Defination

According to digital electronics and mathematics, a binary number is defined as a number that is
expressed in the binary system or base 2 numeral system. It describes numeric values by two
separate symbols; 1 (one) and 0 (zero). The base-2 system is the positional notation with 2 as a
radix. Each digit is referred to as a bit, ordinary digit.

History

According to the Oxford Encyclopedic Dictionary an entry BINARY ARITHMETIC first appeared in
English in 1796 in A Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary. The modern binary number system
was studied in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries by ThomasHarriot, Juan Caramuel y
Lobkowitz, and Gottfried Leibniz. However, systems related to binarynumbers have appeared
earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt, China, and India. Leibnizwas specifically inspired
by the Chinese I Ching.

CHAIN.

The I Ching dates from the 9th century BC in China. The binary notation in the I Ching is
used to interpret its quaternary divination technique. It is based on taoistic duality of yin
and yang. Eight trigrams (Bagua) and a set of 64 hexagrams.
Egypt

Even before these developments in China, the ancient scribes found in Egypt
used something known as the Horus-Eye fractions, which was one of the two
methods the Egyptians used to represent fractions. The Horus-Eye fractions are
actually a binarynumbering system that was used for representing fractional
quantities of grains, liquids andother measures at the time. This system can be
found in documents from the Fifth Dynasty ofEgypt in 2400 BCE, while more-
developed hieroglyphic forms date back to the NineteenthDynasty of Egypt in
1200 BCE.

INDIA

The Indian scholar Pingala, the author of Chhandahshastra, was also knownto
be one of the earliest inventors of the binary system in the 2nd century BCE.
According toresearchers, his work described the binary numeral system using
fixed patterns of short andlong syllables when describing prosody (the basic
rhythmic structure of a verse in poetry).

Leibniz and the I Ching

Leibniz studied binary numbering in 1679; his work appears in his articleExplication de
l'Arithmétique Binaire (published in 1703). In the paper, he highlights the basics of
the binary system which included counting, addition,subtraction, multiplication
and division.
After Leibniz’s work, mathematicians and scientists such as George Boole, who
inventedBoolean algebra, and Claude Shannon, who implemented both Boolean
algebra and binaryarithmetic using electronic relays and switches majorly
progressed the field in which binarynumbers would become indispensable

Conversion :

Decimal to Binary Conversion

The decimal number can be converted to a binary number by dividing the

given number by 2 until we obtain quotient as 1. The numbers are written from
downwards to upwards. Let us understand this using an example.
We can convert My Student ID 10-1670  to a binary number form in the
following way:
Binary number of Mu ID 10-1670 will be:
2 101670
2 50835 0 11000110100100110
2 25417 1
2 12708 1
2 6354 0
2 3177 0
2 1588 1
2 794 0
2 397 0
2 198 1
2 99 0
2 49 1
2 24 1
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 0
1 1
Binary to Decimal Conversion

The binary number can be converted to a decimal number by expressing each

digit as a product of the given number 1 or 0 to the respective power of 2. If a
binary number has n digits, B = an−1...a3a2a1a0an−1...a3a2a1a0, the decimal
number for it is given as, D = (a0×20) + (a1×21) + (a2×22) + ...
Let us understand this using an example.
We can convert 10101 to the decimal number form in the following way:
The binary number 10101 is expressed as (10101)2 = (1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 ×
22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20) = (21)10. Thus, the binary number 10101 is expressed
as (21)10.

Operations on Binary Numbers

Addition
The simplest arithmetic operation in binary is addition. Adding twosingle-digit binary numbers is
relatively simple, using a form ofcarrying:0 + 0 → 00 + 1 → 11 + 0 → 11 + 1 → 0, carry 1
(since 1 + 1 = 2 = 0 + (1 × 21) )

Subtraction
In Binary System Subtraction works in much the same way:

Subtracting a "1" digit from a "0" digit produces the digit "1", while 1 will have to be subtracted
from thenext column. This is known as borrowing. The principle is the same as for carrying. When
the result of asubtraction is less than 0, the least possible value of a digit, the procedure is to
"borrow" the deficitdivided by the radix (that is, 10/10) from the left, subtracting it from the next
positional value.

Use of Binary Number System in various grounds

Binary Number And Boolean Algebra

In mathematics and mathematical logic ,

Boolean algebra is the branch of algebrain
which the values of the variables are the truth
values (true and false) and thisis usually
denoted in binary 1 and 0 respectively. In
algebra we make use of decimal numbers ,
whereas the Boolean algebra uses truth
values , true ( 1 ) and false ( 0 ).

A logic gate is a tiny circuit used in processors

for making a logical decision which is based on
Boolean algebra .

Use in Computer:

The computers were invented due to their high computing ability. The computers are
used to process large volumes of data at lightning speed. The computer system
consists of number of components. The CPU (Central Processing Unit ) within a
computer system is responsible to perform all the arithmetic calculations and logical
decisions.

The processor chip consist of millions of tiny electronic component calledTransistor .The
transistor is made-up of silicon which is a semiconductor material . The transistors are
used as a micro switch that can be either switched ON or switched OFF. Hence , the
computer processor can understand and execute instructions communicated in the form
of only two states that is switch on Or off.

Since the computer CPU can execute only machine code instructions and operateon
the data in binary , All the program code and the data must be represented in the binary
form .The CPU operates on the data and the result of this operation can be sent toeither
output device ( monitor , printer etc ) or it can be stored in a permanent storage device
for future use.

The fundamental building block of digital information is the binary digit or bit,which
represents a single 0 (zero) or 1 (one) state. This is represented by a bit
.
Conclusion

The framework that Leibniz laid provided the impetus for the advances that eventually
lead to the invention of the digital computer. Some of his work in this area may have
gone unrecognized during his time, but as hindsight has shown, his place in the history
of computer science is hard to discount.

References
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Press.
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Computers: http://history-computer.com/Dreamers/Leibniz.html
3. Glaser, A. (1971). History of Binary and Other Nondecimal Numeration. Tomash Publishers
4. Martin, E. (1925). The Calculating Machines Their History and Development. The Charles
Bab-bage Institute.
5. Shannon, E. C. (1936). A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Massachusetts
Institue of Technology
6. Wandel, M. (n.d.). Binary marble adding machine. Retrieved June 27, 2014, from
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