], Website: www.mictech.ac.in
2020-2021
 Devineni Venkata Ramana & Dr.Hima Sekhar
MIC College of Technology
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Kanchikacherla - 521180, Krishna Dist, A.P, India.
Phone : 08678 - 273535, 273623, Fax: 08678 - 273569
E mail: [email protected], Website: www.mictech.ac.in
2020-2021

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the Main Project entitled “ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE” is
a bonafide work carried out by V. ANU DEEPTHI (18H71A0403) in partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada during the
academic year 2020 – 2021.

(Mr. CH. Pulla Rao)

Project Supervisor Head of the department

(Dr. K. Srinivas)

Principal

Examiner 1 Examiner 2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to the following
people for their valuable contributions and assistance with this project.

Initially, We would like to thank my project supervisor, Guide and Qualification for his
guidance and support, especially for his valuable ideas and knowledge provided throughout
the project. His expertise and experience in guide specialization makes valuable comments
and suggestions have been very useful in solving problems encountered during the project.

We have the immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to,
Mr. CH. Pulla Rao, Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication
Engineering for extending necessary facilities for the completion of the Project.

We whole heartedly acknowledge Dr. K. Srinivas, Principal and Prof D.PANDURANGA

RAO, CEO for giving opportunity to execute this project. We also extend my thanks to all
faculty members of Electonics and Communication Engineering, for their valuable
guidance and encouragement in this project.

We would like to extend my warm appreciation to all my friends for sharing us their
knowledge, valuable contributions and help with this project.

Finally, my special thanks go to my family for their continuous support and help through
out my academic years and for their continual support and encouragement for this project.

V. Anu Deepthi

(18H71A0403)
 DECLARATION

V. Anu Deepthi of the main project “ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE”, here
by declared that the matter embodied in this project is the genuine work done by me and has
not been submitted either to this university or to any other university/ institute for the
fulfillment of the requirement of any course of study

V. Anu Deepthi(18H71A0403)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HISTORY
3. FEATURES
4. OPERATION
5. TYPES OF OLED
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
7. REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

The major reason for the big attention to these devices is that its efficiency, power consumptions and
produced light. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and ordinary light bulbs consume more power than
organic diodes do. Other reasons for the industrial attention are i.e., that eventually organic full color
display will replace today liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used in laptop computers and may even one
day replace our ordinary CRT-screen. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) operate on the principal
of converting electrical energy into light, a phenomenon known as electroluminescence. They exploit
the properties of certain organic materials which emit light when an electric current pass through them.
In its simplest form, an OLED consists of a layer of this luminescent material sandwiched between
two electrodes. When an electric current pass between the electrodes, through the organic layer.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

I NTRODUCTION

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED or organic led), also known as organic electroluminescent
(organic EL) diode, is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film
of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated
between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create
digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as smart
phones and handheld game consoles. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices
for use in solid-state lighting applications.
There are two main facilities of OLED:
Those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED
creates a light emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) which has a slightly different mode of operation. An
OLED display can be driven with a passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) control
scheme. In the PMOLED scheme, each row (and line) in the display is controlled sequentially, one by one,
whereas AMOLED control uses a thin-film transistor backplane to directly access and switch each
individual pixel on or off, allowing for higher resolution and larger display sizes.
Although its name looks similar, the OLED is fundamentally different from its cousin the LED. The
LED is based on a p-n diode structure. In a LED, doping is used to create p- and n- regions by changing the
conductivity of the host semiconductor. The OLED is not a p-n structure. Doping of OLEDs is used to
increase radiative efficiency by direct modification of the quantum-mechanical optical recombination rate.
Doping is additionally used to determine the wavelength of photon emission. OLED doping is discussed
further on in this article.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

