Technological University of the Philippines-Cavite Campus

CQT Avenue, Brgy. Salawag, Dasmarinas City, Cavite

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

DELA CRUZ, KYLA J.

BSCE- C- 1A

Engr. Maria May Pacete

BES11 Professor

December 2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
II. INTRODUCTION 3
III. CONTENTS 4
A. Water Resources Engineering 4
B. Importance of Water Resources Engineering 4
C. Major function of Water Resources Engineering 4
D. History of Water Resources Engineering 4
a. Antiquity 4
b. Modern Times 6
E. Water Quality Class 7
a. Ground Water Quality Class 8
b. Inland Water Quality Class 9
c. Coastal/ Marine Surface Water Quality Class 10
F. Fields under Water Resources Engineering 10
a. Hydrology 10
b. Ground Water 10
c. Hydraulic 11
d. Surface Water 11
e. Coastal Water 11
G. Water Resources Engineering Projects 11
a. Local Projects 11
b. International Projects 12
IV. CONCLUSION 14
V. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 15
VI. REFERENCES 16
VII.
 INTRODUCTION
Water Resource Engineering may be a particular kind of civil engineering that involves
the plan of modern systems and equipment that help oversee human water assets. A few of the
areas Water Resource Engineers touch on are water treatment facilities, underground wells, and
natural springs. Water Resource Engineers must create modern equipment and systems to extend
the effectiveness and effectiveness of water treatment and aquatic resource management. A
typical workday involves the analysis of data from significant regions, at that point planning
modern or progressed facilities to improve the cleansing impacts of the water treatment system.

A Water Resource Engineer must take budgetary imperatives, government regulations,

and other variables into thought when planning these systems. A Water Resource Engineer may
at that point oversee the development and execution of these systems to guarantee that they are
legitimately assembled. After completion, they may oversee the support of these systems.

This paper aim to discover what a water resources engineering major task and its
significance. Also, this paper will contain the different water quality classes, fields under water
resources and the projects of water resources engineering.
 CONTENTS
Water Resources Engineering

Water Resource Engineering is a specific kind of civil engineering that involves the
design of new systems and equipment that help manage human water resources. Some of the
areas Water Resource Engineers touch on are water treatment facilities, underground wells, and
natural springs. They create a system and new equipment to increase the effectiveness and
efficiency of water treatment and aquatic resources management.

Importance of Water Resources Engineering

Water resource engineers are utilized by organizations right over the water industry.
Water suppliers’ abstract water from the environment, treat it to the required standard and
disseminate it to household and non-household clients. Within the broader field, water resource
engineers prompt on sustainable utilize of resources by conserving water, building dams and
conveying water to clients. Their planning ensures all encompassing, coordinates administration
of water which equalizations the requirements of nature with those of clients.

Major function of Water Resources Engineering

Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water resource
management facilities across the world. Water Resource Engineer strive to improve the quality
and quantity of water resources in a specified area. They design and construct hydraulic
structures (typically dams, canals and water distribution systems) that collect and manage water
as a natural resource. This area of engineering adopts principles of hydrology, meteorology and
resource management (among other elements), so extensive knowledge is required.

History of Water Resources Engineering

Antiquity

Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to irrigate crops and dates back to the Middle
East and Africa. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used
for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the water clock was used in
the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the
Qanat system in ancient Persia and the very similar Turpan water system in ancient China as well
as irrigation canals in Peru.

In ancient China, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers constructed
massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for irrigation, as well as locks
to allow ships to pass through. Sunshu Ao is considered the first Chinese hydraulic engineer.
Another important Hydraulic Engineer in China, Ximen Bao was credited of starting the practice
of large-scale canal irrigation during the Warring States period (481 BC-221 BC), even today
hydraulic engineers remain a respectable position in China. Before becoming General Secretary
of the Communist Party of China in 2002, Hu Jintao was a hydraulic engineer and holds an
engineering degree from Tsinghua University.

In the Archaic epoch of the Philippines, hydraulic engineering also developed specially in
the Island of Luzon, the Ifugaos of the mountainous region of the Cordilleras built irrigations,
dams and hydraulic works and the famous Banaue Rice Terraces as a way for assisting in
growing crops around 1000 BC. These Rice Terraces are 2,000-year-old terraces that were
carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The
Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly
thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are
located approximately 1500 metres (5000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient
irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end
to end, it would encircle half the globe.

Eupalinos of Megara, was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos
on Samos in the 6th century BC, an important feat of both civil and hydraulic engineering. The
civil engineering aspect of this tunnel was the fact that it was dug from both ends which required
the diggers to maintain an accurate path so that the two tunnels met and that the entire effort
maintained a sufficient slope to allow the water to flow.

