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Pure Math Unit 1 and 2 Integration Techniques

This document discusses several integration techniques: 1. Rewriting the integrand by dividing or multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same term. 2. Using partial fractions to split fractions into simpler integrals before integrating. This works when the denominator factors have linear or repeated linear terms. 3. Employing trigonometric formulae to rewrite trigonometric integrals in terms of integrals of trigonometric functions with known antiderivatives. 4. The partial fractions technique allows one to split fractions into sums of simpler fractions with the same denominator factors. This document outlines the method for various denominator cases.

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Hugh Ingram
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99 views6 pages

Pure Math Unit 1 and 2 Integration Techniques

This document discusses several integration techniques: 1. Rewriting the integrand by dividing or multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same term. 2. Using partial fractions to split fractions into simpler integrals before integrating. This works when the denominator factors have linear or repeated linear terms. 3. Employing trigonometric formulae to rewrite trigonometric integrals in terms of integrals of trigonometric functions with known antiderivatives. 4. The partial fractions technique allows one to split fractions into sums of simpler fractions with the same denominator factors. This document outlines the method for various denominator cases.

Uploaded by

Hugh Ingram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Techniques

Important Formulae

Rewriting the Integrand

Dividing

If you are asked to integrate a fraction, try multiplying or dividing the top and
bottom of the fraction by a number.

Example

If we divide everything on the numerator and everything on the denominator by x 2,


we get:

= ∫ (3x – 4x-1 – 5x-2) dx


= 3x2 – 4lnx + 5x-1 + c
    2
Split into Partial Fractions

Sometimes it will help if you split a fraction up before attempting to integrate.


This can be done using the method of partial fractions.

Example

(Here we split the fraction into partial fractions)

= -3lnx + 4ln(x - 1) + (x - 1)-1 + c

Using Trigonometric Formulae

When integrating trigonometric expressions, it will often help to rewrite the


integral using trigonometric formulae.

Example

∫ cos2x dx

cos2x = 2cos2x - 1
cos2x = ½ (cos2x + 1)

∫ cos2x dx = ½ ∫ (cos2x + 1) dx
= ½ ( ½ sin2x + x) + c
= ¼ sin2x + ½ x + c
Partial Fractions

It is possible to split many fractions into the sum or difference of two or more
fractions. This has many uses (such as in integration).

At GCSE level, we saw how:

 1       +   4        =   5(x + 2)    


(x + 1) (x + 6)  (x + 1)(x + 6)

The method of partial fractions allows us to split the right hand side of the above
equation into the left hand side.

Linear Factors in Denominator

This method is used when the factors in the denominator of the fraction are linear
(in other words do not have any square or cube terms etc).

Example

Split    5(x + 2)      into partial fractions.


       (x + 1)(x + 6)

We can write this as:

 5(x + 2)     º  A       +  B 
(x + 1)(x + 6) (x + 1) (x + 6)

So now, all we have to do is find A and B.

 5(x + 2)      º    A(x + 6) + B(x + 1)


   (x + 1)(x + 6)           (x + 1)(x + 6)
(putting the fractions over a common denominator)

 5(x + 2) º A(x + 6) + B(x + 1)       (we have cancelled the denominators)

The above expression is an identity (hence º rather than =). An identity is true for
every value of x. This means that we can substitute any values of x into both sides
of the expression to help us find A and B. When trying to work out these
constants, try to choose values of x which will make the arithmetic easier. In this
example, if we substitute x = -6 into the identity, the A(x + 6) term will disappear,
making it much easier to solve.

when x = -6,
   5(-4)  =  B(-5)
B=4

when x = -1,
  5(1)  =  5A
A=1

since      5(x + 2)      º    A       +    B   
(x + 1)(x + 6) (x + 1) (x + 6)

the answer is     1     +     4     (as we knew)


(x + 1) (x + 6)

Cover Up Method

The "cover-up method" is a quick way of working out partial fractions, but it is
important to realise that this only works when there are linear factors in the
denominator, as there are here.

To put   5(x + 2)       into partial fractions using the cover up method:


         (x + 1)(x + 6)

cover up the x + 6 with your hand and substitute -6 into what's left, giving 5(-6 +
2)/(-6+1) = -20/-5 = 4. This tells you that one of the partial fractions is 4/(x + 6).
Now cover up (x + 1) and substitute -1 into what's left to discover that the other
partial fraction is 1/(x + 1) .

Repeated Factor in the Denominator


Remember, the above method is only for linear factors in the denominator. When
there is a repeated factor in the denominator, such as (x - 1) 2 or (x + 4)2, the
following method is used.

Example

Split         x  -  2         into partial fractions


         (x + 1)(x - 1)2

This time we write:

      x - 2       º    A     +    B     +    C    
(x + 1)(x - 1)2  (x + 1) (x - 1) (x - 1)2

Note that we have put a (x - 1) and a (x - 1)2 fraction in.


As before, all we do now is find the values of A, B and C, by putting them over a
common denominator and then substituting in values for x.
x - 2 º A(x - 1)2 + B(x - 1)(x + 1) + C(x + 1)

let x = 1
-1 = 2C
C = -½

let x = -1
-3 = 4A
A = -3/4

let x = 0
-2 = A - B + C
-2 = -3/4 - B -½
B = 3/4

Therefore the answer is:

  - 3      +      3     -    1      


4(x + 1) 4(x - 1) 2(x - 1)2
 

Quadratic Factor in the Denominator

This method is for when there is a square term in one of the factors of the
denominator.

Example

     2x - 1       º  A      +  Bx + C
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)

Find A, B and C in the same way as above.

Note that it is Bx + C on the numerator of the fraction with the squared term in
the denominator.

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