The first observations of electrominescene in organic materials were in the early 1950s by A.
Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université, France. They applied high voltage alternating current
(AC) fields in air to materials such as acridine orange, either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or
cellophane thin films.
The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons.
In 1960, Martin Pope and co-workers at New York University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode
contacts to organic crystals. They further described the necessary energetic requirements (work functions)
for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all
modern OLED devices. Pope's group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under
vacuum on a pure single crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963 using
a small area silver electrode at 400V. The proposed mechanism was field-accelerated electron excitation of
molecular fluorescence.
Pope's group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, the
electroluminescence in anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and
hole, and that the conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton energy level. Also in
1965, W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada produced double
injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene single crystal using hole and
electron injecting electrodes, the forerunner of modern double injection devices. In the same year, Dow
Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high voltage (500–
1500 V) AC-driven (100–3000 Hz) electrically-insulated one millimeter thin layers of a melted phosphor
consisting of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder.
Their proposed mechanism involved electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite
particles and the anthracene molecules. Device performance was limited by the poor electrical conductivity
of contemporary organic materials. This was overcome by the discovery and development of highly
conductive polymers. For more on the history of such materials, see conductive polymers.
Electroluminescence from polymer films was first observed by Roger Partridge at the National
Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The device consisted of a film of poly(nvinylcarbazole) up to
2.2 micrometers thick located between two charge injecting electrodes.
The results of the project were patented in 1975[14 and published in 1983. The first diode device
was reported at Eastman Kodak by Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke in 1987.This device used a novel
two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that recombination
and light emission occurred in the middle of Vathsalya institute of science & technology electronics &
communication engg 4 OLED the organic layer. This resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and
improvements in efficiency and led to the current era of OLED research and device production.Research
into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990 with J. H. Burroughes et al. at the Cavendish
Laboratory in Cambridge reporting a high efficiency green light-emitting polymer based device using 100
nm thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).
Silicon is the base material of all microelectronics and is eminently suited for this purpose. However,
the making of larger components is difficult and therefore costly. The silicon in semiconductor components
has to be mono crystalline; it has to have a very pure crystal form without defects in the crystal structure.
This is achieved by allowing melted silicon to crystallize under precisely controlled conditions. The larger
 OLED TECHNOLOGY
the crystal, the more problematic this process is. Plastic does not have any of these problems, so that
semiconducting plastics are paving way for larger semiconductor components. HOW HAS OLED
EMERGED?
Vathsalya institute of science & technology electronics & communication engg 6 OLED Kodak first
discovered that organic materials glow in response to electrical currents, in the late 1970s. Since then Kodak
has been working for the improvement of this technology. In the late 1970s. Eastman Kodak Company
scientist Dr.Ching Tang discovered that sending an electrical current through a carbon compound caused
these materials to glow. Dr.Tang and Steven Van Slyke continued research in this vein. In 1987, they
reported OLED materials that become the foundation for OLED displays produced today. The first colour
they discovered in this early OLED research was green. As early as 1989, the Kodak research team
demonstrated color improvements using fluorescent dyes, or dopants, to boost the efficiency and control of
color output.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 3

FEATURES

FEATURES OF OLED Organic LED has several inherent properties

that afford unique possibilities
• High brightness is achieved at low drive voltages/current densities

• Operating lifetime exceeding 10,000 hours

• Materials do not need to be crystalline, so easy to fabricate

• Possible to fabricate on glass and flexible substrates

• Self luminescent so no requirement of backlighting

• Higher brightness

• Low operating and turn-on voltage Low cost of materials and substrates of OLEDs
can provide desirable advantages over today's liquid crystal displays(LCDs),

• High contrast

• Low power consumption

• Wide operating temperature range

• Long operating lifetime

• A flexible, thin and lightweight

• Cost effective manufacturability OLED displays have other advantages over LCDs as
well: Vathsalya institute of science & technology electronics & communication engg 5
OLED