Hydraulic engineering was highly developed in Europe under the aegis of the Roman
Empire where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance of aqueducts to
supply water to and remove sewage from their cities. In addition to supplying the needs of their
citizens they used hydraulic mining methods to prospect and extract alluvial gold deposits in a
technique known as hushing, and applied the methods to other ores such as those of tin and lead.
 In the 15th century, the Somali Ajuran Empire was the only hydraulic empire in Africa.
As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran State monopolized the water resources of the Jubba and
Shebelle Rivers. Through hydraulic engineering, it also constructed many of the limestone wells
and cisterns of the state that are still operative and in use today. The rulers developed new
systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of Africa as
late as the 19th century.

Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in the Muslim world between the 8th
to 16th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age. Of particular importance was
the 'water management technological complex' which was central to the Islamic Green
Revolution and, by extension, a precondition for the emergence of modern technology. The
various components of this 'toolkit' were developed in different parts of the Afro-Eurasian
landmass, both within and beyond the Islamic world. However, it was in the medieval Islamic
lands where the technological complex was assembled and standardized, and subsequently
diffused to the rest of the Old World. Under the rule of a single Islamic Caliphate, different
regional hydraulic technologies were assembled into "an identifiable water management
technological complex that was to have a global impact." The various components of this
complex included canals, dams, the qanat system from Persia, regional water-lifting devices such
as the noria, shaduf and screwpump from Egypt, and the windmill from Islamic Afghanistan.
Other original Islamic developments included the saqiya with a flywheel effect from Islamic
Spain, the reciprocating suction pump and crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism from Iraq, the
geared and hydropowered water supply system from Syria, and the water purification methods of
Islamic chemists.

Modern Times

In many respects, the fundamentals of hydraulic engineering have not changed since
ancient times. Liquids are still moved for the most part by gravity through systems of canals and
aqueducts, though the supply reservoirs may now be filled using pumps. The need for water has
steadily increased from ancient times and the role of the hydraulic engineer is a critical one in
supplying it. For example, without the efforts of people like William Mulholland the Los
Angeles area would not have been able to grow as it has because it simply does not have enough
local water to support its population. The same is true for many of our world's largest cities. In
much the same way, the central valley of California could not have become such an important
agricultural region without effective water management and distribution for irrigation. In a
somewhat parallel way to what happened in California, the creation of the Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) brought work and prosperity to the South by building dams to generate cheap
electricity and control flooding in the region, making rivers navigable and generally modernizing
life in the region.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) performed experiments, investigated and speculated on

waves and jets, eddies and streamlining. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) by formulating the laws of
motion and his law of viscosity, in addition to developing the calculus, paved the way for many
great developments in fluid mechanics. Using Newton's laws of motion, numerous 18th-century
mathematicians solved many frictionless (zero-viscosity) flow problems. However, most flows
are dominated by viscous effects, so engineers of the 17th and 18th centuries found the inviscid
flow solutions unsuitable, and by experimentation they developed empirical equations, thus
establishing the science of hydraulics.

Late in the 19th century, the importance of dimensionless numbers and their relationship
to turbulence was recognized, and dimensional analysis was born. In 1904 Ludwig Prandtl
published a key paper, proposing that the flow fields of low-viscosity fluids be divided into two
zones, namely a thin, viscosity-dominated boundary layer near solid surfaces, and an effectively
inviscid outer zone away from the boundaries. This concept explained many former paradoxes
and enabled subsequent engineers to analyze far more complex flows. However, we still have no
complete theory for the nature of turbulence, and so modern fluid mechanics continues to be
combination of experimental results and theory.

The modern hydraulic engineer uses the same kinds of computer-aided design (CAD)
tools as many of the other engineering disciplines while also making use of technologies like
computational fluid dynamics to perform the calculations to accurately predict flow
characteristics, GPS mapping to assist in locating the best paths for installing a system and laser-
based surveying tools to aid in the actual construction of a system.

Water Quality Class

 Surface water means rivers and streams, brooks, waterways, lakes, ponds, marshes,
swamps, bogs, federal jurisdictional wetlands. Ground water means water flowing through earth
materials beneath the ground surface, excluding surface waters. Surface water quality and ground
water quality classifications are depicted throughout the state for selected waterbodies and areas.
The ground water quality classifications and the surface water quality classifications are usually
presented together as a depiction of overall water quality goals. Water quality class defines the
quality of the water. There are five classes for inland surface waters (AA, A, B, C, and D), four
classes for coastal/marine surface waters (SA, SB, SC, and SD), and four classes for ground
water (GAA, GA, GB, and GC).

