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    Short Circuit Ratio of A Synchronous Machine

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    rabi
    The short circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine is the ratio of the field current required for rated open circuit voltage to the field current required for rated armature short circuit current. SCR can be calculated from the machine's open circuit characteristic and short circuit characteristic. SCR is equal to the reciprocal of the per unit direct axis synchronous reactance. A higher SCR provides better voltage regulation and stability but results in a larger, more expensive machine due to increased field requirements to maintain flux in a larger air gap. Typical SCR values are 0.5-0.9 for cylindrical rotor machines and 1-1.5 for salient pole machines.

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    Short Circuit Ratio of A Synchronous Machine

    Uploaded by

    rabi
    307 views4 pages
    The short circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine is the ratio of the field current required for rated open circuit voltage to the field current required for rated armature short circuit current. SCR can be calculated from the machine's open circuit characteristic and short circuit characteristic. SCR is equal to the reciprocal of the per unit direct axis synchronous reactance. A higher SCR provides better voltage regulation and stability but results in a larger, more expensive machine due to increased field requirements to maintain flux in a larger air gap. Typical SCR values are 0.5-0.9 for cylindrical rotor machines and 1-1.5 for salient pole machines.

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    Short Circuit Ratio of a Synchronous Machine

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    The short circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine is the ratio of the field current required for rated open circuit voltage to the field current required for rated armature short circuit current. SCR can be calculated from the machine's open circuit characteristic and short circuit characteristic. SCR is equal to the reciprocal of the per unit direct axis synchronous reactance. A higher SCR provides better voltage regulation and stability but results in a larger, more expensive machine due to increased field requirements to maintain flux in a larger air gap. Typical SCR values are 0.5-0.9 for cylindrical rotor machines and 1-1.5 for salient pole machines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    307 views4 pages

    Short Circuit Ratio of A Synchronous Machine

    Uploaded by

    rabi
    The short circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine is the ratio of the field current required for rated open circuit voltage to the field current required for rated armature short circuit current. SCR can be calculated from the machine's open circuit characteristic and short circuit characteristic. SCR is equal to the reciprocal of the per unit direct axis synchronous reactance. A higher SCR provides better voltage regulation and stability but results in a larger, more expensive machine due to increased field requirements to maintain flux in a larger air gap. Typical SCR values are 0.5-0.9 for cylindrical rotor machines and 1-1.5 for salient pole machines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Short Circuit Ratio of a Synchronous Machine

    The Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine is defined as the ratio of the field
    current required to generate rated voltage on an open circuit to the field current required to
    circulate rated armature current on short circuit. The short circuit ratio can be calculated from
    the open circuit characteristic ( O.C.C) at rated speed and the short circuit
    characteristic (S.C.C) of a three-phase synchronous machine as shown in the figure below.

    From the above figure, the short circuit ratio is given by the equation shown below.
    Since the triangles Oab and Ode are similar. Therefore,

    The direct axis synchronous reactance Xd is defined as the ratio of open circuit voltage for a given
    field current to the armature short circuit current for the same field current.

    For the field current equal to Oa, the direct axis synchronous reactance in ohms is given by the
    equation shown below.

    The per unit value of Xd is given as

    But, the base impedance is

    Therefore,

    From the equation (1) and the equation (6) we get


    From the equation (7) it is clear that the short circuit ratio is equal to the reciprocal of the per unit
    value of the direct axis synchronous reactance.

    In a saturated magnetic circuit, the value of Xd depends upon the degree of saturation.

    Significance of Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)


    Short Circuit Ratio is an important factor of the synchronous machine. It affects the operating
    characteristics, physical size and cost of the machine. The Large variation in the terminal voltage
    with a change in load takes place for the lower value of the short circuit ratio of a synchronous
    generator. To keep the terminal voltage constant, the field current (If) has to be varied over a
    wide range.

    For the small value of the short circuit ratio (SCR), the synchronizing power is small. As the
    synchronizing power keeps the machine in synchronism, a lower value of the SCR has a low
    stability limit. In other words, a machine with a low SCR is less stable when operating in parallel
    with the other generators.

    A synchronous machine with the high value of SCR had a better voltage regulation and
    improved steady state stability limit, but the short circuit fault current in the armature is high. It
    also affects the size and cost of the machine.

    The excitation voltage of the synchronous machine is given by the equation.

    For the same value of Tph Excitation voltage is directly proportional to the field flux per pole.

    The synchronous inductance is given as


    Therefore,

    Hence, the short circuit ratio is directly proportional to the air gap reluctance or air gap length.

    If the length of the air gap is increased, the SCR can be increased. With the increase in the air
    gap length, the field MMF is to be increased for the same value of excitation voltage (Ef). Hence,
    to increase the value of field MMF either field current or the number of field turns has to be
    increased. All this requires a greater height of field poles and, as a result, the overall diameter of
    the machine increases.

    Thus, a conclusion is that the large value of SCR will increase the size, weight and the cost of the
    machine.

    The typical values of the SCR for different types of machines are as follows:-

     For cylindrical rotor machine, the value of SCR lies between 0.5 to 0.9.


     In case of the Salient-pole machine, it lies between 1 to 1.5 and
     For synchronous compensators, it is 0.4.

    Related Terms:

    1. Two Reaction Theory – Salient Pole Synchronous Machine


    2. Excitation System of a Synchronous Machine
    3. Synchronous Machine
    4. Armature Reaction in a Synchronous Machine
    5. Construction of a Synchronous Machine

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