• Increased brightness

• Faster response time for full motion video Lighter weight Greater durability Broader
operating temperature ranges Conventional semiconductor components have become smaller
and smaller over the course of time. Silicon is the base material of all microelectronics and is
eminently suited for this purpose.However, the making of larger components is difficult and
therefore costly. The silicon in semiconductor components has to be mono crystalline; it has
to have a very pure crystal form without defects in the crystal structure. This is achieved by
allowing melted silicon to crystallize under precisely controlled conditions. The larger the
crystal, the more problematic this process is. Plastic does not have any of these problems, so
that semiconducting plastics are paving way for larger semiconductor components Since then
Kodak has been working for the improvement of this technology. In the late 1970s. Eastman
Kodak Company scientist Dr.Ching Tang discovered
 OLED TECHNOLOGY
that sending an electrical current through a carbon compound caused these materials to glow.
Dr.Tang and Steven Van Slyke continued research in this vein. In 1987, they reported OLED
materials that become the foundation for OLED displays produced today. The first colour they
discovered in this early OLED research was green. As early as 1989, the Kodak research team
demonstrated colour improvements using fluorescent dyes, or dopants, to boost the efficiency
and control of colour output.

OLED’s Materials

Materials are critical factor for both efficiency and lifetime of OLED [6]. Revolutionary
improvement of OLED efficiency can be applied by introducing new materials. From the first generation of
fluorescent materials until the novel transport and emission layer materials, the efficiency OLED has been
grown more than tenfold. Continuous development of OLED materials also allowed devices to operate with
a lifetime of hundreds of thousands of hours. Besides, increasing of layers in OLED also helps for carriers’
injection and charge blocking effect from reaching opposite side of OLED.

Substrate
The substrate is used to support OLED. The most common materials for substrate are glass, plastic,
and foil which are transparent for the light to emit.
Anode
The anode usually uses highly transparent ITO for light visibility. This material also a good
 OLED TECHNOLOGY
conductor with high work function in order to promote the injection of holes into HOMO level of organic
layer. Graphene based anode may be the future conductive anode which exhibit almost same properties as
ITO and used to replace current ITO transparent anode.
Hole Transport Layer (HTL)
P-type materials are typically chosen as HTL. These material are poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(3-methylphenyl)-
1,10-biphenyl-4,4-amine (TPD), and N,N-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB).
Emissive Layer (EML)
The EML is made up of organic plastic molecules. The colour of light produced is depending on the
type of organic molecule used for the process. Besides, light produced also depends on the intensity. The
more the current applied, the more brighter the light produced due to recombination of electron-hole pairs
and form excitons. Most commonly used material is polyfluorene (PFO) from fluorescent dye and
phosphorescent dye. Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) also widely
used to produce the light orange-red in colour
Electron Transport Layer (ETL)
N-type materials are typically chosen as ETL. Most common components used are polyethylenimine
ethoxylated (PEIE), 2-(4-Biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), tris(8-quinolinolato)
aluminium (Alq3), and 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP).
Cathode
The cathode is deposited with aluminium (Al) in common, but it still depends on the type of OLED
used. The cathode can be either transparent or solid metal type, such as barium, calcium, aluminium, gold,
and ITO. Conductor with lesser work function will be chosen as cathode in order to improve electron
injection.
OLED’s Fabrication Technology
In commercial, the OLED most commonly fabricated using vacuum sublimation which efficiently
for the fabrication of advanced multilayer devices in order to match energy level of material used. Currently,
many cheaper, high efficient, large area device production, device characteristics improvement technologies
provide better solution techniques for OLED’s fabrication. These technologies include vacuum deposition
or vacuum thermal evaporation organic vapor phase deposition, inkjet printing, transfer-printing ,
lamination, spray coating, and spin coating .
Comparison of OLED and Other Devices
On the trend of developing display, produced display will be thinner, lighter, flexible and
transparent. The differences between organic light emitting diode (OLED), liquid crystal display (LCD), and
plasma can be determined through comparison of layers architectures, layers materials, power consumption
 OLED TECHNOLOGY
and devices performances. Figure 2.4 shows the comparison of OLED with LCD and plasma.