Ground Water Quality Class

Class General Condition Designated Use Resources type Allowable

Wastewater
Discharges
GA Natural quality, or Existing private Area of private Same as the above &
suitable for drinking supply, potential drinking water supply certain waste of
private or public wells natural origin
supply, stream base
flow, industrial & misc
GAA Natural quality, or Existing or potential Public drinking water Domestic sewage,
suitable for drinking public supply, stream supply well recharge agriculture, water
base flow, industrial & (GAA), Public treatment, clean
misc drinking water supply water discharges
reservoir watershed
(GAAs)
GAAs Natural quality, or Existing or potential Public drinking water Domestic sewage,
suitable for drinking public supply, stream supply well recharge agriculture, water
base flow, industrial & (GAA), Public treatment, clean
misc, tributary to a drinking water supply water discharges
public reservoir reservoir watershed
(GAAs)
GB Assumed to have some Industrial & misc., Groundwater in Same as above &
degradation and not nondrinking supply, urbanized areas, not certain other
suitable for drinking stream base flow. used for drinking water biodegradable and
without treatment supply soil treatable
wastewaters
GC Quality altered by Areas of permitted Ground waters within Same as above &
wastewater discharges waste disposal (i.e. waste disposal areas certain permitted
landfill), not suitable waste facilities.
for drinking.
GA* Water quality is Groundwater quality goal and designated use is Class GA or GAA,
threatened, or may be however there may be a known or potential impairment sources.
&
impaired
GAA*

Inland Water Quality Class

Class General Condition Designated Use Resources type Allowable

Wastewater
Discharges
AA Uniformly good to Public water supply Public water supply None other than
excellent, natural and all uses below tributaries and clean water,
quality reservoirs drinking water
treatment,
dredging &
dewatering
A Uniformly good to Potential public Generally, all high None other than
excellent, natural supply and all uses quality streams and clean water,
quality below rivers, with no point drinking water
wastewater treatment,
discharges dredging &
dewatering
B Fishable and Fishing, swimming Generally rivers and Treated
swimmable & recreation, healthy large streams, with wastewater and
conditions, may be aquatic habitat, point wastewater above discharges
good to excellent industrial supply, discharges
quality agricultural use
B* Currently not fully meeting goal of Class B

B/AA or B/A Water quality is Water quality goal is Class AA or A.

threatened

C/AA or C/A Water quality is Water quality goal is Class AA or A

impaired

C/B or D/B Water quality is Water quality goal is Class B

impaired
 Coastal/ Marine Surface Water Quality Class

Class General Condition Designated Use Allowable Water

Discharges
SA Uniformly good to Fishing, swimming & None other than clean
excellent, natural recreation, healthy water, drinking water
quality marine habitat, direct treatment, dredging &
shellfish consumption, dewatering
industrial supply
SB Uniformly good Fishing, swimming & Same as above &
quality recreation, healthy treated wastewater
marine habitat,
commercial shellfish
harvesting (requires
purification), industrial
supply
SB/SA. SC/SA Water quality is Water quality goal is Class SA
impaired

SC/SB. SD/SB Water quality is Water quality goal is Class SB

impaired

Fields under Water Resources Engineering

Hydrology

Hydrology is the science that includes the study of water on the Earth's surface
and underneath the surface of the Earth, the occurrence and development of water, the
physical and chemical properties of water, and its relationship with the living and
material components of the environment.

Ground Water
 Groundwater is the water found underground within the cracks and spaces in soil,
sand and rock. It is stored in and moves gradually through geologic formations of soil,
sand and rocks called aquifers.

Hydraulic

Hydraulics is a technology and applied science utilizing engineering, chemistry,

and other sciences including the mechanical properties and utilize of fluids. At an awfully
fundamental level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concerns
gasses.

Surface Water

Surface water is any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes,
wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks. The ocean, despite being saltwater, is also considered
surface water. Surface water participates in the hydrologic cycle, or water cycle, which
involves the movement of water to and from the Earth’s surface. Precipitation and water
runoff feed bodies of surface water. Evaporation and seepage of water into the ground, on
the other hand, cause water bodies to lose water. Water that seeps deep into the ground is
called groundwater.

Coastal Water

Coastal waters represent the interface between land and sea, and within the setting
of the Water Framework Directive coastal waters include water, that has not been
designated as transitional water, expanding one nautical mile from a baseline
characterized by the land points where territorial waters are measured.

Water Resources Engineering Projects

Local Projects

Angat Dam

Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that

supplies Metro Manila and nearby provinces with water. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-
La Mesa water system. The reservoir supplies about 90 percent of raw water
 requirements for Metro Manila through the facilities of the Metropolitan Waterworks and
Sewerage System and it irrigates about 28,000 hectares of farmland in the provinces of
Bulacan and Pampanga. The dam is 131 meters high and impounds water from the Angat
River that subsequently created the Angat Lake.

