Isometric Pictorials

Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing

Axonometric axis
a
1. Isometric All angles are equal.
b c

B
A B
a Axonometric axis
A D
C 2. Dimetric b c Two angles are equal.
D

a Axonometric axis
3. Trimetric b c None of angles are
equal.
• Examples:

Perspective

Oblique
 Introduction to Projections
Four Basic Types
Note: An
Isometric is
special case
Orthographic of an
Projections Axonometric

Axonometric

Pictorials

Oblique Perspective 5
 Introduction to Isometric Projection

3CUBE4

• The term Isometric literally means equal measure

• All planes are equally or proportionately shortened and
tilted
• All the major axes (X, Y, Z) are 120 degrees apart 6
Isometric Projection
Rotate 45°
about vertical axis

Tilt forward
(35o16’)

All edges foreshorten

about 0.8 time.
 Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.

Isometric projection Isometric drawing

(True projection) (Full scale)

Forshorten

Full scale
 Positions of Isometric Axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create
different views of a single object.

Regular Reverse axis Long axis

isometric isometric isometric

View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
Distance in Isometric Drawing
True-length distances are shown along
isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to
any of the isometric axes.

Nonisometric lines

Isometric axes
Making an Isometric Sketch
• Defining Axis

60o 60o

30o 30o

Isometric Axis
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 Making an Isometric Sketch
• Axis Convention

Height
Choose the longest
dimension to be
the width (or the
depth)
Width
Depth

Front view Isometric Axis Convention 12

 Making an Isometric Sketch
• Axis Convention

Height

Depth
Width

iew
o n tv
Isometric Axis Convention F r 13
 The Transformation Between
The Isometric Grid & Rectilinear Grid

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 Isometric Drawings
• An axonometric pictorial drawing for which the
angle between axes equals 120 degrees and
the scale used is full scale
• Isometric axes
can be positioned
in a number of
ways to create
different views
of the same object
• Regular isometric
is the most
common type
 Isometric Drawings (contd.)
• True length distances can only be measured
along isometric lines, that is, lines that run
parallel to any of the isometric axes
 Isometric Drawings (contd.)
• Center lines are drawn
• Hidden lines are
for showing symmetry
omitted unless
or for dimensioning –
absolutely necessary
normally they are not
to describe the object
shown

Example: Hidden Lines Example: Center Lines

Necessary for Details for Dimensioning
Object for Practice

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Blocking in the Object
Begin with Front Face

Front Face

Height

Width

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Blocking in the Object
Add Side Face

Side Face

Height

Depth 20
Blocking in the Object
Add Top Face
Top Face

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Adding Detail
Cut Outs – Part 1

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Adding Detail
Cut Outs – Part 2

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Adding Detail
Cut Outs – Part 3

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Darken Final Lines
Part 4

Note:
All visible edges
will be darkened

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 Sketching a Circle
1. Draw a square whose
sides are the diameter
of the circle.

2. At the center of each

side define the point of
tangency for the circle.

3. Draw the diagonals of

the square.

4. Orient the paper so you

can draw equal arcs to
construct the circle
 Isometric ellipses
• In an isometric drawing, the object is viewed
at an angle, which makes circles appear as
ellipses.

• Holes

• Cylinders

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Ellipses Can be in Any of Three Planes

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Sketching an Isometric
of a Hollow Pipe

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 Circle & Arc in Isometric
Four-center method is usually used when drawn an
isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.
4. Locate the four centers.
5. Draw the arcs with these centers
and tangent to isometric square.
Example
 Step 1 - Creating the Base Box

Diameter

Diameter Length

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Step 2 – Ellipse on Front Face
- Corner to corner to get center
- Lines to tangent points
Tangent Points
Lines to Tangent
Points

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Step 3 – Ellipse on Front Face

Sketch in Arcs

Tangent Points

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Step 3 – Ellipse on Back face and Profile
Repeat for ellipse on rear face
Draw Tangent Lines for Profile
Complete Visible Part of Back
Ellipse

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Step 4 – Ellipse for Hole on Front Face

Create Box for Hole

Sketch Ellipse

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Isometric of Hollow Pipe

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 Isometric Drawings (contd.)
• Constructing an isometric
drawing using the Boxing-In
Method:

Box in from the

outmost shape
to inside details
 Isometric Drawings (contd.)
• What if you have non-isometric lines?
Remember that true-
length distances can
only be measured
along isometric lines,
that is, lines that run
parallel to any of the
isometric axes
 Isometric Drawings (contd.)
• What if you have curves?
– Use the offset coordinate method
 Irregular Curve in Isometric
Steps
1. Construct points along the
curve in multiview drawing.

2. Locate these points in the

isometric view.

3. Sketch the connecting lines.

 Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angle

60o
45o
A
30o
B

C
A B
Type of Oblique drawing
D
1) Cavalier 2) Cabinet
C D
Full
scale Half
scale

45o 45o
 Oblique Drawings
• A form of pictorial drawing in
which the most descriptive or
natural view is treated as the front
view and is placed parallel to the
plane of projection
• Typical oblique drawing angles
are 30, 45, or 60 degrees from the
horizontal
 Oblique Drawings (contd.)
• Three basic types of oblique drawings:
– Cavalier: drawn true length along the receding axis
– Cabinet: drawn half the true length along the
receding axis
– General: drawn anywhere from full to half length
along the receding axis
 Oblique Drawings (contd.)
• In oblique projection, the object face that is
placed parallel to the frontal plane will be
drawn true size and shape
• Thus, the first rule in creating an oblique
drawing is to place complex features (i.e.,
arcs, holes, or irregular surfaces) parallel to
the frontal plane
Object Orientation Guidelines
Place complex features (arc, hole, irregular shape
surface parallel to frontal plane.
 Object Orientation Guidelines
The longest dimension of an object should be
parallel to the frontal plane.

GOOD GOOD

WORSE WORSE
Object Orientation Guidelines
Which orientation is better ?
 Oblique Drawings (contd.)
• In oblique drawings, dimensions lie in the
plane of the surface to which they apply, and
unidirectional text placement is used

Dimension text
may need to be
changed because
only the cavalier
oblique projection
gives true depth.
 Oblique Drawings (contd.)
• Creating an Oblique sketch:
– Step 1: Block in the front
face of the object. Estimate
distances to create a
proportioned sketch
– Step 2: Sketch depth
construction lines at 30 to 45
degrees. Estimate depth
along the sketched lines
– Step 3: Draw a line
between each depth mark to
create the back edge
– Step 4: Darken all visible
lines including any part of a
back circle that is inside a
front circle
Sketch from multiview drawing
Sketch from multiview drawing
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A
Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A
 Tips for Drawing Assignments
• Leave the construction lines – MUCH lighter
and thinner than the finished lines
• Include centerlines on isometrics

• Do not try to shade drawing – this is not a

pencil sketching class.
• Use grid paper. Try to sketch along grid lines.
Practice sketching straight lines and curves on
a grid sheet.

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 Tips for Pictorial Views
• hidden lines are not shown unless absolutely
required for clarity; e.g.
– Non-visible bottom of a blind hole
– Important feature of object not in direct view
• holes or notches without bottom/end visible
should be assumed to go completely through
the object.
• Centerlines are to be shown on all isometric
pictorials.

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