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Lec 10 Notes

This document discusses sampling techniques and considerations for research studies. It describes target populations, samples, and sampling frames. It then covers probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. It also discusses non-probability techniques like convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It compares the strengths and weaknesses of different techniques and factors to consider when choosing between probability and non-probability sampling. It concludes with definitions of sample size and considerations for determining an appropriate sample size.

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Nehal Salem
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51 views3 pages

Lec 10 Notes

This document discusses sampling techniques and considerations for research studies. It describes target populations, samples, and sampling frames. It then covers probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. It also discusses non-probability techniques like convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It compares the strengths and weaknesses of different techniques and factors to consider when choosing between probability and non-probability sampling. It concludes with definitions of sample size and considerations for determining an appropriate sample size.

Uploaded by

Nehal Salem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Target population: the collection of elements that possess the information needed by the

researcher and about which inferences are to be made.


Sample: a subgroup of the elements of the population s elected for participation in the study.
Sampling frame: a representation of the elements of the target population. (Could consist of a
list of directions to identify the target population)

Sampling Techniques
1) Probability sampling technique: each element of the population has a fixed
probabilistic chance of being selected for the sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling: a sampling technique where each element in the
population has a known and equal probability of selection. The sample is
drawn by a random procedure from a sampling frame.
b. Systematic Random Sampling: a sampling technique in which the sample is
chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking every ith element
in succession from the sampling frame.
c. Stratified Sampling: a sampling technique that uses a two-step process to
screen the population into subpopulations, or strata. Elements are selected
from each stratum by a random procedure (mutually exclusive). sample
elements are selected probabilistically rather than based on convenience or
judgment like Quota Sampling.
d. Cluster Sampling: a sampling technique in which the target population is
first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
subpopulations (clusters). Then, a random sample of clusters is selected based
on a probability sampling technique such as simple random sampling. For
each selected cluster either all the elements are included in the sample (one
stage) or a sample of elements is drawn (two stage) probabilistically.

2) Non- probability sampling technique: Sampling techniques that do not use chance
selection procedures. (rely on the personal judgment of researcher)
a. Convenience Sampling: technique that attempts to obtain a sample of
convenient elements selected by the interviewer.
b. Judgmental Sampling: a form of convenience sampling where the
population elements are purposely selected based on the judgment of the
researcher.
c. Quota Sampling: a sampling technique that is a two stage restricted
judgmental sampling :
i. Developing control categories or quotas of population elements to
ensure the composition of the sample is the same as the composition of
the population with respect to the characteristics of interest (ex. Age,
gender, race).
ii. Sample elements are selected based on convenience or judgment.
d. Snowball Sampling: a sampling technique in which an initial group of
respondents is selected randomly and subsequent respondents are elected
based on the referrals or information provided by the initial respondents.

Non-Probability Sampling
Technique Strengths Weaknesses

Convenience Sampling - Least expensive - Selection bias


- Least time-consuming - Sample not representative
- Most convenient - Not recommended for
descriptive or causal research
Judgmental Sampling - Low cost - Does not allow generalization
- Not time-consuming - Subjective
- Convenient
Quota Sampling -Sample can be controlled for - Selection bias
certain characteristics - No assurance of
representativeness
Snowball Sampling -Can estimate rare - Time-consuming
characteristics - Does not allow generalization

Probability Sampling
Technique Strengths Weaknesses

Simple Random Sampling - Easily understood - Difficult to construct sampling


- Lack of bias frame
-Expensive
Systematic Sampling - Easier to implement than - Can decrease
SRS representativeness
Stratified Sampling - Includes all important - Difficult to select relevant
subpopulations variables
- Precision - Difficult to stratify on many
variables
- Expensive
Cluster Sampling - Easy to implement - Imprecise
- Cost effective -Difficult to interpret results
Choosing between Probability and Non-probability
Factors Non Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
Nature of Research Exploratory Conclusive
Variability Homogeneous (low) Heterogeneous (high)
in Population
Statistical Unfavorable Favorable
Considerations
Operational Favorable Unfavorable
Considerations

Sample Size: The number of elements to be included in a study.

Sample Size Decision:


1) Quantitative Factors:
a. Statistical Calculations
2) Qualitative Factors:
a. The importance of the decision
b. The nature of the research
c. The number of variables
d. The nature of the analysis
e. Sample size in similar studies
f. Resource constraints

Execution of the Sampling Process


 Requires a detailed specification of how the sampling design decisions with respect to the
population, sampling frame, sampling technique, and sample size are to be implemented.

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