Larisip (Lower Agno River Irrigation System Improvement Project)

Larisip (Lower Agno River Irrigation System Improvement Project)'s primary

objective is to construct new canal systems, rehabilitate existing irrigation facilities,
restore non-functional service areas to improve water delivery and/or augment irrigation
water supply in order to increase agricultural productivity and farmers income, and
generate employment in the process.

Kaliwa Dam Project

The Kaliwa Dam, proposed by the Philippine Government in 2012, was one of
several bulk water supply projects on the upper portion of the Kaliwa River Watershed
which have been proposed but ultimately shelved by the Philippine Government since the
1970s. The proposed Kaliwa Low Dam design had a 600 million-liters-a-day (MLD)
capacity, and the water supply tunnel has a 2,400-MLD capacity. Had it been built, the
Kaliwa Low Dam was expected to ease the demand on the Angat Dam, Manila’s sole
water storage facility. It was the main component of the New Centennial Water Source-
Kaliwa Dam Project in Tanay, Rizal, which also called for the construction of a water
supply tunnel and various attendant infrastructure.

International Projects

Boondoma Dam

Boondooma Dam was constructed in the early 1980s across the Boyne River
below its confluence with the Stuart River. Its primary purpose is to supply water for the
Tarong power station, which uses between 50 million and 80 million litres of water each
day. It was also the site of an interesting experiment. In 1993-1994, some 65,000
barramundi fingerlings were released into Boondooma in the belief that it was about as
far south as the prized tropical sports fish could tolerate. Few of them have been seen
since.

Three Gorges Dam

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze
River by the town of Sandouping, in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, central
China, downstream of the Three Gorges. The Three Gorges Dam has been the world's
largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW) since 2012. In 2018, the
dam generated 101.6 terawatt-hours (TWh), breaking its previous record, but was still
slightly lower than the Itaipú Dam, which had set the world record in 2016 after
producing 103.1 TWh.

Thames Barrier

The Thames Barrier is a retractable barrier system that is designed to prevent the
floodplain of most of Greater London from being flooded by exceptionally high tides and
storm surges moving up from the North Sea. It has been operational since 1982. When
needed, it is closed (raised) during high tide; at low tide, it can be opened to restore the
river's flow towards the sea. Built approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) due east of the Isle of
Dogs, its northern bank is in Silvertown in the London Borough of Newham and its
southern bank is in the New Charlton area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich.
 CONCLUSION
Water Resource Engineering is a specific kind of civil engineering that involves the
design of new systems and equipment that help manage human water resources. Some of the
areas Water Resource Engineers touch on are water treatment facilities, underground wells, and
natural springs. They create a system and new equipment to increase the effectiveness and
efficiency of water treatment and aquatic resources management.

Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water resource
management facilities across the world. Water Resource Engineer strive to improve the quality
and quantity of water resources in a specified area. They design and construct hydraulic
structures (typically dams, canals and water distribution systems) that collect and manage water
as a natural resource. This area of engineering adopts principles of hydrology, meteorology and
resource management (among other elements), so extensive knowledge is required.

Water resource engineers are utilized by organizations right over the water industry.
Water suppliers’ abstract water from the environment, treat it to the required standard and
disseminate it to household and non-household clients. Within the broader field, water resource
engineers prompt on sustainable utilize of resources by conserving water, building dams and
conveying water to clients. Their planning ensures all encompassing, coordinates administration
of water which equalizations the requirements of nature with those of clients.

Regarding to its history, in ancient times water resources engineering supply water with
irrigation and caps used to grow plants that served as food before. But nowadays, water
resources engineering supply water in the household, to provide water that used as way of living.

To sum it all, Water Resource Engineers must create modern equipment and systems to
extend the effectiveness and effectiveness of water treatment and aquatic resource management.
A typical workday involves the analysis of data from significant regions, at that point planning
modern or progressed facilities to improve the cleansing impacts of the water treatment system.
 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1. What is the importance of water resources engineering?
- In the broader field, water resource engineers advise on sustainable use of resources by
conserving water, building dams and conveying water to users. Their planning ensures
holistic, integrated management of water which balances the needs of nature with those
of users.
2. What is the relevance of water in civil engineering?
- Hydroelectric-power development, water supply, irrigation and navigation are some
familiar applications of water resources engineering involving the utilization of water for
beneficial purposes. Civil engineers play a vital role in the optimal planning, design and
operation of water resource systems.
3. What is water resource assessment?
- Water resources assessment aims to measure quantity and quality of the water in a
system, including data collection, data validation, and water accounting techniques, using
both ground and remote sensing.
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