Basic structure and architecture of OLED, LCD, PlasmaOrganic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)

OLED form from a stack of organic polymers deposited on thin-film transistor (TFT) array without
backlight or projection lamp. OLED having the least number of organic polymer layers compared to other
devices. OLED does not need to wait for all pixels to fire up in order to respond to signal due to the fast
response time and fast switching time in about microseconds. OLED provide the purest colour tone display,
better picture quality, high contrast and wide viewing angle (~160º). In future, transparency of OLED
displays will reach 100% transparent with thinnest display available (ultra-slim) like a mirror or glass [18].
Power consumption can be dramatically decreased. Manufacturing processes around 6 steps and operation
temperature range from 50ºC to 80ºC.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
LCDs are widely used in many electronic products which stand in the mainstream of flat panel
displays todays [26]. Two sheets of glass are sandwiching the liquid crystal filled red, green, and blue pixel
cells to form a LCD. Voltage is applied on a matrix thin film transistor, the crystals will “untwist” to filter
light from the backlight. LCD have the advantages of small volume, light quality, and low power
consumption, but it need a backlight to support and light up the display unit. Manufacturing processes steps
for LCD was high at about 9 steps and operation temperature range from 0ºC to 100ºC. Inversely, LCD have
limited view angle and an average life-span of 3 to 8 years.
Plasma
Plasma display has become popular display before with display device uses a gas discharge to
transform an electric signal into visible image. Plasma will activate the cell’s coloured phosphor to from
image processed. Plasma display panel faces ohmic loss and switching loss while on the sustaining current
path [28]. Plasma displays have a superior performance in 3D application due to wide viewing angle
availability, high response speed, high dynamic definition, large colour gamut, and high contrast.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 4

OPERATION

OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs. through a process called

electro phosphorescence
The process is as follows:

1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across
the OLED.

2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers(an
electrical current is a flow of electrons) • The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of
organic molecules. • The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic
molecules.(This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer)

3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron
holes. • When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an
energy level of the atom that is missing an electron). • When this happens, the electron gives
up energy in the form of a photon of light. Vathsalya institute of science & technology
electronics & communication engg 9 OLED

4. The OLED emits light.The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in
the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to
make color displays.

5. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied.
The more the current, the brighter the light.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

When electricity is applied to OLED, charge carriers (holes and electrons) are injected from
the electrodes into the organic thin films.They migrate through the device under the influence
of an electrical field. The charge carriers then recombine, forming excitons. In conventional
LED only about Vathsalya institute of science & technology electronics & communication
engg 11 OLED 25% of these excitons could generate light, with the remaining 75% lost as
heat. This was known as fluorescent emission. However, 100% of the excitons can be
converted into light using a process known as electrophosphorescence.Thus. the efficiency of
an OLED is up to four times higher than that of a conventional OLED.

MAKING OLED The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to
the substrate. This can be done in three ways:

1.Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation(VTE): In a vacuum chamber, the

organic molecules are gently heated(evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin films onto
cooled substrates. This process is very expensive and inefficient.

2.Organic vapour phase deposition In a low pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber, a carrier
gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates, where they condense into
thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of making
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

OLEDs.
The OVPD process employs an inert carrier gas to a precisely transfer films of organic
material onto a cooled substrate in a hot-walled, low pressure chamber. The organic
materials are stored in external, separate, thermally-controlled cells .Once evaporated from
these heated cells, the materials are entrained Vathsalya institute of science & technology
electronics & communication engg 13 OLED and transported by an inert carrier gas such as
nitrogen, using gas flow rate, pressure and temperature as process control variables. The
materials deposit down onto the cooled substrate from a manifold located only several
centimeters above the substrate. Usually we go for this method. Higher deposition rates :-
Deposition rates with OVPD can be several times higher than the rate for conventional VTE
processes because the OVPD deposition rate is primarily controlled by the How of the carrier
gas.

Higher materials utilization :- Because the organic materials do not deposit on the heated
surfaces of the chamber, materials' utilization is much better than with VTE where the
materials deposit everywhere. This feature should translate into lower raw material cost, less
downtime and higher production throughput.

Better device performance :- The OVPD process can provide better film thickness control
and uniformly over larger areas than VTE. With three variable process control, OVPD offers
more precise deposition rates and doping control at very low levels. As a result, sharper or
graded layer interfaces can be more easily achieved. In addition, multiple materials can be
co-deposited in one chamber without the cross-contamination problems commonly
experienced in VTE systems.

Shadow mask patterning :- OVPD offers better shadow mask-to-substrate distance control
than is possible with VTE up-deposition. Because the mask is above, instead of below the
substrate, its thickness can be dictated by the desired pattern shape rather than the need for
rigidity. Thus precise, reproducible pixel profiles can be obtained. Vathsalya institute of
science & technology electronics & communication engg 14 OLED

Larger substrate sizes :- Because the Aixtron AG-proprietary showerhead can be

designed to maintain a constant source-to-substrate distance, OVPD may be more readily
scaled to larger substrate sizes. This also may render OVPD more adaptable to in-line and
roll-to-roll processing for flexible displays.

3. Inkjet printing With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just like
 OLED TECHNOLOGY
inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of
OLED manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large dims for large
displays like 80 inch TV screens or electronic billboards.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 5

TYPES OF

OLED

TYPES OF OLED
There are six different types of OLEDs. They are:
• Passive-matrix OLED
• Active-matrix OLED

• Transparent OLED

• Foldable OLED

•Top-emitting OLED

•White OLED PASSIVE MATRIX OLE!) Passive-matrix OLEDs are particularly well
suited for small-area display applications, such as cell phones and automotive audio
applications.
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are
arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make
up the pixels where light is emitted. Sandwiched between the orthogona column and row
lines, thin films of organic material Vathsalya institute of science & technology electronics &
communication engg 15 OLED are activated to emit light by applying electrical signals to
designated row and column lines. The more current that is applied, the more brighter the
pixel becomes. PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types
of OLED. mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry.

ACTIVE MATRIX OLED AMOLED have full layers of cathode, organic molecule and
 OLED TECHNOLOGY
anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor(TFT) array that forms a matrix. The
TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.
In contrast to a PMOLED display, where electricity is distributed row by row. the
active-matrix TFT backplane acts as an array of switches that controls the amount of current
flowing through each OLED pixel. The TFT array continuously controls the current that
Hows to the pixels, signaling to each pixel how brightly to shine.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

Active-matrix OLED displays provide the same beautiful video-rate performance as their
passivematrix OLED counter part, but they consume significantly less power. The advantage
makes activematrix OLEDs especially well suited for portable electronics • where battery
power consumption is critical and for large displays. The best uses for AMOLED are
computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards. TRANSPARENT
OLED Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode)
and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a
transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A
transparent OLED display can be either active or passive matrix. This technology can be used
for heads-up displays.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

FOLDABLE OLED Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or
plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as
cellphones and PDAs can be sewn into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival
clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and oled display display
sewn into it. TOP-EMITTING OLED Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either
opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use
top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

WHITE OLED White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more
energy efficient than that emitted by fourescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color
qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can
replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could
potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES
➨The OLEDs are flexible and hence it is very easy to manufacture OLED displays
or other OLED devices such as mobile phones, cameras, wearable devices etc.

➨They use wide energy gap semiconductors and exhibit singlet and triplet exciton
radiation phenomenon compare to LEDs and LCDs.

➨OLED consumes less power and are suitable for devices requiring less power
consumption such as android phones, portable gaming consoles, media players,
digital cameras etc.

➨It provides remarkable color fidelity, high efficiency and operational stability.

➨They are very thin and small in size and hence are light in weight.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

OLEDs offer many advantages over both LEDs and LCDs. They are thinner, lighter
and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD. They have large fields of
view as they produce their own light. Research and development in the field of OLEDs is
proceeding rapidly and may lead to future applications in heads up displays, automotive dash
boards, billboard type displays etc. Because OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs, a device with
OLED display could change information almost in real time. Video images could be much
more realistic and constantly updated.
 OLED TECHNOLOGY

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work.jpg

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